capitalisme et christianisme, 2000 ans d'une tumultueuse histoire, de didier long

8/14/2019 Capitalisme et christianisme, 2000 ans d'une tumultueuse histoire, de Didier Long

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Lclcfr Jgki

@e~c|ejcphf

f| `mrcp|cekcph

2>>> ekp lvkf |vhvj|vfvpf mcp|gcrf

5>* rvf lVtp 96>>2 êrcp

LV HHF EV\FVR

Dpvp jf rebbck uvc echec| jfp ofhhfp* Bgvrck lc|fvr* êrcp*2>>=+

Hekvfj lf pvrcf p~crc|vfjjf lekp je ijgbejcpe|cgk* Peje|gr* êrcp*

2>>9+

Vk ekif lekp jf r|rgcpfvr-rghek#* Peje|gr* êrcp* 2>>9+^gvruvgc kgvp pghhfp `mr|cfkp* Jf @mfr`mf Hclc Gm% lc(

|cgkp* êrcp*2>>?+

Lofkpf Lcfv lfk|rfr* Lfkgj* êrcp* 2>>6 -^rc} lfp hecpgkp

lf je ~rfppf 2>>6#+

Bgvrck lc|fvr 2>>3

yyy+bgvrck(flc|fvr+or


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E~rp je `mr|cfk| + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

@ME^C\RF 5

Ms~fr`e~c|ejcphf 4 jefkcr lvkf cjjvpcg

@ME^C\RF 2

Je `ccjcpe|cgk lv `e~c|ejcphf + + + + + + +

@ME^C\RF 0

Ev pfvcj lvk kgvfev hgklf + + + + + +

Kg|fp + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Bcbjcgire~mcf + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +


4/33

E~rp je `mr|cfk| 5

Jfp `ccjcpe|cgkp f| jfp fh~crfp p`rjck|rcfvr+ @fp| eckpc uvf Rghf ockc|* `kgvp errcf+

Jf 2< eg| * jf berberf ycpcig|m Elekp Rghf ckcgjf lf~vcp mvc| `fk|p>>> mghhfp erhp ~gvr vk pe` uvc

dgvrp+ Cj ov| lpgrhecp `fr|eck ~gvr jfp me~jvp irekl fh~crf lv hgklf uvf `fjhgr|fj+ Je jvhcrf je ~jvp `je|ek|f lpfp| |fck|f* je \frrf fk|crf e ~rc ef` cjjf* p`rc| Drhf fk C|ejcf* |eklcp uv|rf rcf lf je Hlc|frrekf* fk EorcuvfEvivp|ck* uvf lMc~~gkf* pgvp jf mg

@c| lf Lcfv* je ~rfhcrf mcp|gcrf lv hgpfp ccjcpe|cgkp lcp~ervfp+

@fr|fp* Rghf pf rfjfe lf f||f e|ep|r

Jf hgklf hglfrkf fp| fkemc lf cfcjjfpfr|vp `mr|cfkkfp lffkvfp ogjjfp+

I+ A+ @mfp|fr|gk


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|ck je `gh~rcp jf ~rfhcfr* hgk|rec| uvf jcpe|cgk* ev`vk fh~crf mvheck* kfp| ~rgpvrcf |frkfjjf+ Rghf eec| `rv pfp lclfp|ck* je ~c| ccuvf* ev vj|f uvg|clc`|rfp lcckcpp uvc eppvrec| jf jcfk lfp i

Hecp `fp `rgsek`fp k|ecfk| ~ep |frkfjj~crf eec| ~rc ef` fjjfp+Pfkpvccrfk| uvcktf pc`jfp lf `mrcp|ceFk uvgc |gv| `fje kgvp `gk`frkf(|(cj7

ocfk| ~gvr kgvp je rcpf f| je ock lf je `ccj|cuvf gcj uvcktf pc`jfp7

Kgvp kgvp |rgvgkp evdgvrlmvc ev |`ccjcpe|cgk uvc e pvcc `fjjf lf Rghf* uvclfk|cocfr `ghhf je `mr|cfk|+ Lcppc~gkp |fklv+ Jgrpuvf df ~erjf lf `mr|cfk|* cj klf jijcpf hecp lf je kbvjfvpf lf `rlfp hfk|ejc|p fkifklrfp ~er jfp `rgsekf| jfvr ~gp|(p`rc~|vh mr|cfk+ @ghh

`ccjcpe|cgk dvlg(`mr|cfkkf* je `mr|cfkch~gp vkf mihgkcf hcjc|ecrf f| `vj|vkek|f ~gvr jfp ~fv~jfp uvc je gh~gpecfk

uvf je hgc|c lf pe ~g~vje|cgk o| |vf* fhhfkffk fp`jeeif gv fk ovc|f* pekp ~erjfr lfp cgjp f| lv~cjjeif+ clfhhfk|* jfh~crf kf lfck| ~ep ig(|mcuvf* `ghhf jfp~rec| jehbc|cfv} Ejerc`+ I(krejcppchf rghekcp elgvb ~er jfh~crf* `mr|cfk

ercfk* Ejerc` hgvrv| bcfk|| f| jfh~frfvr Mgkg(rcvp* ~rg|i ~er jfp herecp uvc fk|gvrecfk| Re(fkkf* rfp|e fh~frfvr+ Bcfk pr* Rghf* gk r|ebjc|jfp dfv} lekp jerkf f| jfp `ghbe|p lf ijelce|fvrp* pc(ikfp erp lf je `ccjcpe|cgk rgheckf+ Cj s fv|hhf uverek|f ekkfp lf ~ec} eek| jfp ckepcgkplE||cje ~vcp j`je|fhfk| ~gjc|cuvf lf jfh~crf rg(heck lG``clfk| frp


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ogklf `gkghcuvf* ~gjc|cuvf* pg`cejf flf je `ccjcpe|cgk g``clfk|ejf errcf ~fv|jchc|fp+ @fp| je `rcpf lf kgp ejfvrp ogkl@fp| je `rcpf lf jms~frè~c|ejcphf k lekfp 53=>* p|elf vj|chf lv lfjg~~fhf

cjcpe|cgk lv e~c|ejcphf+_rc|ebjf vj|f e~~jcuv |gv|f jf}cp|fk`f mvheckf* jm|ejcphf p`rgvjf pgvp kgp sfv}+ Fkrc`mcp`mfp f| kf jecppek| ev} ~jvp ~evrfp uvf lv ofp|ck* cj ogk`|cgkkec| pvr vk fp~gcr lpghhe|cgk lfp jeppfp hgsfkkfp* jckoc`rlc| lfec| ockek`fr je bvjjf+ Jf are`m l2>>=* brvpuvf rf|gvr je rejc|* e brcp fjf jckjv`|ebjf e~~evrcppfhfk| lhgsfkkfp* ~cjcfrp lf je lhg`re|cf* ckc| je ecppf ~gvr rfockek`fr jf psp|hf+

^jvp iref* jms~frè~c|ejcphf e |remc pcgk ~gvr jiejc| uvc* pfjgk \gùvfcjjf

jgpg~mfp lfp Jvhcrfp* |ec| je heruvf llhg`re|cuvfp+ Cj fk|rekf lekp pe `mv|f`re|cf f| pfp ejfvrp uvcj e ~rce|cpfp e

pf lcp|ckivf pvr|gv| ~er jf ~rglcicfv} lfjg~~f(hfk| `gkghcuvf* vkcuvf lekp jmcp|gcrf lfp ccjc(pe|cgkp* uvfjjf e `r+ Jfp `gk|ckfk|p uvc gk| jek`jf è~c|ejcphf hgklcejcp* jFvrg~f f| jfp |e|p(Vkcp*pgk| lebgrl lfp ~er|cfp lv hgklf esek| lfp re`ckfp

`vj|vrfjjfp dvlg(`mr|cfkkfp+ @ghhf kgvp jf fr(rgkp* jf lfjg~~fhfk| lf je `ccjcpe|cgk lv è~c|e(jcphf pf gkogkl ef` fjvc lf je mr|cfk| f| lf pfp`rgsek`fp+ Cj fk fp| je ~er|cf cpcbjf+

Fkpvc|f kgvp pghhfp `gk`frkp ~er`f uvf `f||f`ccjcpe|cgk jeuvfjjf kgvp e~~er|fkgkp lgv|f lf~jvp fk ~jvp lfjjf(hhf+ êp pfvjfhfk| ~er`fuvvk kgvfj Ejerc`* jvc evppc ogrh hcjc|ecrfhfk|~er jfh~crf* vk fr|eck Bfk Jelfk* je ore~~ fk pgk`vr `gkghcuvf jf 55 pf~|fhbrf 2>>5+ Hecp pvr(|gv| ~er`f uvf fp| heck|fkek| je rgsek`f lekp jfè~c|ejcphf jvc(hhf uvc fp| fk `rcpf+ @ghhf pc`fjvc(`c ch~jgpec| lf jck|rcfvr+

Fk foof|* je `rcpf lv è~c|ejcphf ijgbejcp uvfkgvp |refrpgkp kfp| ~ep uvvk eje lf je `rgcppek`f`gkghcuvf hgklcejf+ @fp| vkf `rcpf ~jvp ~rg(


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bcfk* `gk`jv| Irffkp~ek ef` vkf ckikvogje |gv|f je ~jek|f ockek`crf+

Cj ks eec| lgk` ~ep pfvjfhfk| vk irelekp je hèkcuvf ockek`crf hgklcejf*vkf oecjjf lekp je guvf lv \c|ekc`g``

`f||f oecjjf* pfjgk jfp ~rg~rfp hg|p lvIrffkp~ek* |ec| lf ke|vrf clgjgicuvf ffk èvpf |gv|fp jfp `rgsek`fp |ebjcfp+ Ik|ec| ~ep vk ocjgv* hecp pch~jfhfk| uvfeec| rv vk hs|mf eck* vkf clgjf ckfoefv pgkkec| je ock lvkf cjjvpcgk+

Jf `gv~ lf ikcf lf Irffkp~ek eec| ~gpfr lckfp|cr je ~jvp ireklf rpfrhgklf* jfp rpfrfp lf mekif mckgcpfp* f\rpgr ehrcèck+ Fk l`fhbrf 2>>>* je @jf ~rfhcfr `rek`cfr lfp |e|p(Vkcp* ef` jcerlp lf lgjjerp -626 hcjjcerlp lfvrgp#bgkp lv \rpgr+ Lekp vkf `gkghcf l

`mevoof* `f||f g~re|cgk eec| ~frhcp Ileppvrfr ev} bekuvfp lfp |ev} lck|r-5 ~fklek| |rfk|f hgcp fk|rf 2>>0 f|

Irffkp~ek* lmebc|vlf eerf fk `gkoclfk`fp f|lgk| jf hgcklrf pgvr`cj jf ~gvec| eoogjfr jfpbgvrpfp lv hgklf* r~gklc| ef` vkf hglfp|cflgk| cj |ec| ~fv `gv|vhcfr4

Gvc* dec |rgv vkf oecjjf+ Df kf pecp ~ep uvfj

~gck| fjjf fp| pcikcocè|cf gv lvrebjf* hecp `fje he~jgki lekp vk irekl lperrgc+Jefv pgkkec| `ghhf jf `rc lf l|rfppf lvk

pgvp(herckcfr lv Agvrpal`gvrek| vkf gcf lfevj|ejf+ Fk rejc|* je oecjjf |ec| ld |fjjfhfk| ~rg(ogklf uvf `|ec| |gv|f j`gkghcf lv hgklf g``c(lfk|ej uvc |ec| fk |reck lf pf lrgbfr pgvp kgp ~cflpf| Irffkp~ek |ec| |rg~ f}~rchfk| ~gvr kf ~ep fkpegcr jfp `gkpuvfk`fp+ Ye}hek ckpcp|e4

Fk lev|rfp |frhfp* gvp |rgvft uvf g|rf c(pcgk lv hgklf*g|rf clgjgicf* k|ec| ~ep je bgkkf*kf ogk`|cgkkec| ~ep7

Ebpgjvhfk|* f}e`|fhfk| @fp| ~r`cphfk|

je recpgk ~gvr jeuvfjjf dec | brekj*~er`f uvf fjeoecpec| uverek|f ekp f| hhf ~jvp uvf lf oegk |rpclfk|f `fje ogk`|cgkkec| f}`f~|cgkkfjjfhfk|


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èr|fp le`|cop |g}cuvfp b|c pvr vk |gv| ~brf le`|cop rfjp* oebvjfv} psp|hf g~euvbjf evuvfj ~jvp ~frpgkkf kf `gh~rffk|reke vk |pvkehc hgklcej+

êr efvijfhfk| clgjgicuvf7 êr`f uv

hcf kf rpvhf ~ep jf hgklf7 er gh~jcpsp|hf fk ~je`f7 Pekp lgv|f vk ~fv ev`vkf lf fp recpgkp je ogcp+ Hecp ~ep vk ~l`gkghcf* ~ep vk ekejsp|f* `fp ~s|mcfp fjjf `rgsek f* keec| ~rv je lb`jf+

J`je|fhfk| lf je bvjjf ov| lgk` vk lkek`cfr f| `gkghcuvf* hecp pvr|gv| vclgjgicuvf* je `mv|f lvkf oevppf `rg heck ckcpcbjf* `mrf Eleh Phc|m*evppc ckfoocè`f uvf je `rgsek`f fk je ^rgbcig|p lfp pc`jfp ~eppp+ ^gvr je ~rfhcrfrfppfk|c| rechfk|+ Pgvp je ogrhf lvkf iuvf ev} hcjjcgkp lf ~f|c|p ogsfrp fklf||

Jfp |jekijcp|fp lf je hgklcejcperfvpf f| lv bgkmfvr pvr |frrf df| `gk|ckecfk| ~ep kf ~ep reicr* cj oejjec| he

rfp|ec| ~jvp lfp `gvr|cfrp pekp p`rv~vjf* ~gvppp~er lfp bekuvfp eclfp* uv fklrf lfp hecpgkp lfp hkeifp ckpgjebjfp pvr lfp her`mp kgk riv(jp* gvrek| eckpc jf `rlc| lfp hcjjcgkp lf ~er|c`v(jcfrp ~evrfp+

Jf ~rc} lfp hecpgkp uvc hgk|fk|* jfp rffkvp lfphkeifp uvc becppfk|* vk fklf||fhfk| ckpv~~gr|e(bjf lf je jeppf hgsfkkf f| lf fjjf esek| lfp bep rf(fkvp f| cek| `rlc|* cj kf oejjec| ~ep pgr|cr lfMererl ~gvr `gh~rfklrf uvf jgreif ejjec| `je|fr+Gk `gv|ec| rfjcicfvpfhfk| je jc|vricf bcfk rijflfp `gvrp lv KSPF f| lv @E@ e~rp je h|g je |j gv je relcg `ghhf vk hek|re uvc kgvp rep(pvrec| pvr jf oec| uvf jf hgklf |gvrkec| fk`grf+

Je |c|rcpe|cgk lfp `rek`fp ~frhc| lf bjek`mcrjg~re|cgk oegk ~vttjf* fk lcoovpek| jf rcpuvf~er l`gv~eif fk ~f|c|p hgr`fev} ev} uve|rf gckplv her`m ockek`cfr* ~gvr hcfv} lcppchvjfr jf è(

lerf lfp e`|cop |g}cuvfp+ @ghhf jf}~jcuvf @mer(jfp Hgrrcp 2* je lbev`mf ehrcèckf lv rlc| |ec|helf ck @mcke+ Je |c|rcpe|cgk* chhfkpf m|fev lf


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`gkghcuvf* `j lf g|f lv lfjg~~~frhf||rec| lf eck rf fkock je ~evrf|+ Cpec| ~jvp lf oecrf |rekuvcjjfhfk| lv kk|ec| rcfk hgckp uvf je Jcbfr| uvc |ec| ejfvr `merif lf pfkp ~mcjgpg~mcuvf f| e

jeuvfjjf lfp gvreifp eecfk| `gvfr| lfp acjgh|rfp l|eirfp lf bcbjcg|muvfp l|gk+ Uvc evrec| gp pg~~gpfr je Jcbfr| 7~ep jerifk| uvc |ec| lcckcp* hecp je ogk`|cgkkfhfk| lv her`m+ Lgihe|Hecp lf uvfjjf jcbfr| ~erjec| jf kgjcbpgk lgihf lvorff heraf|7 @fjjf ckfk|f`jf lf Jvhcrfp f| iref pvr jfp ogk|p blf je R~vbjcuvf orekecpf7 @fjjf lv rfk~gvjecjjfr7

Je rcpf ov| lgk` `vf ~er jfp g~ckcgk|ejfp ghhf vkf oecjjc|f je hfpvrf lf f

icf* `ghhf je ock lvkf hs|mgjgicf lf jeher`m* `f r`c| ogkle|fvr evuvfj |gv|elmrec| f| `gjjebgrec| ~jvp gv hgckp

`rgsek`f+ Ejgrp uvf jfp ~jvp ireklfp bekuvfp eh(rcèckfp ejjecfk| pf l`jerfr fk oecjjc|f* ev hghfk|g Afrcfj pvec| lf fr|cif pvr pgk lfpa ~gvr lff(kcr vk |relfr lf} f~|cgk f| uvf Helgoo gsec|p`rgvjfr pe ~f|c|f eooecrf fk è`mek| uvfjuvfp bc(

dgv} lekp vkf bg|f mevppvrfp* Ejeck Hck` l`je(rec| pekp rcrf ev Ocierg jf 9 g`|gbrf 2>>=4 Je rcpffp| irg|fpuvfhfk| ~ps`mgjgicuvf+

Jf irekl are`m lv `rlc| k|ec| ~ep vkf `rcpf`gkdgk`|vrfjjf* vk rejcikfhfk| lfp e`|cop pvr jfvrrecf ejfvr e~rp egcr r uvf jfp erbrfp |gv`mfk|jf cfj+ Cj rfhf||ec| fk èvpf |gv| jf rflg lv psp|hfè~c|ejcp|f kgjcbrej k lekp jfp ekkfp 53=> f| pgklgihf lvorff heraf|+ Ejek Irffkp~ek k|ec| ~epjf pfvj clgjgivf p|rf |rgh~+ ^rc} Kgbfj l`g(kghcf fk 539?* cj eec| | jf irekl `mek|rf lvk è(~c|ejcphf ~vr f| lvr* elf~|f lvkf lrivje|cgkhe}chejf+ Jfvrp clfp7 Jf her`m |ec| pvoocpeh(

hfk| irekl ~gvr pf lbrgvcjjfr |gv| pfvj+ Cj kf k(`fppc|ec| uvvk hckchvh lck|frfk|cgk lf j|e|eock lf jcbrfr jfp kfricfp f| le||fcklrf jg~|chvh


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~rgbjhf* eoocrhec| Rfeiek jgrp lf pe ~rjg`v|cgk ~rpclfk|cfjjf fk 53=>+ J|e| k|gv|* jvc oecpec| |chclfhfk| `mg jf pg`ceecp Jcgkfj Dgp~ck* _cjgrlf fk 2>>>+ Cj oejvhfk| jecppfr oecrf* jcbrejcpfr j

lrivjfr jfp her`mp ~gvr uvcjp ogk`|chekcrf foocè`f+Vk ek e~rp Rfeiek* Deà Yfj`m* jf

iek| hgklcej ehrcèck Ifkfrej Fjf`|rc`jfk|mgvpcephf lv ~f|c| hcjcfv lv bci bvvk lcp`gvrp lf kgvfev `gkfr|c4 @rghfk| lekp vkf `gkghcf fk oecbjf rgcpplfp ireklp |f}|fp ogkle|fvrp lv lgihf lmgjlfr ejvf* je ejfvr e`|cgkkercejf+ Jcl|ec| lf fklrf jfp brek`mfp jfp hgckp rfpgk irgv~f |gv| fk `gh~rchek| jfp `goecrf `rg|rf jfp bkoc`fp f| je ejfvr l~jvp re~clfhfk| uvf je `rgcppek`f `

hgsfkkf+ Kfv|rgk Deà gkpfcjjec| evprcifek|p lf pv~~rchfr 5>& lfp foof`|cop~frogrhek|p `meuvf ekkf+ @f||f ckdgk`|

hfk|* pekp dehecp fk rfhf||rf fk evpf je rc| fo(ocè`f+ Je rcpf rje je ke|vrf ~rgogklf kgk ~ep lvè~c|ejcphf*vk hgvfhfk| k ev Hgsfk if*hecplv kgjcbrejcphf uvc jeec| ~rgogklhfk| |rekp(ogrh lekp jfp ekkfp 53=>+ Jms~frè~c|ejcphf

e~rp je mv|f lv hvr lf Bfrjck |ec| pfjgk jf hg| lf@mvr`mcjj ~rg~gp lf je lhg`re|cf jf ~crf lfp psp(|hfp jf}`f~|cgk lf |gvp jfp ev|rfp+ Hecp `f||fpv~frp|c|cgk pfhbjec| pvoocpehhfk| foocè`f ~gvr kf~ep |rf rfhcpf fk uvfp|cgk ~vcpuvfjjf ogk`|cgkkec||gv| fk pf ~erek| lfp mebc|p crickev} lf je jcbfr|+Jgr kejjec| ~ep |erlfr |rekphv|fr fk ~jghb+ Kgpekkfp fev lgr+

Jfp ese|gjjemp lvorff heraf|

\gv|fp jfp rfjcicgkp gk| jfvrp r`c|p ogkle|fvrp f|

jfvrp |ebjfp lf je jgc+Gk ~fv| le|fr jf r`c| ogkle|fvrlfp grcickfp lf jms~frè~c|ejcphf 53=>+ J|e|kfp| ~ep je pgjv|cgk kgp ~rgbjhfp* j|e| fp| jf


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hecjjg| devkf+ Jeuvfjjf7 Kgvp kf |erlfrgl`gvrcr+ Fk e||fklek|* `me`vk pf ircpecjre|cgk ikrejf* lekp vkf ehbcek`f `gvrpf frp jf pghhf| g |gv| jf hgklikfr -gk lcpec| ieikek|(ieikek|#+ Gk e

gv jf Pcke uvf jgk hrc|f+Gk lgc| Rgbfr| Rfc`m0* jf ~rfhcfrl|e| jfh~jgc lf Bcjj @jck|gk* legbcfk eek| je `rcpf* `ghhfk| jf cfv} psp|ejcp|f e e``jr `fp |rfk|f lfrkcrfp ekpgvp jfoof| lf |rgcp jfcfrp4

je ijgbejcpe|cgk lfp `mekifp* uvc iheppcocè|cgk hgklcejf lf `fv}(`c f| jerfppgvr fp bep ~rc} lekp lfp |frrc|gcrfp

jfp kgvfjjfp |f`mkgjgicfp* uvc ~frhrfklrf ckp|ek|ekfp jfp |rekpe`|cgkp 1

je lrijfhfk|e|cgk* uvc lchckvf jfjiejfp ev} `mekifp+

@fp |rgcp oe`|fvrp lf ~jvp ireklf jcb`r jfp gklc|cgkp oegrebjfp je kecppek~frè~c|ejcphf+ Cjp gk| ~frhcp uvf pgv

re~clfhfk| jf ~rfhcfr `ghheklfhfk| lf je lg`(|rckf lf Yejj P|rff| 4 Lf je ejfvr ~gvr |gk e`|cgk(kecrf |v `rfrep%

@fp| eckpc uv ~er|cr lfp ekkfp 53=>* ev kghlf je lgihe|cuvf ejfvr edgv|f rf ~gvr je`|cgk(

kecrf* j`gkghcf rfjjf e l`rg`m lf j`gkghcf oc(kek`crf+ Fk |rfk|f ekp* je è~c|ejcpe|cgk bgvrpcrfhgklcejf e bgklc ~gvr rf~rpfk|fr ev hgckp |rgcpogcp je ejfvr lf je ~rglv`|cgk lf j`gkghcf rfjjf~jek|ecrf+ Jf pf`|fvr ockek`cfr eppvrec| vkf `rgcp(pek`f ekkvfjjf hgsfkkf lf 5>&* ejgrp uvf `fjjf lfj`gkghcf rfjjf lfp ~esp g``clfk|ev} |ec| lf 2 0 & f| fjjf lv CB hgklcej* `fp|((lcrf je ~rglv`(|cgk ekkvfjjf rfjjf lf bcfkp f| lf pfrc`fp lekp jfhgklf* lf 2*6 & ~er ek+

Uvekl gk rfierlf je `gvrbf rf~rpfk|ek| jf rfk(lfhfk| lv pf`|fvr ockek`cfr ~er re~~gr| `fjvc lfj`gkghcf rfjjf* `fjjf(`c pf brcpf lekp jfp ekkfp

53=> ~gvr e``jrfr brv|ejfhfk|+ Gk pgv~gkkfvkf hsp|rcfvpf pvbp|ek`f lg~ek| jkfricf lv `s(`jcp|f pf rcek| lf je ~fk|f ~gvr ejjfr l`rg`mfr pgk


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lfp pgjlfp lfv} ogcp ~er ek ~fklek| pc}hecp |rp c|f pgk| e~~ervp jfp hcl(pfepgklfp pgjlfp ~frhekfk|p pvr jfp pc|fp Ck|frk|fp ~rcfp+ Evdgvrlmvc* |gv|fp jfp |rgcp|gv| `mekif `mft Tere+ Jfp `s jfp lf ~

pgk| ~eppp lf pc} hgcp uvfjuvfp pfh`jcfk|f rfcfk| lf ~jvp fk ~jvp pgvfk| e|fhfk| bep ~rc} uvfjjf kf ~gr|fre uvpfheckfp+ Jf lcebjf pmebcjjf `fr|fp fk ^pfp `gmgr|fp gk| `mft Tere % \gv|fp `fjjfplfk| jf ~rc} pvr j|cuvf||f* `fp|((lcrf ~r|fp jfp ofhhfp* gk| `mft Tere % Kgvp |`gkpghhcgkp lgk` `gh~vjpcfhfk| lflfp ~r|p bekècrfp* lfp pfrc`fp pekp ~gpfr lf uvfp|cgkp+Jfp ljgèjcpe|cgkp |c|ebjf `j lv pv``p ~gvr becppfr jfp `glv`|cgk f| lgk` jfp ~rc} lfp ~rglvc|heppcocfr jfp `mekifp+

Fk `gk|rf~er|cf* jfp fk|rf~rcpfp lfecf vkf gh~|c|cgk ck|fkpf f| pekp hfr`c ~ockek`fhfk|p f| jcfk|p* ieifp lf jfvr pvr

jfp ckfp|cppfvrp hecp evppc lfek| jfp `gkpghhe(|fvrp vk f}|regrlckecrf ~esp lf `gèikf+

Lv `| lfp ckfp|cppfvrp* lf hvj|c~jfp g~~gr|v(kc|p pgk| kfp ~gvr grcfk|fr jfvrp è~c|ev} frp jfpfk|rf~rcpfp jfp ~jvp rfk|ebjfp+ Jckfp|cppfhfk|* uvc

fp| ~er ke|vrf vkf e`|cc| jgki |frhf* pfp| |rekp(ogrh fk ~rfppcgk gvr| |frhf* jf e~c|ej pf l~je(ek| j g je `re|cgk lf ejfvr ~gvr je`|cgkkecrf|ec| je ~jvp foocè`f jf ~jvp re~clfhfk| ~gppcbjf+ Jelvrf lf l|fk|cgk lvkf e`|cgk fp| ~eppf lf lc}(mvc| hgcp fk 533> pc} hgcp fk jek 2>>>+ @fp| eckpcuvf lekp jfp fk|rf~rcpfp jf re~~gr| ev |fh~p pfp| e`(`jr ~fklek| uvf jfp ockek`cfrp pf h|ehgr~mg(pecfk| fk re~e`fp+ Ev hghfk| lfp lfejp* gk lcpec| 4 Cj fp| vk ~fv |rg~ irffls-`v~clf#+

Lv `| lfp gkpghhe|fvrp* `me`vk lf kgvp e`(`lec| ev} bcfkp lf `gkpghhe|cgk lfp ~rc} |gv(

dgvrp ~jvp bep+ Uvc evrec| ~es ~jvp lf 56 gv

2> fvrgp vkf fp|f ~gr|f pfvjfhfk| vkf pecpgk f|*bcfk pr* oebrcuvf fk @mckf7 Dvpuvejgrp cj s eec|vkf kgvfjjf `gjjf`|cgk ev ~rck|fh~p f| fk mcfr f|


14/33

Jfp fk|rf~rcpfp kf oecpecfk| uvf jfvr bg|ec| lf he}chcpfr jfvrp ~rgoc|p fk rlvcpekpejercejf f| fk ljgèjcpek| je heck(lbecppfr jf ~rc} lfp ~rglvc|p+ Pekp je ijg`f||f her|ckiejf evrec| | ch~gppcbjf+Jf

|f`mkgjgicfp ~frhf||ecfk|* fjjfp* lf ~cjg|frfj jfp ckogrhe|cgkp `gk`frkek| jfp ojv} lf ~rglv`|cgk* lf |rekp~gr|* le`me|p leiepckp+ Fjjfp ~frhf||ecfk| evppc le``jrfjc| lfp è~c|ev} f| jfvr rfk|ebcjc|+

Bcfk pr* kgvp pecgkp ~jvp gv hgckhfk| uvf f psp|hf rfvpec| kg|rf ~rg~rkf ~gvrrec| lvrfr* uvcj iep~cjjec| jfp rfpje ~jek|f* uvf jfp è~c|ev} obrcjfp* jfp bjfp p|eifp ire|vc|p f| vkf ikre|cgk ] -`gcjfp bebs(bgghfrp lfp pc}|cfp f| jfp kf| kekkfp 53=># pfkkvsek| lekp lfp He`bgvjg|p ~esp ev jek`f(~cfrrf# |ecfk| jc

e||fklek|* f| pvr|gv| e~rp je mv|f lv `gf| je ock lf je ivfrrf orgclf* `f psp|hf ppfvj cebjf+

fk ~jvp gje|cjp+ Lekp vk fkcrgkkfhfk| ms~fr`gk(`vrrfk|cfj* jfp fk|rf~rcpfp gk| ~fv ~fv ~frlv jfvrpherifp lf hekvrf* jfp ^LI kf ~gvek| ~jvp pf~frhf||rf lf ~rfklrf lfp ~gpc|cgkp lcfrifk|fp ~erre~~gr| ev} ck|r|p lf jfvrp e`|cgkkecrfp+ Jfp fk(

|rf~rcpfp uvc kf rlvcpecfk| ~ep je heppf pejercejf~gvr evihfk|fr jfvr ~rgoc|ebcjc| |gv| fk becppek|jf ~rc} lf jfvrp ~rglvc|p hgvrecfk|+ @fjjfp uvc ~fr(lecfk| uvfjuvfp ~gck|p lf herif lekp lfp ckc|ce|cfppg`cejfhfk| rfp~gkpebjfp gv oegrcpek| j`gjgicf kf~gvecfk| ~jvp ejcikfr jfvrp ~frogrhek`fp pvr `fjjfplf jfvrp `gk`vrrfk|fp+

Uvc e gvjv f psp|hf7 Uvc je `r7 @me`vk lfkgvp+ @er jms~frè~c|ejcphf pv~~gpec| jms~fr`gk(pghhe|cgk+ @me`vk lf kgvp |ec| vk ~f|c| er|cpeklf je re|cgk lf ejfvr ~gvr je`|cgkkecrf f| lf je`(`jre|cgk lv psp|hf `ghhf vk mehp|fr lekp pergvf+ Cj k|ec| ~gck| bfpgck lf `gkfrpcgk p~f`|e(

`vjecrf* kvj mfhck lf Lehep* je ogc lfp pch~jfp pvo(ocpec| fk|rekfr jf hgvjck ~rcrfp lf je recpgkockek`crf lcckcpf* `ghhf vkf clfk f lf heppf+


15/33

@ghhf jf rpvhf dgjchfk| jf ~mcjgpg~mf^f|fr Pjg|frlcda* jf oec| `fk|rej lfp \fhkfp kfp| ~ep uvf je \frrf |gvrkf ev|gvrhecp uvf jerifk| `gvr| ev|gvr lf je \frrje ijgbejcpe|cgk fp|(fjjf bgkkf gv ~ep7

Lekp vk hgklf clej* fjjf fp| bgkkf+|vlf lv HÀckpfs Ijgbej Ckp|c|v|f lf 2>mgrcki* cp c| e yck(yck iehf7 #* ~gvr 5fp|c fk Cklf* je `re|cgk lf ejfvr|e|p(Vkcp fp| lf 5*>*=+ Vk loc`c| lf >*2 lgjjer ev jcfkoc`f `ghhf ev} |e|p(Vkcp* lgk`+ ^êr`f uvf lekp jg~re|cgk lf ljgèjcpe|

heikf kf rf|crec| uvf 65 `fk|p lf je re|cglf je ~rglv`|cgk f| pfvjfhfk| 23 `fk|p eoe`|fvr |reecj ~gvek| |rf rfl~jgs f|

Jfp ej|frke|cfp f||f clgjgicf lf heppf* f||f`rgsek`f p~gk|ekf uvf kgvp |cgkp ~jvp jcbrfp~vcpuvf jfp her`mp j|ecfk| evppc* kf}cp|ecfk| |gv|pch~jfhfk| ~ep+ Jf her`m e eckpc fkemc |gv|fkg|rf cf fcjjf* kgvp |rekpogrhek| fk he`mckfp

lpcrfr ocrfvpfhfk| |gv| f| kch~gr|f uvgc* pekpej|frke|cf* lcpuvejcocek| |gv|f ev|rf jgicuvf+

Je kgvfjjf rfjcicgk lv orff heraf|lfck| c|fvkcfrpejcp|f+ Jfp griekcpe|cgkp lv `gkpfkpvp lfYepmcki|gk OHC* Bekuvf hgklcejf* Griekcpe(|cgk hgklcejf lv `ghhfr f lgk| je ~jv~er| gk|

jfvr pcif Yepmcki|gk ekijcprfk| ef` vkferlfvr lf kgvfev} `gkfr|cp* ~r`mek| uvfjuvfprijfp vkcfrpfjjfp f| ckoecjjcbjfp 4 gvfr|vrf ev} è(~c|ev} |rekifrp* ev ghhfr f ck|frke|cgkej* jcbre(jcpe|cgk lv her`m lv |reecj* lpfkieifhfk| lfj|e|

Jclgjgicf lf je ijgbejcpe|cgk cjjvp|rf hfrfcjjfjehbciv| lf je jcbrejcpe|cgk lfp `mekifp f| lfje`|cgk lfp ogklehfk|ejcp|fp lv orff heraf|+


16/33

ev kgjcbrejcphf+ Je lrijfhfk|e|cgk fjcpe|cgk kf pgk|* fk pgc* kc psp|he|cuvfhkfp* `ghhf jf rgsecfk| jfp oeke|cuvfp kkc ck|rckpuvfhfk| hevecpfp+

^gvr pgv|fkcr pe |mpf* Hcj|gk Orcflh

e~~vs pvr vkf |mgrcf `gkghcuvflf}~jcuvfr jfp ojv} hgk|ecrfp fk Ekev Hgsfk if6 4 je |mgrcf uvek|c|e|cf lkecf+ @fr|fp je jcbfr| `gkghcuvf f~vcpuvfjjf oegrcpf jfp `mekifp f| `r`mfppf+ Je uvfp|cgk kgk rpgjvf fp| lf pjcbfr| `gkghcuvf `gkp|c|vec| fk pgc

mvheckf gv pfvjfhfk| jvkf lf pfp pgv`fp ockejfhfk| eppft g~re|cgkkfjjf+ ^fv|fklrf jvj|chf heicp|re|vrf lv pfkp ee e``l fk ch~gpek| jfp rijfp lf her`je cf mvheckf 7 Pfjgk pe cpcgk*`gk`jvec| ~er f}fh~jf uvf pc jfp ~rgire

`cev} lf j|e| kf}cp|ecfk| ~ep* je ~jv~euvc kf cfk| uvf lf `fp eclfp evrecfk| |pgjv|cgk jfvrp ~rgbjhfp ~er je rf`mf

lekp lev|rfp pf`|fvrp+ @gk`jvpcgk4 je ljgèjcpe|cgkkfp| vk dfv ieikek| uvf ~gvr vk ~esp esek| vkfireklf ojvclc| pvr jf her`m lv |reecj+ @fp| jf~gck| lf vf `gkghcuvf kgjcbrej 4 jf her`m fp|vk hgklf ~eroec| lekp jfuvfj jf jcbrf(`mekif eh(

jcgrf je pc|ve|cgk `gkghcuvf lf |gvp* vk hgklf lf`gk`vrrfk`f ~eroec|f* pekp rcpuvf+Hecp je rejc|* `fp| uvf jf her m kf ogk`|cgkkf

~ep lf hekcrf clejf f| ~eroec|f4 cj s e |gvdgvrp vkhgkg~gjf -Hc`rgpgo| gv @gè(@gje* f|`+# ~gvr lg(hckfr f| ch~gpfr jfp rijfp lv dfv lf je `gk`vrrfk ff| lfp ~rc}+ Je jcbre|cgk lf je `rgcppek`f kfp|

~gppcbjf uvf pc jf ~gjc|cuvf e``gh~eikf je hgbcjc|lf jfh~jgc f| ~rg|if jfp |reecjjfvrp lf je ~rèrc|ef` lfp ehgr|cppfvrp pg`cev}+ ~er| uvfjuvfp ~espg``clfk|ev} goorek| vkf eppvrek`f `mheif fk èplf ~fr|f lfh~jgc -lgk| je Orek`f `meh~cgkkf lvhgklf%#* lekp je ~jv~er| lfp ev|rfp ~esp lv hgklf*

jfp cklcclvp cpgjp* ~fv ~rg|ip ~er lfp psp|hfp~gjc|cuvfp pgjclfp* ~ecfk| ev ~rc} ogr| je ijgbejcpe(|cgk lfp `mekifp+ J fk`grf* jf jcbrejcphf pg~~gpf


17/33

hgsfkkf hgk|rfk| `ghhfk| jms~frè~|remc je lhg`re|cf uvcj ~r|fklec| pfrclf `f oec| jf ~e`|f lhg`re|cuvf ev koevppf jcbfr| |ebjcf `ghhf clgjf+

Lf~vcp je ock lfp ekkfp 539>* jfp ck

pgk| `rfvpfp |ek| ev} |e|p(Vkcp uvfk `gvrp lf `fp |rfk|f lfrkcrfp ekkfp*hgsfkkfp gk| fv jcjjvpcgk lf pfkrc`mcr ejfp |ecfk| jf lcklgk lf je oer`f+ Pv~~gpfje lfheklf f| fk|rf|fkek| je bvjjf lv `fkrc`mcppecfk| fk rejc| jfp ~jvp rc`mfp+

Pfjgk vkf |vlf rejcpf ~er @ehcjjf J

j`gjf l`gkghcf lf êrcp?* |ebjcf lgkkfp ocpèjfp ogvrkcfp ~er jelhclf 533= f| 2>>?* jfp 5 & jfp ~jvp rc mfp* pgogsfrp* gk| v jfvr rffkv evihfk|fr lf 5lek| `f||f ~rcglf ejgrp uvf jf rffkv hhkeifp orekecp ~rgirfppec| ~kcbjfhfk

f| `fjvc lf 3> & lfp Orekecp l ~fckf *>5 & lfp ogsfrp j`mfp gsecfk| jfvr rffkv rfj `rg|rf lf

lvf f| jgb|fk|cgk lvk fh~jgc+ @f||f clgjgicf`gkghcuvf leryckcfkkf ockcppec| ~er `rchckejc(pfr jfp ~evrfp 4 pcjp kf rvppcppecfk| ~ep* `fp|~er`f uvcjp |ecfk| `gkikc|ejfhfk| cke~|fp `rfr lf je ejfvr+ Uvek| je `jeppf hgsfkkf* fjjf

lffkec| jg|eif lf jms~frè~c|ejcphf+

Jfp `jeppfp hgsfkkfp *

lcklgkp lf jms~frè~c|ejcphf

\gùvfcjjf lc| uvf je ~eppcgk ~gvr jiejc| fp|

je heruvf lfp ~fv~jfp lhg`re|cuvfp+ ^jvp |gk(kek| fk`grf* cj `rc| lekp Je Lhg`re|cf fk Ehrcuvfuvf jiejc| e `ghhfk` ~k|rfr Qlekp je pg(`c|X ~er jijcpf+ Kgvp rfcfklrgkp ~jvp jgck pvrje kecppek`f lv gk`f~| liejc|* pgk e~~rg~rce|cgk~er jf dvlg(`mrcp|cekcphf f| pgk ch~jek|e|cgk lekp

je lhg`re|cf hglfrkf+ ^gvr \gùvfcjjf* je `jeppfhgsfkkf fp| jf ~cg| lf f||f lhg`re|cf hglfrkf+Jf h~rcp lf jiejc| f| jeooecbjcppfhfk| lf je `jeppf


18/33

ckc|cp * pf lhg`re|cpec| fk p~gr| ck|frJe``rgcppfhfk| r`fk| lfp ckiejc|p le

~esp cklvp|rcejcpp -|e|p(Vkcp* De~gk* E~esp pèklckefp f| tgkf fvrg# `gkdvivirfppcgk lf je ~rèrc|* vkf p|eike|cgk l

hgsfkkf f| jf}~jgpcgk lvkf kgvfjjfhcjjcerlecrfp+ Jf irekl èr| e jecpp hgsfkkfp* ~cg| lf je lhg`re|cf* pvr jJfvrp rffkvp gk| p|eik |eklcp uvf jf gevihfk|ec|* rlvcpek| jfvr ~gvgcr le`mhcjcfv lfp ekkfp 533> f| evdgvrlmvc+ckiejc|p pf pgk| hgckp e``fk|vfp f

uvev} |e|p(Vkcp* hecp je ~er| lfp `m-fh~rvk|p* jgsfrp* Ck|frkf|* |j~mgkf hg~eppf lf 25 0=& lfp rffkvp lvk ogshgsfk fk uvcktf ekp+

Uvc fp| `f||f `jeppf hgsfkkffk Orek`lf jfh~jgs lf bvrfev* lv |f`mkc`cfk*

hcrf* lf je pf`r|ecrf lf lcrf`|cgk* lv èlrf `ghhfr`cej* lf jckp|c|v|fvr* lf jock lf errcrf uvc e ockc lf ~esfr pgk ~ec

@f| fkrc`mcppfhfk| lfp ~jvp rc`mfp pf}~jcuvec|pfvjfhfk| ~er jf oec| uvf jfp fk|rf~rcpfp frpecfk|lfp lcclfklfp lf ~jvp fk ~jvp ch~gr|ek|p jfvrpe`|cgkkecrfp* f}~jcuvec| @ehcjjf Jeklecp lekp Jcb(re|cgk+ \gv| fje ir`f ev deà~g| lfp p|gà(g~|cgkp

uvc eec| oec| l`gjjfr jfp pejecrfp lfp lcrcifek|p ev}|e|p(Vkcp+ Ev lbv| lfp ekkfp 53=>* pgvp jfp ch(~vjpcgkp ocpèjfp lf Rgkejl Rfeiek ev} |e|p(Vkcp f|Herierf| \me|`mfr ev Rgsevhf(Vkc* jfp igvfrkf(hfk|p ebecpprfk| je ocpèjc| ~rgirfppcf pvr jfp rf(fkvp f| jf ~e|rchgckf+ Fk Orek`f* jfp ekkfpHc||frrekl f| \e~cf pcikrfk| jf lbv| lfp ekkfp

orc`+ @fp| ^cfrrf Briggs uvc jcbrejcpe jfp her(`mp ockek`cfrp je hhf ~guvf+ @fp| fk`grf vkhckcp|rf pg`cejcp|f lfp Ockek`fp* LghckcuvfP|revpp(Aemk* uvc eppgv~jc| jf richf lfp p|gà(g~(|cgkp fk 533= -`f richf dvrclcuvf f}cp|ec| lf~vcp539>#+ _gcj lgk` lg fkec| je hsp|rcfvpf pvbp(

|ek`f uvc lgkkec| lfp ecjfp ev s`jcp|f pfkgjek| frpjf pghhf|4 jfp p|gà(g~|cgkp |ecfk| jF^G lf j`g(kghcf+ Je ockek`f* dvpuvf(j rpfrf uvfjuvfp


19/33

~rg~gr|cgk le`|cop uvc pf l`jerfk| ev mpekp fh~jgc* `fp|((lcrf lf fv} ~gvr uvrfp|f ckp|ebjf f| |fh~grecrf+ Jf hhf |elf 0 52& fk|rf 53=> f| 2>>9 ~gvr hgsfkkfp f| lf 5 ?& ~gvr jfp mev|p r

jgk `gkpclrf jfp ?>>>>> fh~jgcp uvc* pflc`* lfrecfk| |rf l|rvc|p ~er je `rcpf fkjf pf`|fvr ~rc* gk pe~frgc| uvf |gvp kf pgk| ~ep iev} lfek| je `rcpf+ Fk r5>& lfp fh~jgcp l|rvc|p `grrfp~gklfk| pg`cev}+ =>& pgk| gh~gpp lf @LL* lrfp* lf ~r`ecrfp f| lf dfvkfp+ \gvp `fp |

~evrfp* ~er|c`vjcrfhfk| jfp dfvkfp*lfh~jgc p|ebjf* cjp ej|frkfk| lfp ~rcglheif f| lfp ~f|c|p bgvjg|p ~r`ecrfp+

Pfjgk je hhf |vlf lv @rflg`* je ~lcklcclvp ~rg~rc|ecrfp lf jfvr jgifhfklek|p je ~rg~rc|# ~eppec| lf 65 9>&

pfhbjf lf je ~g~vje|cgk ~gvr jfp mevfk|rf 53=> f| 2>>9* cj rfp|ec| p|ebjf ev|gv~gvr jfp jeppfp hgsfkkfp* |eklcp uvcj m

ifkp uvc kf bkoc`cfk| kc lfp ~rfp|e|cgkp pgvp`gklc|cgkp lf rfppgvr`fp kc lfp becppfp lch~|p+ Pcjgk fv| |rf ~jvp ~r`cp* cj peic|* pfjgk jGbpfre(|gcrf lfp ckiejc|p* lfp 6>& lf je ~g~vje|cgk pc|vpfk|rf jfp 0>& jfp ~jvp lhvkcp f| jfp 2>& jfp hcfv}

rhvkrp+ @f pgk| jfp ~frpgkkfp pfvjfp uvc ieikfk|fk|rf 55>> f| 25>> fvrgp ~er hgcp* jfp `gv~jfp pekpfkoek| uvc ieikfk| fk|rf 5 9>> f| 0 2>> fvrgp ~erhgcp* jfp `gv~jfp ef` lfv} fkoek|p uvc ieikfk|fk|rf 2> f| fvrgp ~er hgcp+ @f pgk| |gvp`fv} uvc gk| fv lf ~jvp fk ~jvp lf hej lffkcr~rg~rc|ecrfp lp jfp ekkfp 533>* uvc lp jfp ekkfp

53=> eecfk| ld jch~rfppcgk uvf jfvr kcfev lfcf p|ec| l|rcgr f| lgk| jfh~jgc ke `fpp lf pflirelfr lf~vcp `f||f ~guvf+

Eckpc* pfjgk vkf |gkkek|f fkuv|f lv @rflg`9*5>& lfp bep rffkvp pf l`jerecfk| ev `mheif gvfk rf`mfr`mf lfh~jgc fk 53=>* vk |ev} uvc irch~f

03& lf je ~g~vje|cgk e`|cf lf 5336 2>>9+ Cj kf peic| ~ep lv |ev} lf`mheif hfpvr ~er jCKPFF gv jf BC\=* hecp lf je


20/33

hfk| ev(lfj lf f uvf ~gvec| ebpgrbfrlhg`re|cf `gkghcuvf* je e~e`c| lf g|cgk gp|fk|e|gcrf lvkf hckgrc|+ @fje e bjhf ogklehfk|ej lf j`gkghcf hg`gvrp lfp |rgcp lfrkcrfp l`fkkcfp+ Jfp bhejir vkf ~rcglf lf `rgcppek`f* gk| hgklf lekp pgk |rcp|f |e| e`|vfj lf pvhepuvf ~er vkf lfheklf kgk lvrebjfer|coc`cfjjfhfk| ~er vkf bvjjf lf `rlc|p jfhfk| ch~jgp fk dvcjjf| 2>>9+ Jf hg~rglvc| lpgrhecp lfp bcfkp f| lfp pfrc`|reecjjfvrp bep pejecrfp uvc kf ~fvfk|

|rf le`mf|fr `f uvcjp ~rglvcpfk|* pevo`gvrp lfp lf||fp uvcjp kf ~fvfk| ~ep mrecpgk lf jfvrp oecbjfp rffkvp+

Lp jgrp* pc je jeppf hgsfkkf gk|ckvfrcr kgk pfvjfhfk| lf hekcrf pvbdfèvppc gbdf`|cfhfk| fk ~frlek| lv ~gvg

gk ~fv| pf lfheklfr pvr uvfjp ogkleh`cev} ~gvrrec| pe~~vsfr jefkcr je llekp jfp ~esp g``clfk|ev}7 Vk psp|hf l

00& ~gvr jfp bep rffkvp+ Lekp jf hhf |fh~p*je ~rg~gr|cgk lcklcclvp l`jerek| uvf jfvrp l(~fkpfp lf jgifhfk| `gkp|c|vecfk| vkf `merif jgvrlf gv |rp jgvrlf evihfk|ec| fk oj`mf lf0= 66& lf je ~g~vje|cgk ~gvr jfp bep rffkvp* lf09 >> lekp jfp~esp hfrifk|p lvkf `jeppf hgsfkkf* ogr|f lf2*? hcjjcerlp lcklcclvp lgk| je hgc|c fk @mckf 1 je

rejc|* `fp| uvf `f||f `jeppf hgsfkkf - ~er|cr lf2 50 lgjjerp lf rffkvp ~er dgvr lgk` vk pfvcjrfje|cfhfk| bep# fp| f}|rhfhfk| oreicjf fk èp lfr`fppcgk3+

@ghhf jf rpvhf |rp dvp|fhfk| j`gkghcp|fMfkrs @+ A+ Jcv5>* je jgc lecreck lfp pejecrfp kf

ogk`|cgkkf ~jvp jrf ~gp|cklvp|rcfjjf* lekp je(uvfjjf je rgcppek`f kf ~fv| fkcr uvf lf je lfheklflf je heppf* èr je pvrè~e`c| lf ~rglv`|cgk e evi(


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~gvr uvf rcfk kf `mekif* pfjgk je hgrej~erllf _cp`gk|c+ @ghhf vk jgki bej* vkje l`elfk`f f| je l`gh~gpc|cgk lf je-ockek`crf%#* vkf hlc|e|cgk pvr je hgr|jcpe|cgk lv e~c|ejcphf+@ghhfk| fk pgherrcp j7

Je recpgk ockek`crf lcckcpf

He} Mgramfchfr f| \mfglgr Y+ Elgrld `gkp|e| fk 53>3* jfp hhfp`gkghcp|fp uvc keecfk| rcfk v errcfr ekkgk(ecfk| pekp rcrf je rf~rcpf* |eklcp uvf jfvrp `g~eckpbekuvcfrp oecpecfk| |e| lv ~rgcpcgkkfhfk| lekpjfvrp `gh~|fp lfp bgkvp lf ock lekkf+ Je `jeppfhgsfkkf f| jfp ~evrfp mcfr* jfp |e|p evdgvrlmvc*

`fp|((lcrf jfp hhfp% pfrgk| jfp ~frlek|p lfp pgjv(|cgkp lf pevf|eif ckfk|fp ~er `fv}(j hhf uvcgk| `r je `rcpf+ Pcikf uvcj oejjec| uvf |gv| `mekif


22/33

je ~gjc|cuvf pg`cejf* jfp ckp|c|v|cgkp* jer|*j`gjf* je pek|* jfp rfk`gk|rfp ~frpgkkfjjpg`cej f| ehcèj* jfp rfjcicgkp* jlvè|cfkoek|p @ghhf jf lc| Yfkls Brgykkgjcbrejcphf* |gv|f e`|cgk mvheckf g|cgkkfjjf fp| `gkvf `ghhf je`|cgk rlvk fk|rf~rfkfvr* pvr je bepf lvk èj`vlck|r| f| lf pe|cpoe`|cgk* `gkogrhhircjjf hc`rg`gkghcuvf hgrejfhfk| kfjfp ercebjfp pgk| je rerf|* jgoorf f| je lJf kgjcbrejcphf ogk`|cgkkf fk rorher`m clejcp `gklvc| ~er vkf heck

vj|chf heicp|rf lv pfkp+ Jms~frè~c|fv| ~ep pevfr j`gkghcf* cj fv| pevfr

Jf}|fkpcgk lf je re|cgkejc| `gkghcukcofp|f ~er f}fh~jf lekp lfp lgheckfp u|relc|cgkkfjjfhfk| |rekifrp* `ghhf fjEckpc* fk er| gk|fh~greck* cj fp| ch~fkpe

vrf e``lf evdgvrlmvc ev ~vbjc` fk le``grl fk|rf uvfjuvfp ireklp her`mekl|cgkev} f| lfp ckp|c|v|cgkp `vj|vrfjjfp rf

Je recpgk griekcpe|cgkkfjjf* uvc e ~frhcp jmghhf g``clfk|ej lf he|rcpfr jf hgklf* pfp| lgk`|rekpogrhf ~er|cr lfp ekkfp 53=> fk recpgk ockek(`crf* |gvrkek| fk rgvf jcbrf* pekp ev|rf dvp|cocè|cgkuvfjjf(hhf+Lf je fvf lf Pek Lcfig je bfvrf||fuvc oec| pfp `gvrpfp `mft Tere fk ~eppek| ~er YejjP|rff| gv je Bgvrpf lf êrcp* `meuvf ~f|c| hecjjgk*`me`vk lf kgvp* ~er|c`c~ec| lvkf hèkcuvf ckcpc(bjf pekp pf pgv`cfr lf je `gmrfk`f lf jfkpfhbjf+ Je`rcpf e rj je ekc| lf `f||f cjjvpcgk uvc `rv| jerecpgk ockek`crf `ghhf gk rgc| fk Lcfv+ Fk e``(jrek|* jf psp|hf e meki lf ke|vrf+ Jek|cuvf e~c(

|ejcphf je ~e~e pfp| |rekpogrh fkms~fr e~c|ejcphf* fk vk psp|hf rfjcicfv} pgv`cfv}lck|irfr |gv| jf rfj lekp vkf lg`|rckf `gmrfk|f+

Jf jcbrf(`mekif f| je he}chcpe|cgk lfp ~rgoc|plfp fk|rf~rcpfp pgk| jf oec| lv è~c|ejcphf f| lf jelhg`re|cf jcbrejf* cjp kf `gkp|c|vfk| ~ep jms~frè(

~c|ejcphf+ Jms~frè~c|ejcphf fp| vkf lg`|rckf uvc`gkpcp|f |fklrf jfp ejfvrp f| jf ogk`|cgkkfhfk|lv her`m |gv| jf `meh~ lf jf}cp|fk`f mvheckf4


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Jms~frè~c|ejcphf fp| pekp lgv|fher}cphf jf lfrkcfr ~rglvc| clgjgicuvp`vjercpe|cgk lfp clev} `mr|cfkp ev ]]

Lf oec|* jms~frè~c|ejcphf e ~rcp fk Gp|e|v| lf rfjcicgk* èr cj pf rorf vkf clejf* `fjjf lv her`m* vk ebpgjv lgk| jfp rijfp |gv|f je rejc| mvheckf+ Je `kek`crf fp| lffkvf vkf ogc ck`gk|fp|f\gv|fp jfp ejfvrp uvc oecpecfk| rorfk`f `gkuvf ire|vc| |ecfk| chhlce|fhfkocfp+ ^fklek| `f| if lgr * ev} `ghhf fk Fvrg~f* kgp hfk|ejc|p* kgp

jclf uvf kgvp kgvp oecpcgkp lfp hgljfp pc|f gk| ~rgogklhfk| `meki+ @f||f jher`m pfp| ~rg~eif ev ~gjc|cuvf+

Je lhg`re|cf `grrgh~vf

Jf `vj|f lf je jcbrf fk|rf~rcpf fk |gv| lrlv`|cgk lv c|gsfk jmghg gf`gkghc`v

jfp pejjfp lfp fk|fp+ @f||f hfr`meklcpe|cgk lvhgklf |gv`mf evppc jfp vrfp lf `vj|vrf f| lf jfp(~rc|* jlvè|cgk gv jfp lgheckfp lf je pek| f| lvcek|+

@me`vk pec| ~gvr|ek| lf}~rcfk`f uvcj kf ~fv|jecppfr jfp her`mp erbc|rfr jfp uvfp|cgkp fkcrgkkf(hfk|ejfp gv pg`cejfp* jlvè|cgk lf pfp fkoek|p gvje ~rg|f`|cgk lfp ~frpgkkfp ifp* pfp rfje|cgkp ehc(èjfp gv pfk|chfk|ejfp+ Je hcpf fk gk`vrrfk`f h(lcèjf* lvè|cf* pg`cejf* kf ~fv| `gkp|c|vfr vk~rgdf| mvheck cebjf+ Vk |e|* vk igvfrkfhfk|*vk `gv~jf gv vkf eppg`ce|cgk lf dgvfvrp lf ~|ek(

uvf kf ~fvfk| |crfr jfvr jic|chc| vkcuvfhfk| lfjfvr rvppc|f `gkghcuvf+ Jf pfkp hgrej f| jf bcfk~vbjc` kf ~fvfk| |rf rlvc|p vk èj`vj lf `g|pf| lf rf`f||fp+\gv| f uvc fp| bkocuvf kfp| ~ep ogr(`hfk| bkoc`cecrf+

Jf her`m kfp| ~ep je hfcjjfvrf griekcpe|cgk lf

je cf gjjf`|cf hecp vk fp~e`f ckfooc`cfk| lcrci ~erlfp `rgsek`fp `gjjf`|cfp pgvfk| rf|vfp lfp me(bc|p ~rpfk|ebjfp lf je re|cgkejc|+


24/33

|cgk lfp ~er|cp ~gjc|cuvfp* `fp|((lcrf jlelmrfk|p ~er re~~gr| ev kghbrf ljf`rc|p* s |ec| lf 2*?&* jf ~jvp oecbjf lF53=>% Fk `gh~erecpgk* `f |ev} |ec| lIreklf(Brf|eikf* 3*9& fk C|ejcf* 3*2&uvf @f |ev} e fk`grf `mv|* ~eppek| 2& fk Orek`f f| lf f| 2>>6+ @ghhfk| `fp ~er|cppc oecbjfhfk| rf~rpfk|e|cop -cjp kf rf~rp2& lfp Orekecp%# evrecfk|(cjp ~v `gk`gk|rf(~gvgcr `rlcbjf oe`f jms~frè~

@ghhfk| p|gkkfr lp jgrp uvf jf

lgv|fk| lf je è~e`c| lfp ~er|cp rpg~rgbjhfp+ Cjp kf `rgcfk| ~jvp je ~gjc|`mekifr jfvr lfp|ck+Je lhg`re|cf fp| lf|rf kgh lf jch~vcppek`f ~gjc|cuvf+

Jf irekl ieikek| lfp jf`|cgkp pv``lgk` jebp|fk|cgk lf ~jvp fk ~jvp heppcf

`meif jf`|grej le|f lfp ekkfp 53=> f| |g|s~fp ljf`|cgkp+ Cj f}cp|f lfp rfbgklp `rfjp* hecp jebp|fk|cgk fp| p|rv`|vrfjjf52+

je jcbfr| cklcclvfjjf f| ev her`m* jcklcclve(jcphf lf heppf gk| fv lfp foof|p lep|e|fvrp pvr jepg`c|+ Cj e `ghhfk` ~er clfr jfp ijcpfp lf jfvrpocljfp* jfp ~er|cp f| jfp psklcè|p lf jfvrp elmrfk|p+Lp 53=>* ev} |e|p(Vkcp ghhf fk Orek`f* cj |ec|`jecr uvf jf her`m* fkock jcbr*kejjec| ~ep |erlfr pg``v~fr lf ~gjc|cuvf+ Lekp vk `gk|f}|f lms~fr(`gk`vrrfk`f* cj |ec| ch~gppcbjf uvf jfp fk|rf~rcpfpke`è~erfk| ~ep |gvp jfp jfcfrp jfvr lcp~gpc|cgk|gv| pch~jfhfk| ~gvr pvrcrf+ Jf jfcfr lf j|e| f|lv ~gvgcr lhg`re|cuvf |ec| jf lfrkcfr rfh~er|+@fp| eckpc uvf jf her`m e ockc ~er `gk|rjfr jf dfv

~gjc|cuvf* eooecbjcppek| ~fv|(|rf lf hekcrf crrfr(pcbjf je lhg`re|cf+ ^gvr je ~rfhcrf ogcp lf je jgk(ivf mcp|gcrf lv e~c|ejcphf* jgrlrf ~gjc|cuvf ~eppec|pgvp je lghcke|cgk lf jgrlrf her`mekl+

Je `rcpf lv hcjc|ek|cphf |relc|cgkkfj e oec| pfo(ogklrfr jf kghbrf lelmrfk|p lfp ~er|cp ~gjc|cuvfp

~er|cr lfp ekkfp 53?>* ev} |e|p(Vkcp hecp evppcfk jFvrg~f+ Lekp `f `gk|f}|f* je Orek f l|cfk| jf|rcp|f rf`grl lf je l~gjc|cpe|cgk+ Jf |ev} lf ~k|re(


25/33

l~eppek| ~ep =& lfp pejercp* lgk| ~rck`lfp ogk`|cgkkecrfp -jf |ev} lf psklcèjcpe56& lekp je ogk`|cgk ~vbjcuvf#* ~gvrre~rpfk|fr jfp ck|r|p lfp pejercp7

Je oecjjc|f lf je rf~rpfk|e|cc| lfp pslfp ~er|cp e `ghhfk` ef` jfp \rfk|f Ijjf `vj|f lf je `gkpghhe|cgk+ Fjjf e `gklhg`re|cf pekp lhg`re|cf* `fp|((lcrfhfr lf je lhg`re|cf ev hghfk| hhf pfooeec| pgvp je ~gvppf cklcclvejcp|f+Pjspf je~clecrf hecp dvp|f lv ~mcjgpg~mf^f|fr Pjg|frlcda* pc jfp G``clfk|ev} kg

hej evdgvrlmvc pf lockcr `ghhf lhkfp| ikrejfhfk| ~ep ~er`f uvcjp gk| je lf pgv|fkcr je ghhvkev| ~gjc|cuvf ~er uvg|clcfkp hecp ~er`f uvcjp `gkpclrfk| je lhg`re|cf `ghhf je ogrhf lf pg`c|~frhf| lf kf ~fkpfr kc j|e|* kc jer| l

|fkek`f+ Lekp `f||f ~frp~f`|cf* je lhrec| jf `gkpfkpvp ~gjc|cuvf lfp kgk(~gjc|pg`cebjfp50 +

edgv|fr fje jf rfovp lf pckp`rcrf pvr jfp jcp|fp ~gvr3& lv `gr~p jf`|grej+

Jfp ev|rfp ~esp lFvrg~f kf ogk| ~ep hcfv}4 vk|cfrp lfp Brc|ekkcuvfp f| lfp Kfrjeklecp gk| g|ev} Fvrg~fkkfp lf 2>>3* 5 Pjgeuvf pvr 6* je ~er(|c`c~e|cgk je ~jvp oecbjf lFvrg~f Lp jgrp* lfuvfjjf rf~rpfk|e|cc| ~gjc|cuvf ~erjf(|(gk7 Uvf pc(ikcocf je lhg re|cf lgk| kgvp kgvp ieriercpgkp7êrelg}ejfhfk|* `fp| ev hghfk| hhf g |gv| jfhgklf rffklcuvf je lhg`re|cf* ~er|c`c~e|cf* r(~vbjcèckf* lg~ckcgk* uvf pgk gk|fkv fp| jf ~jvpclf* rlvc| ev her`m* je ~je`f g p`mekifk| jfp

her`meklcpfp+Ev|rfp ~er|fkecrfp lf je rf~rpfk|e|cgk pg`cejf fk

`mv|f jcbrf* jfp psklcè|p+ Cjp lofklecfk| jfp ck|r|plfp pejercp ev `vr lfp fk|rf~rcpfp+ Cjp pf pgk| fo(ogklrp+ Brv|ejfhfk| e~rp(ivfrrf* ~vcp fk l jc(kek| ckf}grebjfhfk| ~er|cr lfp ekkfp 539>+ Cjp

rf~rpfk|ecfk| fk Orek`f 0>& lf je ~g~vje|cgk e`(|cf fk 53% @ghhfk| lfp ~er|fkecrfp pg`cev} kf


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Hc||frrekl -lgk| jfhbjhe|cuvf eooecrf |rc`f fje| uvc rje ev irekl ~vbjc` fp ~vcp jfp eooecrfp lf @mcre`* jfp fh~jgcpher`mp ~vbjc`p |rvuvp* gk| lores je `Je l`gvfr|f fk 2>>9 lvkf ch~gr|ekgcrf ev pfck lvkf griekcpe|cgk ~e|rgkej-Vkcgk lfp cklvp|rcfp f| lfp h|cfrp lf jeicf#* uvc evrec| ockejfhfk| ~jvp ockekùvfp uvf jfp psklcè|p* `gkocrhec| uvf rivje|cgk5< kf ogk`|cgkkecfk| ~ep f| uvf|cgk `gk|ckvec|+ Jg` Jf Ojg`m(^rcifk| f~jvp ke|vrfjjfhfk| lv hgklf ev gvrp l

`p `f uvf |gv| jf hgklf peec| 4 Fjo* ce|fvrp eorcèckp* ockekec| jfp èh~eikfp orekecpfp lf lrgc|f `ghhf lf iev`mf ~lf r|rg`ghhcppcgkp pvr jf ~|rgjf iebg

Jfp fk|fp lerhfp ejchfk|ecfk|* f|

pv~~gpfr ejchfk|fk| fk`grf* lf dv|fv} `cce lfp r|rg`ghhcppcgkp* ockekecfk| khfk| jfp ~er|cp orekecp* hecp evppc lfp g

Uvfjjf e | je `gkpuvfk`f lf `f||f lpeoof`(|cgk lfp ~er|cp ~gjc|cuvfp f| lfp psklcè|p 7 Jfvr`grrv~|cgk+

@er je mv|f lfp elmpcgkp -~esek|fp%# ev} ~er|cp~gjc|cuvfp f| ev} psklcè|p dgck|f jevihfk|e|cgk`rgcppek|f lfp l~fkpfp lvfp ev rf`gvrp e``rv evheraf|cki ~gjc|cuvf* ev} pgkleifp* ev} eh~eikfpfk jcikf* `grgjjecrfp lv rfh~je`fhfk| lv ~fv~jf ~erjg~ckcgk* gk| cklvc| vkf f}~jgpcgk lfp `g|p lfpèh~eikfp+ Uvgk fk dvif ~er jfp orecp lf èh~e(ikf lfp èklcle|p* |gvp ~er|cp `gkogklvp* fkieipjgrp lfp jf`|cgkp ~rpclfk|cfjjfp lf~vcp 53==4 53== 4

29*96 hcjjcgkp lfvrgp 1 5336 4 2=*32 hcjjcgkp lfv(rgp 1 2>>2 4 60* < hcjjcgkp lfvrgp 1 2>>9 4 96*6 hcj(jcgkp lfvrgp 1 2>52 7

Jf}~jgpcgk lfp g|p lf eh~eikf* je lcoorfk`ffk|rf jfp orecp rfjp f| `f uvf rfhbgvrpf j|e|* jfp`g|p lf heraf|cki f| ghhvkcè|cgk gk| fk|rek

je `grrv~|cgk lfp e~~erfcjp ~gjc|cuvfp `gk|reck|p lf|rgvfr lf jerifk| ~er |gvp jfp hgsfkp lekp je ~jvpireklf ms~g`rcpcf+ Jfp lcoorfk|fp eooecrfp lf jrf

l l j bj j l j l


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`rgsek`fp f| lclev} `ghhvkp jbrpJe `gkocek`f* jf `vh oclfp* jf `rgcrf(fkpfrfh~je` ~er je locek`f+ Vkf rc|ebjfpfp| ckp|ejjf lekp je pg`c| orekecpf+ Jpgk lv her`m rikf fk clgjf* cj fp| ckc|jcfk pg`cej pgc| vkf rfje|cgk lf `gk`vrrfk pg`c| lf `gkocek`f* lgk| Ejeck ^fsrfuvfjjf |ec| je bepf lv lfjg~~fhfkpg`c| lf locek`f+ 25& lfp Orekecp ~fjgk ~fv| oecrf gkocek f ev} ev|rfp*`gk|rPvlgcp gv ?>& lfp Lekgcp56* ~rfpuvf reki lfp ~esp lf jG@LF% Vk uver| lfp Or

`jerfk| kf oecrf ev`vkf `gkocek`f ev} psEjgrp uvf pfvjfhfk| 56& lEjjfheklp gmebc|ek|p lfp ~esp kgrlcuvfp ~er|eifk|kcgk+ Vk uver| lfp Orekecp kf ogk| ebp~ep `gkocek f ev erjfhfk|4 je Orek`f er`f||f uvfp|cgk* fk 2>f ~gpc|cgk pvr 2< ~es

Ir`f* je R~vbjcuvf |`muvf f| je \vhgckp bcfk -6 & lekp jfp ~esp p`eklckelfp Orekecp fp|chfk| uvf lf kgp dgvrp*

jerhf+ Lekp jf lgheckf ~gjc|cuvf `ghhf psklc(`ej* lfp ~frovpcgkp ockek`crfp |ecfk| `merifp lfheck|fkcr fk cf je rf~rpfk|e|cgk lhg`re|cuvf fk|e| lfk`~mejgirehhf ~je|+ Jfp ~er|cp eecfk| bf(pgck lfp pvbpclfp lfp fk|rf~rcpfp f| lfp pvroe`|vre(|cgkp ~gvr pvrcrf f| fk|rf|fkcr vk |reck lf cf uvc~eppec| lf ~jvp fk ~jvp ~er jfp ~eifp ~fg~jf lfHe|`m+ Lf jfvr `|* jfp fk|rf~rcpfp* fk pc|ve|cgklms~fr gk`vrrfk`f* eecfk| bfpgck lfp ~gjc|cuvfp~gvr |gvrkfr jfvr eek|eif lfp l`cpcgkp c|ejfp~gvr jfvr efkcr 4 ch~jek|e|cgk lf ireklfp pvroe`fp*her`mp ~vbjc`p lv B\ * fk|f lerhfhfk| Hej(

ir je jgc lv 55 herp 53==* jf ~jc lf je `grrv~|cgk|ec| ~rcp f| jfp hevecpfp mebc|vlfp gk| je cf jgk(ivf+ @ghhfk| pf l|gvrkfr uvekl |gv| jf hgklfelgrf jf fev lgr7 Uvfj rfp~gkpebjf lf ~er|c ~fv|evdgvrlmvc cikgrfr uvf je lhg`re|cf c| fk`grfpgvp ~frovpcgk lf `cr`vc|p ockek`cfrp lgv|fv}7

Uvfj fp| jfkdfv rfjcicfv} lf f| foogklrfhfk| lv~gjc|cuvf7 Dfk|fklp jf hg| rfjcicfv} ev pfkp lf`f uvc rf(jcf jfp cklcclvp lvkf pg`c| ev|gvr lf

l c lc cl jc l j


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kfvrp f| lf `gkpghhe|fvrp cklcclvfjp|cuvf kf rf~rpfk|f ~jvp jf bcfk `ghhvk~gvgkp(kgvp fk`grf kgvp e~~vsfr ~gvkf ~gjc|cuvf hgklcejf oe`f lfp ~rgbjh~eppfk| jfp |e|p jgèv}* `ghhf je `rcpfuvf hgklcejf* jf lrijfhfk| `jchlhgire~mcf* je rcpf kfri|cuvf hgkl

^gvruvgc gk kf ~fv| ~ep |rf ek|cè~c|

Gk kf ~fv| ~jvp |rf ms~frè~c|ejcp|f

dgvrlmvc vkf fr|c|vlf+ F| ~gvr|ek| gk kkgk ~jvp |rf ek|cè~c|ejcp|f+ @er jek|c`kf ~rg~gpf ev`vkf ej|frke|cf ~gvr `rjg~~fhfk| `gkghcuvf lgk| jmvhekc|pgck ~gvr relcuvfr je ~evrf|+ @fp| vuvc ierlf jfp heckp ~rg~rfp èr fjjf k

heckp* ~gvr ~ere~mrepfr ivs+ Vkf ~fk|fvr uvc evrec| rfkgk` jvpckf fk 0 m`fk|rf lf |rc+ Vkf ~fkpf lf oe`|fvr pekp

errcfr ev pghhf| lf j|e| pekp |rf `grrgh~v*`f||f ~er| kf}`lf ~ep 2> & ev} |e|p(Vkcp* fk Ek(ijf|frrf gv fk Kgrif+ ?5& lfp Orekecp ~fkpfk|uvf jfp dgvrkejcp|fp kf pgk| ~ep ckl~fklek|p oe`fev} ~rfppcgkp lfp ~gjc|cuvfp f| lv ~gvgcr* f| 63&uvcjp kf rpcp|fk| ~ep ev ~gvgcr lf jerifk|59+

Gr `fp| |gv| jckfrpf uvf pcikcocf jf ~gjc|cuvf+ Jepg`c| kfp| ~ep vkf pghhf le`|fvrp cklcclvfjpgv lf irgv~fp uvc `mfr`mfk| eek| |gv| he}chc(pfr jfvr v|cjc| -v|cjc|ercphf# gv jfvr rfk|ebcjc| -ms(~frè~c|ejcphf#+ Je ~gjc|cuvf lf~vcp je kvc| lfp|fh~p pf bepf pvr jf jcfk ire|vc| f| ld lgkk uvc

ogklf jf irgv~f f| jchhvkcpf lfp lekifrp lev|g(lfp|rv`|cgk+ Fjjf pfkre`ckf lekp je rf`mfr`mf lvbcfk `ghhvk+ Cj ks e ~ep lf pg`c| mvheckf pekp`gkocek f* `ghhf cj ks e ~ep lf `ghhvkev| lflfp|ck ~gppcbjf pekp pe`r+

Jf her`m fp| ch~vcppek| ogklfr vk ~fv~jf gv

vkf pgvfreckf|+ Lp jgrp* `ghhf jf pgvjcikfYfkls Brgyk* jf `gr~p ~gjc|cuvf kfp| ~jvp vk`gr~p* hecp bcfk ~jv|| vkf `gjjf`|cgk lfk|rf~rf(

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hgckp lofklebjfp 4 jfp ogklp lf~rce|f fJe`|cc| ockek`crf lv ~rce|f fuvc

~gvr vk ogklp lckfp|cppfhfk| jffr lfev~rp lckfp|cppfvrp ckp|c|v|cgkkfjp -og|rec|fp* bekuvfp# gv ~rcp -ireklfp ogr|vke|p lv ~|rgjf# f| jfp ckfp|cr lekp lef` vk fp~gcr lf rf|gvr pvr è~c|ev} lvk ~rgoc| |rgcp gv `cku ekp+ Jg~re|`me| lf jfk|rf~rcpf fp| jerifhfk| ockek`fh~rvk| bekècrf lgk| jf ~ecfhfk| fp| jfp rpvj|e|p lf jfk|rf~rcpf -JBG* JffGv|#+ @f||f e`|cc| e ~rgp~r lv oec| lfp

|r| bep lfp bekuvfp fk|rejfp* bcfk ckorfk|ebcjc| lf jfk|rf~rcpf `cbjf -56 Orek`f pf `jeppf ev ~rfhcfr reki fvrg~|rgcpchf reki hgklcej lf `f||f e`|cc| @fp ckfp|cppfhfk|p rf~rpfk|fk| lekp k~rp lf 6>>> fk|rf~rcpfp* fppfk|cfjjfhfk|

^HC* 5*6 hcjjcgk lf pejercp -3& lfp foof |lv pf`|fvr ~rc# ~gvr 2>> hcjjcerlp lfvrorf leooecrfp+ Fk Orek`f* ~rp lf ?> hcjjc

jg ch~jcuvf je `mekf lf ~rglv`|cgk uvc je oec|ke|rf+ Vkf ~fkpf pekp erifk| f| lgk` pekp |chbrf~gvr ~esfr jmghhf je pe`g`mf* uvc ~lejf+ jmfvrf g je ~gjc|cuvf kf r`jehf uvvkf èpuvf||f*je Orek`f e |rgv `fjvc uvc |fj Lecl locf jf è~c(|ejcphf hgklcej+ @f kfp| uvvkf ~gp|vrf+ Fk re(jc|* vkf ch~gp|vrf+Vk pg~mcphf+ Jek|cè~c|ejcphfpf ~rg~gpf pfp elf~|fp `ghhf vk è~c|ejcphfmgk|fv} lf jvc(hhf+ Vkf lfp hvj|c~jfp h|ehgr(~mgpfp uve rf|vf je rf~fk|ek`f dvlg(`mr|cfkkf+Vkf `vj~ebcjc| fk ogrhf lf fr|cif oe`f ev} pv``plf je rvppc|f g``clfk|ejf+

@er jf è~c|ejcphf* uvc pf lockc| ~er jck|fre`|cgkfk|rf jf è~c|ej f| jfp `mekifp her meklp* fp| evppccfv} uvf jf hgklf+ hgckp lf rffkcr vkf pg(`c| lf |rg` f| lf lcpf||f* g jmghhf l~fklec| lfje ke|vrf f| lf pfp è~rc`fp ~jv|| uvf lf pe jcbfr|lfk|rf~rfklrf* gk kf ~fv| rfkgk fr ev e~c|ejcphf

f| pe è~e`c| `rfr lf je rc`mfppf ev ~rgoc| lf|gvp+ Cj ks e ~ep lf pg`c| pekp è~c|ej+ Hgk|rgkp(jf fk lofklek| `fv} uvc pfhbjfk| evdgvrlmvc jfp

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jfp pg`c|p lv @E@ gk| v jfvr `mcoorf~rgirfppfr lf 6*9& uvekl jf ^CB orekec~kcbjfhfk| lf * & pvr 2>>6(2>>=# ev~rp lf5>>>> fk|rf~rcpfp 5=+

@f||f e`|cc| fp|(fjjf kvcpcbjf ~gvr je pg`c|7 I(kre|rc`f lf è~c|ev} |g}cuvfp7 Je recpgk l|rf lv

~rce|f fuvc|s* je ikre|cgk lf rffkvp è~c|ejcp|c(uvfp lekp vk |fh~p jchc|* fp|(fjjf ek|cpg`cejf7 Vkfrvckf ~gvr je lhg`re|cf 7 S e(|(cj uvfjuvf mgpf lf~gvrrc ev rgsevhf lv~rce|f fuvc|s7

Je r~gkpf fp| kgk hecp `fr|eckfp `gklc|cgkp+^rgofppcgkkejcpfr je p|re|icf lf jfk|rf~rcpf f|

ckp|evrfr lfp re~~gr|p lf |rekp~erfk`f f| lf hrc(

|g`re|cf* hgbcjcpfr lfp uvc~fp eppg cfp je rvp(pc|f gv j`mf` è~c|ejcp|cuvf* `rfr lfp fh~jgcpir`f jckfp|cppfhfk| -gvfr|vrf lf heiepckp*lvpckfp# pgk| lfp ckc|ce|cfp fr|vfvpfp ~gvr jflfjg~~fhfk| lf jfk|rf~rcpf f| jf lskehcphf lf|gvp pfp hfhbrfp+ Jfp 6>>> fk|rf~rcpfp orekecpfp

l~fklek|fp lv~rce|f fuvc|sgk| rejcp 2>> hcj(jcerlp lfvrgp lf `mcoorf leooecrfp* pgc| vkf mevppflf 55*5& fk|rf 2>>6 f| 2>>?+ Lekp jf hhf |fh~p*

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~gvr uvf jfk|rf~rcpf ieikf vk he}chvhfk vk hckchvh lf |fh~p* kch~gr|ffk hckchcpek| jfp ckfp|cppfhfk|p lf pv|frhf ~er f}fh~jf* |gv| fk mebcjjek| je hhcfv} ev hghfk| lf je pgr|cf lf jijcppcgk lf jfk|rf~rcpf uvc||f `f uvfjjf bep lfp her`mfp+ ^gvr jckfp|cppfvr* e`|cg~gkpebjf uvc eic| ~rgogklhfk| pvr jfp ljfk|rf~rcpf* |gvp jfp dgvrp pf ~gpfk| lgk`|cgkp |mcuvfp* pg`cejfp* leppg`ce|cgk lf jkev| je ejfvr `rf* ljcè|fp |rerejc|* cj oev| vkf ogr`f hgrejf ch~gr|ek

pcp|fr je ~eppcgk lf jerifk| f| ev} ogr`f|fp lf pgk pfvj ck|r| ~frpgkkfj+ F| dhgckp fk hgckp uvf jgk ~vcppf |rgvfr hgrejf lekp jfp pfvjp hekvfjp lMF@ gv@fje pv~~gpf je è~e`c| lf lcrf uvf `f||f fk|rf~rcpf l~eppf hgk ~rg~rf ck|

|frhf+Pvr uvfjp ogklehfk|ev} hgrev} e~~v

lf l`cpcgk7 J kgvp pgr|gkp lv meh~ l

lfp ckfp|cppfvrp fk è~c|ej#* e ~rg~gp leppg`cfr jf~jvp irekl kghbrf ~gppcbjf lf pejercp ev} JBG-kg|ehhfk| ce lfp ~jekp l~erikf fk|rf~rcpf#uve||fkl(gk ~gvr jf oecrf7

Je pf`gklf lcoorfk`f fk|rf jf ockek`cfr f| jfdgvfvr lf èpckg fp| -gv lfrec| |rf# jf re~~gr| ev|fh~p+ Je `v~clc| fp| igvrheklf* `ghhf vk è(~rc`f fkoek|ck fjjf f}cif |gv|* |gv| lf pvc|f+ Jflpcr elvj|f* jvc* pec| rfkgk`fr ~gvr vk ~jvp + Gkkf oec| ~ep ~gvppfr vkf ojfvr fk |crek| lfppvp+ @fp|je hhf mgpf ~gvr vkf fk|rf~rcpf+ Jfoof| lf jfcfrlf jckfp|cppfhfk| f| lf je lf||f ~fv| |rf èj`vj

~gvr oecrf ireklcr jfk|rf~rcpf recpgkkebjfhfk|pfjgk lfp re|cgp `gkkvp* ef` vkf ~rvlfk`f uvc lf(heklf vkf ireklf f}~rcfk`f* f| ~fv| foof`|cfhfk|ikrfr vk rec rf|gvr pvr e~c|ej fkiei+Je ~jv~er|lfp fk|rf~rcpfp pgk| lfp e`|cc|p rcpuvfp* g je`mek`f dgvf pe ~er|* g je uvejc| lfp ~frpgkkfp kfp|

~ep |gvdgvrp ev rfklft(gvp* g je herif lfrrfvrfp| ~erogcp lcooc`cjf e~~r`cfr ~er bfk`mhera+Hecp* `f| foof| lf jfcfr ~fv| evppc |rf èj`vj f| ir

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jv|g~cf ore|frkfjjf dvcf+ @f uvE|mkfpjfh recfk|* jf `mrcp|cekcphf e fppes lf vkf pg`c| ore|frkfjjf lekp jeuvfjjf je rc`mpvbgrlgkkf ev bgkmfvr+ Vkf pg`c| v|~gpek| pvr jkfricf lfp he`mckfp f| kgk pfvjf ogr`f lf |reecj lfp mghhfp rlvc|p lf pghhf+ Vkf pg`c| iejc|ecrf f| peklekp jeuvfjjf je `re|cgk lf rc`mfppf pfrepfrc`f lv bcfk `ghhvk+ @f||f v|g~cf ohcpek| pvr jf lfjg~~fhfk| `gkghcuvf| jfp |f`mkgjgicfp* fp| jhf lf je `ccjcpe|~c|ejcphf+ Hecp kgvp jegkp gvbjc+

Cj kf peic| ~ep lf lfr vkf gk`f~|cicuvf gv rfjcicfvpf lf jmcp|gcrf `gkgpeic| lck|irfr jfp `rgsek`fp lf |gvp grlrlfp oe`|fvrp l|frhckek|p uvc `gklc|cgkkkghcf f| je ~gjc|cuvf+ J`gkghcf pckp`r`meh~p lf je `rgsek`f* lf j|mcuvf f| l

uvf pekp jfpuvfjp fjjf kf pfrec| ~ep vkf mvheckf hecp pch~jfhfk| vkf pvrcf ekcpfr eckpc je `ccjcpe|cgk lv `e~c|ejcphf fp|

hcf+ Jfp uvfp|cgkp uvc pf ~gpfk| pgk| lf jgrlrf lvbcfk `ghhvk* lf je hgrejf* f| jf pch~jf recpgkkf(hfk| `gkghcuvf kf ~frhf| ~ep ls r~gklrf+

Pc kgvp gvjgkp `gh~rfklrf je `rcpf uvf kgvp|refrpgkp* kgvp lfgkp jekejspfr ~jvp ~rgogkl(hfk| `ghhf vkf `rcpf lf kgp `rgsek`fp f| rfhf|(|rf j`gkghcf pe ~je`f jck|rcfvr lf je`ccjcpe|cgk uvc e fkifklr jf `e~c|ejcphf+ Kgvp lf(gkp `mekifr kg|rf ~frp~f`|cf f| `gkp|e|fr uvfjmcp|gcrf lfp hfk|ejc|p f| lfp `rgsek`fp kf pf`gkogkl ~ep ef` je pghhf lfp `mekifp* lfp ckfk(|cgkp |f`mkgjgicuvfp* lfp p`cfk fp uvc rs|mhfk| jf

`gvrp lf jmcp|gcrf+ J`gkghcf rf~rpfk|f vk ~gclpherickej oe`f ev ~gvgcr* ev} `c|gsfkp gv je ogjcflfp mghhfp+ Ekejspfr j`gkghcf `ghhf vk`meh~ jgp rivjek| |gv|f je`|cc| mvheckf rfjflgk` lf je pv~fr`mfrcf+

Pgvfkgkp(kgvp ev `gk|recrf uvf kg|rf `ccjcpe(

|cgk fp| kf lv rf liejc| lfp `c|gsfkp lE|m(kfp* vkf `c|gsfkkf| uvf jfp p|g`cfkp gk| |fklrf jmvhekc| |gv| fk|crf f| uvc e ovpcgkkfr ef`

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@ME^C\RF 2

Je `ccjcpe|cgk lv è~c|ejcph

_gvp keft uvvk p

f| gvp |fp |g

ekicjf pfjgk peck|

P`mvh~f|fr fp| pekp lgv|f jf lfrkcfr `

e~rp Her} je ock lv ]C]f pc`jf uvc |fk|e|vrfr ev} orgk|crfp lf je ~mcjgpg~mcf ~lf jmcp|gcrf lf je @ccjcpe|cgk lv è~`ghhf cj je~~fjjf+ Cj |ec| ~eroec|fhfk|lfp jchc|fp lf pe p`cfk`f ~gvr ogklfr vuvf eckpc uvf lfp `gk|reck|fp f}|frkfp

`mgjgicuvfp uvc ivclfk| fk rejc| jmmghhfp f| jf lfp|ck lv è~c|ejcphf jvc(h

Kgvp pghhfp je ~rfhcrf ~rcglf lf

pe rfkecppek`f f| pekp lgv|f jf pfvj hgsfk lf pevfrje lhg`re|cf+

@er cj kfp| ~ep ckc|ebjf uvf je @ccjcpe|cgk lvè~c|ejcphf pf |frhckf lekp jf `megp+

capitalisme et christianisme, 2000 ans d'une tumultueuse histoire, de didier long

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