“Food into Cities” Collection, DT/43-00EFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRome, 2000

F o o d s u p p l y a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n p o l i c i e st o r e d u c e u r b a n f o o d i n s e c u r i t y

AA bbrriieeffiinngg gguuiiddee ffoorr MMaayyoorrss,, CCiittyy EExxeeccuuttiivveessaanndd UUrrbbaann PPllaannnneerrss iinn DDeevveellooppiinngg CCoouunnttrriieessaanndd CCoouunnttrriieess iinn TTrraannssiittiioonn

Food for the Cit ies

ii

Urban households consume morevegetables, meat and dairy products

than rural households. They spend,at least, 30 percent more on food.

Low-income urban householdsspend 60 to 80 percent of theirbudget on food.

AACCKKNNOOWWLLEEDDGGEEMMEENNTTSS

Special thanks go to the following FAO colleagues:Renata Clarke (ESNS), Jorgen Hansen (AGAH),Rachel Nugent (ESAC), Edward Seidler, AndrewShepherd (AGSM) and Peter Steele (AGSI) for theiradvice and editorial suggestions. The followingpersons also contributed valuable comments:• Rebeca Andarias De Prado, GIII, FAO;• Maurizio Aragrande, Università di Bologna;• Marcello Balbo, Istituto Universitario di

Architettura, Venice;• Gérard Ciparisse, SDAA, FAO;• Laura De Clementi, TCOS, FAO;• Marielle Dubbeling, PGU-ALC/CNUAH-

Habitat/PNUD;• Florence Egal, ESNP, FAO;• Daniele Giovannucci, The World Bank; • Michelle Gauthier, FORC, FAO;• Paolo Groppo, SDAA, FAO;• Michael Hubbard, University of Birmingham;• Neeltje Kielen, AGLW, FAO;• Dagmar Kunze, RAF, FAO;• Thomas Lindemann, SDAR, FAO;• Felix Mukoko-Ndoumbe, AGSP, FAO;• Richard Roberts, AGSM, FAO;• Nicolas Rubery, GIII, FAO;• Erhard Ruckes, FIIU, FAO;• Margret Vidar, LEGA, FAO.

Giampiero Diana (GIII, FAO) and AlessandroLocatelli (AGSM, FAO) patiently helped in theselection and processing of the photographs.

Graphic design and desk-top-publishing: EmanuelaParrucci and Franklin Soler.

AABBBBRREEVVIIAATTIIOONNSS

CLAs City and local authoritiesFSD Food supply and distributionFSDSs Food supply and distribution systemsNGOs Non governmental organizations

BBIIBBLLIIOOGGRRAAPPHHYY

This guide is based on the following publications: • AArraaggrraannddee,, MM.. aanndd AArrggeennttii,, OO.. 1999. Studying

Food Supply and Distribution Systems to Citiesin Developing Countries. Methodological andOperational Guide. Food into Cities Collection,DT/36-01E. Rome, FAO;

• AArrggeennttii,, OO.. 1999. Urban Food Security and FoodMarketing. A Challenge to Cities and LocalAuthorities. Food into Cities Collection, DT/40-99E. Rome, FAO;

• BBaallbboo,, MM..,, VViisssseerr,, CC.. aanndd AArrggeennttii,, OO.. 2000. FoodSupply and Distribution to Cities in DevelopingCountries. A Guide for Urban Planners andManagers. Food into Cities Collection, DT/44-00E. Rome, FAO;

• OOnnuummaahh,, GG..EE.. aanndd HHuubbbbaarrdd,, MM.. 1999. UrbanFood Supply and Distribution: PoliciesAddressing Urban Poverty. Serie «Alimentos enlas ciudades», DT/41-99E. Roma, FAO.

The text of each of these publications can be freelydownloaded from the Web site:

HTTP://WWW.FAO.ORG/AG/SADA.HTM

Responsibility for the use of the material in thisguide rests solely with the author.

The conduct of agriculture, fisheries, forestry andwater management within urban, periurban andrural boundaries - while important components offood supply to cities - is outlined in thispublication. Further reading is suggested on p. 34.FAO plans to release similar guides treating certainaspects of this discussion in detail.

You govern or plan cities that have expandedin size. Many count millions of inhabitants.Cities particularly in Africa, the Near East andAsia exhibit high rates of growth (see Table 1). The residents you serve need jobs, food, roads,shelter, hospitals, schools, security and services.They look to you forhealthy, sanitary livingconditions and hope for thefuture.

Some cities (e.g. Lagos,Dhaka, Freetown, La Paz,Kinshasa, Guatemala City)face poverty rates of 50percent or more. Poorresidents often live insuburbs or slums with little,if any, infrastructure andfacilities.

The poor are challengedto feed themselves in yourcities. These difficulties trigger rising levels ofstreet begging and street vendors. Even thethreat of food riots stems from the food accessdilemma.

Significant food production takes place incertain cities (urban food production) or theperiphery (periurban food production). Theselocal producers often lack suitable land, safewater and adequate inputs.

Following recent market liberalizationprogrammes, commercial food activities arenow performed by the private sector. Butroads, markets, slaughterhouses, licensing,dispute procedures, regulations and creditfacilities have not kept pace.

Unhygienic conditions and practices at eachpoint in the food chain may introduce a majorsource of food contamination. Increasingly,consumers’ health is endangered by meat andmeat products that have not been inspected.Air, water and soil are infected by improper

use of chemicals and citywaste disposal. Vehicleeffluents and emissionscompound this hazard.

Some governments stillintervene in the foodeconomy following unclearand often arbitrary rules.

In consequence, foodproduction and distributioncosts, borne by the privatesector, may often be higherthan necessary and privateinvestment may not beforthcoming.

There is continuing urban expansion in manyof your countries with implications for futureurban food security.

More and more food is being produced,transported and distributed throughout urbanareas (see Table 2 and 3). The demand for land,housing, industry and infrastructure competeswith agricultural production in your cities andsurroundings. Unless ample investments areundertaken to increase food production,subsequent food supplies are likely to originatefrom greater distances. Food may reachconsumers at an even higher cost. Accessibilityto food could be limited for a multiplyingnumber of city dwellers.

1

Food security depends uponavailable income, consumers’

food habits and the costsfaced by urban consumers in

accessing food in hygienicconditions.

2

Increasing quantities and varieties of fresh andprocessed food are required to meet the needs ofurban dwellers (see Tables 2 and 3). Otherrequirements are:

• land-use management to keep suitable land inurban and periurban areas for efficient andsustainable food production;

• measures to protect human health andenvironment from contamination;

• water supply commensurate in quantity and qualityfor food production, processing and drinking;

• sufficient supply of fuelwood for food processingand cooking;

• enough parking, loading and unloading facilities fora growing number of food trucks;

• additional wholesale markets and slaughterhouseswith plenty of facilities and professionalmanagement, away from city centres;

• retail outlets easily accessible, adequatelyequipped and well managed, particularly inlow-income areas;

• facilities for spontaneous markets;• food producer markets, itinerant traders and

retailer associations in low-income districts;• private investment in food shops, market

improvement, transport facilities, etc.;• appropriate arrangements to manage escalating

quantities of waste from markets andslaughterhouses;

• market information for better production andmarketing decisions;

• better packaging and handling methods to reducefood losses;

• simple, coherent and well understood foodproduction, processing and marketing regulations.

Kenya 475 000Nigeria 2 163 000Bangladesh 1 153 000Mexico 1 233 000Brazil 2 087 000China 11 165 000India 8 991 000

Source: Habitat (1998) data, elaborated by the author.

Cities need more and more food which has to be produced and/or imported, transported and distributed throughout the urban areas. Table 1

Estimated Annual Urban Population Increase in Selected Countries

Cities need More and More Food

Will satisfactory supplies of water in quantityand in quality be available for food production,processing and drinking?

Will today’s slaughterhouses, transportation,market and infrastructure handle well enoughthe processing and distribution of everexpanding amounts of food? Who will providethe additional capacity, facilities and necessaryservices if present conditions are not conduciveto private investment?

What additional constraints can be expectedfrom the impact on the environment? Badlyplanned and managed food supply anddistribution activities may interfere with water,soil and forests.

This should be your concern! But many of you may assign relatively low

priority to overcoming food supply anddistribution problems. Blurred lines ofresponsibility between government agenciesand insufficient consultation with market usersare responsible for many such problems.However, the main cause has been theinadequate understanding of:• urban consumers’ food habits and purchasing

behaviour as well as local food supply anddistribution systems;

• the relevance of municipal budgeting, taxpolicies, public service delivery, trade andmarket regulations, public-privatepartnership frameworks for urban services,land-use planning and regulation, etc. forurban food supply and distribution;

• the need to incorporate food supply anddistribution aspects into planning at theregional, metropolitan and urban levels. Thisis particularly true for technically soundurban food supply and distribution policiesand programmes. There is a growing awareness of the need for

city and local authorities – i.e. regional,metropolitan, municipal and other localgovernment institutions directly concernedwith urban development – to play a proactiveand coordinating role in alleviating urban foodinsecurity, as confirmed by the declarations(see p. 6).

Your mandate is the focus of this guide. Thecontent aims to assist you as well as publichealth, environment, water and agroforestryspecialists, to formulate urban food supply anddistribution policies. The goal is to facilitatethe right to adequate food for all. You canachieve this goal with little, if any, additionalresources. It is a matter of city and localauthorities doing what they already do in abetter way.

The need exists for a proper understanding oflocal conditions combined with a perspectiveof your cities. You are urged to apply aninterdisciplinary, multisectoral andparticipatory approach to find sustainablesolutions. The direct involvement of the privatesector in planning decisions and theirimplementation is an essential requirement forsustainable impact.

FAO is ready to provide you with therequired technical assistance.

3

Source: FAO (2000) data on national food consumptionaverages, elaborated by the author.

Year Year2000 2010

Yaoundé 670 1 040Nairobi 686 1 140Isfahan 1 417 2 247Karachi 2 944 4 536Lima 3 015 3 760Port-au-Prince 441 685Managua 309 453

Table 2 Estimated Food Consumptionin Selected Cities(Thousands of Tonnes)

10-tonne truck loads

Abidjan 124 600Lagos 500 000Bombay 313 400Teheran 147 900Guatemala City 22 900Maracaibo 27 600Santiago de los Caballeros 13 100

Source: FAO (2000) data on national food consumptionaverages, elaborated by the author. Base year: 2000.

Table 3 Estimated Increase in 2010 in Traffic to

Selected Cities because of Food Transport

4

Food production in urban and periurban areas can contribute to (see Annex 5):

• local supply of fresh, nutritious food such as poultry, small ruminant meat, fruits, vegetables and dairyproducts;

• alleviating poverty and improving food security through consumption of self-grown products,employment and income generation;

• cost-effective environmental management through productive use of organic waste for fertilizer; • productive use of suitable and unused open space, contributing to biodiversity and watershed

management.

Health in cities starts in the food chain.

Urban gardens provide cheap fresh food for household consumption. But crops

may be a source of health risks.

Urban and Periurban Food Production

The disadvantages that emerge when good planning, management, inspection and information areabsent include:

• contamination of food, land and water by incorrect application of wastewater, solid waste andchemicals for food production;

• traffic congestion, air pollution and noise around markets will increase due to infrastructureshortcomings;

• growing quantities of waste from processing plants, markets and slaughterhouses together withdumping of plastic packaging and wasteburning boost health risks and pollution of water, soil and air;

• contaminated food can be caused by meagre market facilities for water supply, drainage, toilets andsewage as well as incorrect handling and storage techniques;

• progressive depletion of forests because of need for fuelwood for cooking and processing.

Public Health and Environmental Issues

5

• The population living in slums rose from 23 percent (1976) to 41 percent (1997);• sixteen percent of households are headed by women;• average family size of seven persons;• only 5 percent of households have more than three earning members;• seventy five percent of working adults earned less than the minimum wage;• eighty seven percent of working women take children to workplaces such as construction sites and

markets (these children are unable to attend school);• high levels of illiteracy;• most live in the open or in temporary shelters such as tin sheds;• eighty percent of households have no water connection, 93 percent are without toilets and only

50 percent have electricity;• two thirds have to travel more than 1 km to the nearest bus stop, school, post office and clinic.

The above conditions are typical of many cities in developing countries and countries in transition.

Source: Onumah, E.G. and Hubbard, M., 1999.

Socio-economic Profile of Slums in Ahmedabad, India

Food marketing is a source of employment and income for the poor, particularly

women and youth.

Fuelwood is widely used for cooking, small-scale foodprocessing, fish and meat smoking, etc. Periurban land can be used for fuelwood plantations.

The vulnerable urban groups are: the unemployed, new migrants,single mothers with dependent children, pensioners, disabled or oldpeople lacking family support, indigenous people, ethnic minorities,

formal sector workers with declining or unstable incomes andthose dependent on “crowded" informal sector activities.

Dakar Declaration

“We recognize the important rolewhich African city and localauthorities can play in ensuring urbanfood security. We stand ready toundertake, in partnership with allconcerned stakeholders:• the identification of institutional

responsibilities to facilitate stablefood access to urban households;

• the promotion of required researchto improve the efficiency of foodsupply and distribution systems;

• the adequate maintenance ofmarket infrastructure;

• the promotion of cooperation andpartnerships with rural andperiurban areas;

• the availability of marketinformation.”

DECLARATION BY THE AFRICAN

MAYORS PARTICIPATING AT THE

FAO-ISRA SUBREGIONAL SEMINAR

“FOOD SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION

TO FRANCOPHONEAFRICAN CITIES”. DAKAR, SENEGAL, 14-17 APRIL, 1997

Medellín Declaration

“The need to increase access of allconsumers, and low-income consumers

in particular, to healthy food throughparticipatory and intersectorial

programmes designed to strengthenthe efficiency of private systems for

the supply and distribution of low-costfood and employment creation.”

DECLARATION OF THE MAYORS AND

MUNICIPAL HEALTH OFFICERS AT THE

3RD CONGRESS OFTHE AMERICAS

OF MUNICIPALITIES AND

HEALTHY COMMUNITIES. MEDELLIN, COLOMBIA,

8-12 MARCH, 1999

6

Barcelona Declaration

“We recognize the importance ofensuring access to food by low-incomeconstituencies in low-income countries

as a main objective of localdevelopment policies

and programmes, following therecommendations of the World Food

Summit, held in Rome in 1996.”

DECLARATION BY THE MAYORS, CITY

EXECUTIVES AND REPRESENTATIVES OF

CITY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AT THE

34TH WORLD CONGRESS OF THE

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF

LOCAL AUTHORITIES. BARCELONA, SPAIN,

20-24 MARCH, 1999

Your institutions do not usually have a directrole in national policies (food security,agriculture, public health, etc.). You can,however, take the lead in improving access tofood by low-income urban households because:• national policies may not sufficiently

respond to local needs and conditions;• you are in closer contact with the local

community than central governmentinstitutions;

• your key functions already include thedevelopment, operation and management offood market and processing infrastructureand regulations, the control of urban andperiurban agriculture, etc.;

• you can develop collaborative partnershipswith the private sector to replace, improveand manage urban food market andprocessing infrastructure despite reducedinvestment budgets;

• you are being assigned greaterresponsibilities by the central government.Your institutions can play five major roles in

alleviating the food insecurity of low-incomeconstituencies.

Promote supportive attitudes andpolicies towards food producers,processors, traders, shopkeepers,street vendors, transporters andconsumers

This requires:• the awareness of all policy-makers to the

needs of those involved in food supply anddistribution activities;

• the understanding by all decision-makers ofhow to improve the performance of foodsupply and distribution systems;

• regular interactions with producers,transporters, traders, shopkeepers, streetvendors and consumers; the promotion oftheir associations (see p. 8) and theirinvolvement in policy formulation andimplementation;

• the strengthening and encouragement ofrepresentation of private associations onplanning committees and in policyimplementation;

• the dissemination of policy goals, objectivesand related information among everyoneinvolved in food supply and distributionactivities;

• that your institution clearly states andpursues its mission to serve the consumers,traders, shopkeepers, street vendors,transporters and producers and adopts anopen, communicative and efficientbehaviour.

1

7

8

Promote private investment

The development of food supply anddistribution systems requires augmenting theinvestment in food production, marketing andprocessing. This may be beyond the ability ofthe public sector to afford.

For private investment to emerge, there is theneed for an economic and politicalenvironment conducive to private sector risk-taking accompanied by credible assurances bythe state that the “rules of the game” will behonoured.

You can stimulate private investments by: • promoting rules governing public and private

sector responsibilities and interventions infood supply and distribution activities;

• ensuring that norms, licensing, proceduresand standards are in line with investors’expectations and capacity;

• adequately enforcing laws and regulations,particularly those concerning contracts;

• providing basic food production, market,transport and processing infrastructure,facilities and services;

• ensuring adequate management of utilitiescompanies;

• ensuring active, efficient land and real estatemarkets as well as land tenure security.

2

• Facilitate the training by city and local authorities of their members;• explain rules and regulations to members;• promote respect by members of agreed rules and quality standards;• diffuse market information to their members;• collaborate in the design and implementation of local development initiatives;• filter the needs of individual members and air the views of the group;• provide advice to city and local authorities on specific issues;• assist members to run and manage their businesses better; • identify common problems and solutions;• negotiate lower prices and purchase conditions for inputs and services; • negotiate better prices for own products and lower marketing costs;• exchange technical assistance among members and between associations.

Electrical systems in markets often generate fires.

Role of Civil Society Organizations in Improving Food Supply and Distribution Systems

Markets need to be planned because they require space, parking, infrastructure and services

(water, toilets, waste collection, etc.).

9

Intervene in food supply and distribution

You may intervene in the following ways (seealso Annexes 1 to 5):

Planning• Forecast needs for the city food and water

and production potential over the next tenyears;

• identify poor urban households and maptheir location;

• prepare plans governing land use andoccupancy;

• provide suitable public land, land-tenuresecurity, safe water, etc. for urban andperiurban agriculture;

• prepare rural-urban and intra-urban transportdevelopment plans;

• design urban food market and processinginfrastructure plans, etc.

Information• Provide food transporters, traders,

shopkeepers, street food vendors, processorsand consumers with basic information aboutfood hygiene, health and nutrition togetherwith their rights and obligations;

• inform producers on proper use ofagricultural inputs and chemicals, safe solidwaste and/or composting facilities, etc.

Infrastructure, facilities and services• Define present and future needs for specific

market and slaughterhouse infrastructure,facilities and services, with respect to what(type), where(location) and how (standards),taking into account the ecological conditionsof the city;

• define land allocation modalities;• successfully design, locate, construct and

manage urban markets and slaughterhouses;• maintain and upgrade public infrastructure

including water, toilets, drainage andlighting;

• suitably dispose of solid and liquid waste; • provide specific training to producers,

traders, shopkeepers, etc.; • levy municipal taxes and market fees; • provide public transport to and from urban

markets and slaughterhouses, etc.

Wholesale activities are often dispersed over the urban area, limiting the potential benefits to be derived from organized wholesale markets.

New market facilities are often badly designed andinappropriately located.

They thus remain underutilizedand the forced relocation of

traders may cause unrest.

3

10

Regulations• Regulate public land occupancy and use; • license and control food production,

processing and marketing activities; • protect consumer through enforcement of

food quality standards and food retail outlethygiene including street food andrestaurants;

• apply legislation and regulations for meatinspection;

• enforce hygiene and health standards in foodprocessing and sale outlets;

• manage traffic including parking, signals,routing and restrictions on vehiclemovement;

• control pollution and invoke standards forindustrial and vehicle effluents/emissionsand noise control;

• enforce legislation on water quality controlfor food production and processing, etc.

Coordinate public interventions and private initiatives

Conflicts in the implementation, by differentinstitutions and non-governmentalorganizations, of their programmes limit theimpact of development initiatives. Effectivecoordination is required to avoid this condition.You are in the best position to coordinate thearea under your jurisdiction. You need to:• actively seek legal reforms that clarify the

role of various public agencies;• identify institutional and departmental

responsibilities concerning food supply anddistribution systems;

• ensure, through training, motivation andmonitoring, that personnel are technicallyequipped to meet the growing demand forefficiency and accountability.

Regulations affecting foodsupply and distribution

activities may become socomplex and contradictory that

the same city and localauthorities have difficulties

understanding andimplementing them. This

prompts illegal taxation andbribery.

4

The lack of adequate food containers can encumber thedevelopment of micro and small food processing

enterprises in hygienic conditions.

Good market management, maintenance and upgrading are as important

as raising revenues.

11

Intermediate between centralgovernment and the privatefood sector

You can frame interinstitutional dialogue by:• ensuring that the needs of food producers,

processors, transporters, traders, shopkeepersand consumers are voiced within centralgovernment;

• complementing efforts by farmers’associations, non-governmental organizationsand local authorities in rural and periurbanareas to lobby the central government. Thismediation can prioritize programmes andprojects that will reduce productionconstraints and strengthen rural-urbanlinkages (e.g. improved road, food assemblyand transport facilities, provide marketinformation and marketing extensionassistance).

Cities located in mountainareas, slums or slopes, may beprone to landslide and floods

which can affect food andwater availability, quality and

price. Trees can be used tostabilize slopes and riverbanks.

5

Non motorized transport helps keep food prices low,provides employment for young and poor people

and does not pollute but contributes to trafficcongestion in and around markets.

• Fuelwood is widely used for cooking, small-scale food processing, fish and meat smoking, etc.Periurban land can be used for fuelwood plantations.

• Markets are frequently exposed to the weather. Trees provide shade and protection from the wind,dust and rain, thus reducing losses and contamination of food.

• Water may be scarce and/or expensive in cities. Encourage the use of treated wastewater forirrigating parks and tree plantations for non-food products and fuelwood. Wastewater use shouldmeet the standards set by the World Health Organization.

Trees in and around Cities can Improve Food Supply and Distribution

Auction sales promote competition in wholesale markets.

12

An urban food supply and distribution policy is a set of goals,objectives, strategies and programmes spanning regional,metropolitan, urban and local areas. It is set within a precisetimeframe and is formulated in close collaboration with allconcerned stakeholders. It guides city and local authorities in theuse of resources under their control and through private sectorinvestment, to improve access by urban households to stablesupplies of good quality food, through efficient, hygienic, healthyand environmentally sound food supply and distribution systems.

Well managed markets and the respect of regulations help decrease marketing costs and food contamination.

13

Three Key Areas for Concern for

Projections for urban food and water needs;development of efficient and sustainableproduction, fishing, processing and storage inrural, periurban and urban areas;infrastructure, facilities and services for foodassembly, handling, packaging and transportto cities; efficiency, transparency anddynamism of production and marketingsystems; effectiveness of services(information, extension, etc.) to producers,processors and traders; food import logisticsand procedures; promotion of private sectororganizations and private investment;planning, development and management ofslaughterhouses; legislation and regulations.

Planning, development and management ofwholesale and retail markets and food shops;planning and organization of specific low-cost food distribution arrangements; streetfood and informal activities; moderndistribution; intra-urban transport; services tourban market users; promotion of markettrader, shopkeeper and consumerassociations and organizations; promotion ofprivate investment in urban markets andshops; efficiency, transparency anddynamism of urban food distribution systems;legislation and regulations.

HealthFood safety problems and contamination dueto incorrect use of fertilizers, pesticides andwastewater, lack of hygiene in food supplyand distribution activities and pollutants;legislation and regulations.EnvironmentManagement of waste from markets andslaughterhouses; air, water and soil pollutioncaused by food supply and distributionactivities; forest depletion because offuelwood use; legislation and regulations.

1 Food supply to cities

2 Urban food distribution

3 Health and environment

Poor urban areas need retail markets, itinerant markets and shops.

Waste from markets and slaughterhouses threatens health and contaminates food, soil, water and air.

Food production in urban, periurban and rural areas must take place in hygienic and

environmentally sound conditions.

Urban Food Supply and Distribution Policies

14

Efficient food supply and distributionsystems to achieve:• stable supplies of low-cost food to

low-income urban consumers;• food production incentives through

equitable marketing opportunitiesfor farmers.

Minimize food insecurity in poor urbanhouseholds to achieve:• improved equity from lower food

prices; • reduced social disruption, because

supplies and prices are more stable;• increased employment and income

opportunities in the food sector.

Eliminate food-related health problemsand minimize the negative impact of foodsupply and distribution activities on theenvironment by fostering: • better hygiene conditions in the food

chain;• environmentally friendly and

sustainable food production systems;• better located, maintained and

managed food market and processinginfrastructure;

• better market and slaughterhousewaste disposal and use;

• better attention to ecological conditionsof the city during planning.

Goals ofUrban Food Supply and Distribution Policies

Spontaneous markets cause hygiene, securityand traffic problems but provide food where

it is needed and create employment.

The solution to the problems caused by increasingquantities of waste from markets and

slaughterhouses is in the handsof every market user.

Economic goal

Social goal

Health and environmental goal

The design, location and management of wholesale andretail markets are important determinants of investment

profitability and the cost of access to food by low-income households.

15

Policy objectives

Policy objectives identify what you need toachieve policy goals (see p. 14).

Objectives are usually linked to one or moreoperational units and are typically short term,tied to annual budgets (see an example inAnnex 6). They need to be amended as yourinstitutions respond to changes in theirresources and environment.

When designing food supply and distributionpolicies, you need to ensure that:• policy goals are clear, credible and reflect

the vision of citizens and policy-makers;• policy objectives are attainable, feasible,

credible, technically sound, consistent withcentral government priorities and socially aswell as politically acceptable.

Complementarity betweenp o l i c i e s

A well-functioning food supply anddistribution system facilitates access to food.Alone it does not guarantee that those withoutthe means to buy food can do so. Public actionis required to generate incomes throughemployment creation or food distribution usingfood subsidies and food stamps among otherremedies. Nutrition, hygiene and healtheducation is also important for the mostvulnerable consumers. Therefore food supplyand distribution policy supports and issupported by other policies, programmes andinitiatives (see Figure 1).

IncomeGeneration

Food Aid andFood-for-Work

National Foodand Agriculture

Policies

FamilyWelfare

Health andNutrition

Food Supply and Distribution

Urban FoodSecurity

Figure 1 Some of the Policies, Programmesand Initiatives which are Required

to Improve Urban Food Security

Conflicts between policies

Conflicts may arise between the generalmacro-economic policies and specific foodsupply and distribution policies. It will benecessary to assess the impact of nationalpolicies on various areas, among which:

Legislative and regulatoryIn what ways do current food legislation andregulations hinder the development of foodsupply and distribution systems? How doexisting statutes discriminate against smallfood producers, processors, traders,shopkeepers and street food vendors?

Are there unnecessary restrictions on the useof water for crop production which mayimpede the development of urban andperiurban food production?

Tax and tariffsDo measures to control inflation and publicsector budgetary requirements obstruct privateinvestments in food supply and distribution?

BudgetAre budget allocations to city and localauthorities in line with increasingresponsibilities, especially for transport andmarket infrastructure development?

Structural reformsAre measures to dismantle state-run fooddistribution chains likely to create privateoligopolies?

Are incentives for promoting thedevelopment of low-cost forms of fooddistribution consistent with current strict publicfund management?

Are there practices biased against creditaccess by small food producers, processorstraders and shopkeepers?

Food trade developmentWill plans to make the food sector moreprofessional harm micro- and small-scale foodproduction, marketing and processinginitiatives?

Institution strengtheningAre prospective reductions in governmentbudgets likely to stifle re-training of staffrequired by changes in policy orientation anddecentralization programmes?

Markets need drainage systems to maintain hygienic conditions, prevent food contamination and ease traffic.

16

17

S t r a t e g i e s

Strategies describe how policy objectives andgoals can be achieved.

Food supply and distribution developmentstrategies must be seen in the context ofpolicies and customs governing differentaspects of economic and social life. Economiclife concerns structural adjustment, economicliberalization and decentralization. Social lifeencompasses religious and ethnic rules.

A particularly important strategicconsideration is the extent of public versusprivate responsibility (see Annex 7).

The Success of your Urban Food Supplyand Distribution Policy will Depend upon:

• your institutions’ understanding ofconsumers’ food habits, purchasingbehaviour, local food supply anddistribution systems;

• the degree of participation ofconcerned private sector groupsand public institutions in policyformulation and implementation;

• clear responsibilities among publicagencies;

• effective monitoring of policyimplementation;

• informed and credible leadership byyour institutions.

Lack of space andsimple facilities

in urban marketsamplifies health andenvironmental risks.

Market users need security afforded by fences and police patrols.

18

Principle 1 Right Approach

Adopt an approach which isconsultative, participatory,open-minded, alliance seekingand technically sound.

Basic Principles forFood Supply and Distribution Strategies

Private sectorassociations andorganizationsmust be promoted andencouraged toplay an active role in planningdecisions toaddressconstraints facedby members.

Farmer anditinerant marketsprovide low-costfood in poor urban districts.

The use ofweighing scalespromotes fairpractices inmarkets.

Marketinfrastructure must be properlymaintained,managed anddeveloped toaccomodate increasing foodquantities comingto cities.

Principle 2 Competition

Promote competition andreduce the influence of largeintermediaries.

Principle 3 No Fashions

Resist fashions for“modernization” or “preservingtradition”. Encouragedevelopments which lower thecost of living and stimulateemployment growth in the city.

Principle 4 Go Private

Facilities and services that canbe run as businesses are bestleft to the private sector.

19

P r o g r a m m e s

Once solutions, policies and strategies havebeen agreed upon among all concernedstakeholders, you need to design interventionPROGRAMMES spanning regional, metropolitan,urban and localareas for improving the foodsupply and distribution system to your city (seeAnnex 2).

Each programme should address food supplyto cities – urban food distribution – health andenvironmentissues in the form ofSUBPROGRAMMES, each containing specificACTION PLANS addressing well-defined aspects(see Figure 2).

Action plans should comprise clearlyidentified expected RESULTS (see the examplein Annex 8) and related INTERVENTIONS .

Programmes must be designed to facilitateaction in the:• immediate term (less than six months);• short term (from six months to three years);• medium term (from three to six years) and • long term (over six years).

This approach – based on a consensus visionof the city – facilitates the assignment ofinstitutional responsibilities.

REGIONAL – METROPOLITAN – URBAN – LOCALPROGRAMMES

SUPPLY TO CITIES – URBAN DISTRIBUTION – HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTSUBPROGRAMMES

ACTION PLANS

Programmes for supplying anddistributing food to cities are setsof coherent and logicallystructured interventions andexpected results. They are setwithin a timeframe with well-defined implementation tasks.Their specific objectives are linkedto the achievement of food supplyand distribution policy goals andobjectives. This occurs in theurban area in conjunction withperiurban and rural areas fromwhere the city gets its food supply,or through which the foodconsumed in the city transits.

Figure 2 Programmes , Subprogrammes and Action Plans

20

Coordinating and monitoring policy implementation

Food supply and distribution programmesusually need to be implemented by severaldifferent authorities and departments (e.g.transport, market infrastructure, health andenvironment). Each executing unit should haveagreed TARGETSand INDICATORS against whichits performance can be assessed (see Figure 3).

The steps from constraint analysis to policyimplementation are summarized in Annex 9.

An URBAN FOOD SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION

POLICY UNIT can assist you in coordinating andmonitoring implementation of your foodsupply and distribution policy (see Annex 10).

INCREASED CONSUMER, TRADER ANDTRANSPORTER SATISFACTION WITH THECONDITIONS OF URBAN FOOD MARKETS

WITHIN THREE YEARS

P O L I C Y O B J E C T I V E T A R G E T 1 IMPROVED HYGIENE

PRACTICES AMONG FOODHANDLERS, PROCESSORS,

TRADERS AND SHOPKEEPERS

T A R G E T 2FOOD TRAFFIC FLOWS ARE

ORGANIZED AND TRANSPORTFACILITIES ARE PROVIDED

AT MARKETS

T A R G E T 3INCREASED PERSONAL

AND PROPERTY SECURITYIN MARKETS

I n d i c a t o r s :• number of thefts

occurring inmarkets

• number of marketsbeing fenced off

I n d i c a t o r :• number of traders and

shopkeepersattending trainingworkshops

I n d i c a t o r s :• average time spent by

lorries to enter andleave markets

• unofficial taxation,paid by foodtransporters on theroad and in town, asreported by theirrespectiveassociations

• parking space madeavailable

P O L I C Y G O A L

Organized livestock markets in cities help reduce the nuisance to cities

from free-ranging animals.

Slaughterhouses need equipment, facilities andservices to facilitate the respect of hygiene

regulations to avoid meat contamination.

Figure 3Example of Targets and Indicators

21

Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for thewell-being of him(her)self and his(her) family, including food,clothing, housing, medical care...

From the “UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS”, Article 25

If the challenge of feeding cities and the growing number ofpoor urban households is met adequately, the developmentof periurban and rural areas will also be promoted.

AAnnnneexxeess

22

Most city and local authorities believe thatfood supply and distribution issues are nottheir responsibility. Their emphasis is onpublic health, education, housing,environment, sanitation and traffic control.However, the most typical functions of cityand local authorities affect food supply anddistribution systems directly or indirectly.Food supply and distribution aspects are notsuccessfully taken into account in planningat regional, metropolitan, urban and locallevel.

Jurisdiction over cities is oftenfragmented between a number of cityand local authorities varying in sizeand legal status. This limits theircapacity to regulate physicaldevelopment of urban settlements andensure provision of essential marketinfrastructure, facilities and services.

Why City Managers Face GrowingFood Supply and Distribution Problems

Insufficient concern and focus Fragmented boundaries

Responsibility for providing market andtransport infrastructure as well as facilitiesand services for food suppliers anddistributors is often fragmented between anumber of agencies controlled at variouslevels of government. Functions oftenoverlap at the city level. Policy coordinationand accountability are often weak.

City and local authorities tend to seeurban food producers and traders as anuisance because of the negativeimplications of their activities forpublic health, environment and traffic.Decisions may also be taken on thebasis of political considerations ratherthan sound planning principles.

Fragmented responsibilities Uninformed decision-makers

City and local authorities lack legal authorityand resources to perform their statutoryfunctions. They are dependent on centralgovernment for legislative authority to raiserevenue, acquire land and controldevelopment.

City and local authorities’ directinterventions are constrained byscarce financial resources, technicaland managerial expertise and limitedunderstanding of food supply anddistribution systems.

Weak city and local authorities Inadequate resources and expertise

Annex 1

23

Source: Balbo, M., Visser, C. and Argenti, O., 2000.

Food supply to cities• Promote and regulate rural food

production.• Rehabilitate, locate and construct rural

assembly markets.• Improve rural-urban transport

infrastructure and services.• Develop market information and

marketing extension services.• Facilitate access to credit for farmers,

traders and transporters.

Health and environment• Assistance in correctly using fertilizers

and pesticides.

Food supply to cities• Promote and regulate periurban food

production.• Improve food transport flow to the city.• Facilitate access to credit for farmers,

traders and transporters.• Rehabilitate, locate and construct

slaughterhouses.

Urban food distribution• Rehabilitate, locate, construct, maintain

and manage wholesale markets.

Health and environment• Locate and regulate market and

slaughterhouse waste disposal.• Provide appropriate water and

sanitation infrastructure.

Food supply to cities• Promote and regulate urban food

production.

Urban food distribution• Rehabilitate, relocate and construct,

maintain and manage retail markets.• Relocate and develop shopping centres.• Facilitate access by vehicles to parking

facilities around markets.• Provide and improve facilities and

services for informal retail activities.• Improve intra-urban transport facilities.

Health and environment• Design adequate waste collection and

management systems andinfrastructure.

• Provide appropriate water, sanitationand infrastructure.

Food supply to cities• Promote and regulate urban food

production.

Urban food distribution• Encourage improvement of food shops

and sales from homes.• Improve facilities and services for

informal retail activities.

Health and environment• Support informal/private waste

collection systems.• Provide appropriate water, sanitation

and basic infrastructure.

Examples of Interventions at RegionalMetropolitan, Urban and Local Level

Metropolitan level

Local levelUrban level

Regional level

Annex 2

24

• Land tenure security.• Advice on the proper use

of improved seeds andchemical products.

• Safe water for irrigation.• Facilities for disposing of

environmentallyhazardous farm waste.

• Information about theappropriate use of citywaste as fertilizer.

• Appropriate skills forhandling, packing,transporting, etc.

• Credit for farminvestments, productionand marketing campaigns.

• Assembly markets.• Transport facilities.• Direct sales to consumers.• Opportunities to supply

supermarkets direct oncontract.

• Improved state of roadsdecreasing the need torepair vehicles.

• Affordable and reliablevehicle spare parts.

• Credit to buy and/ormaintain vehicles insatisfactory condition.

• Adequate space andfacilities for parking andproduce (un)loading,allowing flow of produceinto and out of markets todecrease the cost of usingtrucks.

• Simplified documentrequirements andprocedures.

• Lower burden of localtaxes imposed alongtransport routes.

• Well-managed markets.

• No harassment by policeand other security agenciescausing costly delays andpayment of bribes atofficial and unofficial roadcheckpoints.

• Proper sleeping and eatingfacilities.

• Clean toilets.• Adequate water.• Pertinent market

regulations.• Garbage disposal facilities.• Ample lighting.• Security for vehicles and

cargo.• First-aid, post offices,

telephones, faxes andloudspeakers.

• Suitable skills for handling,packing, transporting,management, etc.

Transport costs often represent the bulk of marketing costs. Food transporters need roads, parking, loading, unloading, resting facilities, vehicle and cargo security.

Needs of Food Supply and Distribution Agents

Producers Transporters

Annex 3

25

• Financial resources towiden the scale of theiroperations, thus reducingaverage operating costs.

• Sufficient parking facilitiesallowing easy flow ofproduce into and out ofmarket.

• Clean and dry tradingsurroundings.

• Waste disposal facilities.• Clean toilets.• Adequate water supply.• In-market storage

facilities (including coldstores for butchers andfishmongers) and sortingfacilities.

• Easy access to banks fordeposits.

• Market information.• Protection from, heat,

moisture, dust and otherpollutants.

• Appropriate skills forpacking, handling,transporting,management, etc.

• Responsive and efficientmarket management.

• Appropriate marketregulations and simplifieddocument procedures andrequirements.

• Fences and security forpersons and property.

• Child day-care facilities.• First-aid, post offices,

e-mail, telephones, faxes.• No police harassment.

• Clear objectives and stablemandate.

• Thorough understandingof food market andmarketing realities.

• An effective dialogue withall market users.

• Satisfactory informationand skills.

• Authority to enforcemarket regulations.

• Enough funds to maintainmarket facilities andservices and keep marketsclean.

• Simplified documentrequirements andprocedures.

• Qualified staff, equipmentand resources.

• Ample lighting andelectrical systems.

• First-aid, post offices,e-mail, telephones, faxesand loudspeakers.

• Cold store facilities forbutchers and fishmongers.

• A variety of good qualityfood at reasonable prices.

• Clean, dry and hygienicmarket environment.

• Well-managed markets.• Personal security when

visiting markets.• Fair trading practices and

concrete action againstfraud.

• Garbage disposal facilities.• Telephone facilities.• Parking facilities.• Clean toilets.

Needs of Food Supplyand Distribution Agents

Traders and Shopkeepers Market Managers Consumers

Annex 3 (cont.)

When there are no toilets, market traders have no choice.

Will they wash their hands if water is not available?

26

Lack of trade finance.

T r a n s p o r t : Poor rural-urban transport facilities.

Lack of parking and handlingfacilities at urban markets and slaughterhouses.

Tax burden on traders(especially collectors) and transporters.

Bribes and delays at security checkpoints.

Lack of warehouse and storage facilities.

Support initiatives toimprove supply of finance tomicro-entrepreneurs.Encourage secure andtransferable ownership ofstocks.

Ensure, through policydialogue, that rural-urbanroad, water transport andrail infrastructuredevelopment plans takeaccount of the needs of foodtrade.

Locate markets andslaughterhouses at sites withadequate parking space.Invest in off-loading andsorting facilities at markets.

Rationalize policy on taxesand levies imposed on foodproducts in transit to cities.

Encourage, through policydialogue, reduction innumber of checkpoints andimproved standards ofdiscipline among securitypersonnel.

Promote private investmentin warehouse and storagefacilities through providingserviced sites and transportfacilities. Promotewarehouse-managementtraining.

Private financialintermediaries, governmentinstitutions and nongovernmentalorganizations.

Trader and transporterassociations and centralgovernment agenciesinvolved in urban planning,transport andcommunications.

Trader and transporterassociations and centralgovernment agenciesinvolved in urban planning.

City and local authorities onfood supply routes andministries of localgovernment and finance.

Trader and transporterassociations; Ministry of theInterior and securityagencies.

Trader associations, Ministryof Finance, investmentpromotion centres andtraining institutions.

Role of City and Local Authoritiesto Reduce Difficulties Faced by

Food Supply and Distribution Agents

Constraints Instruments Collaboration with:

Annex 4

27

Food traders haveinadequate trading,financial andmanagement skills.

Health, environment and security:Lack of effective food quality control.

Unhygienic conditionsat markets andslaughterhouses.

Lack of security at markets.

Training programmes andinformation campaigns.

Ensure, through dialoguewith relevant agencies,revision and strictenforcement of laws on foodquality and consumerprotection. Educate traders(especially street foodsellers) and consumersthrough training and publicinformation campaigns.

Provide basic shelter,drainage, sanitation, wastedisposal facilities. Reviseand enforce bylaws andeducate traders on hygienestandards at markets.Educate consumers on foodhygiene.

Provide fences and thepresence of police or privateguardians.

Trader associations, mediaand training institutions.

Trade and consumerassociations, legislators,food standards body, lawenforcement agencies,media and traininginstitutions.

Trade and consumerassociations, legislators,food standards body, lawenforcement agencies,media and traininginstitutions.

Trade, transporter andconsumer associations;Ministry of the Interior andsecurity agencies.

Consumers need concrete action against possible fraud in food markets

Congested urban markets cannot accommodate increasing quantities of food. Thus spontaneous markets are generated.

Role of City and Local Authoritiesto Reduce Difficulties Faced byFood Supply and Distribution Agents

Constraints Instruments Collaboration with:

Annex 4 (cont.)

28

Regional, metropolitan and urban.

National legislation; urban and local landregulations.

Regional, metropolitanand urban.

Urban and local.

Regional, metropolitanand urban.

Urban and local.

Stop destroying food cropsand evicting food producersfrom public lands undercultivation.

Revise land-use andownership legislation andregulations and improve theirapplicability.

Adopt simple “zoningregulations” to support urbanand periurban foodproduction and livestockactivities.

Define criteria for landallocation.

Constitute land reservoirs forurban and periurban foodproduction in future urbanizedareas.

Provide safe water forirrigation and safe fertilizersusing city waste.

Contribute to the formulationand adoption of policies whichrecognize the role of urbanand periurban foodproduction.

Identify norms, regulationsand documents to bemodified.

Prepare “zoning regulations”.

Preparation of public-privateleasehold contracts.

Elaborate strategic planningdocuments identifying areasto be assigned to urban andperiurban food production.

Prepare plans for safe waterfacilities and for processingcity waste into safe fertilizers.Information campaigns onhealth and environmentconsequences ofunsatisfactory use of waterand city waste.

Source: Balbo, M., Visser, C. and Argenti, O., 2000.

How much would it cost to provide street vendors with information on personal hygiene and good food handling practices, simple tools and a small bench to keep food away from dust and mud?

Role of Urban Planners in Supporting Urban and Periurban Food Production

Scale of Intervention Action Role of Planner

Annex 5

29

Objective 2PROGRESSIVE REDUCTION, THROUGH CLEANER URBANMARKETS, IN FOOD CONTAMINATION AS REPORTED BY

ROUTINE MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE

Objective 1INCREASED CONSUMER, TRADER AND TRANSPORTER

SATISFACTION WITH THE CONDITIONS OF URBAN FOODMARKETS WITHIN THREE YEARS

Possible concerned units: Municipality: Market Infrastructure,

Transport, Municipal Police and HealthDepartments; Ministries of Commerce,

Agriculture, Transport and Health; Interior(Police Department); Chambers of

Commerce and Agriculture; Transporter,Trader and Consumer Associations.

Possible concerned units: Municipality: Market Infrastructure,Health and City Garbage CollectionDepartments; Ministries of Health,

Commerce and Transport; Market Traderand Consumer Associations.

Traders and shopkeepers need to follow good hygiene practices in handling and processing fish as well as keeping cleantrading surroundings. Fish markets and shops need adequate facilities including water, ice, waste bins and cold stores.

Policy Goal“Improved access, within ten years, by urban low-income households, to stable supplies of low-cost good quality food, through more efficient,

hygienic and environmentally sound food supply and distribution systems.”

Relation between PolicyGoals and Objectives: an Example

Annex 6

30

Basic trading infrastructurelocated in major businessdistricts: market stalls, shopsand warehouses.

Basic trading infrastructurelocated in poorsuburbs/slums: market stallsand shops.

Cold storage facilities,slaughterhouses, on-siteprocessing plants andtransport.

Parking space and childday-care facilities.

Roads, public drains andsanitation facilities.

Regulations and policingincluding food importcontrols, quality control,health and food safetystandards.

Feasible to charge economicuser fees because of privategood characteristics.Therefore commercialprovision (by private orpublic-private mix) ispossible.

Private investment in openmarkets may be inadequateby possible limited returns.Charging economic user-feesis feasible but exclusion of nonpayers may have wider healthand environmental effects.Possibility of mixed provision.Private food shops and salesfrom homes need to beencouraged.

Commercial provision. Thoseprovided by governmentstend to suffer from poormanagement andmaintenance.

Charging economic user-feesis feasible but exclusion ofnon-payers may have widersocial and environmentaleffects.

Difficult to exclude non payersand negative effects of non-provision on others. Publicprovision necessary.

Typical example of publicgood.

Planning and design: city andlocal authorities (CLAs). Investment: mix of CLAs andprivate capital (including pre-finance by traders). Management:autonomous, arms-lengthagency with clear commercialmandate or private.

Planning and design: CLAs. Investment: mix of CLA,community and traderassociations and communitylabour. Management: communityor trader associations.

Planning guidelines andregulation: CLAs.Design, investment andmanagement: private.

Planning, design and investmentin infrastructure: CLAs (privateonly in major business districts).Management: private.

Planning and design: CLAs andDepartment of Urban Planning.Investment: central government(Ministry of Finance).

Drafting bylaws and legislativeinstruments on standards: CLAs,food standards agency.Gazette regulations: centralgovernment (legislature).Enforcement: police andjudiciary.

Urban Markets:Responsibility for Providing

Infrastructure, Facilities and Services

Annex 7

Infrastructure,Facilities and Services

Characteristics andForm of Provision

Provider andResponsibilities

31

Expected results in six years:1. Infrastructure improved in five urban

markets.2. Hygiene and safety standards defined

and enforced.3. Effective market management.

Expected results in four years:1. Four new open retail markets

established.2. Food traders and street vendors trained.3. Appropriate regulations approved and

enforced.4. Consumers informed about fair trading

practices and food hygiene.

Expected results in two years:1. Training programmes and material

prepared on food supply and distribution.2. Municipal technical staff trained.3. Decision-makers sensitized.

An “Urban“ Programme and an“Urban Distribution“ SubprogrammeArranged by Action Plans

Urban Market ImprovementAction Plan

Markets and slaughterhouses need efficient wastecollection systems to maintain hygienic

conditions, avoid food contamination and ease traffic.

Food Retail Outlets in Low-Income DistrictsAction Plan

Low-income urban areas need simple retail markets.These have to be planned and provided

with protection from the sun, wind, dust and rain.

Institution StrengtheningAction Plan

City and local authorities need trained staff capableof meeting the challenges of dynamic situations.

Annex 8

32

From Constraint Analysis to Policy Implementation and Monitoring

FSD Food supply and distribution FSDS Food supply and distribution system

Annex 9

33

Source: adapted from Onumah, E. G. and Hubbard, M., 1999.

Urban Food Supply and Distribution Policy: Management Structure

FSD Food supply and distribution

Annex 10

34

General readingAho, G., Larivière, S. and Martin, F. 1998.

Poverty Analysis Manual. With Applications inBenin. Laval. Université Laval and UNDP.

Argenti, O. 1999. Urban Food Security andFood Marketing. A Challenge to Cities andLocal Authorities. “Food into Cities”Collection, DT/40-99E. Rome, FAO.

Argenti, O. (ed.). 1999. Food into Cities:Selected Papers. FAO Agricultural ServicesBulletin No. 132. Rome, FAO.

FAO. 1998. Feeding the Cities. In: The Stateof Food and Agriculture 1998. “Food intoCities” Collection, DT/39-98E. Rome.

Garrett, J. L. and Ruel, M. T. (ed.). 2000.Achieving Urban Food and Nutrition Securityin the Developing World. 2020 Vision Focus3, August 2000. Washington, D.C., IFPRI.

Wilhelm, L. 1997. Food Supply andDistribution to Francophone African Cities.Synthesis of the papers presented to theFAO-ISRA Sub-Regional Seminar, Dakar,14-17 April 1997. “Food into Cities”Collection, DT/31-99E. Rome, FAO.

FSDS analysis, policies and programmesAragrande, M. and Argenti, O. 1999.

Studying Food Supply and DistributionSystems to Cities in Developing Countries.Methodological and Operational Guide.“Food into Cities” Collection, DT/36-01E.Rome, FAO.

Balbo, M., Visser, C. and Argenti, O. 2000.Food Supply and Distribution to Cities inDeveloping Countries. A Guide for UrbanPlanners and Managers. “Food into Cities”Collection, DT/44-00E. Rome, FAO.

Cullinan, C. 1997. Legal Aspects of UrbanFood Marketing Supply and Distribution.“Food into Cities” Collection, DT/14-97E.Rome, FAO.

Cullinan, C. 2000. Law and Markets.Improving the Legal Environment forAgricultural Marketing. FAO AgriculturalServices Bulletin No. 139. Rome, FAO.

FAO. 1999. Food into Cities. North-SouthPartnerships and Technical Cooperationbetween city and local authorities. “Food intoCities” Collection, DIG/11-99E. Rome.

Hugon, Ph. et Kervarek, F. Politiquesmunicipales d’appui au secteur alimentaireinformel. “Food into Cities” Collection, DT/45-01F. Rome, FAO.

Onumah, G.E. and Hubbard, M. 1999. UrbanFood Supply and Distribution: a PolicyApproach to Urban Poverty Alleviation.“Food into Cities” Collection, DT/41-99E.Rome, FAO.

Tracey-White, J. 2000. Market InfrastructurePlanning. A Guide for Decision Makers.FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No. 141.Rome, FAO.

Urban and periurban food productionFAO. 2000. A Policy Framework for Municipal

Authorities on Growing Cities, Growing Food.Rome.

Quon, S. 1999. Planning for Urban Agriculture.A Review of Tools and Strategies for UrbanPlanners. Cities Feeding People Series,Report No. 28. Ottawa, IDRC.

Health and environment– 1999. Urban Challenges to Food and

Nutrition Security in the Developing World.World Development, Volume 27(11). Oxford,UK, Elsevier Science Ltd.

Atkinson, A. and Allen, A. 1998. The UrbanEnvironment in Development Cooperation.An Overview. Brussels, EuropeanCommission.

FAO. 1999. Urban and Periurban Forestry.Case Studies in Developing Countries.Rome.

Workshop reports and case studiesThese documents may be freely downloadedfrom the SADA Web site: • reports of workshops and seminars (AC);• case studies (EC).

Suggested Reading

Annex 11