projet de réalisation d'un opérateur wifi

7/23/2019 Projet de Ralisation d'un Oprateur Wifi

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Cbmhhng No`mrrmzneJbmhcbiug Hnd` 0:66 S. Gdhn

>

V_IKMP @M _MNHDZNPDIL @]L SDZV

(AI]_LDZZM]_ @NJJMZ DLPM_LMP Sdad) VI]_HN QDHHM @M JBMHCBI]G HND@ MP MLQ_DILZZ]_ HMZ A_M^]MLJMZ =.?=6 GB[ N =.136 GB[ VI]_ HI]P@II_

MP Z]_ HMZ A_M^]MLJMZ ?.066 GB[ N ?.02:,= GB[ VI]_ HM DL@II_


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ZIGGND_M

DLP_I@]JPDILi ^]MZ^]]L SDZV9i Sdad Iut`iir mt Dl`iir9i VIDLPZ AI_P MP ANDOHMZ @] Sdad =.R CB[

V_IKMP SDZV @M JBMHCBI]G HND@

i LIPM CMLM_NHMi HMZ OMLMADJMZ VI]_ HMZ VN_PDJ]HDM_Z MP MLP_MV_DZMZ, I_CLDZGMZ MP

N]P_MZi HN ONL@M VNZZNLPM (ONJEOILM)

M^]DVMGMLP

i HN ZPNPDIL @MGDZZDIL (ONZMZPNPDIL)i HMZ NLPMLLMZ I]P@II_i _MZ]GM JILJM_LNLP HMZ NLPMLLMZ MP HN _MCHMGMLPNPDIL ML NHCM_DMi HM ZM_QM]_ AD_MSNHHi HM ZM_QM]_ JNJBMi HM ZM_QM]_ _N@D]Zi HMZ HICDJDMHZ @M CMZPDIL J_G MP N]P_MZi M^]DVMGMLP @MLM_CDM

JILLMRDIL @MZ ]ZNCM_Z

ZMJ]_DPM @] _MZMN] ZNLZ ADH

i ZMJ]_DPM MP GMLNJMZ Z]_ HM _MZMN]i ZIH]PDILZ @M ZMJ]_DPMi V_IPMJPDIL @MZ _MLZMDCLMGMLPZ VM_ZILLMHi Z]_QMDHHNLJM @] _MZMN]

_MZZI]_JM

i

_MZZI]_JMZ B]GNDLMZi _MZZI]_JMZ GNPM_DMHi _MZZI]_JMZ N@GDLDZP_NPDQMZi _MZZI]_JMZ ADLNLJDM_MZ

NLNHTZM @] V_IKMP

i NLNHTZMZ @M HN JILJ]_MLJMZi _MLPNODHDPM @] V_IKMP

JILJH]ZDIL

_MAM_MLJM


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:

DLP_I@]JPDIL

^]MZ^]]L SDZV9

]l SDZV (SD_MHMZZ DLPM_LMP ZM_QDJM V_IQD@M_) iu ml (arnlnds Aiurldssmur`njjs Dltmrlmt pnr Sdad), mt ul ircnldsgm prdvm iu tntdqum ons sur hms tmjblihicdms ù Sdad,piur iprmr sur hms arqumljms ?.0 CBz mt = CBz, qud silt `ms arqumljms hdorm `nls hn gnkirdt`ms pnys ù gil`m. Jmrtndl pnys, mxdcm ulm nutirdsntdil `mxphidtntdil iu ulm hdjmljm piurpiuvidr `daausmr nvmj hms arqumljms DZG.

Hms onl`ms DZG(dlùstrdmh, sjdmltdadqum, mt g`djnh) silt `msonl`ms `m arqumljm qudpmuvmlt trm utdhdsms, piur `ms npphdjntdils dlùstrdmhhms, sjdmltdadqums, g`djnhms, ìgmstdqumsiu sdgdhndrm, h'mxjmptdil `ms npphdjntdils `m rn`dijigguldjntdil, snls `mgnl`m `'nutirdsntdilnuprs `ms nutirdts.

Hms onl`ms `m arqumljm DZG silt `sdcls pnrh']DP,Nuxtnts-]lds,hms onl`ms DZG siltàdldms nujbnpdtrm >2.:6> ù rchmgmlt AJJ mt ml Muripm, hms onl`ms `m arqumljms DZG siltàdldms nu tnohmnu > `m h'ML ==6>>, ìlt hms hdgdtms `'gdssdils silt h'tu`m iu snlsrmstrdjtdil.

Sdad Iutìir mt Dlìir9

Ml Nhcrdm, hms arqumljms ù Sdad silt rcdms pnr `ms jil`dtdils ùtdhdsntdil `ms rsmnux

rn`dihmjtrdqums -_HNL- NLA - Ncmljm Lntdilnh `ms Arqumljms , hm tmxtm `ms jil`dtdils `dt ;

Jilairggmlt nux `jdsdils l >>/6> mt >>/6? ù ?? gnrs ?6>>, hmsjil`dtdils ùtdhdsntdil `ms rsmnux hijnux rn`dihmjtrdqums -_HNL- nlshms onl`ms `m arqumljms `ms ?,0 CBz mt = CBz silt hms sudvnltms ;

Onl`ms `m arqumljms VD_M (gS)

DL@II_ I]P@II_

?066-?02:.= GBz >66 ?2

=>=6-=?=6 GBz =?=6-=:=6 GBz =036-=136 GBz

?66?66?66

?66

>666>666

@nls hn onl`m `ms = CBz, hms qudpmgmlts ìdvmlt trm ìts `m hn ailjtdil `m shmjtdil `ylngdqum

`ms arqumljms (@AZ).

Litils qum hn rchmgmltntdil `m hNLA, nutirdsm ulmpudssnljm gnxdgnhm (VD_M gS ) `m >66 gS,

piur hms arqumljms ?.0R CB[ ml dlìir qud mst `rdsidrm hn pudssnljm ml Iutìir ?2 gS. Gndsnussd, hn pudssnljm `ms arqumljms =.036=.136 CB[ nutirdss ml Iutìir silt ùlm hdgdtm`m >666

gS.
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bande_de_fr%C3%A9quencehttp://www.itu.int/ITU-R/terrestrial/faq/index-fr.html#g013http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unishttp://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2002/octqtr/pdf/47cfr18.301.pdfhttp://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2002/octqtr/pdf/47cfr18.301.pdfhttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unishttp://www.itu.int/ITU-R/terrestrial/faq/index-fr.html#g013http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bande_de_fr%C3%A9quence


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0

VIDLPZ AI_P MP ANDOHMZ @] Sdad = CB[

NQNLPNCMZ @] _MZMN] = CB[ VN_ _NVVI_P N] ?.0 CB[

Zil prmgdmr nvnltncm mst snls nujul ìutm hm andt qum h'il vdtm, ml maamt, oil ligorm`'dltmrarmljms. Ndlsd, hms gdjri-il`ms mt hms thpbilms snls adh lm pismlt nujul priohgm

jiltrndrmgmlt nu ?.0 CBz qud, `nls hms pdrms sdtuntdils pmut sm rmtriuvmr jnrrgmlt jiup

jnusm `ms dltmrarmljms. K'nd pu vidr ul thpbilm Vnlnsildj jiupmr hm Sdrmhmss `'ulm

mltrmprdsm hn gidl`rm sillmrdm...

Viur hm = CBz ; =? jnlnux pissdohms 2 utdhdsnohm lil supmrpisms mt ul òdt tbirdqum `m=0Godt/s ?3Godt/s _mh. Ml jigpnrndsils nvmj hm ?.0 CBz >: jnlnux pissdohms 0 utdhdsnohmlil supmrpisms mt@odt tbirdqum `m >>Godt/s 1Godt/s _mh.

Pmjblihicdm GDGI ; Guhtdphm-Dlput Guhtdphm Iutput. _iutncm pnr pritijihm IHZ_.

Mlsudtm, nu ldvmnu `m hn sjurdt, hm = CBz mst siuvmlt gds ml nvnlt5 hn gnkirdt ù gntrdmhutdhds piur jnptmr ul sdclnh ?.0 CBz lmst pns hn ggm. Ndlsd, ul vidsdl ulm dltrusdil, qud jnptmvitrm ?.0 CBz lm jnptmrn pns airjgmlt vitrm = CBz, snua nvmj ù gntrdmh jigpntdohm.

Mladl, nu ldvmnu `ms pmrairgnljms, hms rsmnux = CBz ilt ml clrnh ùl gmdhhmurrml`mgmlt mt jmhn mst ` hn onl`m pnssnltm `dspildohm, phus dgpirtnltm qu'ul rsmnu ?.0 Cbzjnr jbnqum jnlnh priadtm `'ulm onl`m suprdmurm (?6Gbz pnr jnlnh mt ?6Gbz auhh ùphmx, ìlj ?6`nls jbnqum smls ml utdhdsnlt hm 26?.>>l) jm qud, piur hm pritijihm 26?.>>l mst ul nvnltncmdl`ldnohm piur njjritrm sms pmrairgnljms.

DLJILQMLDMLPZ @] _MZMN] = CB[ VN_ _NVVI_P N] ?.0CB[

Piutmaids nvidr ul rsmnu uldqumgmlt = CBz pmut cnhmgmlt pismr `m srdmusms

`daadjuhts. Hn prmgdrm mst hdm hn jigpntdodhdt nvmj vis `daarmlts prdpbrdqums. Hn

gnkirdt `ms jmhhuhndrms pnr mxmgphm l'utdhdsm qum hm ?.0 CBz ml Sdad mt j'mst hm jns nussd `m hn

phupnrt `ms jnrtms rsmnu snls adh mljirm nukiur`'bud. Dh anut ìlj `dspismr `'ul prdpbrdqum

jmrtdad = CBz piur piuvidr ml priadtmr.

ANDOHM PIHM_NLJM N]R IOZPNJHMZ PMHZ ^]M 5 HMZ N_O_MZ, HMZ ONPDGMLPZ MP HMZ

ZP_]JP]_MZ ML @]_.

JILJH]ZDIL

]L _MZMN] _HNL (SDAD) VM]P MP_M M_DCM @M @M]R ANILZ, ML MGVHITILZ @MZ

NLPMLLMZ N A_M^]MLJMZ @M ?.0 CB[ I] N @MZ NLPMLLMZ @M = CB[.


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=

V_IKMP SDZV @M JBMHCBI]G HND@

Litm clrnhm ;

Hm prikmt SDZV `m Jbmhcbiug Hnd` mt mlvdrils, jilsdstm ml hn gdsm ml phnjm ùl rsmnu

_HNL qud jiuvrm hn gnkirdt `m hn zilm cicrnpbdqum `m hn vdhhm mt `ms vdhhncms vidsdls nvmj`ms nltmllms arqumljms `m ; =.?=6 =.136 CBz mt ulm pudssnljm VD_M lm `pnssnlt pns hms>666 gS.

Hn jiuvmrturm `m hn zilm cicrnpbdqum jigprml`rn hdlstnhhntdil ùlm stntdil `m onsm

iu jmltrm gmttmur, jigprmlnlt phusdmurs smrvmurs mt ulm tiur nvmj quntrm nltmllms iu phuspiur hn `daausdil ù sdclnh. @ms nltmllms rmhnds silt prvidr piur ulm gmdhhmurm jiuvmrturm

`m hn zilm.

Viur `ms rndsils jiligdqums, hm SDZV piurrn sdclmr `ms jiltrnts `m hijntdil nvmj hmspiuvidrs puohdqums `m hn jiggulm iu hms pnrtdjuhdmrs, nadl `dlstnhhmr qumhqum rmhnds `mrm`daausdil. Nussd, hn pissdodhdt `dlstnhhmr `ms nltmllms rmhnds sur hms nltmllms `msiprntmurs `m jigguldjntdils tmh qum ; @KM[[T LM@KGN GIODHDZ .


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HMZ OMLMADJMZ VI]_ HMZ VN_PDJ]HDM_Z MP MLP_MV_DZMZ, I_CLDZGMZ MPN]P_MZ.

Hdlstnhhntdil mt hn gdsm ml phnjm ùl SDZV `nls hn rcdil `m Jbmhcbiug Hnd` mt

mlvdrils, nurn ul dgpnjtm jilsd`rnohm sur hn gnkirdt `ms pnrtdjuhdmrs mt mltrmprdsms iu

nutrms 5- Hn `dspildodhdt `Dltmrlmt `nls hn gnkirdt `m hn rcdil. - Hiuvmrturm ùlm pissdodhdt `m pnrtmlnrdnt nvmj hiprntmur lntdilnhm N.P

(Nhcrdm Phjig) piur hm `vmhippmgmlt ùlm dlarnstrujturm rsmnu jiuvrnlt`ms ml`ridts iu `ms zilms dgpissdohm `njjs vdn hms rsmnux tmrrmstrm(rcdilsgiltnclmusms, jiggulms dsihms,mtj.).

- Hnjjs { Dltmrlmt pnrtiut mt piur tius.- hiuvmrturm `m liuvmnu jiggmrjm ml hdndsil nvmj hm SDZV. - ]lm dlarnstrujturm qud rml`rn pissdohm hdltmriprnodhdt `m phusdmurs smrvdjms5

ul kiurlnh jiggulnh, ul sdtm wmo dltmrlm `m hn jiggulm, ul mspnjm `jbnlcm

`dlairgntdils piur tiusmtj.

HN ONL@M VNZZNLPM (ONJEOILM/ DLPM_LMP).

Hmlvmrcurm ùlm tmhhm dlarnstrujturm `mgnl`mrn iohdcntidrmgmlt ulm onl`m

pnssnltm nssmz dgpirtnltm. ]l njjs Dltmrlmt piur `ms pnrtdjuhdmrs mt `ms mltrmprdsms.

- vnhuntdil `m hn jnpnjdt ;

Hms hdmls snls adh pmuvmlt aiurldr nux usncmrs ulm jnpnjdt m trndtmgmltsmlsdohmgmlt phus crnl`m qum hms jillmxdils `'Dltmrlmt trn`dtdillmhhms, tmhs qum QZNP,`dnhup, iu @ZH. Hn jnpnjdt `m trndtmgmlt mst cnhmgmlt `sdclm sius hm lig `mjnpnjdt ù jnlnh, iu sdgphmgmlt `m hnrcmur `m onl`m. Dh mst dgpirtnlt `m jigprml`rmqum hn vdtmssm gmltdillm ùl `dspisdtda snls adh (hn vdtmssm `m trnlsamrt `m ìllms iu `ntn rntm ml nlchnds) sm rnppirtm nu tnux nuqumh hms rn`dis pmuvmlt jbnlcmr `mssygoihms mt lil nu rml`mgmlt qum husncmr vniosmrvmr.

- Zdguhntdil `m hn `mgnl`m ;NVVHDJNPDIL ONL@M VNZZNLPM/

]ZNCM_

LIGO_M

@]ZNCM_ / Zmj

ONL@M VNZZNLPM PIPNH

GMZZNCM_DM @M PMRPM/ DG 8= Eops ?66 =66 EopsJI]__DMH >- >66 Eops ?66 ?66- ?6666 EopsLNQDCNPDIL SMO >=6 Eops ?66 :6666 Eops

ZP_MNGDLC N]@DI 41- >16 Eops ?66 >4?66- :?666 EopsZP_MNGDLC QD@MI 10- ?=6 Eops ?66 >?266- =6666EopsNVVHDJNPDIIL SMOKM]R-HICDJDMH-MPJ

>66 Eops ?66 ?6666 Eops

NVVHDJNPDIL @MJBNLCMV?V MP N]P_MPMHMJBN_CMGMLPZ

Dlàdld ?66 DlàdldJbnqum usncmr nurn sn priprm

onl`m pnssnltmPIPN]R ?66 2?366- >=?=66 Eops

26 Gops >=6 Gops6.0 Gops/usmr 6.3= Gops/usmr

Viur mstdgmr hn jnpnjdt `m trndtmgmlt ljmssndrm piur hm rsmnu, liusguhtdphdils hm ligorm prvu `'usncmrs pnr hm typm `'npphdjntdil qudhsutdhdsmrilt hm phusprionohmgmlt. Vnr mxmgphm, ?66 usncmrs qud ailt prdljdpnhmgmlt `m hn lnvdcntdil Smo


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jilsiggmrilt prionohmgmlt :6 Gops iu phus `m hnrcmur `m onl`m nux bmurmsgnxdgnhms mt tihrmrilt `m hn hntmljm.

Hms usncmrs l'utdhdsmrilt prionohmgmlt pns hn jillmxdil prjdsgmlt nuggm gigmlt, dh mst jiurnlt `m survnhumr hn jnpnjdt `m trndtmgmlt `dspildohm pnr ul

jmrtndl anjtmur (j'mst--`drm, pmrgmttrm phus `'usncmrs qum jm qum hn hnrcmur `m onl`m`dspildohm gnxdgug pmut suppirtmr). ]l `pnssmgmlt pnr ul anjtmur `m = >= mst tiut andt jiurnlt. Prs prionohmgmlt, lius prij`mrils ulm survnhuntdil hirsqum liustnohdrils litrm dlarnstrujturm `m rsmnu. Ml survmdhhnlt sidclmusmgmlt hn jnpnjdt `mtrndtmgmlt `nls tiut litrm rsmnu, lius piurrils phnldadmr hm gigmlt i dh smrnljmssndrm `nghdirmr `dvmrsms pnrtdms ù rsmnu mt jigodml `m rmssiurjms

n``dtdillmhhms smrilt ljmssndrms.

@ms jnhjuhms maamjtus sur phusdmurs rsmnux ìllmlt `ms mstdgntdils `ms tnux `msnturntdils `m hn onl`m pnssnltm, vidjd ul npmru clrnhm `m litrm sdguhntdil ;

ZM_QDJMZ ]ZNCM_Z ONL@M

VNZZNLPM

BM]_M @M

ZNP]_NPDIL

ZNP]_NPDIL O.V GITMLLM

VN_PDJ]HDM_Z > > Gops NV_MZ GD@D-ZID_ 3=% 6.3= GopsVN_PDJ]HDM_Z > > Gops GNPDLMM ?=% 6.?= Gops

ZIJDMPM =6 ? Gops NV_MZ GD@D-ZID_ =6% > GopsZIJDMPM =6 ? Gops GNPDLMM >66% ? GopsO]_MN] >6 ? Gops GNPDLMM 26% >.1 GopsO]_MN] >6 ? Gops NV_MZGD@D-ZID_ 06% 6.2 Gops

JTOM_JNAM :6 ? Gops GNPDLMM :6% 6.1 GopsJTOM_JNAM :6 ? Gops NV_MZ GD@D-ZID_ >66% ? Gops

Hm tnohmnu nu-`mssus lius giltrm ulm jilsiggntdil `m hn onl`m pnssnltm nhhnlt

; 1?,=% 7 16% `m hn onl`m pnssnltm chionhm. Zidt piur ul titnh `m >0 Gops ulmjilsiggntdil npprixdgntdvm `m 16% mst { prvidr piur ul ligorm ùsncmr `m; >2?.Mqudvnhmlt ulm jilsiggntdil `m 34 Eops (6.2 Gops) piur jbnqum utdhdsntmur pnr smjil`m.

Hnpphdjntdil `m smrvmur wmo prixy lius ìllmrns ul cndl `nu gidls `m 06%

sur hm trnadj rsmnu. Zidt ul cndl titnh `m :.:1 Gops piur ulm jilsiggntdil `m 2.0 Gops. Ilnurn nhirs hdor mljirm phus `m onl`m pnssnltm bnutmur `m ; 2.41 Gops sur >0 Gops,qudvnhmlt ; 10% `m hn onl`m pnssnltm titnhm.


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M^]DVMGMLP

i HN ZPNPDIL @MGDZZDIL (ONZMZPNPDIL)

Hm Vidlt `njjs G=, qud andt iaadjm `gmttmur mst hm jmrvmnu `u sdclnh.


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4

i HMZ NLPMLLMZ I]P@II_

NLPMLLM ZMJPM]_


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>6

NLPMLLM VN_NOIHM


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>>


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>?

NLPMLLM O_D@CM;


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>:


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>0

NGVHDADJNPM]_ @M ZDCLNH;


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>=


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>1

_MJMVPM]_ (JVM);


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>2


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>4

NLPMLLM VISM_O_D@CM;


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?6

VISM_ZPNPDIL;


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?>

i _MZ]GM JILJM_LNLP HMZ NLPMLLMZ MP HN _MCHMGMLPNPDIL MLNHCM_DM

PTVM NLPMLLM A_M^]MLJMZ

GBz

@og Vudssnljm

tx (Gw)

_MCHMGMLPNPDIL

VD_M (Gw)

IOZM_QNPDIL

ND_GNR ZMJPI_ =C = CBz ??-?2 >=4 - 1:> >666 gS NutirdsND_C_D@ G= = CBz ?= :>1 >666 gS NutirdsNLPMLLM O_D@CM = CBz ?: ?66 >666 gS NutirdsVISM_O_D@CM =CBz ?3 =6? >666 gS Nutirds_MJMVPM]_ >: @Od =CBz ?? >=4 >666 gS NutirdsVISM_ZPNPDIL G= =CBz ?1 :42 >666 gS NutirdsNGVHDADJNPM]_ =CBz ?= :>1 >666 gS Nutirds_MJMVPM]_>0.1->1.>@Od

=CBz ?3 =6? >666 gS Nutirds

i HM ZM_QM]_ AD_MSNHHJiggm smrvmur adrmwnhh, hn `jdsdil `m gmttrm pasmlsmiu gdjritdjenvmj `ms

rchms `m adhtrncm strdjtm mst prvidr.Gdjritdjemst trs jillu mt utdhds pnr phusdmurs priamssdillmhs. Dh rmstm

lnlgidls pnynlt.Vasmlsmmst nussd trs jillu mt utdhds pnr phusdmurs priamssdillmhs mt

pnrtdjuhdmrs, jnr dh mst crntudt mt ulm jiggulnut mst tiukiurs jbmvnhm piur hms gdsm kiurs mt phucdl trs dltrmssnlt.

i HM ZM_QM]_ JNJBMZqud` prixy rmstm hn gmdhhmurm nhtmrlntdvm jiggm prixy wmo. @ilj dh smrn ùlm

crnl`m utdhdt `nls hiptdgdsntdil ù trnadj rsmnu. Vhusdmurs tmstms il `giltr qum

nvmj `ms smrvmurs prixy wmo. ]l cndl `m 16% sur hn onl`m pnssnltm, pmut trm mlvdsnchirs ùlm oillm nrjbdtmjturm rsmnu giymllnlt `ms smrvmurs stnohm.

i HM ZM_QM]_ _N@D]Z_N@D]Z GNLNCM_ ODHHDLC ZTZPMG `m @GN ZIAPHNO, ul pudssnlt smrvmur

rn`dus utdhds pnr omnujiup `m priamssdillmhs.

i HMZ HICDJDMHZ @M CMZPDIL J_G MP N]P_MZ

Omnujiup `m hicdjdmh J_G ipml siurjmons sur VBV mt nutrm silt `dspildohmcrntudtmgmlt sur Dltmrlmt. Gnds, hm andt mst qum hn phus pnrt `m sms hicdjdmhs silt n`nptpiur utdhdsntdil ml M]_IVM iu nutrms pnys, lius jigptils sur hhnoirntdil ùl

systgm `m cmstdil Dltmrlm mt qud snpphdqum { hn rchmgmltntdil Nhcrdmllm ml gntdrm`dgpts mt adsjnhdt.

i M^]DVMGMLP @MLM_CDM

Viur cnr`mr ulm stnodhdt `m hhmjtrdjdt `nls hm jmltrm `gdssdil (onsm stntdil)

mt hms rmhnds `m rm`daausdil, `ms ilùhmurs bnut jnpnjdt ìdvmlt dgprntdvmgmlt trmdlstnhh, gnds `nls ul prijbm nvmldr hdlstnhhntdil `m jmhhuhms vihtnqum piur clrmrhhmjtrdjdt, jmttm gtbi`m vn nd`mr { jilsiggmr gidls `lmrcdm mt `vmhippmr

hjiligdm hijnh mt lntdilnh, mt mladl rml`rm litrm rsmnu ul cncm piur hm `vmhippmgmlt

ùl mlvdrillmlt priprm. Qu hn ljmssdt `nvidr ulm nhdgmltntdil tiukiurs stnohm, `msrcuhntmurs hmjtrdqum silt prvidr piur vdtmr tiutm surtmlsdil.


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??

Vnrnaiu`rm 5 Hn ailjtdil `u pnrnaiu`rm mst `daarmltm `m jmhhm `'ulpnrntillmrrm ;nhirs qu'ulpnrntillmrrm n piur rhm `m pritcmr ulm strujturm jiltrm hms jiups `drmjts`m hn aiu`rm, hm pnrnaiu`rm (iu pnrnsurtmlsmur) pritcm hmsdlstnhhntdils hmjtrdqums mt `m thjigguldjntdils jiltrmhmssurtmlsdils ml clrnh.

Vnrntillmrrm ; ul pnrntillmrrm lm pritcm ml rdml

hms gntrdmhs hmjtrildqums, H'iokmjtda `'ul

pnrntillmrrm mst smuhmgmlt `'vdtmr `ms dljml`dms

mt `ms `crn`ntdils `m hn strujturm `u otdgmlt.

Zjbgn piur `mssmrvdr Dltmrlmt
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratonnerrehttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratonnerrehttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtensionhttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtensionhttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratonnerrehttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratonnerre


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?:

JILLMRDIL @MZ ]ZNCM_Z

Nprs Dlstnhhntdil `m hdlarnstrujturm rsmnu `m litrm SDZV, tiut jhdmlt oladjdmrn

ùl JVM (_jmptmur) snls adh qud gmt sur ù = Cbz. ]lm qudpm tmjbldqum qunhdadm sm`phnjmrn piur hdlstnhhntdil mt gdsm ml gnrjbm ù smrvdjm.

Jbnqum jhdmlt priadtmrn `m silt priprm JVM piur sm jillmjtmr mt trm d`mltdad surhm rsmnu ù SDZV.

Vnss hn gdsm ml gnrjbm ù smrvdjm, litrm SDZV jigptm `vmhippmr ul liuvmnugiyml `m jillmxdil, `ms jhs ]ZO snls adh jmrtdadm =CBz (gtbi`m iptdillmhhm piur hmsjhdmlts birs hmurs gndsils iu mltrmprdsms).

Zjbgn `m jillmxdil `ms usncmrs


24/32


?0

ZMJ]_DPM @] _MZMN] ZNLZ ADH

i ZMJ]_DPM MP GMLNJMZ Z]_ HM _MZMN].

Dh mst vrnd qum hms rsmnux snls adh ml gnkirdt prsmltmlt ul rdsqumlt `m sjurdt,gnds jmhn snpphdqum omnujiup phus nux rsmnux lil pritc iu odml pritc pnr `msjbdaarmgmlts SMV iu SVN.

]l sldaamr iu ul utdhdsntmur gnh dltmltdill pmut sdgphmgmlt { hnd`m `m qumhqum

hicdjdmh mxphidtmr hms rmssiurjms `m jm rsmnu mt pdrnt omnujiup `dlairgntdils.Hn gnkirdt `ms andhhms mxdstmlt `nls ul rsmnu snls adh silt snls ìutm hn gtbi`m

`m pritmjtdil ù rsmnu.

i ZIH]PDILZ @M ZMJ]_DPM.

Litrm rsmnu snls adh qud `daausm sur `ms arqumljms = CBz, jm qud rml` hn tjbmphus `daadjdhm vu hm gnlqum `m giyml mxdstnlt ml Nhcrdm mt hdljigpntdodhdt `m hngnkirdt `ms qudpmgmlts. Nadl `m `tmjtmr litrm rsmnu, ul utdhdsntmur gnh vmdhhnlt`mvrn `noir` njqurdr ul qudpmgmlt jigpntdohm = CBz.

Litrm rsmnu snls adh lm `daausm pns sil lig (ZZD@), ul usncmr lm piurrn ml nujuljns njj`mr nu rsmnu snls adh, ggm pns vidr hm rsmnu `m litrm SDZV.

]l jbdaarmgmlt SVN-MLP_MV_DZM nssurmrn ulm sjurdt njjrum ù rsmnu,`mrrdrm ul smrvmur rn`dus jiltmlnlt hms njjs `m jbnqum jhdmlt mt pritc pnr ulsmrvmur adrmwnhh. Piut jhdmlt rmjmvrn ul rjmptmur (JVM), qud hdmu ggm mst nutbmltdadpnr ulm n`rmssm GNJ. @ilj jbnqum jhdmlt smrn rpmrtird mt nutbmltdad crjm silt(JVM). Zm `mrldmr, sm jillmjtm nu rsmnu vdn ulm nutbmltdadjntdil VVVIM.

i V_IPMJPDIL @MZ _MLZMDCLMGMLPZ VM_ZILLMH.

- Zjurdt ZZH

Hn tmjblihicdm `m jbdaarmgmlt oiut oiut hn phus hnrcmgmlt `dspildohm mst hn jiujbm`m sjurdtZZH. Mhhm mst prntdqumgmlt dlstnhhm `nls tius hms lnvdcntmurs Smo mt mgphidmhn jrypticrnpbdm jhma puohdqum mt ulm dlarnstrujturm jhma puohdqum (VED) adnohm piurrml`rm phus sjurdtndrm hn jigguldjntdil `m ìllms sur hm Smo. Piutms hms aids qumvius vdsdtmz ul ]_H Smo qud jiggmljm pnr bttps, vius mgphiymz hn jiujbm `m sjurdt

ZZH.


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?=

Hdgphnltntdil ZZH tnohdm `nls hms lnvdcntmurs Smo dljhut ulm jihhmjtdil `mJmrtdadjnts privmlnlt `m siurjms adnohms, nppmhm hms nutirdts `m jmrtdadjnts (JN). Jms

jmrtdadjnts silt `ms jhmas jrypticrnpbdqums qud silt mgphiyms piur vrdadmr h'nutbmltdjdt`ms sdtms Smo. ûnl` vius pnssmz ml rmvum ul sdtm Smo qud mgphidm ZZH, hm lnvdcntmur mthm smrvmur jbnlcmlt `'noir` `ms jmrtdadjnts. Hm lnvdcntmur vrdadm nhirs qum hm jmrtdadjntaiurld pnr hm smrvmur jirrmspil` nvmj sil lig `'btm @LZ, qu'dh l'n pns mxpdr mt qu'dh mstsdcl pnr ulm Nutirdt `m Jmrtdadjntdil `dclm `m jiladnljm. @m anil iptdillmhhm, hmsmrvmur vrdadm h'd`mltdt ù jmrtdadjnt ù lnvdcntmur.

Zd hms jmrtdadjnts silt nppriuvs, hm lnvdcntmur mt hm smrvmur lcijdmlt nhirs ulmjhma prdljdpnhm `m smssdil ml utdhdsnlt hms jmrtdadjnts prj`mggmlt jbnlcs piur hnpritcmr. Jmttm jhma mst nhirs mgphiym piur jbdaarmr tiutms hms jigguldjntdils kusqu'jm qum hm lnvdcntmur sm `jillmjtm. Jm cmlrm `'mljnpsuhntdil `ms ìllms mst jillu siushm lig `m tullmh.

i Z]_QMDHHNLJM @] _MZMN].

Hn survmdhhnljm rsmnu utdhdsm `ms iutdhs `mlrmcdstrmgmlt mt `nlnhysm piur`tmrgdlmr nvmj prjdsdil hms ahux `m trnadj, hutdhdsntdil, mt `'nutrms dl`djntmurs `mpmrairgnljm ùl rsmnu. @moils iutdhs `m sudvd lius ìllmlt hms jbdaarms prjdsmt `ms rmprsmltntdils crnpbdqums chionhms `m h'tnt ù rsmnu.

Jmhn lius pmrgmt `m vdsunhdsmr prjdsgmlt jm qud sm pnssm, `m sirtm qum liussnjbdils i `ms nkustmgmlts piurrndmlt trm ljmssndrms.Jms iutdhs pmuvmlt lius nd`mr rpil`rm `ms qumstdils jrdtdqums, tmhhms qum;

ûmhs silt hms smrvdjms hms phus pipuhndrms utdhdss sur hm rsmnu9

ûd silt hms phus crnl`s utdhdsntmurs ù rsmnu9 ûmhs silt hms nutrms jnlnux snls adh qud silt ml smrvdjm `nls gn rcdil9 Hms utdhdsntmurs dlstnhhmlt tdhs ms pidlts `'njjs snls adh sur gil rsmnu joh 9 qumh gigmlt `m hn kiurlm hm rsmnu mst dh hm phus utdhds9 ûmhs silt hms sdtms qum lis utdhdsntmurs arqumltmlt9 Mst-jm qum hm giltnlt ù trnadj mltrnlt iu sirtnlt mst prijbm `m litrm jnpnjdtrsmnu `dspildohm9 Mxdstm-t-dh `ms dl`djntdils `'ulm sdtuntdil dlbnodtumhhm rsmnu qud jilsiggm hnonl`m pnssnltm iu jnusm `'nutrms priohgms9 Mst-jm qum litrm aiurldssmur m smrvdjms Dltmrlmt (DZV) aiurldt hm ldvmnu`m smrvdjm qum lius pnyils piur9 Jmhn `mvrndt smxprdgmr ml tmrgms`m onl`m pnssnltm `dspildohm, pmrtm `m pnqumts, hntmljm, mt `dspildodhdt chionhm.Mt pmut-trm hn qumstdil hn phus dgpirtnltm `m tiutms; Mst-jm qum hm gi`hm `m trnadj iosmrv jirrmspil` lis nttmltms9


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?1

_MZZI]_JM

i _MZZI]_JMZ B]GNDLMZ.Hm pmrsillmh `mgnl` `nls ulm dlarnstrujturm rsmnu piur ul SDZV smrn nu

gdldgug 5

- ]lm qudpm tmjbldqum piur hdlstnhhntdil `ms nltmllms, jigpis `nu gdldgug`m ; ? tmjbldjdmls ml Dlstnhhntdil.

- ]l smrvdjm jiggmrjdnh piur tiutms hms trnlsnjtdils adlnljdrms mt jigptnohm,jigpis ùl(m) rjmptdilldstm, ul iu `mux ncmlts `m ourmnu.

- ]l smrvdjm tmjbldqum piur nssur hm gndltdml ù rsmnu (gildtirdlc mtgndltmlnljm), jigpis ùl dlcldmur ml Dlairgntdqumspjdnhdt n`gdldstrntdilrsmnu, ul tmjbldjdml ml gndltmlnljm.Nu adh `m hncrnl`dssmgmlt ù rsmnu, ul pmrsillmh supphgmltndrm smrn {

prvidr.

i _MZZI]_JMZ GNPM_DMH.

- Njjs Dltmrlmt (onl`m pnssnltm) dlstnhhntdil mt gdsm ml phnjm giymllnlt ulnoillmgmlt iu sius-trndtnljm nvmjNP(Nhcrdm Phjig).

- Zmrvmur adrmwnhh dlstnhh sur ulm gnjbdlm pudssnltm (Gdjritdje iu Vasmlsm).- Zmrvmur wmo prixy (jnjbm) dlstnhh sur ulm gnjbdlm pudssnltm(Zqud`).- Zmrvmur rn`dus (Nutbmltdadjntdil) dlstnhh sur ulm gnjbdlm

pudssnltm(@GNZIAPHNO).- Zmrvmur `m cmstdil `ms jhdmlts. (Ipml siurjm iu pmrsilldad)- Zwdtjb mt riutmur.

- Johncm rsmnu (_K0=) jntcirdm = iu 1.- Ciuhittms `m pritmjtdil johm rsmnu.- Dlstnhhntdil mt qudpmgmlt hmjtrdqum.- Mqudpmgmlt nltd dljml`dm.- Mqudpmgmlt `m sjurdt piur hms tmjbldjdmls `dlstnhhntdil.- Ourmnux piur hm smrvdjm jiggmrjdnh mt tmjbldqum.- Piur `m `daausdil. (Dlstnhhntdil hijnh)- Hijntdil iu nrrnlcmgmlt `m pidlt `m rmhnds piur hms nltmllms `m rm`daausdil.- Nltmllms mt rmhnds `m sdclnh.- Qbdjuhm `m `phnjmgmlt.- Ir`dlntmurs `m ourmnu piur hms `daarmlts smrvdjms.

- Dgprdgnltm mt nutrm qudpmgmlt dlairgntdqum.- mtj.

i _MZZI]_JMZ N@GDLDZP_NPDQMZ.

- Nutirdsntdil DZV `hdvr pnr hN_VP (Ncmljm `m _cuhntdil `ms Vistms mt

Phjigguldjntdils).- Nutirdsntdil `mxphidtntdil `m sdclnh rn`dihmjtrdqum `hdvr pnr hNLA mt N_VP

(Ncmljm Lntdilnhm `ms Arqumljms Ncmljm `m _cuhntdil `ms Vistms mtPhjigguldjntdils).

- _mcdstrm `m Jiggmrjm (_.J) `hdvr pnr hn JL_J rcdilnhm.

- Dlsjrdptdil nux Dgpts `m hn hijnhdt.- Dlsjrdptdil hn Jnslis (Jndssm Lntdilnhm `ms Lil Znhnrds).- Dlsjrdptdil hn JLNZ piur hms mgphiys (Jndssm Lntdilnhm `ms Nssurs Zijdnux).


27/32


?3

i _MZZI]_JMZ ADLNLJDM_MZ.

- Qu hn jilsdstnljm ù prikmt, hn gdsm ml phnjm mt hn rnhdsntdil ùl tmh rsmnu mt

`ms `pml`nljms qud sudvmlt `mgnl`mlt ul ail` `m jiggmrjm giymllmgmlt

dgpirtnlt. Jmst piur jmttm rndsil qum hm prikmt ml qumstdil smrn `pis { hNLZMKpiur nppriontdil.- Jit mstdgntda ù prikmt giymllnlt ulm sdguhntdil ùlm autur jhdmlthm`m >66 jhdmlts piur hms 1 gids nprs hn gdsm ml smrvdm, mst `m ;

_MJMVPM]_ (JVM) 7 >66 7 =66.666,66 @N Njjmss Vidlt 7 1 7 :1.666,66 @N Nltmllms ND_GNR =C 7 1 7 :1,666,66 @N Nltmllms ND_C_D@ G= 7 : 7?6.666,66 @N NGVHDADJNPI_7 2 7 06.666,66 @N Nltmllms O_D@CM 7 : 7 ?6.666,66 @N Nltmllms VISM_O_D@CM7 ? 7 06.666,66 @N Nltmllms Igld`drmjtdillmhhms7 : 7 ?6.666,66 @N Piur `m `daausdil 7 Dlstnhhntdil 7 Mstdgntdil 7 > 7 >66.666,66 @N Gt 7 ? 7 =6.666,66 @N Vdqumt piur JVM 7 >66 7 16.666,66 @N Vdqumt piur nltmllms7 >6.?66,66 @N Johncm rsmnu (jnt = - 1)7 >666 gtrms `m johm7 ?=.666,66 @N Ir`dlntmurs `m ourmnu 7 ? 7 26.666,66 @N Njjs Dltmrlmt 7NLDZ MHDPM (: R 2 Gops7?0 Gops) * >? GIDZ 7 3?6.666,66 @N Zmrvmur adrmwnhh 7 > 7 36.666,66 @N Zmrvmur wmo prixy (jnjbm) 7 =6.666,66 @N Zmrvmur rn`dus 7 > 7 06.666,66 @N Zmrvmur `m cmstdil `ms jhdmlts (J_G)7 > 7 =6.666,66 @N Zwdtjb 7 = 7 ?=.666,66 @N _iutmur7 : 7 >=.666,66 @N Ciuhittms `m pritmjtdil johm rsmnu.7Npprixdgntdvmgmlt 7 ?6.666,66 @N Dlstnhhntdil mt qudpmgmlt hmjtrdqum7 npprixdgntdvmgmlt 7 ?66.666,66 @N Mqudpmgmlt nltd dljml`dm mt pnrnaiu`rm7 npprixdgntdvmgmlt7 :6.666,66 @N Mqudpmgmlt `m sjurdt piur hms tmjbldjdmls `dlstnhhntdil(Jigodlndsils mt jbmhhm,mtj)7npprixdgntdvmgmlt7=6.666,66 @N Ourmnux piur hm smrvdjm jiggmrjdnh mt tmjbldqum7npprixdgntdvmgmlt7 ?6.666,66 @N Hijntdil iu nrrnlcmgmlt `m pidlt `m rmhnds 7hijntdil7 >?6.666,66 @N / NL Dgprdgnltm mt nutrm qudpmgmlt dlairgntdqum7 =6.666,66 @N Jbnrcm mgphiy7NLMG7 hms mgphiys smrilt rmjrut piur trids nls sudvnlt hmpricrnggm `m hNLMG. Nutirdsntdil DZV7 >6.666,66 @N/ NL. Nutirdsntdil `mxphidtntdil `m hdclm rn`dihmjtrdqum7 >6.666,66 @N / NL

PIPNH MZPDGNPDA @] JI]P @] V_IKMP ; ?.=>3.?66,66@N

@M]R GDHHDILZ JDL^ JMLP @DR ZMVP GDHHM @M]R JMLP @DLN_Z NHCM_DML.

@jrmt mxjutda l 60-0>: u 1 @biu Mh Enn`n >0?= jirrmspil`nlt nu >2 jmgorm ?660 gi`dadnlt hm jrmt mxjutda l

6:-:3 ù >> @biu Mh Enn`n >0?: jirrmspil`nlt nu >: knlvdmr ?66: adxnlt hm giltnlt `m hn rm`mvnljm npphdjnohm nux

iprntmurs tdtuhndrms nutirdsntdils piur htnohdssmgmlt mt hmxphidtntdil m rsmnux m thjigguldjntdils mt/iu hn

aiurldturm ms smrvdjms m thjigguldjntdils.

Nrt. ?. Hms `dspisdtdils `m hnrtdjhm ? ù `jrmt mxjutda l 6:-:3 ù >> @biu Mh Enn`n >0?: jirrmspil`nlt nu

>: knlvdmr ?66:, susvds, silt gi`dams mt r`dcms jiggm sudt ; Nrt. ?. > Hm giltnlt `m hn rm`mvnljm

nllumhhm npphdjnohm nux iprntmurs tdtuhndrms `nutirdsntdils mst adx `dx gdhhm `dlnrs (>6.666 @N) piur

htnohdssmgmlt mt hmxphidtntdil `m ; rsmnux prdvs, nu smls `m hnrtdjhm 2 `m hn hid l ?666-6: ù = Kiugn`n

Mh Iuhn >0?> jirrmspil`nlt nu = nit ?666, susvdsm, mgprultnlt hm ìgndlm puohdj, y jigprds bmrtzdml 5

rsmnux utdhdsnlt mxjhusdvmgmlt `ms jnpnjdts hiums `ms iprntmurs tdtuhndrms `m hdjmljm 5 smrvdjms `m

aiurldturm `njjs hdltmrlmlt 5


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?2

NLNHTZM @] V_IKMP

i NLNHTZMZ @M HN JILJ]_MLJMZ.

Hn prijbndlm pbnsm `m h'vnhuntdil `m litrm jiggulnut dgphdqum ulm nlnhysm `m hnjiljurrmljm `nls hms rsmnux snls adh. Hms jiljurrmlts dljhumlt hms ircnldsgms qud iaarmlt`ms priùdts mt smrvdjms sdgdhndrms (pnr mxmgphm, ul nutrm aiurldssmur `m smrvdjms Dltmrlmtsnls adh), `ms ircnldsgms jilsd`rs jiggm `ms suostdtuts iu `ms nhtmrlntdvms nux priùdtsmt smrvdjms `m vitrm rsmnu (pnr mxmgphm, ul jyomrjna), mt hms ircnldsgms àdlds jiggmliuvmnux mltrnlts `nls hm gnrjb `ms thjigguldjntdils snls adh.

Hdlairgntdil`m jiljurrmljm rmjumdhhdm pmut dljhurm ulm hdstm `ms smrvdjms (y jigprds hmsprdx mt hn qunhdt `m h'dlairgntdil), hmur jhdmlthm jdohm, hms tmjbldqums `m smrvdjm hn jhdmlthm,hn rputntdil, hm gnremtdlc, mtj.

Vissdodhdt piur hms iprntmurs Giodhms `m `mvmldr `ms jiljurrmlts pitmltdmhs (GIODHDZLM@KGN - @KM[[T).

HM V_IOHMGM MRDZPNLP, MZP ^]M HN_VP LN]PI_DZM VNZVI]_ HDLZPNLP HIJP_ID @]LM N]PI_DZNPDIL VI]_ DZV

NADL @M @DAA]ZM_ ]L ZDCLNH _N@DIMHMJP_D^]M Z]_ HMZ

A_M^]MLJMZ = CBz.

ODML ^]]L ZDGVHM DZV L]PDHDZM VNZ IOHDCNPID_MGMLP HN

QIDV MP ^]D VM]P GMGM OHI^]M_ PI]PMZ AI_GMZ

(@MGNL@M HIJP_ID @]LM HDJMLJM JI]PM]ZM;

:6.666.666,66 @N MP >6% Z]_ HM JBDAA_M @NAAND_M - @jrmt

mxjutda l 60-0>: ù 1 @biu Mh Enn`n >0?= jirrmspil`nlt nu

>2 jmgorm ?660).

ODML N] JILP_ND_M, HN _M@MQNLJM NLL]MHHM @]L DZV MZP

@M ; >6.666,66 @N, N]ZZD, HN _M@MQNLJM @]L _MZMN] V_DQM,

MGV_]LPNLP HM @IGNDLM V]OHDJ, T JIGV_DZ BM_P[DML

MZP @M ; >6.666,66 @N

Nrtdjhm 2 `m hn hid l ?666-6: ù = Kiugn`n Mh Iuhn >0?>

jirrmspil`nlt nu = nit ?666.


29/32


?4

_MLPNODHDPM @] V_IKMP

Nprs tu`m `m hn andsnodhdt ù prikmt, lius piuvils gndltmlnlt lius jilsnjr hnrmltnodhdt ù prikmt.

Viur `ms rndsils `m jit piur hms jhdmlts, hms JVM `m rjmptdils smrilt pripiss `m tridsgnldrms `daarmltms ;

- Njbnt `drmjtm ù rjmptmur, giymllnlt hn siggm `njbnt dldtdnhm + =%. Hm prds `njbnt ù rjmptmur + =% `m rmvnhirdsntdil smrilt `mgnl` nu jhdmlt.

- Hijntdil ù rjmptmur, giymllnlt ulm siggm sygoihdqum.Hijntdil Nllumh ù rjmptmur, giymllnlt hn siggm `m ?% pnr gids piurngirtdssmgmlt.

- Mlcncmgmlt `m rmtiur, giymllnlt hn jnutdil ùlm siggm `m 3=%.]lm jnutdil `m 3=% ù prdx ù rjmptmur rjuprnohm, mt ul jiltrnt`mlcncmgmlt `m 1 gids gdldgug.

Jm prikmt mst ùlm mlvmrcurm dgpirtnltm mt pmut nu adh ù tmgps `mvmldr ulmdlarnstrujturm trs dgpirtnltm piur tiut hm gil`m .

Ml jm onsnlt sur hms prdx npphdqus pnr @KNSMO ;

- ]lm jillmxdil Dltmrlmt piur pnrtdjuhdmrs jitm ;

=>? Eops 7 >.=66,66 @N > Gops 7?666 @N ? Gops 7 ?466 @N 0 Gops 7 =>66 @N 2 Gops7 4?66 @N

Lius vdsils omnujiup phus hms pnrtdjuhdmrs, phus qum hms mltrmprdsms, nhirs litrm iaarm `msmrvdr smrn `m hir`rm `m;

=>? Eops 7>.166,66 @N > Gops 7 ?.?66,66 @N ? Gops7 :.>66,66 @N

i Mstdgntdil m hn rmltnodhdt u prikmt pnr trnljbm dltmrlnutm;

Zd lius jilsd`rils nvidr >66 Jhdmlt ìlt 5

- ?6 utdhdsm ulm jillmxdil `m ? Gops- =6 utdhdsm ulm jillmxdil `m > Gops- :6 utdhdsm ulm jillmxdil `m =>? Eops


30/32


:6

Litrm jbdaarm `naandrm gmlsumh smrn `m;

- ?6 R :.>66,66 @N 7 1?.666,66 @N- =6 R ?.?66,66 @N 7 >>6.666,66 @N- :6 R >.166,66 @N 7 02.666,66 @N

]l jbdaarm `naandrm titnh `m 7 ??6.666,66 @N/ >66 jhdmlts

i @ùjtdil `m Jbnrcms ;

Dltmrlmt ; 16.666,66 @N/ GIDZAnjturm Mhmjtrdqum ; 2.666,66 @N/ GIDZNutrms ; >6.666,66 @N/ GIDZ

i _MQML]MZ MP CNDLZ MZPDG ;

_MQML]M LMP7 JBDAA_M @NAAND_M JBN_CMZ 7 ??6.666,66 32.666,66 @N 7>0?.666,66 @N/ >66 ]ZNCM_Z.

i IOZM_QNPDIL ;

Hms rmvmlums pnrndssmlt trm ùlm siggm trs `rdsidrm ml vus `m hngphmur ù prikmt,

gnds vius lnvmz pns mljirm jnhjuh iu mstdg hn rmltnodhdt piur ulm jhdmlthm `m phus `m :66

usncmrs !!!

Jiggm lius hnvils mxphdqu `nls hms liljs pnsss, nvmj `ms smrvmurs wmo prixy

`mrrdrm, ulm trs crnl`m iprnodhdt mt ahmxdodhdt `m hn onl`m pnssnltm smrn clr.

]lm aids qum hm prikmt nurn prds ulm ngphmur nssmz dgpirtnltm, sidt ulm jhdmlthm `m phus`m =66 noills, hn rmltnodhdt nurn ul nutrm vdsncm lius iaardr. Jmhn, ml igmttils hms nutrmssmrvdjms qud pmuvmlt trm iaamrts tius hms noills ù rsmnu (Bomrcmgmlt Smo, Jrntdil `msdtm Smo, Dlstnhhntdil rsmnu, QVL `ms mltrmprdsm, mtj) snls pnrhmr `ms mltrmprdsms mt nutrmsircnldsgms.


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:>

JILJH]ZDIL

Litrm prikmt `m airtm jbnljm `m russdtm, surtiut nvmj hn jridssnljm `m hn `mgnl`m sur

Dltmrlmt. Dltmrlmt ul iutdh `m trnvndh, ul giyml `m jigguldjntdil, ulm iosmssdil piur tiut hmgil`m. Vmrsillm `m lis kiurs lm pmut rmstmr snls utdhdsntdil `Dltmrlmt, qum sm sidt piur hmtrnvndh, hm `dvmrtdssmgmlt iu tiutms adls utdhms.

]l nutrm pidlt nkiutmr nvnlt `m adldr, litrm rsmnu piur nd`mr N.P (Nhcrdm Phjig) `phiymr sil rsmnu nvmj `ms giymls phus sdgphm mt gidls jitmux, litrm rsmnu piurrn trm ulpnrtmlndrm dgpirtnlt piur hm `phidmgmlt `Dltmrlmt sur `ms zilms rurnhms iu dlnjjmssdohms nvmj

hm rsmnu tmrrmstrm.Lius msprils qum litrm prsmlt phnl `m `phidmgmlt sidt nssmz jilvndlqunlt, jnr lius

jigptnlt utdhdsmr `ms onl`ms `m arqumljms qud silt nutirdss nvmj ulm pudssnljm nutirds mlNhcrdm.

_MAM_MLJM ;

- @jrmt mxjutda l 60-0>: ù 1 @biu Mh Enn`n >0?= jirrmspil`nlt nu >2 `jmgorm

?660 gi`dadnlt hm `jrmt mxjutda l 6:-:3 ù >> @biu Mh Enn`n >0?: jirrmspil`nlt

nu >: knlvdmr ?66: adxnlt hm giltnlt `m hn rm`mvnljm npphdjnohm nux iprntmurs

tdtuhndrms nutirdsntdils piur htnohdssmgmlt mt hmxphidtntdil m rsmnux m

thjigguldjntdils mt/iu hn aiurldturm `ms smrvdjms `m thjigguldjntdils.

- Hid l ?666-6: ù = Kiugn`n Mh Iuhn >0?> jirrmspil`nlt nu = nit ?666 adxnlt hms

rchms clrnhms rmhntdvms hn pistm mt nux thjigguldjntdils, p.:.

- Ncmljm `m _cuhntdil `ms Vistms mt `ms Phjigguldjntdils.

- Ncmljm Lntdilnhm ms Arqumljms.

- SDEDVM@DN mljyjhip`dm hdorm sur Dltmrlmt.

- Pmstm `m Adnodhdt rmgnrqu mt nppriuv `nls phusdmurs pnys ù gil`m.


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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nutmur; CBMHHNG NO@M__M[NE

?>4, Jdt `ms arrms oirldJbmhcbiug Hnd` 0:?66S. Gdhn

Phpbilm ; +?>:(6):>.=?.41.1?Giodhm ; +?>:(6)11>.>?.41.>?M-Gndh ; nYcbmhhngFynbii.ar

@ntm `m rnhdsntdil; >2 GN_Z ?6>?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

V_IKMP N@_MZZM N ;

G. HM GDLDZP_M @MZ VIZPMZ MP @MZ PMHMJIGG]LDJNPDILZ.

NCMLJM @M _MC]HNPDILZ @MZ VIZPMZ MP PMHMJIGG]LDJNPDILZ.

NCMLJM LNPDILNHM @MZ A_M^]MLJMZ.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]

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