mariam gacecilaze - regional dialogue

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mariam gaCeCilaZe

2016

kvlevis angariSi

ruseTis qarTuli diaspora da qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebi

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UDC (uak) 94(-353.1)(470)+94(479.22:470)

proeqtis direqtori: giorgi kanaSvili

redaqtori: ediSer baRaTuria

mTargmnelebi: naTia nadiraZe, marina maCabeli

dizaini: qeiT gabrisi

ISBN 978-9941-400-92-6

g–247

ruka garekanze: ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi regionebis mixedviT (2010 w.)

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kavkasiuri saxli aris kulturul-saganmanaTleblo organizacia, romlis mizania saqarTvelos da kavkasiis mSvidobiani ganviTarebisTvis ideologiuri da inteleqtu-aluri bazisis Seqmna. kavkasiuri saxli didi xania muSaobs regionuli ganviTarebisa da kavkasiis xalxTa integraciis proeqtebze. ukanaskneli ramdenime welia, organi-zacia aqtiurad swavlobs kavkasiasa da mimdebare regionebSi arsebul politikur da socialur procesebs. am mimarTulebiT ukve ganxorcielda ramdenime proeqti, rome-lic moicavda qarTveli da ucxoeli axalgazrda analitikosebis erTobliv kvlevebs, sainformacio vizitebs saqarTvelosa da regionis qveynebSi, samuSao Sexvedrebs sam-Tavrobo Tu saeqsperto sazogadoebis wevrebTan da a.S. amave proeqtebis farglebSi, bolo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, gamoica aTze meti politikuri dokumenti, romelTa Tematika exeba saqarTvelos konfliqtur regionebs, qarTul-rusul urTierTobebs, CrdiloeT kavkasias, rusul-ukrainul konfliqts da sxva…...

winamdebare angariSi momzadda 2015 wels proeqtis „qarTul-rusuli dialogi mSvido bisa da TanamSromlobisTvis~ farglebSi Catarebuli Tvisebrivi sociologi-uri kvlevis safuZvelze. kvlevis mizani iyo, ruseTSi moRvawe qarTuli diasporuli organizaciebis Seswavla maTi miznebis, saqmianobisa da instituciuri ganviTarebis gaanalizebis safuZvelze. kvlevis Sedegad unda gamovleniliyo is, Tu ramdenad Ses-wevs unari ruseTis qarTul diasporas pozitiuri gavlena iqonios qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis daregulirebis procesze. Ria wyaroebze dakvirvebiT, diasporis war-momadgenlebTan da qarTul saeqsperto wreebTan Cawerili siRrmiseul interviuebis safuZvelze vlindeba, rom dRes ruseTis qarTuli diaspora naklebadaa konsolidire-buli, ar xasiaTdeba diasporis SemakavSirebeli Zlieri institutebiT, arsebul orga-nizaciaTa Soris ndobis xarisxic dabalia. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc kvlevidan Cans, ruseTis qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebobs sakmarisi resursi (gansakuTrebiT axalgaz-rdobisa da ruseTSi sxvadasxva sferoSi moRvawe qarTvelebis saxiT), raTa moxdes di-asporuli kavSirebis gaZliereba, axali institutebisa da gaerTianebebis dafuZneba, rac, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs qarTuli mxarisgan Sesabamis waxalisebasa da xelSewyobas.

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naSromi Seiqmna proeqtis `qarTul-rusuli dialogi mSvidobisa da

TanamSromlobisTvis~ farglebSi. proeqti dafinansebulia TbilisSi didi

britaneTis saelCos konfliqtis, stabilu robisa da usafrTxoebis fondis mier.

aRniSnuli dokumentis Sinaarsze pasuxismgebloba ekisreba mxolod `kavkasiur

saxls~ da ar unda iqnes miCneuli didi britaneTisa da CrdiloeT irlandiis

gaerTianebuli samefos saelCos poziciad.

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Sinaarsi

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1 . diasporis mniSvneloba (Teoriuli mimoxilva) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.1 diasporis konceptualuri analizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.2 diasporis praqtikuli daniSnuleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2 . ruseTis qarTuli diaspora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122.1 diasporis ganmarteba saxelmwifo doneze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122.2 ramdeni qarTveli cxovrobs ruseTis federaciaSi? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132.3 ruseTis qarTuli diasporis warmomavloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142.4 ruseTis qarTuli diasporis finansuri gavlena da ekonomikuri potenciali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

3 . ruseTSi arsebuli qarTuli diasporuli organizaciebi da maTi saqmianoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

mokle reziume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203.1 1990-ian wlebSi Seqmnili organizaciebi da maTi dRis wesrigi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223.2 2003 wlis Semdgom Seqmnili organizaciebi da maTi saqmianoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273.3 2007 wlis Semdgom Seqmnili qarTuli diasporuli organizaciebi da maTi saqmianoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293.4 qarTuli axalgazrduli diasporuli organizaciebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

4 . ruseTis qarTuli diaspora qarTul sajaro-politikur sivrceSi . . . . . .334.1 saqarTvelos saxelmwifos midgomebi diasporasTan mimarTebaSi 2003-2012 wlebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334.2 ruseTis qarTuli diaspora qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis fonze . . . . . . . . . . .344.3 saqarTvelo da ruseTis qarTuli diaspora 2012 wlis Semdeg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Sejameba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

5 . ruseTis qarTuli diaspora – ganwyobebi da Sexedulebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415.1 qarTul diasporul gaerTianebebSi arsebuli problemebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415.2 ruseTis qarTuli diaspora da saqarTvelo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435.3 qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebi da diaspora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455.4 ruseTis qarTuli diasporis roli qarTul-rusul urTierTobebSi . . . . . . . . . . .46

kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili ZiriTadi mignebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

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S e s a v a l i

koalicia „qarTuli ocneba – demokratiuli saqarTvelos~ saxiT mosulma saqarTvelos xelisuflebam, 2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Semdgom ruseTTan urTierTobebis da-regulirebis politika wamoiwyo, romliTac safuZveli Caeyara or qveyanas Soris politi-kuri dialogis xangrZliv process. e.w. „karasini-abaSiZis~ formatis Sedegad, nawilobriv aRdga ruseTTan savaWro urTierTobebi, or qveyanas Soris dainiSna regularuli aviami-mosvla, uaxloes momavalSi igegmeba saqarTvelos moqalaqeTaTvis savizo reJimis gamar-tivebac.1 miuxedavad amisa, 2012 wlidan dRemde, qarTul-rusul urTierTobebSi raime sax-is Zireuli politikuri cvlileba ar momxdara: ar Secvlila ruseTis politika saqarTve-los konfliqtur regionebTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ar CavTvliT situaciis gauaresebas saz-Rvrispira regionebSi gamyofi xazis gadmowevisa da im xelSekrulebebis saxiT, romlebic 2014 wels ruseTis federaciam afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis de-faqto mTavrobebTan gaa-forma. or qveyanas Soris diplomatiuri urTierTobebi isev ar aRdgenila.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelom ruseTTan urTierTobebis daregulirebis procesSi erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti ugulebelyo: ruseTSi sakmaod didi raodenobis eTnikurad qarTveli da, maTTan erTad, saqarTvelodan wasuli sxvadasxva erovnebis adamiani cxov-robs, romelTa erToblioba qmnis ruseTis federaciaSi mcxovreb mravalaTasian qarTul diasporas. qarTuli diasporis roli qarTul-rusul urTierTobebSi ar aris saTanadod Seswavlili, maSin rodesac, maT SesaZloa gaaCndeT mniSvnelovani potenciali imisa, rom iTamaSon garkveuli pozitiuri roli qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis mSvidobiani da-regulirebis procesSi.

rogorc wesi, diasporebs aqvT SesaZlebloba emsaxuron sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebriv miznebs, rogorc mimReb qveyanaSi, ise samSobloSi. diasporebi orive saxelmwifos sazo-gadoebebis bunebriv damakavSireblebs warmoadgenen, romlebic ganicdian rogorc isto-riuli samSoblos, ise mimRebi qveynis socialur, kulturul, ekonomikur Tu politikur gavlenas. mSobliuri qveynisTvis diasporebi aseve gvevlinebian mniSvnelovan finansur resursad fuladi gzavnilebisa da pirdapiri investiciebis ganxorcielebis kuTxiT.

miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ar gaaCnia konkretuli konceptualuri xedva, Tu rogori politika unda hqondes saxelmwifos sakuTari Tanam-emamuleebis mimarT ruseTis federaciaSi. amgvar politikas SesaZloa gaaCndes rogorc moraluri datvirTva (ucxoeTSi mcxovrebma qarTvelebma ar dakargon kavSiri samSoblos-Tan), ise pragmatuli gaTvla. winaswari analizis gareSe, SeuZlebelia imis dazustebiT Tqma, Tu ramdenad aris mzad ruseTis qarTuli sazogadoeba iTamaSos saxelmwifoTaSoris urTierTobebis ganviTarebaSi garkveuli dadebiTi roli da rogor SeiZleba, rom es roli gamovlindes.

pirvel etapze, winamdebare kvlevis mizans warmoadgens, ruseTSi arsebuli qarTuli diasporuli gaerTianebebis Seswavla maTi saqmianobis, miznebisa da moRvaweobis sferoe-bis daxasiaTebiT. kvlevis mizania gamovlindes is, Tu ra xedvebi da ganwyobebi arsebobs ruseTis qarTul diasporaSi qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, ramdenad konso-lidirebulia ruseTis qarTuli diaspora da ramdenad aqvs potenciali, sakuTari wvlili Seitanos qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis daregulirebaSi.

kvlevis angariSi Sedgeba xuTi Tavisgan, ZiriTadi mignebebisa da daskvnisagan.

1 ̀ putini: ruseTi mzad aris saqarTvelos moqalaqeTaTvis savizo reJimi gaauqmos“, sivil jorjia, 17 dekem-beri, 2015. ix.:http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php/_print.php?id=29984

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pirveli Tavi mimarTulia diasporis Temis aqtualizebaze diasporis fenomenis kon-ceftualuri da diasporis praqtikuli datvirTvis gaanalizebiT.

meore Tavis mizans warmoadgens, mkiTxvels gaacnos ruseTis qarTuli diaspora, warmo-mavlobis, raodenobisa, da ekonomikur-finansuri gavlenis kuTxiT.

mesame Tavi moicavs ruseTSi aqtiurad moqmedi diasporuli organizaciebis saqmiano-bis analizs 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli dRemde (2015 wlamde).

meoTxe Tavi exeba ruseTis qarTuli diasporis Temis ganxilvas qarTul sazogadoe-briv-politikur diskursSi.

bolo TavSi mocemulia Tavad diasporul organizaciaTa warmomadgenlebis mier ga-moTqmuli mosazrebebi, diasporaSi arsebul problemebisa da ori qveynis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb.

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1 . diasporis mniSvneloba – Teoriuli mimoxilva

1 .1 diasporis konceptualuri analizirodesac qveynis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobaze saubroben, tradiciulad xazs usvamen

mis bunebriv resursebs, socialur da politikur mdgradobas, ekonomikur da samecni-ero-teqnikur potencials, saerTaSoriso politikur gavlenas da sxva mraval faqtors... Tumca yvela maTganSi centraluri adgili mainc adamianur kapitals, adamianur resurss uWiravs. am ukanasknelSi, Cveulebriv, gulisxmoben saxelmwifosTan dakavSirebul mxolod im pirebs, romlebic qveynis SigniT cxovroben da maT codnasa da gamocdilebas `adgilze~ gamoiyeneben, Tumca bolo aTwleulebis dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom sa xe lmwifos ganvi-TarebaSi aranakleb didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sazRvargareT mcxovreb im Tanamemamuleeb-sac, romlebic SeiZleba istoriuli samSoblos moqalaqeebi sulac ar iyvnen. aseTi tipis adamianur resurss SeiZleba vuwodoT saxelmwifos diaspora.

diasporis sakiTxze mimarTuli nebismieri saxis ganxilva iwyeba iseTi mniSvnelovani kiTxvis gansazRvriT, Tu vin da ra kriteriumiT SeiZleba CaiTvalos diasporis Semad-genel nawilad. sainteresoa Tavad sityva `diasporis~ etimologia, romelic diasporis, rogorc fenomenis antikurobaze metyvelebs, kerZod, is nawarmoebia berZnulidan Δια (dia), rac niS navs `garSemo~, `irgvliv~, xolo σπείρω (speiro) – `gafantvas~, `gavrcelebas~.2 Tavda-pirvelad mas mxolod Zv.w.aR. VIII saukuneSi babilonidan devnili ebraelebis aRsaniSnad iyenebdnen, maTi Seswavla da dakvirveba ZiriTadad anTropologiuri da eTnografiuli kuTxiT xdeboda. mogvianebiT terminis mniSvneloba gafarTovda da XX saukunis dasawyisi-dan somexi da berZeni xalxis migraciis Sedegad sxvadasxva qveyanaSi aRmocenebuli am eT-nikuri jgufebis aRsaniSnad gamoiyeneboda, romlebic bevri mecnieris azriT, diasporis klasikur tipebs warmoadgenen.3 gansxvavebiT klasikuri midgomebisgan, modernulobis periodTan erTad, diasporam sakuTari axleburi datvirTva meoce saukunis ganmavlobaSi lokaluri Tu globaluri istoriuli procesebis ZaliT SeiZina. sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis, II msoflio omis, msoflioSi dawyebuli dekolonizaciis procesisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad warmoqmnilma migraciulma talRebma mTeli msoflios garSemo gamoiwvies sxvadasxva teritoriaze, sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis gaCena, romlebic droTa ganmav-lobaSi gardaiqmnen diasporebad da amiT SeiZines sakuTari specifikuri datvirTva, ro-gorc mimRebi saxelmwifosTvis, ise sakuTari istoriuli samSoblosaTvis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom diasporaze bevri Tqmula da iwereba (amaze samecniero disci-plinebSi specialuri mimarTulebis – `diasporamcodneobis~ – Diaspora Studies arsebobac miuTiTebs), mainc rTulia, zustad ganisazRvros, Tu ra igulisxmeba am terminis miRma.4 saqme isaa, rom klasikuri diasporebis garda arsebobs bevri sxva mizeziT, rogoricaa: SromiTi migraciis, sazRvargareT ganaTlebis miRebis, vaWrobis, eTno-politikuri kon-fliqtis, politikuri devnis, xangrZlivi mivlinebis Sedegad ucxoeTSi gaCenili adamian-Ta jgufebi. maT Soris zRvaris dadgena da maTi diasporad klasificireba gansxvavebul meTodologiur midgomebs saWiroebs. `diaspora~ – am terminis kritika exeba imasac, Tu ramdenad homogenuria da erT istoriul identobas (Rirebulebebisa da wesebis CaTvliT) warmoadgens ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi gafantuli esa Tu is diasporuli jgufi. aseve saka-maToa, rogor da ra kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT xdeba diasporasTan mikuTvnebulobis grZnobis gansazRvra – dafuZnebulia is klasikuri eri-saxelmwifos cnebaze, religiaze, regionze, eTno-lingvistur erTianobasa, Tu rame sxva kriteriumze; aseve kiTxvebs badebs, Tu ramden Taobaze SeiZleba vrceldebodes diasporis wevrobis piroba.

oqsfordis universitetis migraciis saerTaSoriso programis direqtori profesori

2 diasporis ganmarteba oqsfordis ganmartebeiTi leqsikonis mixedviT; ix.: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/diaspora3 oqsfordis bibliografia; ix.:http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0091.xml4 edinburgis universitetis diasporis Semswavleli programa; ix.: http://www.ed.ac.uk/history-classics-archaeology/diaspora-studies

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robin koeni XX saukunis meore naxevridan samecniero-akademiur sivrceSi dawyebul dias-porebis Seswavlis process yofs ramdenime ZiriTad etapad da, amavdroulad, gvTavazobs diasporis fenomenis gagebas, diasporebis warmoqmnis istoriuli Tu socio-ekonomiku-ri mizezebis sistematizirebis safuZvelze. igi zRvars avlebs: viqtimizebul, imperiul, SromiT, savaWro da deteritorializebuli(deteritorialized) diasporebs Soris.

Tavdapirvelad mecnierebi viqtimizebuli diasporis garSemo trialebdnen da ikvle-vdnen ebraul diasporas, romlis dispersiasac mravalsaukunovani istoria gaaCnia da am istoriaSi dominirebs viqtimizaciuri narativi erTi kataklizmuri movlenisa, romelmac am eris travmireba gamoiwvia. 60-ian da 70-ian wlebSi diasporis klasikuri gageba gafar-Tovda da moicva afrikelebis, somxebisa da irlandielebis gamocdilebebic. koeni meo-re etapis dasawyisad 80-ian wlebs miiCnevs da aRniSnavs, rom im droisaTvis diaspora – es iyo erTgvari „metaforuli gansazRvreba~ repatriantebisTvis, deportirebulebisTvis, politikuri devnilebisa da ucxo mosaxleebisTvis, imigrantebis, eTnikuri da rasobrivi umciresobebisTvis. 90-iani wlebidan dawyebuli mesame etapis midgomas koeni miakuTvnebs socialur konstruqtivistebs, romlebmac postmodernuli paradigmis aRzevebasTan er-Tad eWvqveS daayenes diasporis fenomenis erTianoba da erTmaneTisgan gamijnes `samSob-los~ da „eTnikur-religiuri sazogadoebis~ idea. xolo rac Seexeba Tanamedrove periods, misi azriT, es aris midgomebis konsolidaciis axali etapi, sadac mxedvelobaSi miiReba diasporis yvela elementi, idealuri tipebis CaTvliT.5

diasporebTan dakavSirebuli mosazrebebis SejerebiTa da damatebebiT, migraciis kidev erTi mkvlevari profesori uiliam safrani gvTavazobs konkretuli socialuri jgufis diasporad miCnevis Semdeg zogad kriteriumebs:

1. isini unda warmoadgendnen TviTmyofad sazogadoebas, romlis wevrebic wamosuli arian istoriuli samSoblodan da akavSirebT saerTo xedva, mogonebebi an miTebi mSobli-uri qveynis Sesaxeb.

2. maT unda hqondeT rwmena imisa, rom srulyofilad arasodes iqnebian integrire-bulni maspinZel qveyanaSi, amitomac aviTarebdnen avtonomiur, kulturul da socialur yofas.

3. isini an maTi STamomavlebi xelsayreli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZleblad unda Tvlidnen istoriul samSobloSi dabrunebas.6

4. isini unda agrZelebdnen TavianTi samSoblos mxardaWeras, rasac unda ga na-pirobebdes maTi sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba da solidaroba.7

rogorc vxedavT, diasporis fenomenisadmi gansxvavebuli midgomebi da aRqmebi mrav-ladaa samecniero-akademiur sivrceSi, rac miuTiTebs, erTi mxriv, sakiTxis aqtualobaze Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvis, xolo, meore mxriv, Temis siRrmesa da kompleqsurobaze.

1 .2 diasporis praqtikuli daniSnulebadiasporis terminis ganmartebasTan erTad aseve bevris Tqma SeiZleba diasporis praq-

tikul mniSvnelobasa da saxelmwifosTvis mis mzard potencialze bolo wlebis ganmav-lobaSi. amas mowmobs is, rom adgilobriv da ucxour kapitalTan erTad Cndeba axali cne-ba `diasporuli kapitali~, romelic miuTiTebs im finansuri da ekonomikuri tipis Sesa-Zleblobebze, romelic diasporebs SeiZleba gaaCndeT sakuTari istoriuli samSoblo-saTvis.8 ufro da ufro meti qveyana acnobierebs, rom aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT kvleva, muSaoba da sabolood qveynis sasargeblod maTi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia.

5 Robin Cohen; „Global Diasporas An Introduction“; second edition; publisher: “Routledge taylor and francis group London and New-york” 1-2pp. იხ: http://prodiasporaromana.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Cohen-2008-Global-Diasporas-An-Introduction-2n-Bookos.org_.pdf6 es punqti sadaoa da SeiZleba ar vrceldebodes yvela diasporul sazogdoebaze (avtoris SeniSvna).7 William Safran, Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return; A journal of transnational studies; 1991. P.:4-5. ix.:http://www.academia.edu/5029348/Diasporas_in_Modern_Societies_Myths_of_Homeland_and_Return8 Eric Guichard, “Why and how diaspora capital can contribute to Africa’s development,” May 10, 2015; ix:https://www.homestrings.com/news-and-analysis/2015/may/10/why-and-how-diaspora-capital-can-contribute-to-africas-development/#.VqHmVIV97IU

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diasporis sakiTxiT saxelmwifos mxridan dainteresebas gaaCnia rogorc moraluri, ise racionaluri safuZveli. moqalaqe, romelic tovebs sakuTar ojaxs, saxlsa da qveyanas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, amas akeTebs iZulebiT, sakuTar qveyanaSi cxovrebisTvis araxelsayreli garemopirobebis gamo. pasuxismgebliani saxelmwifos arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sxva qveya-naSi migrantad qceuli sakuTari Tanamemamulis mimarT isaxeba mxolod erTi amocana: ar gawydes kavSiri samSoblosTan (axloblebTan bunebrivad narCundeba kavSiri) da grZelva-dian perspeqtivaSi Seiqmnas pirobebi ukan dabrunebisTvis. amas SesaZloa, vuwodoT saxel-mwifos e.w. „moraluri pasuxismgebloba~. am miznis miRweva, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebisTvis, rTuli amocanaa. xSirad xdeba isec, rom emigrirebulTa meore da me-same Taobebi mimReb qveyanaSi aRar klasificirdebian, rogorc migrantebi, aramed maTTvis mimRebi qveyana ukve samSoblos saxels iZens, Tumca, meore mxriv, ar qreba mikuTvnebule-ba e.w. istoriuli samSoblos mimarTac. es ZiriTadad narCundeba individualuri Zalisx-meviTa da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, saerTo TemSi, igive diasporaSi integraciis meSveobiT. am realobidan gamomdinare, msoflios bevri saxelmwifo TandaTan egueba sxva qveyanaSi sakuTari Tanamemamuleebis didi odenobiT arsebobas da metic, axdens am mocemulobis ra-cionalizacias, sadac SesaZloa, gamovyoT sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba:

1. diasporis fuladi gzavnilebi;2. diaspora, rogorc qveynis ekonomikaSi potenciuri mainvestirebeli;3. diaspora, rogorc codnis gamavrcelebeli;pirdapiri fuladi gadmoricxvebi – es aris is TavisTavadi sargebeli, romelsac saxel-

mwifo yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe qveynis gareT mcxovrebi sakuTari Tanamemamuleebi-sgan iRebs. fuladi gadmoricxvebi mTeli msoflios masStabiT yovelwliurad 500 miliard dolars iTvlis.9 rac Seexeba pirdapir investiciebs da savaWro ekonomikur TanamSrom-lobas, biznesis seqtoris warmomadgenlebi, Cveulebriv, midrekilni arian, investiciebi ganaxorcielon im qveynebSi, romelTa Sesaxebac gaaCniaT informacia bazris Tavisebure-bebisa da zogadi ekonomikuri garemos Sesaxeb, amasTan kargad icnoben sazogadoebas, mis moTxovnilebebsa da saWiroebebs. rogorc istorikosma filip kurtinma dokumenturad daamtkica, urbanuli cxovrebis dasawyisidan moyolebuli, aTasi wlis ukan, savaWro jaWvs Cveulebriv saerTo eTnosis mqone vaWrebi qmnidnen. berZnuli, finikiuri, trans-saharuli vaWrobebi, ebrauli, somxuri, Cinuri, holandiuri da britanuli, aRmosavleT induri kom-paniebi swored aseTi kavSirebis meSveobiT iyvnen Cabmulni msoflio vaWrobaSi.10

Tanamedrove sawarmoo da komunikaciis saSualebebis ganviTarebasTan erTad vaWro-bisa da biznesis warmoebaSi Sesustda ekonomikur partniorebs Soris pirispiri kavSiris aucilebloba, vinaidan SesaZlebeli gaxda did distanciaze kontraqtebis gaformeba, romlis Sesruleba-arSesruleba samarTlebrivi instrumentebiTaa SesaZlebeli, Tumca qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri urTierTobebis warmoebisas saerTo eTnikuri qselebis gav-lenas mainc didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

kidev erTi ram, rac diasporas SeuZlia rom gaakeTos samSoblosTvis, esaa sxva qveynis farglebSi SeZenili informaciis, axali codnisa da unar-Cvevebis samSobloSi gavrcele-ba. bunebrivia, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi emigrirebuli adamianebisTvis ganviTarebisa da codnis miRebis bevrad meti SesaZleblobaa, rasac Sedegad moaqvs is, rom samSoblos ga-reT dRes moRvaweobs uamravi wamyvani specialisti swored im dargebSi, sadac adgilobriv doneze kadrebis deficitia xolme. migraciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani uaryofiTi gavle-na, rac qveynis ganviTarebaze aisaxeba, es aris e.w „tvinebis masobrivi gadineba~ an „tvinebis dakargva~. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs, rom qveynidan wasuli moqalaqe, romelsac gaaCnia Sesabamisi profesia, ver axerxebs sakuTari specializaciiTa da codniT rogorc sakuTar, ise mimReb qveyanaSi dasaqmebas, mimReb qveyanaSi eweva e.w „Sav samuSaos~ dabalkvalificiur

9 Ricardo Hausmann, “The Diaspora Goldmine” “Project sindicate”, JUN 25, 2015. იხ.:http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/remittances-not-only-benefit-to-homeland-economies-by-ricardo-hausmann-2015-0610 Cross-cultural trade in world history, Philip D. Curtin, Cambridge University Press. ix.:http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam034/83023202.pdf

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da dabalanazRaurebad samuSao adgilebze, riTac ikargeba am adamianis profesiuli po-tenciali. Tumca bunebrivia, rom igive „tvinebi~ arsad ar qrebian da ganagrZoben arsebo-bas sxvadasxva qveynis farglebSi.

harvardis universitetis profesori da venesuelas dagegmarebis yofili ministri rikardo hausmani diasporasa da migrantebSi akumulirebul codnas interpretirebs, ro-gorc „mdumare codnas~.11 mis mier gamoqveynebul statiaSi „mdumare codnis ekonomika~ hausmani xazs usvams, rom es aris ara imdenad wignebidan aRebuli, ramdenadac yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da muSaobiT SeTvisebuli codna, romelic moTavsebulia adamianebis TavebSi da romelic vrceldeba adamianebTan erTad maT mier sxvadasxva qveynaSi gadaadgilebis meSveobiT.12 avtori diasporis mier codnis gavrcelebis warmatebul SemTxvevad asaxelebs indoeTs, romlis maRalteqnologiuri industria did wilad Seqmnilia dabrunebuli mi-grantebis mier da mWidro kavSirSia diasporasTan. aseve israels uwodebs qveyanas, rome-lic Seiqmna ebrauli diasporis mier. aRniSnavs, rom misi maRalganviTarebuli maRalte-qnologiuri seqtori sxvadasxva qveynebTan xangrZlivi kavSirebis Sedegia.

diasporis fenomeni axali movlenaa saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSic. Tumca ki qarTul di-asporas jer kidev XVI-XVII saukuneebSi ruseTis imperiis farglebSi vxvdebiT, moskovis axalSenisa da qarTuli koloniebis saxiT, diaspora, am movlenis Tanamedrove gagebiT, saxelmwifos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg yalibdeba. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi diasporis Sesaxeb samecniero-akademiuri kvlevebi da analizi naklebad gvxvdeba. sajaro sivrcesa Tu mediaSi diasporaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba ZiriTadad migraciis probleme-bze saubrisas xdeba, an rodesac sakiTxi exeba igive fuladi gzavnilebis Temas. konkretu-lad qarTul diasporaze mimarTuli ganxilvebi, diasporis daniSnulebaze, rolsa da Sesa-Zlo potencialze saubari naklebia. miuxedavad amisa, Tanamedrove periodSi saqarTvelos farglebs gareT cxovroben da moRvaweoben sakmao odenobis qarTvelebi iseT samecniero dargebSi, rogorebicaa: fizika, maTematika, qimia, astronomia... aseve bevr qarTvels Sex-vdebiT medicinis dargSi (gansakuTrebiT ruseTSi), kulturasa da sportSi. saxelmwifos aqtiuri diasporuli politikis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia, moxdes am adamianTa efeqturi CarTva saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva samecniero dargis, kulturisa Tu ekonomikis ganviTare-bis procesSi.

11 Ricardo Hausmann, „The Tacit-Knowledge Economy“იხ.: http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/ricardo-hausmann-on-the-mental-sources-of-productivity-growth12 iqve.

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2 . ruseTis qarTuli diaspora

2 .1 diasporis ganmarteba saxelmwifo donezesamecniero-kvleviT procesSi diasporis konceptualuri gaanalizeba mniSvnelovnad

gansazRvravs diasporis fenomenisadmi gansxvavebul meTodologiur midgomebs, igive Sei-Zleba iTqvas diasporis mimarT saxelmwifo politikis dagegmvis SemTxvevaSic. am mxriv, sainteresoa saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo doneze qveynis farglebs gareT mcxovrebi qarT-velebisadmi ra zogadi aRqmebi arsebobs. magaliTad, Tvlis Tu ara saqarTvelos saxelm-wifo diasporis Semadgenel nawilad im adamianTa jgufebs, romlebmac droebiT datoves samSoblo, magaliTad, studentebi, agreTve aralegali migrantebi, romlebic ar gamoirCe-vian maRali socialuri aqtivobiT; an warmomavlobiT (ded-mamiT) saqarTvelos miekuT-vnebian, ar dabadebulan saqarTveloSi, magram sakuTari Tavis identifikaciaSi garkveul adgils mainc aniWeben istoriul samSoblos; amasTan, ramdenad mizanSewonilia, vuwodoT qarTuli diaspora sxva qveynis farglebSi mcxovreb im adamianTa simravles, romlebsac, marTalia, eTno-kulturuli TvalsazrisiT saerTo istoriuli samSoblo gaaCniaT, Tumca Tanamedrove etapze ar xasiaTdebian raime saxis formaluri Tu araformaluri gaerTiane-bebiT, ar aqvT saerTo Temisadmi mikuTvnebulobis gancda.

samarTlebriv doneze, ganmartebis saxiT, mogvepoveba „kanoni ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi Ta-namemamuleebisa da diasporuli organizaciebis Sesaxeb~, romlis mixedviTac, ucxoeTSi mcxovreb Tanamemamuled iTvleba – „saqarTvelos moqalaqe, romelic xangrZlivad cxov-robs sxva saxelmwifoSi an sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqe, romelsac aqvs saqarTvelodan war-momavloba anda romlis mSobliuri ena miekuTvneba qarTul-kavkasiur enebs~; xolo „di-asporuli organizacia – es aris gaerTianeba, romelic Seqmnilia adgilsamyofeli saxel-mwifos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, qarTuli kulturis, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis, tradiciebis popularizaciis, diasporebis SekavSirebis, saqarTvelosTan kulturul, samecniero-teqnikur, sportul da sxva sferoebSi TanamSromlobis mizniT~.13

erTi SexedviT, mocemuli gansazRvrebebis mixedviT, saxelmwifo qarTuli diasporis ganmartebisTvis mxedvelobaSi iRebs TiTqmis yvela elements da gansakuTrebul yuradRe-bas ar amaxvilebs eTnikur Semadgenelze, Tumca qarTul mediasa da presaze dakvirvebiT SeiZleba gamoiTqvas hipoTeza, rom qarTul sajaro diskursSi diasporebad ganixileba mx-olod iseTi tipis sazogadoebrivi jgufi an organizaciebi, romelTac axasiaTebs Semdegi Tvisebani: jgufi Semdgaria ZiriTadad eTnikuri qarTvelebisgan, misi sasaubro enaa qar-Tuli, is iziarebs im rwmena-warmodgenebs saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis Sesaxeb, romelic dRes dominirebs qarTul nacionalur identobaSi. diasporis mimarT qarTuli mxaris midgomebze odnav qvemoT gveqneba saubari, axla ki vityviT mxo lod imas, rom winam-debare naSromi efuZneba diasporis im ganmartebas, romlis mixedviTac:

13 saqarTvelos kanoni „ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi Tanamemamuleebisa da diasporuli organizaciebis Sesaxeb,“ ix.: http://migration.commission.ge/files/5301.pdf

diasporaSi moiazreba Tanamedrove periodSi sxva qveynis farglebSi samudamod an droebiT mcxovrebi, moqalaqeobis mqone an armqone saqarTvelodan wasuli Tanamemamuleebi, romlebsac droTa ganmavlobaSi ar ganucdiaT asimilacia mimReb saxelmwifoSi, atareben mexsierebas sakuTari warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, sxvadasxva saxiT inarCuneben kavSirs samSoblosTan da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, xasiaTdebian sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebiTa Tu sakuTar Temze orientirebuli interes-jgufebiT.

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2 .2 ramdeni qarTveli cxovrobs ruseTis federaciaSi?saqarTvelo, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgomi periodidan moyolebuli dRemde, mie-

kuTvneba mzardi emigraciis mqone qveyanaTa ricxvs. 90-iani wlebidan dawyebuli saqarT-velodan emigraciis nakadebi miemarTeboda Tavdapirvelad umeteswilad ruseTSi, mogvi-anebiT TurqeTSi, aSS-sa da evrokavSiris qveynebSi (saberZneTi, italia, germania, espane-Ti...), es tendencia met-naklebad dResac narCundeba.

2002 wels Catarebuli mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweriT dadginda, rom saqarTvelo-Si 1989 wlidan 2002 wlamde periodis ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis raodenoba Semcirda 20%-iT.14 SesaZloa, es davukavSiroT Sobadobis Semcirebasac, Tumca amgvari vardna mxolod am ukanaskneli faqtoriT ver aixsneba. statistikosTa nawili miuTiTebs, rom 20%-iani kle-ba moxda imis xarjzec, rom saqarTvelo datova bevrma araqarTvelma mosaxlem: somxebma, rusebma, ebraelebma, berZnebma da a.S. Tumca sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma problemas ar amartivebs. vinaidan qveyana, Tu mas aqvs pretenzia, iwodebodes modernul demokratiul saxelmwifod, Tanabar pasuxismgeblobas unda iRebdes, rogorc eTnikurad qarTul, ise araqarTul mosaxleobaze, romelic, miuxedavad amisa, flobda saqarTvelos moqalaqeo-bas da Tavs saqarTvelos saxelmwifos, qarTul sazogadoebas da kulturas miakuTvnebda.

dReisaTvis rTulia, dadgindes zusti raodenoba im adamianTa, romlebmac qveyana da-toves. sxvadasxva wyaro, xSir SemTxvevaSi, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul monacemebs gvTava-zobs. magaliTad, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris (saqstati) monacemebiT 2014 wlisTvis saqarTvelodan emigraciaSi imyofeba 887,400 adamiani, rac 6,7%-iT naklebia wina welTan SedarebiT.15 msoflio bankis kvlevis mixedviT, ki 2013 wlisTvis saqarTvelodan migraciaSi imyofeboda 746,017 adamiani, rac mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba saqstatis mier mowodebuli informaciisgan.16 arsebobs saqarTvelos sakonsulo registraciis sistemac, romelic nebayoflobiTia da aRricxavs mxolod legalur emigraciaSi myof qarTvelebs, isic arasrulad. Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia, dadgindes zusti cifri, Tu ramdeni qarTveli imyofeba saqarTvelos farglebs gareT emigraciaSi.

SeuZlebelia imaze saubaric, Tu realurad ramdeni qarTveli cxovrobs ruseTis fed-eraciaSi – es aris kiTxva, razec uamravi urTierTgamomricxavi pasuxi arsebobs. Cveule-briv, am sakiTxebiT dakavebuli unda iyos iseTi saxelmwifo struqturebi, rogorebicaa saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komis-ia, diasporis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministris aparati da a.S. Tumca dReisaTvis maTgan verc erTi uwyeba ver iZleva sarwmuno da amomwurav informacias ruseTSi mcxovrebi qa-rTvelebis ricxovnobasTan dakavSirebiT, rac ganpirobebulia mTeli rigi obieqturi Tu subieqturi garemoebebiT, rogoricaa: aralegaluri migraciis aRricxvasTan dakavSire-buli sirTuleebi, or qveyanas Soris arsebuli daZabuli urTierTobebis gamo migraciis samsaxurTa koordinaciis nakleboba da sxv.

arsebobs diasporis sakiTxebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ministris aparatis mier arasamTavrobo organizacia „informaciis Tavisufali ganviTarebis institutisTvis (IDFI)~ miwodebuli araoficialuri statistika, romlis mixedviTac sazRvargareT mcx-ovrebi Tanamemamuleebis raodenoba Seadgens 1 607 744 adamians, saidanac yvelaze meti – daaxloebiT 800 000 ruseTis federaciaze modis.17 bevri am cifrs gazviadebulad miiCnevs da emxroba Tavad ruseTis federaciaSi 2010 wels Catarebul sayovelTao aRweris Sede-

14 „saqarTvelos mosaxleoba milioniT Semcirda~, sivil jorjia 8 maisi, 2003 w. ix.: http://civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=398015 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ricxovnoba 2015 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT; ix.:http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Population%20press_30.04.2015_Final_eng.pdf16 msoflio bankis monacemebi, Bilateral migration matrix 2013 ix.: http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTDECPROSPECTS/0 `contentMDK:22803131~ pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:476883,00.html 17 IDFI-s sajaro informaciis analitikuri blogi; „sazRvargareT mcxovrebi qarTuli diaspora,“ 1 maisi, 2015 w. ix.: https://opendatablog.wordpress.com/2015/05/01/sazgvargaret-mcxovrebi-qartuli-diaspora

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gebs, romlis mixedviTac, ruseTSi 158 995 eTnikuri qarTveli cxovrobs.18 bunebrivia, aRw-eris SedegebSi ar igulisxmeba moqalaqeobis, registraciisa da Caweris armqone, ruseTSi aralegalurad myofi qarTvelebi, romlebic, raodenobiT, savaraudod, ar Camouvardebi-an, Tu ar aRematebian legalurad mcxovrebi qarTvelebis ricxvs, amasTan aRricxvaSi ar Sedian saqarTvelodan wasuli eTnikurad araqarTvelebic, rac TavisTavad amcirebs ra-odenobas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis qarTuli diasporis raodenobis Tema xSirad politikuri garCevis saganic gamxdara. ruseTis qarTul diasporasTan damokidebulebebi yalibdeba ruseTTan gansxavebuli midgomebis paralelurad – arsebobs ori tendencia: is sazoga-doebrivi jgufebi, romlebic 2012 wlis Semdgom dawyebuli qarTul-rusuli urTierTo-bebis normalizaciis procesis mimarT skeptikuri anda kritikuli, xisti poziciiT ga-moirCevian, xSir SemTxvevaSi amtkiceben, rom qarTuli diasporis sidide da mniSvneloba gazviadebulia maT mier, vinc ruseTTan dialogis momxrea. meore mxriv, ruseTTan dia-logis momxreni sakuTari poziciis dasacavad argumentad iSvelieben imas, rom ruseTSi erT-erTi yvelaze didi qarTuli diasporaa, romelic miuTiTebs saqarTvelo-ruseTs So-ris obieqtur kavSirze da or qveyanas Soris urTierTobebis daregulirebis saWiroebaze.

statistikasTan dakavSirebuli dava didxans ver gadawydeba, sanam ar moxdeba ofi-cialur doneze masStaburi da kompleqsuri raodenobrivi kvlevis Catareba, manamde ki SesaZloa, davjerdeT im mocemulobas, rom ruseTSi dRes arsebobs didi istoriis mqone qarTuli diaspora, romelsac raodenobrivTan erTad xarisxobrivi datvirTvac aqvs – ekonomikurTan erTad gaaCnia sxva tipis potencialic, romelic, ra Tqma unda, aradaTvla-dia, Tumca Sesabamisi strategiis arsebobis pirobebSi bevri sargeblis motana SeuZlia, rogorc qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis daregulirebis procesisTvis, ise Tavad saqa-rTvelosTvis.

2 .3 ruseTis qarTuli diasporis warmomavlobawarmomavlobis kuTxiT ruseTSi mcxovreb dRevandel qarTvelobas warmoadgens ZiriT-

adad sami segmentisagan Semdgari diaspora: 1. sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis periodSi sxvadasxva mizeziT saqarTvelodan ruseTis

teritoriaze gadasuli qarTvelebi, romlebic, bunebrivia, imdroisaTvis ar iTvlebodnen emigrantebad;

2. 90-iani wlebis ori konfliqtis Sedegad devnilebad qceuli qarTvelebi; 3. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdgom – dRemde ruseTSi wasuli SromiTi migrantebi; dRes saqarTvelodan emigrirebul Tanamemamuleebs SevxvdebiT ruseTis federaciis

TiTqmis yvela regionSi, maTi simravle gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia moskovSi, peterburgSi, krasnodaris mxareSi, stavropolsa Tu CrdilooseTis respublikaSi.

sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi ruseTis sabWoTa federaciul socialistur respublika-18 Российская перепись населения 2010, Национальный Состав Населения Российской Федерации; იხ.:http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm

am SemTxvevaSi, saubaria imaze, rom sakuTari SinaarsiTa da xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebiT ruseTis qarTuli diaspora gansxvavdeba migrantTa ubralo erTobliobisgan. aq erTiandebian is adamianebi, romlebic ruseTis kulturis, sportis, mecnierebis, ganaTlebis medicinis Tu sxva wamyvani sferoebis mniSvnelovan figurebs warmoadgenen. isini ruseTis federaciaSi floben sakma od did socialur da kulturul kapitals (kavSirebi, aRiareba, gavlena, prestiJi), rasac grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi SesaZloa, gaaCndes dadebiTi datvirTva qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis transformaciaSi. igulisxmeba diasporis rolis gaZliereba or qveyanas Soris kulturul, humanitarul, samecniero Tu sxva saxis TanamSromlobaSi, agreTve qarTveli biznesmenebis mier saqarTvelos ekonomikuri interesebis lobireba ruseTis biznes seqtorSi da sxva...

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Si sakmao raodenobis qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen da amasTan erTad ekavaT mniSvnelovani da sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebi sxvadasxva sferoebSi, iqneboda es politikuri nomenkla-tura, Tu mecnierebisa da xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi. gamomdinare iqidan, rom sabWoTa kavSiri qmnida erTian samecniero-akademiur korpuss, romelSic integrirdebodnen da vi-Tardebodnen kavSirSi Semavali respublikebis gamoCenili moRvaweebi, am sivrceSi saku-Tari sapatio da prestiJuli adgili ekava saqarTvelosac. aseve ruseTSi moRvawe cnobil qarTvelebs SexvdebodiT kulturisa da xelovnebis dargebSi. 1989 wels ruseTSi Catare-buli sayovelTao aRweris Sedegad dadginda, rom ruseTis teritoriaze 130 688 qarTveli cxovrobda.19

damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdgom, 90-ian wlebSi, gaaqtiurebuli migraciis ZiriTad mizezs warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli socialuri, politikuri da ekonomi-kuri ryevebis Sedegad Seqmnili cxovrebis gausaZlisi pirobebi. aq saubaria ekonomikuri da socio-politikuri transformaciis procesze, romelic saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mTel rig postsabWoTa qveynebSi, qaoturad mimdinareobda. masStaburi da ukontrolo privatizaciis Sedegad qveyanaSi mTlianad CamoiSala saqarTvelos ekonomikis ori ZiriT-adi industriuli da agraruli seqtori, sadac mosaxleobis farTo fena iyo dasaqmebu-li. 1995 wlisaTvis warmoeba 1990 wlis donesTan SedarebiT 78%-iT Semcirda.20 miuxedavad imisa, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri situacia met-naklebad dastabilurda, mosaxleobis gadineba kvlav rCeba Tanamedrove saqarTvelos erT-erT umTavres problemad, rac isev da isev aramdgradi ekonomikuri garemoTi, umuSevrobis maRali maCvenebliTa da socialuri sferos dabali doniT aixsneba. aSS-is centraluri sa-dazvervo samsaxuris monacemebiT (The World Factbook) migraciis maCvenebliT msoflios 222 qveynidan saqarTvelo imyofeba me-40 adgilze.21

rogorc ukve iTqva, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom saqarTvelodan emigraciis Zir-iTadi nakadi mimarTuli iyo ruseTis federaciaze. mosaxleobis mier am ukanasknelis dan-iSnulebis adgilad arCevas ramdenime movlena ganapirobebda. pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia 1992-93 wlebis qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti, romlis Sedegadac afxazeTSi mcxovrebi qa-rTvelebis udidesi umravlesoba devnilad iqca. devnilebis umetesobam Tavdapirvelad bina TbilisSi daido, Tumca Semdgom TbilisSi xangrZlivi arastabiluri viTarebis gamo didma nawilma qveyana saerTod datova. araoficialuri monacemebiT, afxazeTis konfliq-tis Sedegad ruseTSi 50 000-mde afxazeTidan devnili eTnikurad qarTveli dasaxla maT So-ris 30 000 – moskovSi.22

miuxedavad damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg sazRvrebis met-naklebad gaxsnisa, dev-nilebi daniSnulebis adgilad mainc ruseTs irCevdnen. amas hqonda Tavisi mizezi, rac ga-moixateboda kulturul da geografiul siaxloveSi. saqarTvelos gaaCnda ruseTTan erT politikur sivrceSi cxovrebis gamocdileba, rac politikurTan erTad qmnida saerTo ekonomikur, saganmanaTleblo, socio-kulturul sivrces, ramac, Tavis mxriv, ganapiro-ba qarTul da rusul sazogadoebebs Soris formaluri Tu araformaluri (naTesauri, megobruli) kontaqtebis arseboba. saqarTvelodan emigrirebul qarTvelTagan umeteso-ba flobda rusul enasa da gaaCnda qveynis, misi mosaxleobis – kulturuli Tu socialu-ri urTierTobebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb warmodgena, rac maT uadvilebda adaptacias, samsaxuris moZiebas, ganaTlebis miRebas, sazogadoebaSi integracias da met-naklebad re-alizebas. garda amisa, migracias amartivebda samarTlebrivi barierebis ararsebobac, ig-

19 Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР; იხ.: http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=120 „saqarTvelos ekonomikuri transformacia: damoukideblobis 20 weli,“ fondi „liberaluri akademia Tbi-lisi,“ 2012w. gv.9. ix.:http://www.ei-lat.ge/images/stories/The_Economic_Transformation_of_Georgia_-_20_Years_of_Inde-pende nce_Interim_Report_geo.pdf21 The world Factbook Net migration rate; Georgia; იხ.:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2112rank.html#gg22 Комитет “Гражданское содействие,” Положение беженцев из Абхазии в Российской Федерации; 14 октября 2009 Г. იხ.: http://refugee.ru/material/polozhenie-bezhentsev-iz-abhazii-v-rossijskoj-federatsii/

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ulisxmeba, rom im droisaTvis dsT-s qveynebs Soris moqmedebda uvizo mimosvla, xolo am qveynebis moqalaqeebs ruseTSi cxovrebisas ar esaWiroebodaT registraciis gansakuTre-buli wesebi, vinaidan isini flobdnen 1974 wels gacemuli imave tipis pasportebs, rac moqmedebda ruseTis federaciaSic.23 miuxedavad imisa, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi rogorc ruseTSi, ise saqarTveloSi SemoRebul iqna erovnuli pasportebi da daiwyo or qveyanas Soris mimosvlis samarTlebrivi regulaciebis daweseba, ramac gaarTula devnilebis md-gomareoba ruseTis federaciaSi, maTi umravlesoba dRemde ganagrZobs iq cxovrebas. am mx-riv, saintereso Sefasebas gvaZlevs devnilebis da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa ufle-bebze momuSave ruseTis „urTierTdaxmarebis samoqalaqo komiteti~.24 2009 wels maT mier gamoqveynebuli angariSis mixedviT, afxazeTidan devnili qarTvelebis samarTlebrivi md-gomareobis Sefasebisas SeiZleba gamoiyos sami ZiriTadi jgufi:

1. mZime mdgomareobaSi myofi – am jgufs miekuTvnebian is qarTvelebi, romelebsac aqvT 1974 wlidan – 1992 wlamde afxazeTSi gacemuli sabWoTa tipis pasportebi, afxazeTis ter-itoriaze Caweris damadasturebeli StampiT.

2. ukiduresad mZime mdgomareobaSi – pirebi, romlebsac aqvT qarTuli pasportebi vizis gareSe an saerTod pasportis ar mqone adamianebi, ZiriTadad axali Taoba, romelsac dabadebis mowmobis garda araferi ar gaaCnia an isini, vinc samoqalaqo omis qaosis dros dakarges pasporti an ukve ruseTis teritoriaze miliciis mier CamoerTvaT.

3. SedarebiT damakmayofilebel mdgomareobaSi myofni – devnilebi, romlebmac 2001 wlidan miiRes vizebi, daregistrirdnen da ruseTSi legalurad cxovroben, Tumca arc maTi mdgomareobaa stabiluri, vinaidan vizebi mxolod 1 wliT gaicemoda da yovel jerze devnilebs uwevdaT biurokratiuli procedurebis xelaxla gavla.

da bolos, Tanamedrove periodSi ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis erT-erT mniSvnelo-van segments mTeli qveynis masStabiT gasuli SromiTi migrantebi warmoadgenen, romlebic ufro metad sezonur ekonomikur aqtivobas ewevian ruseTSi, saqmdebian dabalkvalifi-ciur da SedarebiT dabalanazRaurebad samuSao adgilebze, raTa Seinaxon saqarTveloSi darCenili ojaxebi. am mxriv, emigraciis ZiriTadi nakadi ufro metad samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebze modis. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom 2008 wlis omis Semdeg sezonuri SromisTvis sul ufro naklebi raodenoba mosaxleobisa (samcxe-ja-vaxeTis gamoklebiT) irCevs ruseTs da meti raodenoba miemgzavreba TurqeTSi.25

2 .4 ruseTis qarTuli diasporis finansuri gavlena da ekonomikuri potencialiruseTis qarTuli diaspora qarTuli sazogadoebis yuradRebas iqcevs ara mxolod sa-

kuTari sididisa Tu xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebis gamo, aramed imiTac, rom ruseTis qa-rTvelTa diasporis arseboba da gavlena saqarTveloze yvelaze ukeT vlindeba mis mier ganxorcielebul fulad gzavnilebSi. Tumca es aris is obieqturad ganpirobebuli mocem-uloba, romelic met-naklebad yovelTvis iarsebebs, miuxedavad imisa – eqneba Tu ara saqa-rTvelos xelisuflebas diasporaze mimarTuli raime saxis politika. diasporis saxel-mwifosTvis strategiuli daniSnulebis gaanalizeba da Sesabamisi politikis dagegmva saWiroa, raTa gamovlenil iqnas diasporis iseTi ekonomikuri potencialic, rogoricaa: diasporis mier qveynis ekonomikaSi ganxorcielebuli investiciebi da agreTve diasporis, rogorc informaciis mowodebisa da gavrcelebis wyaros funqcia. ganvixiloT TiToeuli.

1. ruseTis qarTuli diasporis fuladi gzavnilebi – saqarTveloSi yvelaze didi odenobiT finansuri gadmoricxvebi ruseTSi mcxovreb qarTvel Tanamemamuleebze mo-dis – saqarTvelos mSp-Si sagareo fuladi gzavnilebi saSualod 10-12%-mde meryeobs, 23 Комитет “Гражданское содействие,” Положение беженцев из Абхазии в Российской Федерации; 14 октября 2009 Г. იხ.: http://refugee.ru/material/polozhenie-bezhentsev-iz-abhazii-v-rossijskoj-federatsii/24 iqve.25 migraciis politikis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso centris mier momzadebuli angariSi: „saqarTvelos diaspora da migrantTa gaerTianebebi germaniaSi saberZneTsa da TurqeTSi; transnacionaluri realoba da kavSirebi saqarTvelosTan,“ aprili 2014 w. gv16. ix.: http://migration.commission.ge/files/full_version_web_ge.pdf

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saidanac yvelaze didi wili, magaliTad, 2014 wels 49.2% ruseTis federaciaze fiqsirde-ba.26amgvar ekonomikur sargebels saxelmwifo iRebs yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe. Tumca arsebobs obieqturi procesebic, razec saxelmwifo gavlenas ver axdens, magaliTad 2014 wlis Semodgomaze saqarTveloSi dawyebuli laris gaufasureba moxda ruseTSi ekonomi-kuri krizisisa da rublis gaufasurebis fonze. ruseTidan gzavnilebi 2014 wels 11.5%-iT Semcirda.27 (ix. grafiki) swored es ukanaskneli, sxva danarCen mizezebTan erTad, saxel-deba laris gaufasurebis erT-erT mniSnelovan winapirobad. yovelive es ki miuTiTebs imaze, rom, miuxedavad diplomatiuri kavSirebis ararsebobisa da ruseTTan sakmaod mwiri ekonomikuri urTierTobebisa, saqarTvelos ekonomika diasporis gavliT mainc imyofeba ruseTis ekonomikasTan garkveul damokidebulebaSi.

fuladi gzavnilebi saqarTveloSi 2008-2014 wlebSi

wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki

2. diaspora, rogorc potenciuri mainvestirebeli qveynis ekonomikaSi – ruse-Tis federaciaSi dRes bevri qarTveli biznesmeni moRvaweobs, romelTac didi kapitali gaaCniaT da ruseTis finansur seqtorSi ikaveben garkveul adgils. am sakiTxis ganxilvisas sainteresoa „ekonomikuri politikis kvlevis centris~ (EPRC) mier 2012 wels Catarebuli kvleva, romelic miznad isaxavda qarTuli di as po ris po ten ci a lis Ses wav las sa qar T ve lo-Si pir da pi ri in ves ti ci e bis gan xor ci e le bi sa da ucxo u ri in ves ti ci e bis mo zid vis kuTx-iT. rogorc kvlevam aCvena, SerCeuli 7 qveynis diasporidan (aSS, gaerTianebuli samefo, TurqeTi, ruseTi, italia, espaneTi da saberZneTi) kapitalis moculobiT pirvel adgil-ze ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTveli biznesmenebi gamoirCevian.28 isini saqmianoben ZiriTadad sabanko seqtorSi, servisis sferoSi (sarestorno qselebi, sakvebi produqtebis warmoeba) mSeneblobasa da sanavTobo biznesSi.29

miuxedavad amisa, maTi ekonomikuri aqtiuroba saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT sustia da ZiriTadad damokidebulia individualur iniciativebze. gansakuTrebiT 2008 wlis qa-rTul-rusuli konfliqtis Sedegad ruseTis federaciidan saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi pirdapiri investiciebis wilma iklo – 2014 wlis monacemebiT igi 6%-s Seadgens (ix. dia-grama). mocemuli 6% dan ramdeni modis eTnikurad qarTveli biznesmenebis investicieb-ze, amgvari monacemi, ar mogvepoveba, Tumca SesaZloa dasaxeldnen calkeuli pirebi, rom-

26 „saqarTveloSi fuladi gzavnilebi 2014 wels 2.4%–iT Semcirda,“ sivil jorjia, Tbilisi, 22 ianvari, 2015w. ix.: http://civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=2904727 iqve.28 Economic policy research centre, Georgian_Diaspora_Study, 2012, p.46, ix.: http://eprc.ge/admin/editor/uploads/files/GIZ_Georgian_Diaspora_Study_A4_Book_Print.pdf29 iqve.

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lebic gansakuTrebiT 2012 wlis arCevnebis Semdgom axerxeben mcire Tu saSualo odenobis kapital-dabandebebs qarTul bazarze. aseTia, magaliTad: peterburgSi mcxovrebi qarTve-li biznesmeni badri kakabaZe, romelmac quTaisSi mdebare Zveli sastumro „quTaisis~ Seno-ba Seisyida da 2015 wlis dasawyisidan axorcielebs mis reabilitacias. aseve aRsaniSnavia qarTul bazarze sawvavis realizatori kompania „galfi~, romlis sakontrolo pakets ruseTSi moRvawe biznesmeni daviT iakobaSvili flobs. Tumca es ukanaskneli ver dasaxel-deba ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis saukeTeso magaliTad, vinaidan kompania „galfi~ 2015 wlis zafxulSi konkurenciis saagentos mier dajarimda 11,26 milioni lariT. rogorc gairkva, kompania sxva umsxvilesi sawvavis realizatorebTan erTad „SeTanxmebuli fasiT~ moqmedebda, riTac mniSvnelovnad azaralebda qarTvel momxmareblebs.30

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri

mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvnac, rom rodesac saubaria pirdapir investiciebze aq erT-maneTisgan unda gaimijnos investiciebis xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. arsebobs mok-levadian efeqtze gaTvlili investiciebi, ZiriTadad ekonomikis finansur seqtorsa da servis seqtorSi. am SemTxvevaSi ormxriv TanamSromlobaze ufro metad calmxrivi ekono-mikuri intersi ikveTeba, magaliTad, konkretul qveyanaSi bazris aTviseba adgilobrivi konkurentebis CamoSorebiT. meore mxriv, arsebobs grZelvadiani investiciebi ekonomikis e.w. „msxvil~ seqtorSi: es aris ZiriTadad agraruli seqtori, warmoeba da industria. am sferoSi ganxorcielebuli investiciebi iTxovs ufro meti maRalkvalificiuri muSaxe-lis ganviTarebas, masobrivad qmnis samuSao adgilebsa da nawilobriv aviTarebs qveynis infrastruqturasac.

garda amisa, pirdapiri investiciebi da or qveyanas Soris savaWro-ekonomikuri urT-ierTobebi principulad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. Tu saubaria qarTuli diasporis rolze qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis daregulirebis procesSi, am SemTxvevaSi niSan-doblivia im potencialis kvleva da gaanalizeba, rac ruseTSi moRvawe qarTvel biznesme-nebs am mimarTulebiT gaaCniaT. kerZod, ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli, rom qarTvelma biznes-menebma e.w. mediatoris roli iTamaSon saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis warmoebaSi, moaxdinon saqarTvelos ekonomikuri interesebis lobireba adgilobriv doneze Sesabamisi asociaciebisa da institutebis daarsebiT.

3. diaspora, rogorc codnis gamavrcelebeli – ruseTis qarTuli diasporis am per-speqtividan gaanalizeba ukavSirdeba imas, Tu ramdenadaa Tavad ruseTis ekonomika cod-naze, igive samecniero-teqnologiur progresze dafuZnebuli. Tu saqarTveloSi saubar-30 `sokari da galfi konkurenciis saagentos mier dakisrebul mravalmilionian jarimebs aprotesteben,“ Civil Georgia, Tbilisi ; 18 ივლისი, 2015წ.

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ia maRalteqnologiuri industriis ganviTarebasa da codnis ekonomikis dafuZnebaze, ra Tqma unda, sakmarisi ver iqneba qveynis farglebs gareT mcxovrebi qarTveli mecnierebis mozidva da maTi inteleqtualuri potencialis CarTva, Tumca am resursis ugulebelyofa saxelmwifos mxridan xelidan gaSvebuli SesaZleblobaa. amisTvis saWiroa, rom saxelmwi-fom moaxdinos adgilobrivi Tu qveynis farglebs gareT myof mecnierebs Soris samecnie-ro, humanitaruli da kulturuli TanamSromlobis institucionalizireba urTierTka-vSirebisa da TanamSromlobis formatebis SeqmniT samecniero proeqtebis dafinansebiT, kvleviT-samecniero procesSi maTi CarTviT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom dRes qarTvel mecnierTa umetesi nawili aSS-sa da evropis qveynebSi moRvaweoben da amas aqvs Sesabamisi mizezebi, rogorebicaa: am mimarTulebiT samecniero grantebis siuxve da yvela dargis mecnierisTvis dasavluri samecniero-akademiuri si-vrcis mimzidveloba. rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelos farglebs gareT saqarTvelodan wasuli 350-mde mecnieri moRvaweobs, maTgan 120 sagranto dafinansebis wyalobiT, ro-melTaganac proeqtebis 80% axali teqnologiebis damuSavebiskenaa mimarTuli.31

Tanamedrove periodSi ruseTis federaciis farglebSi ZiriTadad gvxvdebian is qarTu-li warmoSobis mecnierebi, romlebic xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi moRvaweobdnen ruseTSi da dRemde warmoadgenen ruseTis samecniero sivrcis Tu wamyvani dargebis gamoCe-nil specialistebs, aseTia, magaliTad, medicinis sferos moRvaweebi: leo bokeria – akade-mikosi, kardio-qirurgi, (bakulevis saxelobis gul-sisxlZarRvTa qirurgiis samecniero centris direqtori); anzor xubutia – eqimi-transplantologi, (sklifasovskis saxelo-bis saswrafo daxmarebis institutis direqtori); zurab orjonikiZe – ruseTis sportuli medicinis samecniero-praqtikuli centris direqtori; daviT ioseliani – moskovis mTa-vari kardio-qirurgi da sxva... cnobili qarTveli arqiteqtoris nodar yanCelis dapro-eqtebulia moskovSi iseTi Senobebi, rogorebicaa: ostankinos tele-centri, macxovris taZris gumbaTi, miwisqveSa kompleqsi „samonadireo rigebi~, ruseTSi moRvaweobs cnobi-li moqandake zurab wereTeli, ruseTSi qarTul diasporas wamoadgenen kulturis sferos moRvaweebic: Tamar gverdwiTeli, nikoloz ciskariZe, eliso virsalaZe da sxva mravali. es da sxva eTnikurad qarTveli ruseTSi moRvawe cnobili da warmatebuli figurebi, romel-Tac aqvT farTo aRiareba da garkveuli saxis gavlena rusul sazogadoebaSi, miuTiTeben did potenciaze, raze dayrdnobiTac SesaZloa, moxdes qarTuli diasporis gaZliereba. maTTan interaqciis gaZliereba sxvadasxva formatebis meSveobiT, iqneba es diasporuli forumebi, samecniero konferenciebi, profesiuli Sexvedrebi, asociaciaTa daarsebis xe-lSewyoba Tu sxva, saqarTvelos xelisuflebisTvis warmoadgens ruseTis qarTul sazoga-doebasTan daaxloebis, komunikaciis gaZlierebisa da TanamSromlobis erTgvar arxs, ro-melic grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi SesaZloa, gardaiqmnas pozitiur instrumentad saqarT-velo-ruseTs Soris urTierTobebis daregulirebis procesSi.

31 „qarTuli mecniereba sazRvrebs gareT aqtiurad gadis,“ 09 ivnisi, 2014 w. ix.: http://zeti.ge/menu_id/3/id/116/

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mokle reziumeqarTuli diasporuli organizaciebis saqmianobis 25 wliani periodis gaanalizebi-

sas SesaZloa, gamoikveTos ramdenime ZiriTadi tendencia. aq sayuradReboa is obieqturi faqtorebi da garemo pirobebi, romlebmac biZgi misces organizaciaTa dafuZnebas da gan-sazRvres maTi ideuri safuZvlebi Tu saqmianobis mimarTulebebi. diasporis gaaqtiureba, umetes SemTxvevaSi, xdeboda rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise ruseTis federaciaSi sxvadasxva dros mimdinare politikuri procesebis gavleniT. am mxriv, SesaZloa gamovyoT diasporu-li organizaciebis daarsebis 3 ZiriTadi wyalgamyofi movlena:

1. 90-iani wlebi da damoukideblobis aRdgena – am periodSi ruseTis qarTul sa-zogadoebaSi diasporuli organizaciebis Seqmnis iniciativas biZgi misca iseTma tragi-kulma movlenebma rogorebic iyo: 1989 wlis 9 aprilis darbeva, eTnikuri konfliqtebi da maT Sedegad ruseTis teritoriaze devnili eTnikuri qarTvelebis gaCena. dakvirvebidan Cans, rom am organizaciebis ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgenen ruseTSi xangrZlivad mcx-ovrebi sxvadasxva profesiis qarTvelebi, romelTagan umetesoba ruseTis inteligenciis rigebsac ganekuTvneboda. maT kargad icnobdnen ruseTis sazogadoebriv Tu politikur wreebSi da garkveuli gavleniTa da prestiJiTac sargeblobdnen, swored amis wyalobiT axerxebdnen mniSvnelovani aqtivobebis ganxorcielebas. am dros diasporis mimarT war-moebuli saqmianoba ar iyo mxolod enisa da kulturis SenarCuneba-gavrcelebaze mimar-Tuli, aramed samoqalaqo-politikur xasiaTsac atarebda, amisi magaliTia: devnilTa problemebze zrunva, sajaro Tavyrilobebis organizeba, mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze samo-qalaqo poziciebis dafiqsireba, ruseTSi mimdinare politikur procesebSi garkveuli saxis monawileoba, iqneboda es sajaro ganxilvebis organizeba, mciremasStabiani aqciebi, Tu samTavrobo Senobebis piketireba. Tumca es organizaciebi ar asocirdebodnen arc erT politikur ZalasTan, amavdroulad sxvadasxva dros TanamSromlobdnen rogorc saqarT-velos, ise ruseTis imdroindel xelisuflebasTan.

rogorc kvlevidan Cans, 2000-iani wlebis Semdgomi periodidan am tipis organizacia-Ta saqmianoba sustdeba, rac SesaZloa, ganpirobebuli yofiliyo, rogorc gaerTianebaTa

ruseTSi qarTuli diasporuli organizaciebis aRmoCena da maTi saqmianobis Seswavla moxda ZiriTadad Ria wyaroebze dakvirvebisa da wamyvani organizaciebis warmomadgenlebTan Cawerili siRrmiseuli interviuebis gaanalizebis safuZvelze. aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis Tanamedrove qarTuli diasporis Temaze qarTuli samecniero-analitikuri literatura Zalian mwiria, am mxriv, arsebobs mxolod 2007 wels Tsu-s magistrantis qeTevan CalaTaSvilis mier daculi disertacia ruseTSi qarTuli diasporuli organizaciebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb, romelic sakmaod informaciuli gamodga kvlevisTvis.

winamdebare angariSi, resursebis SezRudulobidan gamomdinare, ver moicavs ruseTis teritoriaze arsebul yvela diasporul organizaciasa da gaerTianebas. aqcenti moskovSi, sankt-peterburgsa da Crdilo-oseTSi arsebul organizaciebze keTdeba, Sesabamisad kvlevis angariSSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis generalizeba ruseTis mTel qarTul diasporaze aramarTebuli iqneba. zemoxsenebul Ria wyaroebze dakvirvebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom organizaciaTa raodenoba mTeli ruseTis masStabiT arc Tu ise mcirea, iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom am organizaciaTa umetesoba Tanamedrove periodSi ar gamoirCeva raime gansakuTrebuli aqtivobiT da mxolod qaRaldze arsebobs.

3 . ruseTSi arsebuli qarTuli diasporuli organizaciebi da maTi saqmianoba

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Sida organizaciuli krizisiT („ruseTis qarTvelTa sazogadoebis~ SemTxvevaSi, organi-zaciis damfuZneblis gardacvaleba), ise gare procesebiT. am ukanasknelSi igulisxmeba 2000-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, erTi mxriv, qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis TandaTano-biTi gauareseba, rac Sesabamis gavlenas axdenda ruseTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebze, xolo, meore mxriv, ruseTis federaciaSi politikuri Tu samoqalaqo sivrcis TandaTanobiTi centralizacia, romlis drosac diasporul organizaciaTa samoqalaqo saqmianobis are-ali nel-nela mcirdeba da rCeba mxolod erTi mimarTulebis aqtivobis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, romelic kulturuli saRamoebis mowyobas, qarTuli enis SenarCunebaze zrunvas da individualur doneze erTmaneTis daxmarebas gulisxmobs.

2. 2003 wlis vardebis revolucia – am movlenam gansakuTrebuli gavlena iqonia ruseTis diasporis qarTvelebzec. maTSi gaaCina axali molodinebi saqarTvelosa Tu qarTul-ru-suli urTierTobebis mimarT, rac sabolood gamoixata axali diasporuli organizaciebis daarsebaSi. am organizaciaTa gansakuTrebuli Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom maT hqondaT garkveuli araformaluri kavSirebi saqarTvelos imdroindel xelisuflebasTan da iziarebdnen am dros qarTul politikur elitaSi arsebul poziciebs, zogadad ruseTi-sa Tu qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. maT periodulad hqondaT mcdeloba imisa, rom kulturul saqmianobasTan erTad ganexorcielebinaT politikuri aqtivobebic, mag-aliTad, ruseTis mxridan qarTvelTa masiuri deportaciis gasaprotesteblad mowyobili mciremasStabiani aqciebi da mwvave gancxadebebi am Temaze. Tumca es mcdelobebi Zalian susti da uSedego iyo. sainteresoa, rom am organizaciaTa TandaTanobiTi gauqmeba moxda 2008 wlis omisa da mogvianebiT saqarTveloSi xelisuflebis cvlilebasTan erTad. amasTan 2003 wels Seqmnili erT-erTi gaerTianeba dRes saqarTveloSi moqmedebs, rogorc axalgaz-rduli arsamTavrobo organizacia.

3. 2007 wlis Semdeg gaCenili diasporuli organizaciebi – Tu davakvirdebiT qar-Tul-rusuli urTierTobebis ganviTarebis dinamikas, gansakuTrebiT 2006 wlidan qveynebs Soris politikuri situacia daZabul fazaSi Sedis. erTi mxriv, saqarTvelos mxridan ruseTis mimarT ritorika mkacrdeba, politikur diskursSi ruseTi calsaxad iZens „saqa-rTvelos saxelmwifoebriobisa da damoukideblobis mtris~ saxels, xolo, meore mxriv, ruseTis mxridan xdeba iq mcxovrebi aralegali qarTvelebis masobrivi gamoZeveba. swored am periodSi Seqmnili organizaciebi („qarTvelTa kavSiri ruseTSi~, „qarTvelTa kongre-si~ da sxva) gamoirCeva imiT, rom organizaciis dafuZnebis iniciatorebi ara imdenad di-asporis rigiTi wevrebi, inteligencia an sainiciativo jgufebi gvevlinebian, ramdenadac calkeuli pirovnebebi, ruseTSi moRvawe qarTveli biznesmenebis saxiT. maTgan umravle-soba ruseTis politikur wreebTan daaxloebuli piri iyo da gamoirCeoda politikuri gancxadebebiT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi iyo mkveTrad gamoxatuli politikuri ambiciebic. es yovelive qarTul sazogadoebaSi garkveul ukmayofilebas iwvevda. miuxedavad amisa, am droisTvis daarsebul organizaciaTagan erT-erTi „ruseTis qarTvelTa~ kavSiri Tavisi arsebobis manZilze mainc axerxebda ruseTis qarTvelTa garkveuli nawilis gaaqtiurebas, ZiriTadad kulturuli, saganmanaTleblo da humanitaruli mimarTulebiT. es iyo erTa-derTi organizacia, romelic qarTul media Tu sajaro sivrceSi Canda, rogorc ruseTSi arsebuli qarTuli diasporis warmomadgeneli. kvlevis mimdinareobisas moulodnelad cnobili gaxda am organizaciis gauqmebis Sesaxeb.

axalgazrduli qmediTi organizaciebi moskovisa da sankt-peterburgis masStabiT ar fiqsirdeba, Tumca arsebobs sxvadasxva universitetis bazaze Seqmnili axalgazrduli gaerTianebebi. isini ZiriTadad sauniversiteto sivrceSi sxva erovnebis studentebTan erTad ewevian sakuTari kulturis reprezentacias.

Tu ar CavTvliT ramdenime mcire gaerTianebas, romelic ganicdis rogorc material-uri, ise adamianuri resursis simcires, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes ruseTis qarTul dias-poraSi faqtiurad ar arsebobs iseTi organizacia, romelic moaxdenda ruseTis qarTuli sazogadoebis farTo fenebis integrirebas, sakuTar saqmianobas warmarTavda ara mxolod

22

kulturisa da enis SenarCuneba-gavrcelebaze, aramed iseT aqtivobebze, romlis meSveobi-Tac ruseTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs SeeZlebodaT sakuTari interesebis dacva da meti kav-Siris damyareba rogorc erTmaneTTa, ise saqarTvelosTan.

3 .1 . 1990-ian wlebSi Seqmnili organizaciebi da maTi dRis wesrigi jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris pirobebSi, ruseTSi arsebobda iq mcxovrebi qarTvelebis

mier Seqmnili organizaciebi, Tumca maT ufro metad kulturuli datvirTva gaaCndaT. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, 1987 wels sruliad ruseTis istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa dacvis sazogadoebis moskovis ganyofilebasTan dafuZnebuli pirveli qarTuli sazogadoeba – ruseTsa da saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa dacvis gaerTianeba „Zalisa~, romelic 1992 wlis reorganizaciis Sedegad gardaiqca „ruseT-saqarTvelos megobrobis sazogadoeba Zalisad~. es organizacia zrunavda ruseTSi arsebuli qarTuli kulturuli Zeglebis SenarCunebaze.

pirveli diasporuli organizaciebi, romlebic kulturulze metad politikur da samoqalaqo aqtivobebs axorcielebdnen, gaCndnen 1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragediis Semdeg. am periodSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi did vnebaTa Relvas iwvevda ara mxolod saqarTve-loSi, aramed mis farglebs gareT mcxovreb qarTvelebSic. am sazogadoebrivi gaerTiane-bebisTvis Tavdapirvelad damaxasiaTebeli iyo, ZiriTadad, miusafari ltolvili qarT-velebisTvis moklevadiani, yoveldRiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze, maT fizikur gadarCenaze zrunva. Tumca 90-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris ganviTarebuli procesebis paralelurad ukve SeimCneva am gaerTianebebis meti aqtivobebi politikuri mimarTulebiT. 32

„moskovis qarTvelTa saTvistomo~ – swored 9 aprilis tragedia daedo safuZvlad am organizaciis aRmocenebas. aprilis movlenebis Semdeg, moskovSi Sedga qarTvelebis saini-

ciativo jgufi, romlis mizanic iyo ru-suli sazogadoebisTvis da adgilobrivi qarTvelobisTvis miewodebina informacia 1989 wlis 9 aprils TbilisSi datriale-buli movlenebis Sesaxeb. amisTvis jgufi awyobda 9 aprils gadaRebuli video ma-salebis Cvenebas, Sexvedrebs qarTvel dep-utatebTan da rusuli inteligenciis war-momadgenlebTan, aseve jgufi organizebas uwevda sxvadasxva saprotesto aqciebis.33

sainiciativo jgufma organizaciuli saxe mogvianebiT miiRo, rodesac Catar-

da pirveli kreba, romelsac 850 adamiani eswreboda da, romelzec arCeul iqna mmarTveli organo, 15 kacisgan Semdgari „darbazi~, Tavmjdomare – medicinis mecnierebaTa kandida-ti daviT Tabagari da mdivani – Tamar revaziSvili. amasTan darbazis sxdomebi, ZiriTadad, tardeboda saqarTvelos kulturis ce ntr „mziurSi~ manamde, sanam 1990 wels saqarTvelos warmomadgenlobis mo Txo vniT saTvistomos gamoeyo calke Senoba arbatis quCaze.34 bolo periodSi saTvistomos prezidenti iyo Temur sturua, vice prezidentebi: biologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati daviT beritaSvili da filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati roin konjaria. aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTSi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi „qarTvelTa saTvistomos~ wevrebi iyvnen kaxa benduqiZe da kaxa lomaia, romlebmac e.w. „vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg rusuli diasporidan gadainacvles axladarCeuli xelisuflebis rigebSi. 32 ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, qeTevan CalaTaSvili, „qarTvelTa sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis moRvaweoba moskovSi,“ Tbilisi; 2006w. gv 49. ix.: http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0002/000013/Disertacia.Ch.pdf33 ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, qeTevan CalaTaSvili, „qarTvelTa sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis moRvaweoba moskovSi,“ Tbilisi; 2006w. gv 56. ix.: http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0002/000013/Disertacia.Ch.pdf34 iqve.

„es iyo erT-erTi yvelaze pir veli, na-cionalur-sazogadoeb rivi or ga niza cia, ro-melic moskovSi oficialurad dare gistrirda. im dRidan veweviT, ase vTqvaT, kulturul-sa-ganmanaTleblo mo Rva weobas. Tavidan, ra Tqma unda, Cveni organizacia Zalian politizire-buli iyo, sxvanairad arc SeiZleboda, es aris 89-90-iani wlebi, Zalian mZime periodi, magram mainc vaxerxebdiT bevri ramis keTebas~.

moskovis qarTvelTa saTvistomo

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rogorc organizaciis warmomadgenelTan saubarSi irkveva, Tavdapirvelad organi-zacia aerTianebda ramdenime aTass adamians, Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi es raodenoba Sem-cirda da dRevandel ZiriTad birTvs 30-mde wevri warmoadgens.

organizaciis wesdebis mixedviT, „qarTvelTa saTvistomos~ mizani iyo: „organizaciis wevrebis ZalTa gaerTianeba saqarTvelodan iZulebiT wamosuli moqalaqeebis kulturu-li, socialuri da religiuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, maTi nacionaluri TviTidentifikaciis SesanarCuneblad da agreTve qarTuli kulturis, enis, wes-Cveule-bebis propaganda da sxva xalxebTan megobrobis ganmtkiceba~.35

saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis kuTxiT, saTvistomom aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo arba-tis quCaze mdebare qarTuli skola-liceumis gaxsnaSi. organizaciasTan gamudmebiT fun-qcionirebda qarTuli enis Semswavleli kursebi, agreTve jer kidev 90-iani wlebis dasawy-isSi Seiqmna moskovis qarTul saTvistomo-sTan arsebuli vaJTa folkloruli ansam-bli „lomisi~, romelic dRemde ganagrZobs moRvaweobas.36 saTvistomos veb-gverdze aseve naxsenebia, rom organizaciis aqtiuri muSaobis Sedegad moxerxda wm. giorgis saxe-lobis moskovis qarTuli eklesiis aRdgena.

saTvistomos veb-gverdidan aseve irkveva, rom organizacia saqvelmoqmedo RonisZiebebsac axorcielebda, magaliTad 1991 wels saqarTveloSi momxdari miwisZ-vris Sedegad dazaralebuli mosaxleo-bisTvis saTvistomom 11 TviTmfrinavi humanitaruli daxmareba gagzavna.37

saTvistomos aqtivobebi 2003-2004 wlebis Semdgom SedarebiT mcirdeba, 2005 wels mox-da saqarTvelos mflobelobaSi arsebuli „mziuris~ Senobisa da arbatis quCaze arsebuli sxva Senobebis gayidva, ris Sedegadac saTvistomo aRmoCnda Ria cis qveS. dRes moskovis qa-rTvelTa saTvistomos sakuTari aqtivobebidan SemorCa folkloruli ansambli „lomisi~ da qarTuli enis Semswavleli perioduli kursebi.

„qarTvelTa sazogadoeba ruseTSi~ – es iyo nebayoflobiTi TviTmarTvadi saganmanaT-leblo sazogadoebrivi gaerTianeba, romelic aseve 1989 wlis Semdeg dafuZnda. am orga-nizacias sakmaod kargad gamokveTili struqtura da regionaluri organizaciebi gaaCn-da, amasTan organizaciis saTaveSi idgnen qarTuli diasporis sakmaod gavleniani war-momadgenlebi. sazogadoebis pirveli prezidenti iyo iveri frangiSvili – saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis marTvis problemebis institutis direqtori, vice prezidenti severian cagareiSvili – teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtori da profesori. organizaciis struqtura Sedgeboda saorganizacio-sakoordina-cio, kulturisa da xelovnebis, samedicino-gamajansaRebeli, socialuri dacvis, mecnier-ebisa da ganaTlebis, axalgazrdobisa da sportis, saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo, ekonomikuri seqtorebisa da prescentrisgan. 38

miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoebis ZiriTad miznebs warmoadgenda qarTuli kultur-is, enisa da tradiciebis Se narCuneba, qarTveli xalxis istoriisa da kulturis Seswavla, saganmanaTleblo-samecniero saqmianoba da gamomcemloba, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi „qa-

35 ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, qeTevan CalaTaSvili, „qarTvelTa sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis moRvaweoba moskovSi“ Tbilisi 2006w. gv 56. ix.: http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0002/000013/Disertacia.Ch.pdf36 moskovis qarTvelTa saTvistomos veb-gverid; moskovis qarTvelTa saTvistomos istoriidan; ix.: http://www.mgz.ru/MGZ_Site_G/MGCommunity.htm37 „moskovis qarTvelTa saTvistomos istoriidan,“ix.: http://www.mgz.ru/MGZ_Site_G/MGCommunity.htm38 ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, qeTevan CalaTaSvili, „qarTvelTa sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis moRvaweoba moskovSi“ Tbilisi 2006w. gv 62. ix.: http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0002/000013/Disertacia.Ch.pdf

„es eklesia sul Tavidan Cven aRv ad-gineT... Cveni organizaciis prezidenti Temur sturua iyo, romelmac Tavis Tavze aiRo 91 wlidan am eklesiis aRdgenis yve-la sakiTxi. mogexsenebaT, iq iyo marto ke-dlebi...Tumca Cvenamdec bevri cdilobda qarTuli eklesis aRdgenas, magram Cven ase vTqvaT, ufro gagviRima bedma, imitom rom eklesia gadaeca mrevls...ormocdaaTamde satvirTo man qana nagavi gavitaneT iqidan~.

moskovis qarTvelTa saTvistomo

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rTvelTa sazogadoebisTvis~ mTavar sa z-runavs mainc iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pir-TaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena war mo a dgenda.

amasTan afxazeTis Temaze organizaci-is iniciativiT ewyoboda „mrgvali magidis~ ganxilvebic. organizacia aqtiurad iyo CarTuli samoqalaqo procesebSi, rac ga mo-ixateboda imaSi, rom qarTul-rusul urT-ierTobebsa Tu saqarTveloSi arsebul mov-lenebze organizaciis wevrebi, TiTqmis yov-elTvis, afiqsirebdnen garkveul poziciebs, romlebic im droisTvis gazeT „izvestiaSi~ ibeWdeboda.

aseve sakmaod masStaburi iyo sazogadoebis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba. rogorc irkveva, sazogadoeba organizebas uwevda qarTuli enis Semswavlel da saqarTve-los istoriis Semswavlel kursebs, qoreografiul ansambls, aseve intensiurad atarebda qarTuli kulturis gavrcelebisa da popularizaciisTvis saRamoebs farTo auditori-isTvis, sadac monawileobas iRe bdnen ara mxolod qarTuli diasporis warmomadgenlebi, aramed rusuli sazo gadoebac da moskovSi myofi sxva diasporebis warmomadgenlebi.

organizacia „qarTvelTa sazogadoe-ba ruseTSi~ qarTul diasporaze mimarTul saqmianobas axorcielebda sxva rusul orga-nizaciebTan TanamSromlobis meS veobiTac, magaliTad 1994 wels sazogadoeba gaxda „saqarTvelosTan megobruli, kulturu-li da saqmiani TanamSromlobis asocia-ciis~ damfuZnebeli ruseTis sa mo qalaqo diplomatiis saerTaSoriso ko mi tetTan da humanitaruli iniciativebis saerTaSo-

riso fondTan erTad. asociaciis prezidenti iyo gazeT „izvestias~ yofili redaqtori igor golembiovski. es organizacia aerTianebda sxvadasxva dargis cnobil russ da qarT-vel moRvaweebs, asociaciis vice prezidentebi iyvnen: medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori g. gigineiSvili; ruseTis samxatvro akademiis prezidenti zurab wereTeli; filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori b. firsovi, ruseTis transplantologiisa da xelovnuri orga-noebis institutis direqtori v. Sumakovi da sxva39...

„ruseTis qarTvelTa sazogadoebis~ aq-tivobebi 2000-iani wlebis Semdeg nel-nela Sesustda, rac ganpirobebuli iyo ramdenime faqtoriT: pirveli problema, „ruseTis qa-rTvelTa saTistomos~ msgavsad, ukavSird-eba „mziuris~ Senobis gayidvas. meore mniS-vnelovani mizezi, ris gamoc „ruseTis qarTvelTa sazogadoebis~ moRvaweoba Seferxda, iyo am organizaciis damfuZneblisa da Tavmjdomaris iveri frangiSvilis gardacvaleba. organizaciis yofili wevrebis gancxadebiT, misi pirovnuli faqtori didad ganapirobeb-da organizaciis warmatebulobas.

39 ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, qeTevan CalaTaSvili, „qarTvelTa sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis moRvaweoba moskovSi“ Tbilisi 2006w. gv 68-70; 100; 101;103. ix.: http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0002/000013/Disertacia.Ch.pdf

„es organizacia reagirebda yvela mov-lenaze, romelic xdeboda ruseTis fed-eraciaSi da rac exeboda saqarTvelos. ai, magaliTad, omi afxazeTSi, pirveli – rac unda gagvekeTebina: ltolvilebi migveRo, dagvebinavebina, raRac fuli migveca, raRac unda gagvekeTebina. viRacas SeeZlo mowyo-ba, viRacas ara, viRacebs Cven vexmarebodiT, Cvens saxlebSi migvyavda~.

qarTvelTa sazogadoeba ruseTSi

„iciT, ra momwonda yvelaze me tad... RonisZiebebs vakeTebdiT did darbazebSi, magali Tad, WavWavaZis sa Ramoze davpati-JeT sxva diasporebic, moskovelebi, rom isi nic gascnobo d nen Cvens kulturas, Cveni kulturuli cxovrebis propagandas vewe odiT~.


„iveri frangiSvili gardaicvala, amis Semdeg Cven kide 2 weli viarsebeT, is risi gakeTebac SeeZlo marTvis problemebis institutis direqtors, im adamians, romelic exmareba saxelmwifos, monawileobas iRebs sxvadasxva proeqtis dafuZnebaSi, aZlevs rekomendaciebs, risi gakeTebac mas SeeZlo, Cven ukve aRar gamogvdioda mis gareSe.~


25

saboloo jamSi, „qarTvelTa sazogadoeba ruseTSi,~ romelsac ukve faqtiurad arsebo-ba Sewyvetili hqonda, 2007 wels SeuerTda axali diasporuli organizaciis Seqmnis ideas, romlis avtoric ruseTSi moRvawe qarTveli biznesmeni mixeil xubutia iyo.

sankt-peterburgis qarTuli saT vi s tomo `iveria~ – es organizaciac, moskovis qarT-velTa saTvistomos msgavsad, 1989 wels daarsda, romlis saTaveSic idgnen peterburgSi moRvawe qarTveli eqimebi, mxatvrebi, inJinrebi, Jurnalistebi, Teatris moRvaweebi da sx-vadasxva universitetebis studentebi. saTvistomos veb-gverdze organizaciis miznebad gansazRvrulia: qarTveli xalxis nacionaluri, kulturuli, sulieri, enobrivi da tradi-ciuli sakiTxebiT dainteresebul moqalaqeTa gaerTianeba. eweva qarTuli kulturis, xe-lovnebis, saxalxo Semoqmedebis miRwevebis propagandas. xels uwyobs qarTul-rusuli ka-vSirebis gaZlierebas, axorcielebs saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas, xels uwyobs sankt-peter-burgisa da ruseTis sxva regionebis erovnul-kulturul sazogadoebebs Soris saqmiani kavSirebis damyarebas. organizebas uwevs gastrolebs, koncertebs gamofenebs, rogorc peterburgis qarTveli warmomadgenlebisa, ise qarTveli peterburgelebis – saqarTve-loSi.40

organizacias 1992 wlidan hyavs ucvleli prezidenti bi-znesmeni badri kakabaZe. is ruseTSi cnobilia, rogorc erT-er-Ti warmatebuli qarTveli biznesmeni. mas ekuTvnis kompania „pe-troxolodi~, romlis erT-erT mTavar mimarTulebas sakvebi produqtiT vaWroba da nayinis warmoeba-realizacia Seadgens. dReisTvis es kompania 200-mde kompaniasTan TanamSromlobs da ruseTis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi nayinis yvelaze msxvili mwarmoebelia. araoficialuri informaciiT, badri kakabaZe aseve flobs ramdenime msxvil restorans sankt-peterburg-Si.41 ruseTis federaciisa Tu saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mxri-dan badri kakabaZes sxvadasxva dros miniWebuli aqvs sxvadasxva xarisxis wodebebi, magaliTad: marTlmadidebluri qristia-nobis winaSe gaweuli didi RvawlisaTvis ruseTis sinodisa da ruseTis „pirovnebaTa palatis~ gadawyvetilebiT 1999 wels b. kakabaZe dajildovda wm. giorgis I xarisxis ordeniT da mieniWa Tavadis wodeba. amave wels saqarTvelos prezidentis gankargulebiT dajildovda Rirsebis ordeniT peterburgSi qa-rTuli saTvistomos Camoyalibebis organizaciaSi aqtiuri monawileobisaTvis, qarTveli da rusi xalxebis megobrobis ganmtkicebaSi Setanili piradi wvlilisaTvis.42

rogorc irkveva, organizacia peterburgSi aqtiur politikur, samoqalaqo da human-itarul saqmianobas eweoda 90-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis para-lelurad. 1992 wels, omis dros, peterburgelma qarTvelebma Seagroves humanitaruli tvirTi, romelic zugdidsa da soxumSi Caitanes. aseve diasporis wevrebi monawileobas iRebdnen ruseTis federaciaSi afxazeTidan devnilebis dabinavebaSi. organizaciis xe-lSewyobiT gaixsna peterburgis qarTuli skola. amasTan moskovis qarTvelTa saTvisto-mos msgavsad, peterburgis diasporam saqarTveloSi datrialebul 9 aprilis movlenebze pirveli saprotesto aqcia 1989 wlis maisSi gamarTa.43

badri kakabaZisa da iq mcxovrebi qarTveli biznesmenebis: gia gviCias, soslan xarebo-vis, soso kutalias, boris berulavasa da jambul gadelias xelSewyobiT moxerxda peter-burgis qarTuli eklesiis aRdgena-restavracia, romelic 10 wels gagrZelebula.44 aseve

40 Грузины Санкт-петербурга прошлое и настоящее; Региональная общественная организация «Санкт-Петербургское грузинское землячество «Иверия» (Грузинское землячество) ix.: http://www.piterge.ru/gruzinskie_organizacii_peterburga41 „yvelaze cnobili qarTveli milioneri sankt-peterburgSi“26 dekemberi, 2014w. ix.: http://www.ambebi.ge/ekonomikao/119397-yvelaze-cnobili-qarthveli-milioneri-sant-peterburgshi.html42 „qarTvelebi sankt-peterburgSi,“ naTia gogitiZe. ix.: http://www.dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/9557/1/Qartvelebi%20_Peterburgshi.pdf43 iqve.44 Церковь Шестоковской иконы Божией Матери; იხ.: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Церковь_Шестоковской_иконы_Божией_Матери

Cveni diaspora ar aris politizirebuli organi-zacia, kulturul da sa-ganmanaTleblo moRvaweo-bas eweva, gavqvs rusul-qa-rTuli skola, romelSic swavloben Cveni qarTveli bavSvebi, iReben ganaTle-bas qarTul enaze, gvaqvs Cveni ansambli da sxva...

qarTvelTa saTvistomo

`iveria~

26

sankt-peterburgis qarTul diasporasTan arsebobs qarTuli qoreografiul-folklor-uli ansambli `iveria~.

90-iani wlebis Semdgomi periodidan funqcionirebdnen iseTi organizaciebi, rogore-bic iyo: moskovis qarTveli axalgazrdebis kavSiri, i. WavWavaZis saxelobis qarTuli kul-turis moyvarulTa sazogadoeba, diasporebTan urTierTobisa da erovnuli Tanxmobis sazogadoebrivi centri, am organizaciebis ZiriTadi samizne jgufi mainc afxazeTidan da samxreT oseTidan devnili mosaxleoba, maT problemebsa da saWiroebebze muSaoba iyo. Ta-namedrove periodSi aRniSnuli organizaciebis Sesaxeb Ria wyaroebSi informacia TiTqmis ar moiZebneba, rac iZleva imis varaudis SesaZleblobas, rom maTgan umetesi gauqmda an ubralod aRar eweva aqtiur moRvaweobas.

vladikavkazis kulturul-nacionaluri sazogadoeba „erToba~– Crdiloose Tis re-spublika aris is erT-erTi pirveli regioni ruseTis federaciaSi sadac didi raodenobiT qarTvelebi cxovroben. CrdilooseTis mosaxleobis eTnikur SemadgenelSi qarTvelebi ikaveben adgils rusebis, somxebis, inguSebisa da yumiyebis (daRestnuri warmoSobis xalx-ebi) Semdeg da maTi raodenoba – 9098-s Seadgens.45 CrdilooseTis qarTvelebis umetesoba (75,7%) vladikavkazSi cxovrobs, Tumca arsebobs qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli punqtebi mag-aliTad sofeli Cmi, larsi, balta.46

qarTuli diasporuli organizacia „erToba~ vladikavkazSi funqcionirebs 1990 wl-idan. is Seqmnilia erovnebaTaSorisi sazogadoebrivi moZraoba „Cveni oseTis~ bazaze. es aris CrdilooseTis TviTmmarTvelobasTan arsebuli oficialuri organizacia, romelic qarTul diaporasTan erTad aerTianebs CrdilooseTSi mcxovreb sxva xalxebis diasporul organizaciebsac. organizacia „erTobis~ pirveli prezidenti iyo aleqsandre buCukuri – II msf. omis veterani, pedagogi, skolis yofili direqtori, qarTuli diasporis erT-erTi yvelaze damsaxurebuli da xandazmuli warmomadgeneli. 1993 wlidan dRemde organizaci-is prezidentis Tanamdebobas ikavebs robert cindeliani. igi warmoadens CrdilooseTis damsaxurebul moqalaqes, sxvadasxva dros ikavebda Tanamdebobebs respublikis sawarmoo seqtorSi, 90-ian wlebSi monawileobda qarTul-osur molaparakebebSi, arCeuli iyo qalaq-is mmarTvelTa sabWoSic. dRes cindeliani „vladikavkazis kirovis saxelobis vagonSem-keTebeli qarxnis~ direqtoris moadgilis Tanamdebobazea.

vinaidan Tavad regioni, moskovTan da peterburgTan SedarebiT pataraa da qarT-velebic kompaqturad saxloben, diasporuli gaerTianeba „erToba~ vladikavkazSi cno-bili organizaciaa, aq erTiandebian qalaqis sxvadasxva profesiis (pedagogebi, profe-sorebi, sportsmenebi) qarTveli warmomadgenlebi. gansxvavebiT didi qalaqis qarTuli diasporebisgan, aqauri qarTvelebi istoriuli diasporis STamomavlebs warmoadgenen da adgilobriv sazogadoebaSic ufro integrirebulni arian. organizacia „erToba~ aqtiur monawileobas iRebs qalaqis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. TanamSromlobs sxva sazogadoe-briv da diasporul organizaciebTan, aseve CrdilooseTis respublikis mmarTvelobasTan. vladikavkazSi dRemde funqcionirebs erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli qarTuli skola, romelic osi xalxis ganmanaTleblad wodebuli, mixeil yifianis daarsebulia.47 skola ukve 127 wels iTvlis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom CrdilooseTis respublikis qarTuli diaspora mraval qarTvels iTvlis da maTgan umetesoba garkveul wilad qarTuli istoriuli diasporis tradicias agrZelebs, saqarTvelosTan maTi kavSiri Zalian sustia. metic, rogorc diasporis war-momadgenlebTan saubrisas gairkva, 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli CrdilooseTis qarTul diasporasa da qarTul mxares Soris keTilganwyobili urTierTobebi arasodes ar yofila. saubrisas axsenebdnen zviad gamsaxurdias da mis negatiur damokidebulebas Crdiloos-

45 „Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года,“ ix.: dokumenti „Национальный состав населения по субъектам Российской Федерации;“ xelmwisawvdomia:http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/perepis_itogi1612.htm46 грузинская диаспора в республике Северная Осетия- Алания, В.З. Дзидзишвили, Владикавказ, 2010г. Ст.:1547 „kosta xeTagaTi“ m. valieva r. CeTiTi; gamomcemloba „sabWoTa saqarTvelos“; Tbilisi 1981w. gv.:34-45

27

eTis respublikaSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis mimarT. aseve aRniSnavdnen, rom iq mcxovrebi qarTvelebisTvis miuRebeli iyo is politika, rasac nacionaluri moZraoba samxreT os-eTis regionis mimarT axorcielebda. organizacias araerTxel miuweria saqarTvelos prezidentisTvis werili, romliTac xelmomwerni afrTxilebdnen prezidents, „ra pro-vokaciebic ar unda xdebodes regionSi, omze wasvla orive mxarisTvis damRupveli iqneba~, Tumca, organizaciis wevrebis TqmiT, pasuxad araferi miuRiaT. saqarTveloSi erTaderTi figura, romelzec qarTuli diasporis warmomadgenlebi dadebiTad saubrobdnen da rom-lis mimarTac pativiscemas gamoxatavdnen, iyo saqarTvelos patriarqi ilia II. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelosTan CrdilooseTis qarTul diasporas didi Sexeba ar aqvs, organi-zaciis warmomadgenlebi aRniSnavdnen, rom qarTuli identoba da patriotizmi qarTveleb-Si dRemdea SenarCunebuli, Tumca organizaciaSi ar malavdnen im problemasac, rom sul ufro cota axalgazrdebis dainteresebas qarTuli eniTa da kulturiT.

3 .2 . 2003 wlis Semdgom Seqmnili organizaciebi da maTi saqmianobasaqarTveloSi 2003 wlis vardebis revoluciis Semdeg ganviTarebuli procesebis para-

lelurad saintereso movlenas vawydebiT ruseTis qarTul diasporaSi, kerZod, 2003 wli-dan SeimCneva qarTuli diasporuli gaerTianebebis aqtiurad Seqmnis tendencia. aseTi or-ganizaciebi iyo, magaliTad: sazogadoebrivi moZraoba „dabruneba~ (2003 wlis dekemberi), saerTaSoriso sainiciativo jgufi „afxazeTi~, (2004 wlis Tebervali). informaciuli cen-tri „sazogadoebrivi laboratoria: qarTuli diasporis samoqalaqo jgufi~ (2004 wlis ivnisi); axalgazrduli moZraoba „lazare~ (2005 wlis ianvari).48 CamoTvlil organizaciaTa Sesaxeb Ria wyaroebSi informacia fiqsirdeba mxolod ramdenime maTganze:

sazogadoebrivi moZraoba „dabruneba~ 49 – organizacia Seiqmna 2003 wlis 1 dekembers. „moZraobis~ miznebi ar gansxvavdeba sxva diasporuli organizaciebis miznebisgan Tumca sainteresoa, rom `dabrunebam~ aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo moskovsa da moskovis olqSi ganTavsebuli mTawmindis saarCevno olqis ubnebSi saqarTvelos 2003 wlis noembris sapa-rlamento arCevnebis CatarebaSi. maT TiToeul ubanze hyavdaT TavianTi damkvirveblebi, romlebic Tval yurs adevnebdnen da akontrolebdnen arCevnebis mimdinareobas. amasTan moZraoba aqtiurad monawileobda saqarTvelos ax ladarCeuli prezidentis mixeil saa ka-S vilis inauguraciis dRis aRsaniSnavi sazeimo RonisZiebebis momzadebasa da Ca tarebaSi.50 am organizaciis Sesaxeb rusul wyaroebSi informacia ar moiZebneba, xolo qarTul wy-aroebSi arsebobs erTaderTi gverdi socialur qselSi, sadac „sazogadoebrivi moZraoba „dabruneba~ warmodgenilia, rogorc saqarTveloSi moqmedi organizacia, romelic Zir-iTadad mwvave gancxadebebs akeTebs ruseTis mimarTulebiTa,51 da afxazeTis Tematikaze.52 aseve TanamSromlobs iseT organizaciasTan, rogoricaa „Tavisufali zona~.

„sazogadoebrivi laboratoria: qarTuli diasporis samoqalaqo jgufi~ – es aris organizacia, romelic 2004 wlis ivnisSi moskovSi arsebul qarTul saxlTan Camoyalibda. is ar warmoadgenda klasikuri tipis diasporul gaerTianebas, aramed mimarTuli iyo ufro metad analitikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisken. organizaciis veb gverdze miTiTebu-lia, rom laboratoriis ZiriTadi mizani iyo „informaciuli sazogadoebis pirobebSi

48 ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, qeTevan CalaTaSvili, „qarTvelTa sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis moRvaweoba moskovSi“ Tbilisi 2006 w. 49 ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti; qeTevan CalaTaSvili, „qarTvelTa sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis moRvaweoba moskovSi“ Tbilisi 2006 w. gv 83; 100; 101;103. ix.: http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0002/000013/Disertacia.Ch.pdf50 ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, qeTevan CalaTaSvili, „qarTvelTa sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis moRvaweoba moskovSi“ Tbilisi 2006w. gv 83. ix.: http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0002/000013/Disertacia.Ch.pdf51 „moZraoba dabruneba mogiwodebT xma ar misceT ruseTume partiebs,“ Newposts, ivnisi, 2014 w. ix.:http://newposts.ge/?l=G&id=41914-მოძრაობა,%20დაბრუნება 52 “moZraoba “dabruneba“ afxazeTis mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT preskonferencias marTavs” Geonews, 15 seqtemberi, 2014w. ix.: http://geonews.ge/geo/news/story/56345-modzraoba_dabruneba_gancxadeba

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globalizaciis procesis gamowvevebis gaazreba da maTi interpretacia qarTuli diasporaluri sinamdvilisaTvis~.53 aseve saubaria organizaciis daarsebis ideis Ses-axeb, romelic saqarTveloSi 2003 wels gan-viTarebuli movlenebis paralelurad dae-badaT iniciatorebs – „moskovis diasporam saTanadod Seafasa 12 wliani neo-sabWouri nomenklaturis mmarTvelobis dasasruli da daijera, rom demokratiuli gza ers, saxelmwifosa da adamianebs miscems maTi mondomebis Sesabamisi ganviTarebis sa-Sualebas~ – saubaria organizaciis saqmia-nobis aRweraSi.

laboratoriis damfuZnebeli da xe-lmZRvaneli iyo sociologi badri quTe-

lia. laboratoriis kvleviT saqmianobaSi CarTuli iyvnen ruseTSi sxvadasxva dargSi moRvawe qarTvelebi (fsiqologebi, sociologebi, istorikosebi). organizacia 2004 wl-idan axorcielebda diasporis warmomadgenlebis periodul Sexvedrebsa da marTavda gan xilvebs iseT Temebze, rogorebicaa: saq arTveloSi im droisaTvis mimdinare movlen-ebi, devnilTa problemebi, saqa rTvelo ru-sul media-sivrceSi, var debis revoluciis fenomeni da qarTul-rusul urTierTobebSi im droisTvis mimdinare procesebi.54

aRniSnuli organizacia aseve Ta na m S-romlobda moskovis qarTvelTa saT vi s -tomosTan, ruseTis qarTvelTa sazo ga-doebasTan da qarTuli diasporis calkeul warmomadgenlebTan (kulturisa da mecnier-ebis moRvaweebTan). sazogadoebrivi labora-toriis saqmianoba 2008 wlis ag vistos mov-lenebis Semdeg TandaTan ik lebs da 2012 wl-isTvis funqcionirebas sabolood wyvets.

moskovis axalgazrduli moZraoba „lazare~55 – saqarTvelos axalgazrda in te-leqtualTa gaerTianeba „lazare~ Seiqmna 2005 wels moskovSi. pirvel etapze organizaciis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda ruseTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebSi cnobierebis amaRleba saqa-rTvelos istoriisa da kulturis Sesaxeb, qarTuli enis gavrceleba adgilobriv axal-gazrdebSi da moskovSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis konsolidacia, iseT sakiTxebze, rogoric aris qarTvelebis deportacia 2006 wels da 2008 wlis qarTul-rusuli omi. rogorc or-ganizaciis veb-gverdzea miTiTebuli, organizacia aqtiurad marTavda mrgval magidebs, sajaro diskusiebsa da awarmoebda sainformacio kampaniebs, raTa momxdariyo im sainfor-macio vakuumis daZleva, romelic arsebobda rusul mediaSi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi 2006 wlis Semdgom.56

2008 wlis Semdgom organizaciis wevrebma da damfuZneblebma daiwyes saqarTveloSi dabruneba da 2011 wels daafuZnes saqarTveloSi arasamTavrobo organizacia analogiuri saxeliT. amis Semdgom „lazare~ faqtiurad wyvets sakuTar saqmianobas ruseTSi da misi

53 qarTul saxlTan arsebuli informaciuli centri – sazogadoebrivi laboratoria, ix.: http://civiclab.narod.ru/civic/c8_struc/g8struc_idea.htm54 `sazogadoebrivi laboratoria – problemebis axleburi gaazreba,~ badri quTelia, guram maRlakeliZe; ix.:civiclab.narod.ru/civic/c4_resea/ginfocenter_tbrconfer200509.doc55 saqarTvelos axalgazrda inteleqtualTa gaerTianeba „lazare“ ix.: http://www.lazare.org/56 „axalgazrduli organizacia lazare,“ ix.:http://lazare.org/en/

„2008 wlidan „laboratoriis~ aq tiuroba cotaTi Semcirda da gan sakuTrebiT 2010 wl-idan Zalian SevzR ude moRvaweoba. 2006-Si represiebi iyo, 2008-Si viciT, rac iyo da ai amis fonze ese igi is mimarTuleba, romel-sac SeiZleba davarqvaT erovnuli an...samo-qalaqo datvirTva rasac hqonda, is ukve Sez-Ruduli iyo da amitom...mere aqeT wamovedi xo da amitom aRar gagrZelda es~.

sazogadoebrivi laboratoria

rasac hqvia socialu ri mxare aq ti vobisa, Tavi gavaneboT politikurs, socialu-ri aqtivoba gadatanili iyo kulturaze, davukraT, koncerti Cava taroT, vicekvoT, vimReroT da ase Semdeg. am dros probleme-bi sul sxva iyo da ara is, rom qarTvelebma cekva ar ician an simRera da a.S... da, ai, amis fonze gadavwyviteT Segveqmna es organizacia „samoqalaqo laboratoria~, TviTon sa xeli migvaniSnebs imas, rom politikuri datvirT-va hqonda, ufro sworad, socio-politikuri datvirTva hqonda imitom, rom orientirebu-li iyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaken~.

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profili srulad icvleba. am etapze orga-nizaciis mTavar mizans warmoadgens:

1. samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis amaRle-ba da individualizmis Camoyalibeba axal-gaz rdebSi;

2. axalgazrdebSi profesiuli Se saZ-leblobebis aRmoCenasa da realizebaSi xe-lSewyoba qveynis sakeTildReod.

organizaciis damfuZnebeli joni kva-racxeliaa, romelic 1997 wlidan wamoad-genda „qarTvelTa saTvistomos~ wevrs. igi aris „lazares~ amJamindeli prezidentic. unda aRiniSnos, rom „lazares~ pozicia iseT sakiTxebze rogoricaa 2008 wlis qarTul-rusul omi, da, zogadad, qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis mimarT damokidebulebebi, umetes SemTxevaSi, emTxveoda saakaSvilis administraciis xedvebs. mas Semdeg rac saqarTveloSi xelisufleba Seicvala, am organizaciis damfuZneblebi da wevrebi kvlav ganagrZoben wina xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis sxvadasxva formebiT mxardaWeras.57

3 .3 2007 wlis Semdgom Seqmnili qarTuli diasporuli organizaciebi da maTi saqmianoba„qarTvelTa kavSiri ruseTSi~58 – dafuZnda 2007 wels moskovSi sami diasporuli orga-

nizaciis gaerTianebiT: 1. „qarTvelTa sazogadoeba ruseTSi~ – prezidenti severian cagareiSvili;2. „ruseTis qarTvelebis kavSiri~ – prezidenti mixeil xubutia; 3. „rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi saxalxo diplomatiis

regionaluri organizacia~ – Tavmjdomare koba qarCava.59 Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom winamdebare kvlevis mimdinareobisas, moulodnelad cnobili

gaxda ruseTis federaciis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier gamotanili ganaCenis Sesaxeb, rom-lis mixedviTac organizacia daeqvemdebara likvidacias.60

zemoT naxsenebi sami organizaciidan mxolod erTs, „qarTvelTa sazogadoebas ruseT-Si~, hqonda xangrZlivad arsebobis gamocdileba, swored am organizaciis struqtura daedo safuZlad „ruseTis qarTvelTa kavSirs~ danarCeni ori organizacia ki realurad mxolod qaRaldze arsebobda. rogorc „ruseTis qarTvelTa kavSiris~ veb-gverdzea naTq-vami, igi funqcionirebda ruseTis 47 regionSi. organizaciis saqmianobis ZiriTad mimar-Tulebebs warmoadgenda: „saxalxo diplomatia da TanamemamuleTa daxmareba, qarTvelTa kavSiris moRvaweoba mimarTulia mravalerovnul ruseTSi mSvidobisa da urTierTgagebis xelSewyobaze da istoriuli da kulturuli kavSirebis SenarCunebaze saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris~. 61

„qarTvelTa kavSiri ruseTSi~ axor ci elebda kulturul, humanitarul da sa gan-manaTleblo proeqtebs. organizaciis finansuri xelSewyobiT sxvadasxva dros imarTe-boda qarTuli kulturis saRamoebi, saqvelmoqmedo aqciebi, ewyoboda qarTuli enis Semswavleli kursebi, garda amisa, organizaciis bazaze Seiqmna qarTuli cekvis ansamb-li „jorjia~. amasTan, organizaciis warmomadgenlebi xazs usvamen moskovis wm. giorgis saxelobis qarTuli eklesiis reabilitaciaSi organizaciis mier gaweul Rvawls. rogorc gaerTianebis veb-gverdzea miTiTebuli, es organizacia aseve aqtiurad awarmoebda sxva-

57 SedarebisTvis ix. pres-konferencia Temaze: „moZraoba „lazare“ merabiSvilisa da WiaberaSvilis dakavebas gmobs“ News.ge, 22 maisi, 2013w. xelmisawvdomia: http://news.ge/ge/news/story/55439-modzraoba-lazare-merabishvilisa-da-chiaberashvilis-dakavebas-gmobs58 Союз Грузин в России იხ.: http://www.georgians.ru/59 „2007 wlis 21 aprils moskovis maneJis SenobaSi Sedga axali diasporaluri organizaciis damfuZnebeli kreba,“ ix.: http://civiclab.narod.ru/civic/c2_socies/socies2007/gru20070421g.htm60 „sasamarTlos-gadawyvetilebiT-ruseTSi-qarTvelTa-kavSiri-daixura.“ Frontnews, 18 seqtemberi, 2015w. ix.: http://www.frontnews.ge/ge/news/8743161 УСТАВ Общероссийской общественной организации «Союз грузин в России» იხ.: http://georgians.ru/images/ustav.pdf

„2006-Si rom iyo qarTvelebis ga modevna iqidan, Tu gaxsovT, maSin ra vici, raRaca mamoZravebda Sinaganad, magram davrbodi. ar mevaleboda, iuridiulad ar mqonda amis ufleba, magram davrbodi, telefonebi mqon-da saerTaSoriso da c visa da vuvardebodi pirdapir sa pasporto magidebs...~

organizacia `lazare~

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dasxva media produqtebs. magaliTad, am or-ganizaciis egidiT gamodioda yovelkvireu-li rusulenovani gazeTi „moskovi-Tbilisi~. Tavad veb gverdi ki umetesad funqcionirebs, rogorc damoukidebeli sainformacio anal-itikuri portali – aq orive enaze SexvdebiT rogorc qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis sferoSi momxdari siaxleebs, ise or qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb informacias.

„qarTvelTa kavSiri ruseTSi~ daaxloebu-li iyo ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sapatriarqosTan. organizaciis prezidenti, mixeil xubutia, dajildoebulia rusuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis pirveli xarisxis medliT ~Rirsi sergi radoneJski~ da sruliad ruseTis moskovis patriarqis sigeliT ~ru-suli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis sadideblad gaweuli bejiTi Sromis kurTxevis niSnad~.62

organizaciis damfuZnebeli da Seucvleli prezidenti iyo mixeil xubutia. xubutia aris ruseTis moqalaqe, eTnikurad qarTveli. mas aqvs mWidro kavSirebi ruseTis amJa-mindel xelisuflebasTan. mas ramdenjerme hqonda SesaZlebloba, Sexvedroda vladimer putins bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi. xubutia aris ruseTis mmarTveli partiis „erTiani ruseTis~ wevri. igi CarTulia ZiriTadad Semdeg biznes sferoebSi: sanadiro iaraRiT vaW-roba, kvebis produqtebis qseli da uZravi qonebis biznesi.63 erT-erT interviuSi xubutiam aRniSna, rom 2012 wlamde xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli diasporis sakiTxebze 17 mili-oni dolari aqvs daxarjuli.64

organizaciis gauqmebis mizezebTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs sxvadasxva mosazrebebi. oficialurad cnobilia, rom ruseTis uzenaesma sasamarTlom organizaciis likvidaciis gadawyvetileba miiRo ruseTis iusticiis saministros mier organizaciaSi ganxorciele-buli Semowmebis Sedegad. rogorc aRmoCnda, qarTvelTa kavSiri ruseTSi, gamomdinare misi wesdebidan da mTeli rigi formaluri procedurebis ar Sesrulebis gamo, ver akmay-ofilebs e.w. „sruliad ruseTis sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis~ samarTlebriv statuss. Tumca Tavad organizaciis damfuZnebels da prezidents mixeil xubutias miaCnia, rom mis winaaRmdeg garkveuli pirovnebebi axorcieleben devnas da swored am devnas Seewira misi organizaciac.65 Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvelTa kavSirTan erTad samarTlebrivi gaumarTaobis gamo daixura sxva erovnebaTa diasporuli organizaciebic.

„qarTvel xalxTa msoflio kongresi~66 – dafuZnda 2009 wels avstriaSi, venaSi. damatebiT, imave wels ruseTSi, sankt-peterburgSi dafuZnda amave organizaciis filiali ruseTSi. 2009 wels, seqtemberSi, saqarTvelos sajaro reestrSi registracia gaiara amave organizaciis saqarTvelos warmomadgenlobam. organizaciis damfuZnebeli da preziden-tia ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTuli warmoSobis biznesmeni aleqsandre ebraliZe. organi-zaciis vice-prezidentia aleqsandre xomeriki, romelic xSirad akeTebs komentars rusul mediaSi, saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb. xomeriki aris amave dros `rusi da qarTveli xalxis erTianobis fondis~ damfuZnebeli.67 organizaciis dafuZnebis Sesax-eb gancxadeba gakeTda 2009 wels soWSi gamarTul qarTvel xalxTa konferenciaze, sadac dasaxelda kongresis saqmianobis sami ZiriTadi mizani: saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlia-nobis aRdgena, qarTuli ekonomikis aRorZineba da ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris megobruli urTierTobebis aRdgena.68

62 Официальных сайт Михаила Михайловича Хубутия; იხ.: http://www.khubutiya.ru/bio.asp63 Economic policy research centre, Georgian_Diaspora_Study, 2012, p.46, ix.:http://eprc.ge/admin/editor/uploads/files/GIZ_Georgian_Diaspora_Study_A4_Book_Print.pdf64 mixeil xubutia – `rusul-amerikul saqmeSi saqarTvelo `peSkaa~ 22 ianvari, 2016w. ix.: http://www.ambebi.ge/politika/53289-qrusul-amerikul-saqmeshi-saqarthvelo-qpeshkaaq.html 65 „Союз грузин лишают гражданства РФ“,21 Октября, 2015, იხ.:http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/283674666 Блог Всемирного конгресса народов Грузии http://congress-ge.livejournal.com/67 `rusi da qarTveli xalxis erTianobis fondi“, http://rusakartvelo.org/ru/68 „Суверенная Грузия, дружественная Россия“ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBqTdwrdsU8

„Cveni mTavari mizani aris, rom axla, rodesac gawyvetilia diplomatiuri ur-TierTobebi da aseTi rTuli periodia saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris, ar daikargon qarTvelebi, rogorc mosaxleobis war mo-madgenlebi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven vcdi-lobT, rogorc sxva diasporebis wevrebi, qa-rTvelebic yvelgan iyvnen warmodgenilni~.

ruseTis qarTvelTa kavSiri

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sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom gansxvavebiT sxva diasporuli organizaciebisgan, mxolod „qarTvel xalxTa msoflio kongress~, gaaCnda Riad deklarirebuli politikuri ambicie-bi. kerZod, pirvel etapze, ebraliZe iyo iniciatori, saqarTveloSi dawyebuliyo saer-To politikuri moZraoba, romelic moiTxovda vadamdeli saprezidento da saparlamen-to arCevnebis Catarebas. ebraliZem scada, politikuri kavSirebi daemyarebina qarTul opoziciur politikur speqtrTan. man, marTlac, moaxerxa CaerTo sakuTar politikur saqmianobaSi ramdenime politikuri Zala, maT Soris iyo „Tavisufali saqarTvelo~ (kaxa kukava) da „xalxis partia~ (koba daviTaSvili). unda aRiniSnos, rom 2012 wels winasaarCevno periodSi aleqsandre ebraliZem oficialurad dauWira mxari „Tavisufal saqarTvelos~.69 ebraliZes hqonda mcdeloba politikuri kavSiri daemyarebina leiboristul partiasTan, Tumca, saboloo jamSi, SeTanxmeba ver moxerxda da leiboristulma partiam brali dasdo ebraliZes politikur spekulaciebSi.70 garda amisa, mediaSi vrceldeboda informacia, rom aleqsandre ebraliZe aseve TanamSromlobda SevardnaZis xelisuflebis CinovnikebTan, magaliTad, levan pirvelTan. aseve kongresis mier organizebul RonisZiebebSi monawile-obdnen SevardnaZis xelisuflebis sxva warmomadgenlebic.71

garda politikuri partiebisa, „qarTvel xalxTa msoflio kongresi~ TanamSromlobda saqarTveloSi arsebul arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan, magaliTad, „saqarTvelos evra-ziul institutTan~ da „erekle meores sazogadoebasTan~. am organizaciebis direqtorebi uSualod eswrebodnen konferencias sankt-peterburgSi, sadac ebraliZem ganacxada saku-Tari saprezidento ambiciebis Sesaxeb.72 sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom evraziis institutis direqtorma gulbaaT rcxilaZem uaryo informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom misi organizacia da-finansebas iRebda ebraliZisagan.73 rac Seexeba, „erekle meores sazogadoebis~ direqtors – vasil WyoiZes, igi mediaSi komentirebisas ar malavda im faqts, rom aleqsandre ebraliZe afinansebda misi organizaciis proeqtebs. magaliTad, 2010 wels proeqt „codna saukeTeso xidia~, romlis ZiriTad aqtivobas rusuli enis kursebi warmoadgenda, afinansebda aleq-sandre ebraliZe.74

mas Semdeg rac biZina ivaniSvilma politikaSi mosvlis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba miiRo, kongresis politikuri aqtivoba Semcirda. 2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Semdgom ki am organizaciis RonisZiebebi mTlianad Sewyda. am etapze organizaciis veb-gverdi gaTi-Sulia. arsebobs mxolod blogi, romelzec bolos informacia 2011 wlis seqtemberSia gan-Tavsebuli.

3 .4 qarTuli axalgazrduli diasporuli organizaciebi axalgazrduli diasporuli organizaciebi arseboben ZiriTadad studenturi gaer-

Tianebebis saxiT, romlebic ruseTis sxvadasxva universitetis bazaze funqcionireben. aseTia, magaliTad, moskovis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis saxelmwifo universitetSi (МГИМО) – „qarTuli klubi~, ruseTis xalxTa megobrobis universitetSi – qarTvel stu-dentTa gaerTianeba „kolxida~, qarTveli studentebis gaerTianebas vxvdebiT pirogo-vis saxelobis ruseTis nacionaluri samedicino-kvleviT, ruseTis saxelmwifo marTvis da ruseTis savaWro-ekonomikur universitetebSi. aRniSnuli studenturi gaerTianebe-bi ZiriTadad ewevian Sesabamisi universitetebis farglebSi, sxva erovnebis studentur gaerTianebebTan erTad, qarTuli kulturisa da tradiciis reprezentacias.

69 „Tavisufali saqarTvelosa“ da „saqarTvelos xalxTa msoflio kongresis“ erToblivi gancxadeba, ix.: http://saqinform.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9737:2012-04-13-10-09-21&catid=100:sazogadoeba&Itemid=396#ixzz3ePH3PD3W70 „leiboristuli partia aleqsandre ebraliZis SeTavazebaze uars acxadebs“ 18 ivlisi, 2011w. ix.: http://7days.ge/index2.php?newsid=865471 „aleqsandre ebraliZisa da putinis finansuri kavSirebi“ ix.: http://www.ptpress.ge/index.php?year=2021&magazine_id=28&topic_id=906#.VYmV0_mqqko72 `saqarTvelo da ruseTi – geurasia.org~ aprili, 2010 w. http://www.netgazeti.ge/GE/5/News/1315/73 iqve. 74 „rusuli enis Semswavleli ufaso kursebi“ ix.: http://goo.gl/xUsV5y

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moskovis saerTaSoriso urTierTo-bebis saxelmwifo universitetis „qarTu-li klubis~ warmomadgenlebi saubrisas aR niSnavdnen, rom, garda qarTuli kul-turis popularizaciisa, univer sitetSi xSirad imarTeboda sxvadasxva saxis kon-ferenciebi, romlebic ZiriTadad eTnikuri konfliqtebis Temas eZRvneboda da iyo Ses-aZlebloba afxaz da os studentebTan er-Tad aqtualuri Temebis irgvliv msje loba.

Tumca 2008 wlis omma da ruseTis mier afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis aRi arebam mdgomareo-ba mniSvnelovnad Secvala.

studenturi gaerTianebis wevrebis TqmiT, aRiarebis Semdeg afxazma da osma studen-tebmac daafuZnes calke gaerTianebebi, ramac erTgvari daZabuloba Seqmna studentur gaerTianebaSi. garda amisa, rogorc irkveva, moskovis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis saxelmwifo universitetSi yvela postsabWoTa qveynisTvis gamoyofilia kvotebi ufa-so swavlebisTvis, Tumca dRes saqarTvelosTvis daTmobili adgilebi ZiriTadad afxaz-eTidan da samxreT oseTidan Camosul studentebs aqvT dakavebuli.

kiTxvaze – Tu ramdenad icnoben moskovis masStabiT sxvadasxva universitetis SigniT moqmedi qarTuli studenturi gaerTianebe-bi erTmaneTs da Tu axerxeben erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobas, respondentebis TqmiT, maT aqvT informacia sxvadasxva qarTuli studenturi gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb, Tum-ca erTmaneTTan TanamSromloba faqtiurad ar xdeba, amis mizezad ki saxeldeba is, rom gaerTianebebi ufro universitetis SigniT moqmedi organizaciebia da erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobis sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi ar damdgara. aRsaniSnavia, rom maTgan samedic-no-kvleviTi da xalxTa megobrobis univer-sitetebis gaerTianebebs meti kavSiri hqon-daT „ruseTis qarTvelTa kavSirTan~. „ruse-Tis qarTvelTa kavSiri gvexmareba xolme, Tu raime gamofenis mowyobas vgegmavT~ – aRniSnavs xalxTa megobrobis universitetis qarTvel studentTa gaerTianebis wevri.

„Cvens universitetSi 150-mde erovnebis studenti swavlobs, maT Soris Cvenc, qarT-velebic, da gvaqvs Cveni gaerTianeba... bevr RonisZiebas vatarebT xolme, ma galiTad, pirveli dRe – koncerti, meore dRe – film-is Cveneba, mesame dRe – qarTul samzareulos eTmoba da a.S... Zalian bevri adamiania, visac ainteresebs da uyvars saqarTvelo~.

studenturi gae rTianeba „kolxida~

„2008 wlamde Cven viyaviT ufro Tav-isufalni Cvens qmedebaSi da SegveZlo, davyrdnobodiT saerTaSoriso samarT-lis normebs, saTvistomoebisa da „mgi-mos~ administraciis mxardaWeras... 2008 wlamde gviadvildeboda muSaoba imitom, rom yvelasTan erTad Cven vi-yaviT erT sibrtyeSi, yvelas erTnairi damokidebuleba hqonda afxazeTTan da samxreT oseTTan. adre vatarebdiT politikur RonisZiebebsac, Tumca Tan-daTan rac ufro iZabeboda urTierTo-bebi, Cvenc ufro da ufro veridebodiT politikur Temebs da sul ufro vori-entirdebodiT kulturulaze...~

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4 . ruseTis qarTuli diaspora qarTul sajaro-politikur sivrceSi

4 .1 saqarTvelos saxelmwifos midgomebi diasporasTan mimarTebaSi 2003-2012 wlebSisaqarTvelos saxelmwifos arc eduard SevardnaZis da arc nacionaluri moZraobis

mmarTvelobis periodSi ar hqonia raime konkretuli politika an gacxadebuli saxelmwi-fo strategia sazRvargareT mcxovrebi qarTvelebis, maT Soris ruseTis qarTuli dias-poris mimarT. 90-ian wlebSi ruseTSi daarsebuli diasporuli organizaciebi ase Tu ise axerxebdnen saqarTvelos imdroindel xelisuflebasTan TanamSromlobas, rasac amar-tivebda is garemoeba, rom miuxedavad or qveyanas Soris arsebuli politikuri uTanxmoe-bisa, saqarTvelos mkveTrad gamoxatuli antirusuli damokidebuleba ar axasiaTebda da saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebic garkveul status-kvos eqvemdebareboda.

nacionaluri moZraobis mmarTvelobis periodSi ruseTis qarTuli diasporis mimarT damokidebuleba mkveTrad icvleba, Tumca es cvlileba mimdinareobda ufro diskur-sis doneze, vidre oficialuri politikis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT. sainteresoa, rom specifiuri politika arsebobda ara imdenad ruseTis qarTuli diasporis, ramdenadac ruseTis Crdilo-kavkasiis respublikebis mimarT, rasac adgili hqonda 2008-2012 wlebSi. saqarTvelos imdroindeli xelisufleba Riad axorcielebda kargad gaTvlil Crdilo-ka-vkasiur politikas, razec saxelmwifos mxridan sakmao odenobis Tanxebi ixarjeboda da rasac mkveTrad gansazRvruli mimarTulebebi gaaCnda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom 2003-2012 wlebSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ar hqonia raime tipis politika ruseTis qarTuli diasporis mimarT, romelsac eqneboda Tanmimdevru-li da formaluri saxe da romelic gawerili iqneboda dokumenturad, kvlevis procesSi gamovlenili tendencia, kerZod is, rom 2003 wlis vardebis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTSi, ZiriTadad moskovis farglebSi, dafuZnebas iwyeben sxvadasxva diasporuli organizacie-bi, yuradRebas iqcevs am mimarTulebiT. rogorc davinaxeT, am organizaciaTa aqtivobebi moicavda dawyebuli kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianobidan, damTavrebuli qarTul sazogadoebaze mimarTuli samoqalaqo proeqtebiT, rogorebicaa: konferenciebis gamarT-va, sajaro ganxilvebis mowyoba, sociologiuri kvlevebis Catareba da a.S. garda amisa, ro-gorc dakvirvebam aCvena, am periodSi Seqmnili diasporis liderebi aseve warmoadgendnen (da dResac warmoadgenen) nacionaluri moZraobis aqtiur mxardamWerebs. am diasporul organizaciaTa saqmianoba ki 2008 wlis omis Semdeg saerTod mcirdeba... is informacia, rac kvlevis farglebSi iqna moZiebuli, ra Tqma unda, ver iqneba sakmarisi safuZvlis momcemi dasamtkiceblad, rom vardebis revoluciis Semdeg axladmosuli xelisufleba arapirda-piri gzebiT cdilobda moskovis qarTul diasporaSi sakuTari mxardamWerebis gaaqtiure-bas, Tumca, am mxriv, garkveuli eWvebi mainc ibadeba.

oficialuri uwyebebis doneze, qarTuli diasporis sakiTxze muSaobis kompetenciebi 2008 wlamde gadanawilebuli iyo sagareo saqmeTa, ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministro-ebs, sxvadasxva qveynis saelCoebsa Tu sakonsulo dawesebulebebs Soris. marTalia, 2008 wlis omamde ruseTis federaciaSi muSaobda saqarTvelos saelCo, Tumca rogorc gamok-iTxuli respondentebi aRniSnavdnen, diasporasTan mimarTebaSi saelCo TiTqmis ufunqcio iyo. saxelmwifo uwyebis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli interviuSi aRniSnavs, rom ruseTSi qa-rTuli saelCos pasiuroba ganpirobebuli iyo Tavad xelisuflebis survilidan gamomdin-are: „mgoni specialurad aZlevdnen davalebebs, rom gansakuTrebulad ar eaqtiuraT, raRac politikis nawili iyo aseTi xedva~ – aRniSnavs respondenti.

2008 wlis zafxulSi Seiqmna diasporis sakiTxebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ministris aparati, romlis miznebadac ganisazRvra saqarTvelos farglebs gareT mcxovreb Taname-mamuleebTan urTierTobis gaRrmaveba, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da qarTul diasporas Soris urTierTobis xelSewyoba da qarTuli diasporuli organizaciebis saqmianobis mx-

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ardaWera.75 ruseTis qarTuli diasporac swored saministros zogadi politikis „qolgis~ qveS moeqca, rac ZiriTadad gulisxmobda sxvadasxva proeqtebisa Tu RonisZiebebis mowyo-bas, romlebSic sxva qveynis qarTul diasporebTan erTad ruseTis qarTuli diasporis wev-rebic miiRebdnen monawileobas. aseve 2008 wlidan dawesda qarTuli diasporis dRe, rome-lic saqarTvelos damoukideblobis meore dRes, 27 maiss, aRiniSneba.

garda saministrosa, 2008 wels Seiqmna „ucxoeTSi mcxovreb TanamemamuleebTan urTier-Tobis komiteti~, romelic 2012 wlidan funqcionirebs, rogorc „diasporisa da kavkasi-is sakiTxTa saparlamento komiteti~. am ukanasknelis miznebic faqtobrivad Seesabameba diasporis sakiTxTa saxelmwifo ministris aparatis miznebs im damatebiT, rom komitetis valdebulebaa ucxoeTSi mcxovreb TanamemamuleebTan da kavkasiis xalxebTan mWidro kav-Siris uzrunvelyofisTvis moamzados Sesabamisi kanonproeqtebi.76

komitetis mier diasporis saministrosTan erTad 2012 wlis dasawyisSi SemuSavebul aseT kanonproeqts warmoadgenda e.w. „diasporuli parlamentis~ Seqmnis idea, romelic miznad isaxavda saqarTvelos saqmeebSi sazRvargareT mcxovrebi Tanamemamuleebis meti CarTulobis uzrunvelyofas.77 parlamenti unda Semdgariyo 45 wevrisagan, romlebic we-liwadSi erTxel 5-dRiani sesiis farglebSi Seikribebodnen saqarTvelos parlamentis SenobaSi. parlamentis wevrebis arCeva moxdeboda sxvadasxva qveynis qarTuli diasporis wevrebis mier saelCoebisa da sakonsuloebis meSveobiT. arCevnebSi amomrCevlebad da kan-didatebad monawileobis miRebis ufleba eqnebodaT ucxoeTSi mcxovreb im qarTvelebs, romlebsac saqarTvelos mxridan specialuri Tanamemamulis statusi eqnebodaT miniWebu-li.78 am statusis Sesaxeb kanonproeqti „diasporul parlamentis~ kanonproeqtze adre iqna miRebuli. Tanamemamulis specialur mowmobis mqone pirebs unda esargeblaT garkveuli privilegiebiT, rac gulisxmobda saqarTveloSi 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi uvizod yofnis Ses-aZleblobas (aseTis aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi) umaRlesi da saSualo ganaTlebis saxelm-wifo dafinansebiT miRebas da sxva servisebiT SeRavaTian fasebSi sargeblobas. aseTi mow-mobis gacema 2012 wlis martis Tvidan, marTlac, daiwyo saqarTvelom da, rogorc irkveva, maisisTvis is ukve 50 Tanamemamules gaaCnda. 2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Semdeg, rogorc Cans, „diasporuli parlamentis~ dafuZnebis ideam aqtualoba dakarga, xolo rac Seexeba Tanamemamulis statusis mowmobas, is dResac gaicema saxelmwifo servisebis ganvi-Tarebis saagentos mier.

ra tipis komunikacia arsebobda konkretulad ruseTis qarTul diasporasa da dias-poris sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministris aparats Soris, rTuli dasadgenia, vinaidan, ro-gorc Cans, raime gansakuTrebuli sistematizirebuli saxe am urTierTobebs arasodes ar hqonia da dResac ar aqvs, miuxedavad diasporis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministris apara-tis dafuZnebisa, igi mainc ver gvevlineboda ruseTis qarTul diasporasTan urTierTo-bebis warmoebis iniciatorad. saministros muSaoba ruseTis qarTul sazogadoebasTan ganpirobebuli iyo im zogadi midgomiT, rac saxelmwifoSi 2003-2012 wlebis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis qarTuli diasporis mimarT damkvidrda. es ukanaskneli ki, Tavis mxriv, gamudme-biT ganicdida qarTul-rusul urTierTobebSi momxdari cvlilebebis negatiur gavle-nas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelosa da ruseTis qarTul diasporas Soris mimarTebebi, swored, qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis paralelurad Camoyalibda.

4 .2 ruseTis qarTuli diaspora qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis fonzeRia wyaroebze dakvirvebiT Cans, rom Tavdapirvelad ruseTis qarTuli diasporis Tema

qarTul politikur dRis wesrigSi saerTod ar ikveTeboda, erTaderTi, rac am mimar-TulebiT moxda, iyo is, rom 2005 wels saqarTvelos xelisuflebam gayida ruseTSi arsebu-75 saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba №18; 08 Tebervali, 2008 w. ix.:http://gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=geo&sec_id=94&info_id=214276 diasporisa da kavkasiis sakiTxTa komitetis debuleba, 2012w. ix.:http://www.parliament.ge/ge/saparlamento-saqmianoba/komitetebi/diasporisa-da-kavkasiis-sakitxta-komiteti/komitetis-debuleba77 „saqarTvelo ‘diasporuli parlamentis’ Seqmnas gegmavs,“ 2 maisi, 2012 w. ix.:http://civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=2541078 iqve.

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li „mziuris~ Senoba, romelic saqarTvelos mflobelobaSi iyo. rogorc cnobilia wlebis ganmavlobaSi swored am SenobaSi funqcionirebda qarTuli diasporuli organizaciebis umravlesoba. rogorc irkveva, „mziuris~ Senoba 2005 wlis seqtemberSi 40 milion dolarad unda gayiduliyo, imdroindeli sagareo saqmeTa ministris, salome zurabiSvilis, TqmiT, es Tanxa unda gadanawilebuliyo sxva qveynebSi saelCoebis SesaZenad, ufro – londonSi, niu-iorkSi, sadac, xelisuflebis azriT, saelCoebis arsebobis meti saWiroeba iyo.79 Tum-ca sabolood raSi daixarja miRebuli Tanxa, rTuli dasadgenia. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelo-vania is, rom „mziuris~ Senoba, romelic erT dros ruseTSi sakmaod mZlavr qarTul kul-turul keras warmoadgenda da romelsac qarTuli diasporuli organizaciebisTvis sasi-cocxlo mniSvneloba gaaCnda, yovelgvari sazogadoebrivi ganxilvisa da gansjis gareSe saqarTvelos xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT gaiyida.

Tu qarTuli diasporis Temas gavaanalizebT qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis perspeq-tividan, davinaxavT, rom ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTveli Tanamemamuleebis interesebi, bev-ri TvalsazrisiT, swored, or qveyanas Soris politikur daZabulobas Seewira. urTier-Tobebis dinamika ki ase gamoiyureboda: vardebis revoluciis Semdeg mosuli nacionalu-ri moZraobis politika ruseTis mimarTulebiT droTa ganmavlobaSi mkveTrad Seicvala: gamkacrda ritorika, saqarTvelom sagareo politikaSi evro-atlantikur integraciaze mimarTuli diskursis gaZlierebasTan erTad ugulebelyo ruseTidan momavali is riskebi, rac am process SesaZloa Tan mohyoloda. politikur diskursSi ruseTma SeiZina „mtris xa-tis~ mniSvneloba. mmarTveli partiis nacionalistur-populisturi midgomebis sinTezis Sedegad gansazRvruli ritorika da sagareo Tu saSinao politika mTlianad dasavleTi/ruseTis binaruli opoziciis garSemo Camoyalibda.80

ruseTis „mtris xatis~ Sida politikur daniSnulebas hqonda Sesabamisi gare efeqtebic. nacionaluri moZraobis wevrebi ar iTvaliswinebdnen im faqts, rom ruseTze mimarTul agresiul ritorikas Sesabamisi pasuxebi mohyveboda ruseTis xelisuflebis mxridanac, iqneboda es qarTul produqciaze embargos daweseba, riTac qarTulma ekonomikam mniS-vnelovnad izarala, Tu ruseTSi mcxovrebi sakmaod didi qarTuli kontigentis Seviwroe-ba, rac sabolood gamoixata 2006 wels ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis masobriv gamoZeve-baSi. saqarTvelos mxridan jaSuSobis braldebiT 4 rusi oficris dakavebis sapasuxod ruseTis xelisuflebam mTeli federaciis masStabiT wamoiwyo intensiuri antiqarTuli kampania, rac gulisxmobda qarTvelebis, maT Soris legalurad mcxovrebi qarTvelebis, masobriv deportacias. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelom braldebulebi maleve gaaT-avisufla, ruseTidan mainc moxda 2300-ze meti qarTvelis gamoZeveba, amasTan es xdebo-da adamianis uflebebis mkacri darRveviT – qarTvelebs iyvandnen ZiriTadad quCebidan, svamdnen droebiT izolatorSi da Semdeg satvirTo daniSnulebis TviTmfrinaviT axdend-nen saqarTveloSi maT dabrunebas. iyo ruseTis vizis mqone qarTuli pasportebis miliciis mier daxevis faqtebic.

ekonomikuri berketebis amoqmedebasa da qarTveli emigrantebis gamoZevebas ruseTis mxridan hqonda myisieri reaqciis saxe. rogorc kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli eqsperte-

79 qarTuli presis eleqtronuli arqivi; „sad wavida `mziuris~ gayidvidan Semosuli Tanxebi,“ gazeTi „axali Taoba,“ 4 dekemberi, 2009w. ix.: http://www.opentext.org.ge/index.php?m=4&y=2009&art=114980 „arCevani“, marina musxeliSvili, lia mezvriSvili, ivane keWaymaZe, mariam iakobiZe; sazogadoebrivi kvlevis centri; Tbilisi, 2015 w. gv.:199.

es kargad Canda nacionaluri moZraobis mier saxelisuflebo Zalauflebis konsolidaciis meTodSi, rodesac masTan dapirispirebul opoziciur Zalebs mmarTveli partia ruseTidan marTuls uwodebda da gare safrTxeebis Temis sazogadoebaSi mudmivi artikulirebiT axdenda qveynis SigniT arsebuli politikuri da, maT Soris, socialuri xasiaTis (umuSevroba, siRaribe) kon-fliqtebis gadafarvas.

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bi miuTiTebdnen, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ruseTis xelisuflebas hqonda ruseTSi ar-sebuli qarTuli diasporis politikur „instrumentad~ qcevis mcdelobebi garkveuli miznebis misaRwevad. kerZod, saubaria imaze, rom 2007 wlidan intensiurad iwyeben dias-poris mimarTulebiT gaaqtiurebas ruseTSi moRvawe qarTveli biznesmenebi, romlebic rusul politikur elitasTan daaxloebul pirebs warmoadgendnen: 2007 wels qarTuli warmoSobis biznesmenis mixeil xubutias mier iqmneba erT-erTi msxvili diasporuli orga-nizacia „ruseTis qarTvelTa kavSiri~, aseve ikveTeba ruseTSi moRvawe biznesmenebis ale-qsandre ebraliZisa da vladimer xomerikis mcdelobebi Seqmnan diasporuli gaerTianeba „qarTvel xalxTa msoflio kongresis~ saxiT, aseve vladimer xomeriks ekuTvnis „rusi da qarTveli xalxis erTianobis fondis~ dafuZnebis idea. am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia, rom „ruse-Tis qarTvelTa kavSiris~ damfuZnebel yrilobaze mowveuli iyvnen qarTuli mxaris war-momadgenlebi, maT Soris diasporis sakiTxebSi imdroindeli saxelmwifo ministri iulon gagoSiZec, romelmac monawileobaze uari ganacxada.81

diasporis zemoTxsenebuli liderebi akeTebdnen politikur gancxadebebs saqarTve-los mimarTulebiT, romlebic exeboda ZiriTadad saqarTvelos sagareo politikas, qar-Tul-rusul urTierTobebs da teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis sakiTxebs. magaliTad, xubutias mier gakeTebuli gancxadebaTa ZiriTad gzavnils warmoadgenda is, rom saqarT-velos evro-atlantikuri kursi mcdaria, vinaidan: „amerika Sors aris, xolo nato-sa da ev-rokavSirSi gawevrianeba blefia~.82 aleqsandre ebraliZis azriT ki saqarTvelo unda iyos neitraluri saxelmwifo da ar unda eswrafodes iseT saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi gaw-evrianebas, romelic safrTxes uqmnis saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas. ebraliZis mosazrebiT, saqarTvelo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeZlebs ruseTTan urTierTobebis dal-agebas, Tu igi uars ityvis „natosa~ da evrokavSirSi integraciaze.83 aseve sajaro sivrce-Si gavrcelebul gancxadebebSi, ebraliZec da xubutiac erTmaneTTan akavSireben saqarT-velos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenas, ruseTTan urTierTobebis daregulirebas da saqarTvelos mier evro-atlantikur organizaciebSi gawevrianebaze uaris Tqmis perspeq-tivebs.84

81 „elaparakeT mTavrobas“ – mimarTavs saakaSvili moskovs,“ 4 Tebervali, 2009 w. ix.: http://civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=20483 82 „Почему бизнесмен Михаил Хубутия сравнивает Путина и Гарибашвили и почему он не доволен вмешательством Зураба Абашидзе в русско-грузинские отношения?“ mixeil xubutias oficialuri veb-gverdi, 11 marti, 2015 w. ix.: http://www.khubutiya.ru/lenta.asp?idarticle=44783 „Александр Ебралидзе и “третья политическая сила” в Грузии,“ Политфорум информационно аналитический портал Института Евразии,22 Tebervali, 2012 w. ix.: http://geurasia.org/rus/1072/aleqsandre-ebralidze-da-mesame-politikuri-dzala-saqartveloshi.html84 `Петербургский бизнесмен намерен заняться политикой Грузии,~ Nregion; 29 апреля, 2009 г. იხ.: http://nregion.com/news.php?i=30860#.VYwAGvmqqko

Tu davuSvebT, rom ruseTis xelisuflebas, marTlac, hqonda garkveuli saxis mcdeloba diasporis gavliT adgilobriv doneze sakuTari lobistebis gaZlier-ebiT saqarTveloSi garkveul wilad Secvliliyo evro-atlantikur integraciaze mimarTuli diskursi – es mizani, saboloo jamSi, ver ganxorcielda. dRes saubari SesaZlebelia imazec, rom amgvarma politikam ruseTisTvis ukuproporciuli Se-degebic ki gamoiRo.

qarTuli diasporis prorusuli ganwyobebis mqone biznesmenebze „mimagrebam~ ver uzrunvelyo ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTuli sazogadoebis farTo fenebis mobi-lizeba, meore mxriv saqarTvelos realobaSi kidev ufro gaaRrmava qveynis sagareo politikur diskursSi ruseTis Temis stigmatizireba da imave „mtris xatis~ sazo-gadoebaSi gaZliereba. ruseTis mxridan, am tipis politikam, saboloo jamSi, isev nacionaluri moZraobis sasargeblod imuSava, vinaidan am ukanasknels mieca meti safuZveli ruseTTan mimarTebaSi sakuTari politikis adgilobrivi Tu saerTaSo-riso sazogadoebis TvalSi legitimaciisTvis.

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nacionaluri moZraobisTvis ar warmoadgenda sirTules moexdina ruseTis qarTu-li diasporis garkveulwilad, sakuTari urTierTsawinaaRmdego gancxadebebidan gamom-dinare, odiozuri liderebis diskreditacia da marginalizeba, risTvisac sakmarisi iyo mmarTveli xelisuflebis mier gakeTebuli mwvave politikuri gancxadebebi da ruseTis qarTuli diasporis Temaze Sesabamisi mediasaSualebebis mobilizeba. 2007 wlis Semdeg wamyvan telearxebze araerTi vrceli siuJeti gasula imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis SeTqmule-bebi arsebobs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ruseTis qarTvel biznesmenebsa da kremls Soris. qveynis wamyvani politikosebic Riad utevdnen ruseTis qarTuli diasporis liderebs, magaliTad 2009 wels imdroindeli dazvervis samsaxuris ufrosis, gela beJuaSvilis, gancxadebiT, „ruseTis mizania, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis damxoba, risTvisac Zalian aq-tiurad muSaobs qarTul diasporasTan~.85 aseve SegviZlia moviyvanoT mixeil saakaSvilis gancxadebac, romlis mixedviTac, ruseTis qarTvelTa kavSiri dafuZnebulia kremlis mier da masTan veraferi saerTo ver eqneba saqarTvelos mTavrobas.86

sxva gamokiTxul eqspertTa azriT, qarTuli diasporis politikuri miznebisTvis gam-oyeneba ara imdenad ruseTis xelisuflebis prerogativa, ramdenadac Tavad biznesmenebis iniciativas warmoadgenda, rasac „merkantiluri~ saxe hqonda – „biznesmenebis garSemo gaerTianebuli diasporuli organizaciebi erT pirovnebaze aris morgebuli, es liderebi cdiloben, gamoCndnen ise, TiTqos maT qveS erTiandeba qarTuli diaspora, magram aSkarad Cans, rom es ase araa~ – aRniSnavs eqsperti. interviuSi saubrisas igive azrs aviTarebs sxva eqspertic, rodesac aRniSnavs, rom diasporis biznesmen-liderebs organizaciebi sWird-ebaT sakuTari biznesis lobirebisTvis, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom isini qarTuli diaspo-riT pozicionireben – „arCevnebSi xalxs mogiyvan, sanacvlod Sen es gamikeTe da a.S.~ – aR-niSnavs eqsperti.

4 .3 saqarTvelo da ruseTis qarTuli diaspora 2012 wlis Semdeg2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Semeg xelisuflebaSi mosuli koalicia „qarTuli

ocneba demokratiuli saqarTvelos~ damokidebuleba qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis mimarT mkveTrad icvleba. cvlilebebis idea mdgomareobda imaSi, rom gansxvavebiT na-cionaluri moZraobisgan, qarTuli ocnebis mTavar mizans warmoadgenda qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis racionalur CarCoebSi moqceva, rac gulisxmobda or qveyanas Soris Ta-namSromlobas iseTi Temebis garSemo, razec SeTanxmebis miRweva SesaZlebelia. am midgomas kargad asaxavs giorgi margvelaSvilis mier 2013 wels ruseTis pirvel arxTan micemuli in-terviu, sadac prezidenti aRniSnavs, rom saakaSvilis mier ruseTze mimarTulma politi-kam sakuTari Tavi amowura, pirvel rigSi, imiT, rom Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT ar gaamarTla da amieridan saWiroa damokidebulebis Secvla: „Cven SevecdebiT visaubroT im proble-mebze, romlebsac dRes vwyvetT da visaubrebT perspeqtivebze, raTa dabrundes keTil-mezobluri urTierTobebi. rogoria ruseTis interesebi, rogoria saqarTvelos in-teresebi, rogoria im xalxis interesebi, romlebic iq swavloben, modiT, am sakiTxebis gadawyveta daviwyoT~ – aRniSnavda prezidenti.

85 „ruseTis mizania saqarTvelos xelisuflebis damxoba – beJuaSvili,“ sivil jorjia, 19 ivnisi, 2009 w. ix.: http://civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=2140486 „’elaparakeT mTavrobas’ – mimarTavs saakaSvili moskovs“ 4 Tebervali, 2009 w. ix.: http://civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=20483

miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo dros ruseTis qarTul diasporaSi biznesmenebis gaaqtiurebis Taobaze sxvadasxva azri ikveTeba, calsaxaa, rom qarTul sazoga-doebaSi ruseTis qarTuli diasporis liderebis mimarT mkveTrad uaryofiTi ganwyobebi Camoyalibda, metic, am ganwyobebma gavrceleba hpoves diasporis sxva wevrebzec, ZiriTadad kulturis moRvaweebze, magaliTad, iyo SemTxvevebic, rode-sac ruseTidan saqarTveloSi dabrunebul qarTul ansamblebsa Tu momRerlebs TbilisSi saprotesto aqciebiT xvdebodnen.

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politikis cvlilebis praqtikul gamoxatulebas warmoadgens 2012 wels imdroindeli premier ministris biZina ivaniSvilis mier ruseTTan urTierTobebis sakiTxSi special-uri warmomadgenlis daniSvna. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT premierma vrceli gancxadeba gaavrcela, romlis mTavar gzavnilsac warmoadgenda is, rom ruseTTan konfrontaciis ritorika aris „guSindeli dRis~ movlena da „dRes Cven urTierTobas viwyebT axali fur-clidan~.87 aRniSnul Tanamdebobas 2012 wlidan dRemde saqarTvelos yofili elCi ruseTis federaciaSi zurab abaSiZe ikavebs. ruseTTan dialogis e.w. „abaSiZe-karasinis formati~ aris is erTaderTi ram, risi saSualebiTac 2008 wlis qarTul-rusuli konfliqtis Semd-gom pirvelad gaxda SesaZlebeli saxelmwifoTa Soris oficialur doneze pirispiri urT-ierToba.

diasporis saministros midgoma emyareba im arguments, rom saministros saqarTvelos farglebs gareT mcxovrebi Tanamemamuleebis mimarT aqvs erTiani politika, romlis far-glebSic eqceva ruseTis qarTuli diasporac. es politika konkretulad gulisxmobs di-asporisadmi miZRvnili tradiciuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas, magaliTad, 2015 wlis maisSi Catarda diasporuli profesiuli forumi „gauziare gamocdileba samSoblos~, ro-melSic monawileoba miiRo 100-ze metma ucxoeTSi mcxovrebma qarTvelma Tanamemamulem, diasporis saministro ganaTlebis saministrosTan erTad aqtiurad muSaobs sxvadasxva qveynaSi mcxovrebi TanamemamuleebisTvis qarTuli saswavlo programebis SemuSavebaze, aseve, rogorc cnobilia, diasporuli organizaciebis saTanado aRricxvis, maTTan efeq-turi komunikaciisa da diasporuli RonisZiebebis masStaburad dagegmva-ganxorcielebis mizniT, iqmneba qarTuli diasporis sainformacio kompiuteruli programa, sadac Tavs moiyris sruli informacia sazRvargareT arsebuli qarTuli diasporuli da saqarTvelo-Ti dainteresbuli organizaciebis, maTi damfuZneblebisa da xelmZRvanelebis Sesaxeb da, aseve, qveynis farglebs gareT sxvadasxva sferoSi moRvawe Tanamemamuleebis Sesaxeb.88 am da sxva RonisZiebebSi ruseTis qarTuli diasporis warmomadgenlebi met-naklebad iReben monawileobas, Tumca or qveyanas Soris diplomatiuri urTierTobebis ararsebobis gamo, sxva qveynis diasporebTan SedarebiT, ruseTis qarTul diasporasTan oficialur doneze ver xerxdeba aqtiuri kavSirebis damyareba, magaliTad, saministros warmomadgenlebi ver Cadian TanamemamuleebTan Sesaxvedrad, rac nebismieri qveynis diasporisTvis mniSvnelo-van faqtors warmoadgens.

ministris gancxadebiT, saministros kari Riaa yvela qarTveli TanamemamulisTvisa da saqarTvelos farglebs gareT arsebuli diasporuli organizaciisTvis, ganurCevlad qveynisa da ganurCevlad imisa, Tu vis ra damokidebuleba aqvs saqarTvelosTan. Tumca, rogorc gamokiTxul respondentTa umravlesoba uTiTebda, ruseTis qarTuli diaspo-ris mimarT saministros yuradReba sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT mainc sustia. sainteresoa, rom, magaliTad, saministros veb-gverdze mocemulia calkeuli grafa, sadac aRniSnulia is qveynebi, romlebSic saqarTvelos qarTuli diasporuli organizaciebi gaaCnia, esenia: avstria, germania, irlandia, saberZneTi, somxeTi, irani, belorusia, fineTi, kviprosi, ir-landia, azerbaijani, TurqeTi da malta. ruseTis qarTuli diaspora am CamonaTvalSi saer-

87 ivaniSvili: ruseTTan urTierTobebs `viwyebT axali furcliT~ 1 noemberi, 2012 w. ix.: http://civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=2616788 saqarTvelos mTavrobis samTavrobo programis Sesrulebis angariSi; seqtemberi, 2015 w. gv. 83. ix.: http://gov.ge/files/424_51385_272933_mtavrobisangariSiSept2015.pdf

rogorc empiria aCvenebs, qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis normalizebis pro-cesSi diasporis faqtors saqarTvelos xelisufleba mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs. Tum-ca, Tu, magaliTad, 2012 wlamde ruseTis qarTuli diasporas qarTul politikur diskursSi miniWebuli hqonda „prorusulobis~ iarliyi da saerTo foni am mimar-TulebiT iyo negatiuri, saqarTvelos dRevandeli xelisuflebis damokidebule-ba, am mxriv, calsaxad neitraluria.

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Tod ar Sedis, amis mizezad saministros mxridan dasaxelda is, rom informacia waiSala veb-gverdis „gatexvis~ Sedegad, masalebis aRdgena mimdinareobs, Tumca ruseTis qarTul diasporaze informacia saministros veb-gverdze dRemde ar devs.

rogorc kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxuli erT-erTi eqsperti saubrisas aRniSnavda, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos ver eqneba ruseTis qarTul diasporasTan aqtiuri politikis warmoebis prerogativa, vinaidan arsebobs mTeli rigi problemebisa, rogorc Tavad dias-poris SigniT, ise problemebi, romlebic gamowveulia ruseTisa da qarTul-rusuli urT-ierTobebis specifikidan gamomdinare. pirvel rigSi, eqspertebi saubrisas aRniSnavdnen, rom is organizaciebi, romlebic dRes arseboben aris „rusuli organizaciebi, rusul kanonmdeblobaze Seqmnili organziaciebi~ da isini iZulebulni arian angariSi gauwion bevr Sida faqtors. meore mxriv, xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas, rom qarTuli diaspora ara rogorc ubralod qarTveli Tanamemamuleebis jgufi, aramed diaspora sakuTari Sinaar-sobrivi datvirTviT, srulyofili saxiT Camoyalibebuli ar aris. amaze metyvelebs is, rom ruseTis qarTuli sazogadoeba danawevrebulia sxvadasxva jgufebad da maTi gaer-Tianeba rTulia, vinaidan diasporis SigniT ar arsebobs erTiani xedva, Tu ras unda emsax-urebodes diasporuli gaerTianebebi. erT-erTi saxelmwifo uwyebis warmomadgeneli sau-brisas SeniSnavda, rom qarTuli sazogadoeba, isini, vinc diasporuli kuTxiT aqtiuro-ben, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian politikuri Sexedulebebis kuTxiT, rac uSlis maT gaerTianebas. amasTan, imisTvis, rom qarTulma saxelmwifom Tavis Tavze aiRos ruseTSi axali diasporuli organizaciebis dafuZneba – bevri riskis Semcvelia, rac ukavSirdeba ruseTSi arsebul politikur reJims, sadac samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi arsebuli procese-bi xelisuflebis mier mkacrad kontroldeba da aseve mkacrad imarTeba. erT-erTi eqsper-ti aRniSnavda, rom „rogorc wesi, diaspora Tavis saqmianobaSi kidev ufro SezRudulia xolme, vidre eTnikuri umciresobebi~.

saubrisas TiTqmis yvela eqsperti axsenebda im garemoebas, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom, ruseTis qarTuli diaspora ar aris kargad organizebuli da aqtiurad integrirebuli saerTo TemSi, erTaderTi sivrce, sadac qarTvelebi ikribebian ganurCevlad maTi poli-tikuri Sexedulebebisa Tu pirovnuli miuReblobebisa, aris eklesia. eklesia TavisTavad warmoadgens yvelaze myar instituts, sadac qarTveli Tanamemamuleebi ikribebian, iZenen axal kavSirebs, erTmaneTTan urTierToben da uyalibdebaT koleqtiuri mikuTvnebulo-bis gancda.

SejamebaruseTis qarTuli diaspora, sxva qveynis diaporebisgan gansxvavebiT, yvelaze metad

ganicdis saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris ganviTarebuli politikuri procesebis zemoq-medebas, ruseTis qarTuli diasporis mimarT qarTuli mxaris damokidebulebac swored am procesebis gavleniT Camoyalibda.

2007 wlamde ruseTis qarTuli diasporis Tema qarTul sazogadoebriv-politikur sivrceSi saerTod ar ikveTeba. saqarTvelos imdroindeli xelisufleba ar iRebda mxedve-lobaSi imas, rom qveynis farglebs gareT yvelaze didi qarTuli diaspora swored ruseTis federaciaSia da is politikuri gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic ruseTis mimarTulebiT keT-deboda, upirveles yovlisa, swored iq mcxovreb qarTvel Tanamemamuleebs azaralebda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul-rusul urTierTobebSi arsebuli daZabuloba 2012 wlis Semdeg met-naklebad Semcirda, ruseTis qarTuli diasporis Tema, ro-gorc Cans, mainc erTgvarad tabuirebul sakiTxs warmoadgens rogorc politikur, ise sazogadoebriv doneze, rac iZleva imis mtkicebis saSualebas, rom qarTuli mx-are ruseTis qarTul diasporas mudmivad „usafrTxoebis~ (Securitization) diskursSi ganixilavs.

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saqarTvelos imdroindeli xelisuflebis ruseTis qarTuli diasporis mimarT gulgri-li damokidebuleba Cans imaSic, rom maTi iniciativiT, yvelasTvis moulodnelad, gaiyida „mziurisa~ da mis mimdebared arsebuli Senoba.

2007 wlis Semdeg qarTuli diasporaSi qarTveli biznesmenebis gaaqtiurebas ambiva-lenturi efeqti hqonda, rogorc Tavad diasporisTvis, ise qarTuli sa zo gadoebisTvis. saqarTveloSi am faqtis Sefaseba xdeboda calsaxad negatiurad, politikuri elitis war-momadgenlebi Tu masmedia maqsimalurad cdilobdnen am mov lenisgan distancirebas da garkveuli saxiT diasporis stigmatizirebasac ki. meore mxriv, rogorc eqspertebi aR-niSnavdnen, ruseTis qarTuli diasporis Temis politizirebiT ruseTis qarTuli sazoga-doeba kidev ufro dezintegrirda, vinaidan, rogorc zemoT ukve iqna naCvenebi, diasporis axali liderebis garSemo qarTuli sazogadoebis farTo fenebis gaerTianeba mainc ver moxerxda.

saqarTvelos moqmedi xelisuflebis damokidebuleba ruseTis qarTuli diasporis mimarT neitraluria, Tumca sxvadasxva saxelmwifo uwyebis warmomadgenlebTan intervius Cawerisas gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis gaanalizebiT iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom ruseTis qa-rTuli diasporis Temis ganxilva – saubari imaze, Tu ramdenad arsebobs diasporis poten-ciali, gavlena iqonios or qveyanas Soris urTierTobebis daregulirebis procesze da ra politika unda arsebobdes ruseTis qarTuli diasporis mimarT saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mxridan – mainc garkveulwilad SezRudulia. qarTuli mxaris mier qarTuli diasporis Temis aqtualizebaSi saqarTvelos xelisufleba SesaZleblobebze metad xedavs politi-kur riskebs ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris arastabiluri politikuri urTierTobebis fonze.

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5 . ruseTis qarTuli diaspora – ganwyobebi da Sexedulebebi

ruseTis qarTuli diasporis warmomadgenlebTan Cawerili interviuebi miznad isaxav-da im ZiriTadi informaciis dadgenasa da problemuri sakiTxebis gansazRvras, rogorebi-caa: ra tipis saqmianobas ewevian aRniSnuli organizaciebi, ra damokidebulebaSi arian sx-vadasxva organizaciebi Tu diasporis wevrebi erTmaneTTan, ramdenad konsolidirebulia diaspora garkveuli sakiTxebisa Tu konkretuli saqmianobis warmoebisas, rogor afaseben qarTuli mxaris ruseTis diasporasTan mimarT damokidebulebas, Tavad rogor uyureben qarTul-rusul urTierTobebs da sakuTar rols am urTierTobebis daregulirebaSi. in-terviuebSi dafiqsirebuli mosazrebebis gaanalizebisas gamoikveTa is ZiriTadi proble-muri sakiTxebi da aqtualuri tendenciebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia ruseTis qarTuli diasporisTvis.

5 .1 qarTul diasporul gaerTianebebSi arsebuli problemebipirveli saerTo maxasiaTebeli, rac kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, aris is, rom Tanam-

derove periodSi ruseTis qarTuli diasporuli gaerTianebebi sustad arian warmodge-nilni rogorc organizaciuli kuTxiT, ise maTi saqmianobisa da moRvaweobis sferoebis TvalsazrisiT. am Temebze diasporis warmomadgenlebisgan mosmenili mosazrebebis gaan-alizebis Sedegad SesaZloa, gamoikveTos is ZiriTadi faqtorebi, rac ganapirobebs ruse-Tis qarTuli diasporis sisustes:

1. finansuri resursebis uqonloba – „ruseTis qarTvelTa kavSirisa~ da peterburgis qarTuli saTvistomo `iverias~ gamoklebiT, yvela gamokiTxuli respondenti xazs usvamda imas, rom organizaciebs uWirT arseboba da sakuTari saqmianobis ganxorcieleba finans-uri saxsrebis uqonlobis gamo. respondentebi aRniSnavdnen: imisaTvis, rom diasporuli organizacia eweodes aqtiur saqmianobas, sWirdeba Sesabamisi materialuri resursebi, sul mcire sivrce, sadac adamianebi SeZleben Sekrebas da saubars. aseT adgils 2005 wlam-de warmoadgenda arbatis quCaze mdebare „mziuris~ Senoba, romlis gayidvis Semdeg bevrma diasporulma organizaciam droebiT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki saerTod Sewyvita saqmiano-ba. magaliTad „moskovis qarTvelTa saTvistomo~ didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ufunqciod iyo darCenili, sanam moskovSi mcxovrebma erT-erTma qarTvelma biznesmenma organizacia far-TiT ar dakmayofileba. miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTSi bevri eTnikurad qarTveli biznes-meni moRvaweobs, maTi daintereseba diasporis sakiTxebiT, erTeuli faqtebis gamoklebiT, ar xdeba. amis mizezi, erT-erTi respondentis azriT, isaa, rom biznesmenebs ar surT, gar-da biznesis sferosi, sadme kidev gamoCndnen: „aravin ar aris mondomebuli gamoamJRav-nos sakuTari qoneba imitom, rom eSiniaT, isev qarTveli Tu gagqurdavs~ – aRniSnavs erT-erTi respondenti.

2. diasporuli organizaciebis gaTiSuloba – organizaciaTa warmomadgenlebis mx-ridan, sakuTari miznebisa da saqmianobis aRwerisas ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba kulturisa da enis SenarCunebaze, Tumca, am mxriv Cans, rom organizaciaTa Soris ar xdeba resurse-bis gaerTianeba da saxeze gvaqvs calkeuli mcdelobebi, romlebic sazogadoebis farTo fenebs ver moicavs. organizaciebis daqsaqsulobas arc Tavad respondentebi uaryofdnen, kiTxvaze – Tu ramdenad xdeba organizaciaTa Soris TanamSromloba sxvadasxva problemis garSemo, anda igive kulturuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebisas, erT-erTi responnden-tis gancxadebiT, rogorc adre, ise axlac, organizaciaTa Soris TanamSromlobaze metad konkurencia SeiniSneba: „organizaciaTa Soris konkurencia mxolod ruseTSi ara – yvelganaa~ – aRniSnavs erT-erTi respondenti. amgvari mocemulobis safuZvlad, respon-dentTa mxridan, saxeldeboda gansxvavebuli mizezebi, Tumca yvela maTgani erT centra-lur problemasTan iyrida Tavs, rac SesaZloa, gamoixatos imaSi, rom organizaciebi erT-

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maneTs emijnebian gansxvavebuli politikuri preferenciebis safuZvelze, rac vrcel-deba rogorc ruseTSi, ise saqarTveloSi arsebul politikur Zalebze.

erTi SexedviT, diasporul organizaciaTa miznebi: qarTuli identobis SenarCuneba kulturisa da enis, istoriis, folklorisa da sxvaTa gavrcelebiT, erTmaneTs emTxveva, da es SesaZloa, gamxdariyo diasporaSi TanamSromlobis saerTo platformis Camoyalibebis safuZveli, Tumca gansxvavdeba maTi, am SemTxvevaSi ufro metad organizaciaTa liderebis, politikuri Sexedulebebi, rac xels uSlis organizaciaTa Soris TanamSromlobis Sesa-Zleblobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom diasporuli gaerTianebebi dRes faqtiurad samoqalaqo saqmianobas ar ewevian, sadac kidev SesaZlebelia, adgili hqonoda politikur interesTa konfliqts, maT, rogorc kulturaze orientirebul organizaciebs, mainc uWirT saerTo enis gamonaxva politikur azrTa sxvadasxvaobis gamo. garda amisa, erT-erTi responden-tis gancxadebiT, konkurencia vlindeba imaSic, rom zog organizacias meti kavSirebi da resursebi gaaCnia rogorc ruseTSi ise saqarTveloSi xelisuflebasTan saurTierTobod, zogi ki am kavSirebis simwires ganicdis.

aRsaniSnavia, rom es tendencia yovelTvis axasiaTebda qarTul diasporul organi-zaciebs. dakvirvebam aCvena, rom, magaliTad, 90-ian wlebSi organizaciaTa Soris dapirisp-irebas saqarTvelos imdroindel xelisuflebasTan maTi gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba ganapirobebda. imdroindeli qarTuli diasporis ZiriTadi birTvi sakuTari saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas TanamSromlobda saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan, kerZod eduard Se-vardnaZis administraciasTan, meore mxriv ki, arsebobdnen zviad gamsaxurdias mxardamWeri diasporis wevrebic, maTTvis SevardnaZis xelisuflebasTan kavSiri da misdami loialoba miuRebeli iyo. Sesabamisad, am jgufebs Soris ver xerxdeboda efeqturi TanamSromloba.

Tanamedrove periodSi am problemas gansakuTrebulad amZafrebs is faqti, rom 2007 wlidan qarTul diasporaSi gamoCndnen axali liderebi, romlebic ZiriTadad biznesis sferos warmoadgendnen, magaliTad „qarTvelTa kavSiris~ damfuZnebel mixeil xubuti-asTan mimarTebaSi sxva diasporuli gaerTianebebi xSirad kritikul damokidebulebas avlendnen, erT-erTi respondentis TqmiT, „qarTvelTa kavSiris~ wevroba miuRebelia ori mizezis gamo – erTi mxriv, organizacia funqcionirebs arademokratiulad, vinaidan Tavmjdomaris arCeva diasporis wevrebis mier ar xdeba – „xubutia aris ucvleli Tavm-jdomare, adamiani, romelic gamudmebiT Tavmjdomareobs, xolo qarTvelebs ar Seu-ZliaT, miiRon iseTi diasporuli organizacia, romelSic ver SeZleben yovel wels misvlas da xmis micemas imisTvis, vinc idgeba saTaveSi~ – aRniSnavs respondenti. meo-re mxriv, igive respondentis azriT, am organizaciis problemas warmoadgens isic, rom, Tavmjdomaris gancxadebebidan gamomdinare, organizacias xSirad politikuri elferic dahkravs – „baton xubutias axasiaTebs gansakuTrebuloba, miemxros sxvadasxva poli-tikur Sexedulebebs situaciidan gamomdinare, mas uyvars politikuri gancxadebebis gakeTeba, romlebic mTel organizaciaze aisaxeba~ – aRniSnavs respondenti.

Tumca sxva respondentis azriT, msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom diasporul jgufebs Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba politikuri dapirispirebis bralia – gadaWarbebulia: „es dapirisp-ireba qiSpis donezea, me mgoni, da ara politikuri arCevanis doneze. me var da Cemi naba-di da CemTan unda iyo, Tu ar xar CemTan, ese igi, mteri xar, SeiZleba saqarTvelos mter-ic iyo, Tu Cem gverdiT ar dgaxar~ – SeniSnavs respondenti diasporul organizaciaTa liderebis erTmaneTTan damokidebulebaze saubrisas.

3. diasporis wevrTa erTmaneTis mimarT undobloba – TiTqmis yvela respondenti ruseTSi arsebuli qarTuli sazogadoebis daxasiaTebisas xazs usvamda im garemoebas, rom ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi erTmaneTis mimarT ndobiT ar gamoirCevian. amis mizezad ki asaxelebdnen imas, rom qarTveli emigrantebis mxridan xSirad kriminaluri faqtebi fiqsirdeba, amitom Tanamemamuleebs Sors ndoba da solidaroba naklebia: „qarTul dias-poraSi gansxvavebuli xalxi iyris Tavs: aq arian isini, vinc 20 weliwadi quCaSi cxovro-

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ben da aseve arian milionerebi... qarTvelebi saerTod ar arian SekavSirebulni imitom, rom eWvis TvaliT uyureben erTmaneTs. imitomac, rom Zalian bevri kriminalia. Tu na-Tesauri kavSiri araa, erTmaneTTan naklebad urTierToben~ – aRniSnavs respondenti.

ruseTSi arsebul qarTul diasporaSi arsebul problemebze saubrisas axsenebdnen ima-sac, rom ruseTSi emigrirebuli qarTvelebi Zalian advilad asimilirdebian da, rom faq-tiurad, meore da mesame Taobis qarTvelebi qarTul enasac kargaven, amis Taobaze igive respondenti ambobs: „qarTveli roca Cadis iq, mTel cxovrebas imisTvis kargavs, rom rusma miiRos Tavisianad, magaliTad: rom aqcenti ar hqondes, moqalaqeoba miiRos, xarisxi daicvas, diplomi aiRos da a.S~ Tumca, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, radikalurad gansxvavebul pozicias afiqsirebs sxva respondenti, romelic xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom ruseTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebSi bevrad didi patriotizmis gancdaa saqarTvelos mimarT, vidre Tavad saqarTveloSi, vinaidan aq mcxovreb sazogadoebaSi, gansakuTrebiT axalgaz-rdebSi, erovnuli identobis SenarCunebis ufro meti moTxovnilebaa ~...Cvenc qarTvelebi varT da ufro meti patriotizmi aris aq, aqaur qarTvelebSi, axalgazrdebSi, qarTve-loba rasac hqvia, vidre, davuSvaT, rom Cavdivar da Cems megobrebs vakvirdebi. aq rom vcxovrobT, ufro gvainteresebs qarTuli cekvebi, fanduri da aseTi nacionaluri raRaceebi, rac Cvens mentalitetsa da istorias exeba, vidre, davuSvaT, Cems megobrebs, romlebic saqarTveloSi cxovroben~ – ambobs respondenti.

5 .2 ruseTis qarTuli diaspora da saqarTvelomeore mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romlis garkvevasac mocemuli kvleva isaxavda miznad, exe-

ba imas, Tu rogor afaseben ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos maT-dami damokidebulebas. kiTxva JRerda Semdegnairad: arsebobda an arsebobs Tu ara raime saxis politika ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTuli diasporis mimarT, razec yvela respondenti uaryofiT pasuxs afiqsirebda. Tumca, qarTuli mxaris zogadi damokidebulebis Sefase-bisas, iyo gansxvavebuli mosazrebebic. magaliTad, respondentTa erTi nawili miiCnevda, rom 2012 wlis arCevnebamde ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTuli diasporis mimarT saqarTvelodan met yuradRebas grZnobdnen, Tumca raSi gamoixateboda es yuradReba, saxeldobr ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis mimarT, respondentebma ver daakonkretes, saubrisas axsenebdnen mxolod sxvadasxva dros gamarTul konferenciebs, sadac ruseTis qarTuli diasporis wamomadgenlebic iRebdnen monawileobas. am mosazrebisgan gansxvavebul Sexedulebas vx-vdebiT sxva respondentTan, romelic miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos diasporis saministro gasul wlebSi ruseTis qarTul diasporasTan mimarTebaSi araefeqturad muSaobda: „2010 Si Tu 2011 Si CamovediT, sul bolos raRac daxmareba vTxoveT da gagvifuWda urTier-Toba, es saakaSvilis dros, imitom, rom arafers ar akeTebda diasporis saministro~ – ambobs erT-erTi respondenti.

sxva respondentebis TqmiT, jer kidev maSin, rodesac saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris arse-bobda diplomatiuri urTierTobebi, saqarTvelos saelCo ruseTSi ar iCenda gansakuTre-bul dainteresebas qarTuli diasporiT: „saelCo ar ereoda maSin Cvens saqmianobaSi da naTqvamic iyo, rom saelCos aranairi saqme ar aqvs diasporasTan~ – ambobs erT-erTi re-spondenti. igive mosazrebas exmianeba sxva respondentis azric: „Tavis droze arc saelCo muSaobda normalurad, arc sakonsulo, sul raRac rigebi iyo. ver vityvi, rom saqarT-velos sakonsulo an saelCo icavs qarTvelebis uflebebs ruseTSi. saqarTvelos sa-konsuloebi saerTod yvelgan cudad muSaoben... vTqvaT, me maqvs ormagi pasporti da Tu rame problemebi meqmneba, me mivmarTav ufro ruseTis saelCos imitom, rom vici, is ufro kargad icavs Tavisi moqalaqeebis uflebebs sazRvargareT, vidre saqarTvelo~.

ramdenime respondentma saubrisas gaixsena yofili sagareo saqmeTa ministris salome zurabiSvilis stumroba ruseTSi, Tumca am faqts ufro metad „mziuris~ Senobis gayid-vis Temaze saubrisas axsenebdnen: „salome zurabiSvili Camosulic ki iyo moskovSi da

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vcadeT Sexvedra, magram ise Cagvirbina, Sexvedris gareSe, maSin is vicodiT, rom ar-gumentacia [mziuris gayidvis] eseTi hqondaT, rom saelCo parizSi jobia gvqondes da, radgan gviWirs, SeiZleba SevelioT „mziurs~... sabolood moxda ise, rom davrCiT Ria cis qveS, mziuri gaiyida~ – SeniSnavs respondenti.

respondentTa umravlesoba aRniSnavda, rom kavSirebi saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan diasporis saministros saxiT arsebobs, Tumca es urTierTobebi arasistemuri da mwiria. „Cven ar viciT raRac iseTi globaluri proeqtebi saqarTvelos diasporis saminis-tros mxridan, garda sazafxulo banakisa, sadac saqarTveloSi bavSvebis gamgzavrebis xarjs isev Cven viRebT, miReba da ganTavseba maTzea... aseve aris weliwadSi erTi dRe – 27 maisi – diasporis dRe, sadac yvela warmomadgeneli ikribeba, sxva konkretuli pro-eqtebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven ar viciT~ – aRniSnavs erT-erTi respondenti.

respondentTa azriT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos gulgrili damokidebuleba ruseTSi arsebuli qarTuli diasporis mimarT ganpirobebulia politikuri faqtoriT, kerZod, vinaidan saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris gawyda diplomatiuri kavSiri, qarTuli mxarec ar iCens aqtiurobas ruseTis mimarTulebiT sxva danarCeni qveynebis diasporebTan Sedare-biT: „diasporis saministros mxridan, bolo dros ar vityodi, Tumca mainc varT gan-calkevebulebi... iseTi STabeWdileba mrCeba, TiTqos ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi maincdamainc ar varT iseTi warmomadgeneli sazRvargareTis diasporebs Soris, ro-gorebic arian magaliTad inglisSi, safrangeTSi an kidev sxvagan, miuxedavad imisa, TviTonac esmiT, yvelaze didi diaspora saqarTvelos ruseTSi hyavs~. Tumca igive re-spondenti aRniSnavs, rom wina wlebTan SedarebiT, axla meti komunikacia SeiniSneba.

respondentebi, garda oficialuri mxaris damokidebulebis Sefasebisa, axsenebd-nen imasac, rom qarTuli sazogadoebis mxridanac igrZnoba ruseTis qarTuli diasporis mimarT garkveuli negatiuri damokidebuleba. magaliTad erT-erTi respondenti aRniS-navs: „ruseTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs iseTi statusi gvaqvs, rom ai ruseTSi rom vcxov-robT damnaSave varT, imitom rom damnaSave varT rom vcxovrobT ruseTSi~. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT respondentebma sxvadasxva mosazrebebi gamoTqves, Tumca yvelaze xSirad prevalirebda azri imis Sesaxeb, rom ruseTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs saqarTveloSi erTg-varad eWvis TvaliT uyureben, vinaidan isini asocirdebian mtrulad ganwyobil qveyanasTan da diasporis im wevrebTan, romlebic qarTuli mxarisTvis miuRebeli politikuri gancxa-debebiT gamoirCevian. aseve saubrisas gamoiTqva azri, rom Tu qarTuli sazogadoebis uaryofiTi damokidebulebis mizezs warmoadgens is, rom qarTuli diaspora ar afiqsireb-da da ar afiqsirebs konkretul politikur poziciebs qarTul-rusul urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT da ar gamoirCeva ruseTSi politikuri aqtivizmiT saqarTvelos interesebis dasacavad, es imitom xdeba rom amgvari saqmianobis ganxorcieleba ruseTSi bevr riskTan aris dakavSirebuli. miuTiTebdnen imaze, rom ruseTis samoqalaqo sivrceSi faqtiurad SeuZlebelia xelisuflebis Riad gakritikeba: aseTi damokidebulebaa, rom TiTqos Cven unda gagvekeTebina politikuri raRacebi, ufro unda dagvecva Cveni poziciebi, magram Zalian rTulia aseTi rameebis keTeba, radgan yvelas hyavs Svili, yvelas hyavs ojaxi da saqarTvelo ar gviqmnis aranair pirobebs, aq rom cxovrob wlebis ganmavlobaSi, aq am-Tavreb skolas, aq iwyeb karieras da mere... maSin saqarTvelom unda Segviqmnas pirobe-bi, rom davyaroT yvelaferi da davbrundeT, ara mgonia, saqarTvelos dRes hqondes imis saSualeba, rom naxevari milioni adamiani miiRos~ – aRniSnavs respondenti.

respondentTa azriT, saqarTveloSi qarTul diasporaze sazogadoebrivi azris Cam-oyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRviT media saSualebebs. saubarSi xSirad SeniSna-vdnen, rom Tavad qarTuli media axdens im adamianTa rekrutirebas, romlebic qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis da politikuri elitisTvis miuRebeli gancxadebebiT gamodian da Ses-abamisad xdeba maTi Sexedulebebis ganzogadeba mTel qarTul diasporaze: „ai, Cveni pre-

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sis mikvirs, televizia, gazeTebi... am kacma [mixeil xubutiam] raime umniSvneloc rom Tqvas, saqarTveloSi yvela gazeTsa da televiziaSi iqneba amaze laparaki. hoda sxvam exla... ramdenjer moviwvieT sxvadasxva organizaciebi arc erTxel ar yofila Cveni ga-Suqeba~. – ambobs respondenti.

sxva respondenti ki miuTiTebs, rom qarTuli diasporis mimarT saxelmwifo politikaa Sesacvleli, rom, sul mcire, ar moxdes sazogadoebrivi diskursSi ruseTTan mimarTebiT arsebuli „mtris xatis~ qarTul diasporazec gavrceleba: „saxelmwifom unda izrunos imaze, rom ar iyos amxela negativi da Tu saxelmwifo amaze xuWavs Tvals da uSvebs imas, rom aseTi agresiiT ilaparakos xalxma, maSin es aris mizanSewonilad saxelmwifo politika~ – aRniSnavs erT-erTi respondenti.

5 .3 qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebi da diasporakvlevis mTavari interesis sagans warmoadgenda imis garkveva, Tu ra warmodgenebi ar-

sebobs ruseTis qarTul diasporaSi saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris arsebul viTarebasTan da-kavSirebiT, kerZod, rogor afaseben 2012 wlis Semdgom saqarTvelos mxridan inicirebul qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis normalizebis process.

am sakiTxebze saubrisas respondentTa mxridan araerTgvarovani mosazrebebi ga-JRerda. saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris dialogis procesis e.w. „karasini-abaSiZis formatis~ mimarT respondentebis azri or jgufad gaiyo. 1. respondentebi, romlebic skeptikur damokidebulebas avlendnen saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris urTierTobebis daregulirebis mcdelobis mimarT da 2. respondentebi, romlebic aucileblad miiCneven da miesalmebian urTierTobebis daregulirebas, Tumca gansakuTrebul Sedegebs arsebuli politikiT ver xedaven. skeptikosebis ZiriTadi mosazrebebi efuZneboda imas, rom saqarTvelos ruseT-Tan urTierTobis aranairi berketi ar gaaCnia da nebismieri mcdeloba kraxiT dasruldeba. rodesac saubari midioda imaze, rom, miuxedavad politikuri problemebis gadaWris Seu-Zleblobisa, saqarTvelo mainc iRebs garkveul ekonomikur sargebels savaWro urTier-Tobebis ganaxlebiT, sapirispiro argumentacia Semdegnairad JRerda: „dRes rac keTdeba, es aris mwvanilis politika, Rvinis politika... ramac waago, waago ara mxolod imiT, rom ver moxerxda realizacia bolomde, aramed waago imiT, rom sxva bazrebi dakarga. evropis bazarze gasvlis Sansi dakarga~.

respondentebi, romlebic dadebiTad uyurebdnen urTierTobebis daregulirebis Ses-aZleblobas, ufro metad yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen adamianur resursebze, imaze, rom politikis miRma arsebobs adamianuri faqtorebi, rac Sesabamis rols qarTul-rusul urTierTobebSi mainc TamaSobs: „xalxs surs erTmaneTTan urTierToba da, vfiqrob, rom rusebi da qarTvelebi politikaSic ufro gaugeben erTmaneTs, aq raRac agresia ar igrZnoba... me, saerTod, vfiqrob, rom es cota aranormaluri situaciaa, dRevandeli urTierTobebi...marto imis Zieba, vin aris damnaSave da vin marTali, saqmes ver Svelis~ – aRniSnavs respondenti. amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom maT visac ruseTTan arsebuli poli-tikis mimarT negatiuri Sexedulebebi gaaCndaT, uaryofiT damokidebulebas avlendnen dRevandeli saqarTvelos politikuri elitis mimarTac.

aseve saubari Seexeboda imasac, Tu ramdenad iqonia gavlena diasporaze 2012 wlis Sem-dgom saqarTvelos mier ruseTis mimarTulebiT diskursis Secvlam da or qveyanas Soris urTierTobebis normalizaciis procesma.

respondentebi aRniSnavdnen, rom organizaciebSi gawevrianebul qarTuli diasporis warmomadgenlebs da yvelas, vinc legalurad imyofeba ruseTis teritoriaze gansakuTre-buli saxis samarTlebrivi an politikuri viTarebiT gamowveuli problemebi ar eqmnebaT. aseTad asaxeleben mxolod 2006 wels ruseTis xelisuflebis mier qarTvelebis masiurad gamoZevebis faqts, romlis gameorebis SesaZleblobas arsebul viTarebaSi naklebsa-

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varaudod miiCnevdnen. aseve interviuSi aRniSnavdnen, rom adgilobrivi rusuli sazoga-doebis mxridanac diskriminaciuli damokidebuleba qarTvelebis mimarT ar SeimCneva.

Sesabamisad, am kategoriis qarTvelebi sakuTar Tavze politikis cvlilebis gavle-nas ver grZnoben. Tumca erT-erTi respondenti SeniSnavs, rom nacionaluri moZraobis dros ruseTis xelisuflebasTan arsebuli daZabuloba iwvevda imas, rom im diasporul organizaciebs, romlebic nacionaluri moZraobis mxardaWeraSi iyvnen SemCneulni, yov-elTvis eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen: „mogexsenebaT, saakaSvilis dros mZime situacia iyo rusul-qarTul urTierTobaSi, sul eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen yvela qarTul organi-zacias ruseTSi. raRac sababi hqonda, ubralod, zogierTi organizacia, marTla, Tavga-modebiT uWerda mxars miSas~ – SeniSnavs respondenti.

respondentebis umravlesoba qarTul-rusul urTierTobebSi arsebul problemebze saubrisas exeboda saqarTvelos konfliqturi regionebis sakiTxsac. msjeloba midioda imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenadaa qarTul-rusuli urTierTobebis normalizeba afxazeTi-sa da samxreT oseTis regionebTan konfliqtis gadaWris winapiroba. respondentTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa, dajgufdes ori mimarTulebiT: erTi mxriv, arian re-spondentebi, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxi SeuZlebelia gadaiWras, vinaidan problemis udidesi wili regionSi ruseTis faqtorze modis, amitom urTierTobebis daregulirebaze apelireba fuWia: „saqarTvelos ruseT-Tan mimarTebaSi aranairi berketi ar gaaCnia, rom gamoiyenos. erTaderTi berketi aris saerTaSoriso organizaciebi nato da evrokavSiri, isic, Tu SevaRwieT. es SeiZleba iyos erTaderTi, ramac SeiZleba gaaCeros ruseTi Tavis miswrafebebSi – miitacos mi-webi~ – SeniSnavs respondenti.

meore mxriv, iyvnen respondentebic, romlebic iziarebdnen qarTul-rusuli urTier-Tobebis aRdgenis aucileblobas, Tumca miiCnevdnen, rom am SemTxvevaSi ruseTis faqtorze metad problemuria saqarTvelosa da araRiarebuli regionebis urTierTmimarTeba, sadac mxareTa Soris interesTa absoluturi acdenaa. am mimarTulebiT, erT-erTi respondenti aRniSnavs, rom eTnikuri konfliqtebis mxolod rusul-qarTuli konfliqtebis WrilSi ganxilva ara marTebuli da moZvelebulic kia. „saqarTvelos ruseTTan ar aqvs proble-ma, problema aqvs saqarTvelos Tavis teritoriebTan da qarTul-rusuli problemac amiTia ganpirobebuli, meti arafriT da absoluturad gasagebi gaxda, rom am proble-mebis gasaRebi aq ar aris, Cven ar gvaqvs ruseTis imedi, rodesac qarTveli politikose-bi Camodian aq da cdiloben problemebis gadaWras, Cans, rom es arafriT ar mTavrdeba~ – aRniSnavs respondenti da dasZens, rom saWiroa qarTulma mxarem Secvalos konfliqtis mogvarebis arsebuli midgomebi: „pirvel rigSi, saqarTvelom unda gaacnobieros, rom afxazeTisa da oseTis problema ar unda gadaiWras wmindad politikurad. saWiroa, afxazebTan da osebTan laparaki, ise unda qnan rom afxazebma da osebma daiviwyon qarT-velebze wyena... saqarTvelom unda gamoikvlios 90-iani wlebis movlenebi da daanaxvos afxazebs da osebs, rom Cven mzad varT Cveni Secdomebis aRiarebisTvis, da viTxovoT, rom maTac aRiaron es Secdomebi da daabrunon devnilebi afxazeTSi – SeniSnavs respon-denti.

5 .4 ruseTis qarTuli diasporis roli qarTul-rusul urTierTobebSiruseTis qarTuli diasporis warmomadgenlebTan Catarebuli siRrmiseuli intervi-

uebis centralur mizans warmoadgenda imis garkveva 1. Tu ramdenad xedaven iq mcxovre-bi qarTvelebi sakuTar potencials, iqonion gavlena saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris arsebul urTierTobebze da 2. ra unda gaakeTos saqarTvelos saxelmwifom imisTvis, rom ruseTis qarTulma diasporam SeZlos efeqturi funqcionireba, im gagebiT, ra gagebiTac Tana-medroveobaSi sxvadsxva qveynis diasporebi axerxeben aqtiurobas sakuTari qveynis mimar-TulebiT (TanamSromloba, ekonomikuri kavSirebi, politikuri gavlena da a.S.).

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rodesac respondentebi saubrobdnen iseT Sida SemzRudvel garemoebebze rogori-caa: finansuri resursebis uqonloba, diasporis wevrTa undobloba da diasporul or-ganizaciaTa Soris dapirispireba gansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedulebebis niadagze, miuTiTebdnen kidev erTi mniSvnelovani problemis arsebobaze, rac ukavSirdeba Tavad ruseTis federaciis SigniT samoqalaqo doneze arsebul viTarebas. respondentTa azriT, ruseTSi samoqalaqo gaerTianebebis moqmedebis areali sakmaod SezRudulia, vinaidan Ta-vad samoqalaqo sivrce saxelmwifos mxridan aris monopolizirebuli: „Tu Sen xar dias-pora, Sen unda gakontrolos specsamsaxurebma. vTqvaT, Sen xar Zlieri diaspora, ese igi, ase gadawyvites kremlSi, Tu kremlSi gadawyvites, ese igi, raRac miznebisTvisaa~ – aRniSnavs erT-erTi respondenti.

meore mxriv, rogorc interviuebidan Cans, imisTvis, rom diaspora qmediTunariani iyos saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT mas unda hqondes aqtiuri kavSirebi saqarTvelosTan, ara individualur doneze, aramed sistemurad. erT-erTi respondentis azriT, gansxvave-biT ruseTSi mcxovrebi sxva diasporebisgan, magaliTad somxebisgan, qarTvelebs uWirT, iyvnen aqtiurni da qondeT Zlieri poziciebi. amis erT-erTi mizezi aris is, rom or qvey-anas Soris gawyvetilia diplomatiuri urTierTobebi, rasac Sesabamisi gavlena aqvs qar-Tul diasporazec: „seriozuli RonisZieba rom Caataro, kargi kavSiri unda gqondes saxelmwifosTan da rogor geqneba kargi kavSiri saxelmwifosTan, Tu diplomatiuri urTierTobebi ar aris....~ sxva mizezi ukavSirdeba aseve iseT mniSvnelovan problemas, ra-caa saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris gansxvavebuli saxelmwifo strategiuli interesebi, magaliTad, erT-erTi respondentis azriT, somxur diasporasTan SedarebiT, qarTvelebi ufro rTul mdgomareobaSi arian, vinaidan ruseTisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifos inter-esebi radikalurad gansxvavdeba da es warmoqmnis mTel rig ganxeTqilebebs, rac qarTul diasporazec aisaxeba: „somxeTSi erTi politikuri mimarTuleba arsebobs, meore poli-tikuri mimarTuleba Caklulia, fizikurad aris mokluli. marto ruseTTan dadebiT platformaze yofnis pozicia aris somxeTSi da amitom Zalauneburad urTierTobebic martivia...~ am mosazrebas exmianeba sxva respondentis azric: „rom aviRoT somxuri dias-pora, isini ufro SekavSirebulebi arian, ai, magaliTad, genocidis xsovnis dRes yvela Seikriba da seriozulad aRniSnes imitom, rom amis politikuri problema ar aris, Sen ar gaqvs SiSi... ruseTi mxars giWers, ar aris aranairi arCevanis momenti, vaida somxeTs xom ar vRalatob rodesac ruseTebTan erTad raimes vakeTeb~– aRniSnavs erT-erTi re-spondenti.

qarTul-rusul urTierTobebze gavlenis moxdenis SesaZleblobebze miuTiTebdnen respondentebi, romlebic saubrobdnen ara imdenad diasporis politikur datvirTvaze, ramdenadac diasporis rolze, rusul sazogadoebasa da istebliSmentSi Seqmnan saqarTve-los Sesaxeb dadebiTi warmodgenebi.

kvlevis Sedegad, gamovlenil mTavar tendencias warmoadgens is, rom ruseTSi mcxovreb qarTul sazogadoebaSi diasporis rolis am saxiT gaazreba nakleb aqtua-luria, rasac Sesabamisi ganmapirobebeli mizezebi aqvs. ruseTis qarTul diaspora-Si arsebuli dRis wesrigi jer isev gansazRvrulia im pirveladi problemebiT, rom-lebic sxva qveynis qmediTi diasporebis magaliTze, didi xania, gadawyvetilia – ig-ulisxmeba, rom diasporis upirvelesi miznebis realizeba, rogoricaa: saerTo eT-nikuri qselis Seqmna, erovnuli identobis SenarCunebisken mimarTuli aqtivobebis ganxorcieleba, diasporis wevrTa aqtiuri kavSiris uzrunvelyofa istoriul sam-SoblosTan da a.S. ver xerxdeba mTeli rigi Sida Tu gare faqtorebis gamo. saubrisas respondentebi miuTiTebdnen, rom qarTuli diaspora imisTvis, rom iyos aqtiuri, awydeba problemebs rogorc mimRebi qveynis SigniT, ise sakuTar qveyanasTan urT-ierTobisas.

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kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili ZiriTadi mignebebi

ruseTSi moqmed qarTul diasporul organizaciaTa umravlesoba, saqmianobisa da organizaciuli struqturis TvalsazrisiT, sustad aris ganviTarebuli. organi-zaciaTa instituciuri ganviTareba jer kidev 90-iani wlebidan iwyeba, Tumca dRes-dReisobiT srulyofili saxiT arc erTi organizacia ar aris warmodgenili.

organizaciaTa umravlesoba sakuTar saqmianobas ZiriTadad mimarTavs kul-

turisa da enis gavrceleba-SenarCunebaze, rasac sistemuri xasiaTi naklebad aqvs.

ruseTSi arsebul qarTul diasporaSi organizaciaTa Soris TanamSromlobis praqtika naklebad SeiniSneba, rasac safuZvlad udevs, diasporis wevrebsa da lid-erebs Soris gansxvavebuli politikuri preferenciebi.

ruseTis qarTuli diaspora da diasporuli organizaciebi faqtiurad ar TanamS-romloben saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan, am ukanasknelis damokidebulebac ruseTis qarTul diasporasTan pasiuria.

qarTul diasporaSi ar arsebobs erTiani midgoma, Tu ra tipis saqmianobas unda

axorcielebdnen qarTuli diasporuli organizaciebi, amis erT-erT umTavres mizezs wamoadgens isic, rom rogorc organizaciebTan, ise diasporis wevrebTan saqarTvelos xelisuflebas aranairi saxis komunikacia ar aqvs. a.g. organizaciebis saqmianoba mok-lebulia erTgvar ideur safuZvels, romlis gansazRvris saWiroebac saqarTveloze modis.

umetes SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli diasporuli organizaciebi erTiandebian im pirovnebebis garSemo, romelTac axasiaTebT ori mniSvnelovani niSani: 1. maTi saqmi-anoba dakavSirebulia biznesTan, 2. maTi socialuri kapitali, rogorc rusul, aseve qarTul sazogadoebaSi sakmaod dabalia da rig SemTxvevebSi odiozur pirovnebebad-ac ki ganixilebian. a.g. aseTi diasporuli organizaciebi diskreditirebulia qarTul sazogadoebaSi, xolo maTi gavlena rusul sazogadoebasa da politikur wreebSi mini-maluria.

ruseTis federaciaSi qarTuli diasporis umTavres gamaerTianebel ucvlel instituts warmoadgens marTlmadidebloba da eklesia. eklesia aris is erTaderTi adgili, sadac Tavs iyrian sxvadasxva wertilSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi, miuxedavad maTi socialuri aqtivobisa, maTi politikuri Sexedulebebisa da maTi moqalaqeobisa. eklesia qarTvelebisTvis warmoadgens saerTo eTnikur sivrces, sadac TiTqmis yvela inerciiT integrirdeba, es aris erTaderTi instituti, romelic ruseTSi emigrirebu-li qarTvelebis umravlesobas aZlevs saerTo Temisadmi mikuTvnebulobis gancdas.

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d a s k v n a

qveynis farglebs gareT arsebuli diaspora aris sxvadasxva obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezebiT ganpirobebuli is ucvleli mocemuloba, romelic mniSvnelovan gamowvevas war-moadgens rogorc gamSvebi, ise mimRebi saxelmwifosTvis. diasporis Temis sazogadoebaSi aqtualizeba unda gamomdinareobdes swored im mzardi potencialis gaazrebiT, rasac es fenomeni Tavis TavSi atarebs, iqneba es ekonomikuri zrdis, ganviTarebisa Tu saxelmwifo-Ta Soris kavSirebisa da TanamSromlobis miRwevis saSualeba.

saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba ruseTis federaciaSi mcxovreb qarTul diasporas sakuTari sididis, finansuri gavlenisa da sakuTari xarisxo-brivi maxasiaTeblebis gamo. amasTan, aranakleb mniSvnelovania imis gaazrebac, rom sazR-vargareT mcxovrebi Cveni Tanamemamuleebis didi nawili cxovrobs da moRvaweobs mezo-bel iseT qveyanaSi, romelTanac saqarTvelos urTierTobebi bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi sakmaod daZabulad viTardeboda. kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom ruseTis federaciaSi qarTuli diasporuli organizaciebisa da rig SemTxvevebSi qarTveli Tanamemamuleebis mdgomareoba swored qarTul-rusul urTierTobebSi mimdinare cvlilebebis gavlenas ganicdida.

miuxedavad imisa, rom 2012 wlis Semdeg saqarTvelos mTavrobam sakuTar Tavze aiRo iniciativa, pozitiurad Seecvala ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobebSi arsebuli viTareba, am gadawyvetilebaSi diasporis sakiTxi yuradRebis miRma darCa. saqarTvelos mTavrobas ara aqvs mkafiod Camoyalibebuli xedva da Sesabamisad strategiac, Tu ratom da rogori formebiT unda CaerTos qarTuli diaspora saqarTvelos nacionaluri inter-esebis dacvaSi. samwuxarod, sakiTxis amgvari dayeneba saerTod ar xdeba. saqarTvelos mTavroba da konkretulad saxelmwifo ministris aparati diasporis sakiTxebSi, ruseTSi qarTul diasporasTan urTierTobebSi ar aris dRis wesrigis ganmsazRvreli. amis Tval-naTeli magaliTia, is faqti, rom saministro ar TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols diasporuli organizaciebis formirebaSi da am organizaciebis saqmianobis mimarTulebebis gansaz-RvraSi. aseT viTarebaSi saqarTvelos mTavroba rCeba pasiuri mayureblis rolSi, romel-ic ar qmnis dRis wesrigs da sakuTari interesebis dacva spontanur da qaotur qmedebebi-sTvis aqvs mindobili. xazgasasmelia isic, rom dRes saqarTveloSi ideur donezec ar aris gansazRvruli, Tu ras niSnavs qarTuli diaspora, vin moiazreba mis nawilad da ra miznebi SeiZleba hqondes diasporul organizaciebs.

sabolood mTavari kiTxva, romelic unda daisvas qarTuli diasporis Temis irgvliv, JRers Semdegnairad – ra politikas unda axorcielebdes saqarTvelos mTavroba, raTa ruseTis qarTuli diaspora saqarTvelosTvis warmoadgendes ufro metad SesaZleblobas, vidre problemas. calsaxaa, rom ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTveloba (am terminis farTo gage-biT, romelic moiazrebs eTnikur umciresobebsac), yovelgvari stimulaciis gareSe, Tav-isTavad aris saqarTvelos ekonomikuri mdgradobis mniSvnelovani resursi. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, fuladi gzavnilebis TiTqmis naxevars ruseTSi mcxovrebi Cveni Tanamoqalaqeebi agzavnian, rac, Tavis mxriv, umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa saqarTvelos ekonomikuri mdgrado-bisTvis. sul mcire, saqarTvelos mTavroba unda ecados, rom ar gaauaresos es viTareba, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ki – ukeTesi politikis warmoebiT gamoiyenos qarTul diasporaSi arsebuli resursebi da gamokveTos axali SesaZleblobebi. amisTvis ki saWiroa, rom arse-buli inertuli mdgomareobidan saqarTvelo gadavides aqtiur nabijebze. argumenti imi-sa, rom „ruseTi, rTuli qveyanaa da mis mimarT raime saxis gaaqtiureba sariskoa~ arc iseTi damajerebelia, vinaidan Tu saubaria qarTuli diasporis mimarT politikis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebaze, amas calsaxad unda hqondes gacxadebuli saxe, metic, am procesSi Sesa-Zlebelia, ruseTTan meti TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobebic gamoikveTos. meore argumen-ti imisa, rom or qveyanas Soris gawyvetili diplomatiuri urTierTobebis ararsebobis gamo politikis warmoeba rTulia, kidev ufro azrsmoklebulia, vinaidan arsebobs mTeli

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rigi saSualebebisa, romliTac SeuZlia saxelmwifos, mxari dauWiros ruseTSi mcxovreb qarTul diasproras da iqonios masTan mWidro kavSiri. saqarTveloSi aris am tipis gamoc-dileba, rodesac saqarTvelos xelisufleba 2008-2012 wlebSi axorcielebda Crdilo-ka-vkasiur politikas ise, rom ruseTTan oficialuri urTierTobebi saerTod gawyvetili iyo, am politikis av-kargianobis Sefaseba sxva gansjis sagania, Tumca amgvari praqtikuli gamocdileba mainc arsebobs.

mniSvnelovania imis xazgasma, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam ar unda moiTxovos ruseT-Si arsebuli diasporuli organizaciebis mxridan konkretuli poziciebis dafiqsire-ba iseT sakiTxebze, romlebic safrTxes Seuqmnis maT saqmianobas ruseTis teritoriaze. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom ruseTis qarTuli diasporasTan mimarTebaSi moixsnas qarTul sazogadoebaSi prodasavluri/prorusulis dominanturi diqotomiuri gansja. politika, pirvel jerze, unda efuZnebodes qarTul diasporaSi axali gaerTianebebis iniciativis waxalisebas, aqcenti ki ufro metad axalgazrdebze unda keTdebodes, romlebic nakle-bad motivirebulni arian politikuri mosazrebebiT da amitom meti SesaZlebloba aqvT erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobis. aseve mniSvnelovani iqneba, Tu saqarTvelos xelSewyobiT axali organizaciebis Camoyalibeba moxdeba ara odiozuri biznesmenebis irgvliv, aramed warmatebuli da pativsacemi inteleqtualTa klasis (inteligenciis) warmomadgenlebis garSemo. aseTebi, SeiZleba iyvnen is qarTveli mecnierebi, reJisorebi Tu eqimebi, ro-melTac aqvT mniSvnelovani socialuri kapitali rogorc rusul, aseve qarTul sajaro sivrceSi. cxadia, es ar niSnavs imas, rom unda moxdes biznesis sferos warmomadgenlebis CamoSoreba diasporuli saqmianobidan. Tumca, diasporuli saqmianobis efeqturobisTvis umjobesi iqneba, Tu ruseTSi moRvawe biznesmenebi ar moaxdenen ruseTis qarTuli diaspo-ris monopolizebas.

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naSromi Seiqmna proeqtis `qarTul-rusuli dialogi mSvidobisa da Ta-namSromlobisTvis~ farglebSi. proeqti dafinansebulia TbilisSi didi britaneTis saelCos konfliqtis, stabilu robisa da usafrTxoebis fondis mier. aRniSnuli dokumentis Sinaarsze pasuxismgebloba ekisreba mxolod `kavkasiur saxls~ da ar unda iqnes miCneuli didi britaneTisa da CrdiloeT irlandiis gaerTianebuli samefos saelCos poziciad.

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mariam gaCeCilaZe

kvlevis angariSi

Tbilisi

2016

ruseTis qarTuli diaspora da qarTul-rusuli

urTierTobebi

mariam gacecilaze - regional dialogue

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