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PART 1THE EARLY COMPLEX SOCIETIES, 3500 TO 500 B.C.E. 2

1 The Foundations of Complex Societies 4

2 Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations 26

3 Early Societies in South and East Asia 44

4 Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania 62

PART 2THE FORMATION OF CLASSICAL SOCIETIES, 500 B.C.E. TO 500 C.E. 80

5 The Empires of Persia 82

6 The Uni� cation of China 98

7 State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India 116

8 Mediterranean Society under the Greeks and the Romans 132

9 Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads 156

PART 3THE POSTCLASSICAL ERA, 500 TO 1000 C.E. 176

10 The Christian Commonwealth of Byzantium 178

11 The Expansive Realm of Islam 196

12 The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia 214

13 India and the Indian Ocean Basin 232

BriefContents

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PART 4AN AGE OF CROSSCULTURAL INTERACTION, 1000 TO 1500 C.E. 250

14 Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration 252

15 States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa 270

16 Christian Western Europe during the Middle Ages 286

17 Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania 306

18 Reaching Out: Cross-Cultural Interactions 324

PART 5THE ORIGINS OF GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE, 15001800 346

19 Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections 348

20 The Transformation of Europe 370

21 New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania 390

22 Africa and the Atlantic World 408

23 Tradition and Change in East Asia 428

24 The Islamic Empires 446

PART 6AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, INDUSTRY, AND EMPIRE, 17501914 464

25 Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World 466

26 The Making of Industrial Society 490

27 The Americas in the Age of Independence 510

28 The Building of Global Empires 528

PART 7CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL REALIGNMENTS 554

29 The Great War: The World in Upheaval 556

30 An Age of Anxiety 576

31 Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America 592

32 New Con� agrations: World War II 608

33 The Cold War and Decolonization 628

34 A World without Borders 652

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Preface xix

PART 1THE EARLY COMPLEX SOCIETIES, 3500 TO 500 B.C.E. 2

CHAPTER 1The Foundations of Complex Societies 4CHRONOLOGY 6

THE TRANSITION TO AGRICULTURE 6

The Paleolithic Era 6The Neolithic Era 7

THE QUEST FOR ORDER 8

Mesopotamia: “The Land between the Rivers” 8The Course of Empire 10

THE FORMATION OF A COMPLEX SOCIETY AND SOPHISTICATED CULTURAL TRADITIONS 12

Economic Specialization and Trade 12

REVERBERATIONS: The Role of Urbanization in the Creation of Patriarchy 14

The Emergence of a Strati� ed Patriarchal Society 14The Development of Written Cultural Traditions 16

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Flood Story from the Epic of Gilgamesh 17

THE BROADER INFLUENCE OF MESOPOTAMIAN SOCIETY 18

Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews 18The Phoenicians 19

THE INDOEUROPEAN MIGRATIONS 20

Indo-European Origins 20Indo-European Expansion and Its E� ects 21

Summary 24Study Terms 24For Further Reading 25

CHAPTER 2Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations 26CHRONOLOGY 28

EARLY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY IN AFRICA 28

Climatic Change and the Development of Agriculture in Africa 28Egypt and Nubia: “Gifts of the Nile” 29The Uni� cation of Egypt 30Turmoil and Empire 31

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Harkhuf’s Expeditions to Nubia 32

THE FORMATION OF COMPLEX SOCIETIES AND SOPHISTICATED CULTURAL TRADITIONS 34

The Emergence of Cities and Strati� ed Societies 34Economic Specialization and Trade 35

CONNECTING THE SOURCES: Thinking about Non-Elites in the Egyptian Ancient Past 36

Early Writing in the Nile Valley 39The Development of Organized Religious Traditions 39

BANTU MIGRATIONS AND EARLY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES OF SUBSAHARAN AFRICA 41

The Dynamics of Bantu Expansion 41Early Agricultural Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa 42

Summary 43Study Terms 43For Further Reading 43

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CHAPTER 3Early Societies in South and East Asia 44CHRONOLOGY 46

HARAPPAN SOCIETY 46

Harappan Society and Culture 47

THE INDOEUROPEAN MIGRATIONS AND EARLY ARYAN INDIA 48

The Aryans and India 49Origins of the Caste System 49

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Rig Vedaon the Origin of the Castes 51

RELIGION IN THE VEDIC AGE 51

Aryan Religion 51The Blending of Aryan and Indigenous Values 52

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IN EARLY CHINA 53

The Xia and Shang Dynasties 53The Zhou Dynasty 53

SOCIETY AND FAMILY IN ANCIENT CHINA 56

The Social Order 56Family and Patriarchy 57

EARLY CHINESE WRITING AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 57

Oracle Bones and Early Chinese Writing 58

ANCIENT CHINA AND THE LARGER WORLD 60

Relations with Nomadic Peoples of Central Asia 60The Southern Expansion of Chinese Society 60

Summary 61Study Terms 61For Further Reading 61

CHAPTER 4Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania 62CHRONOLOGY 64

EARLY SOCIETIES OF MESOAMERICA 64

The Olmecs 65Heirs of the Olmecs: The Maya 66Maya Society and Religion 68

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Popul Vuhon the Creation of Human Beings 70

Heirs of the Olmecs: Teotihuacan 71

EARLY SOCIETIES OF SOUTH AMERICA 72

Early Andean Society and the Chavín Cult 72Early Andean States: Mochica 73

EARLY SOCIETIES OF OCEANIA 74

Early Societies in Australia and New Guinea 75The Peopling of the Paci� c Islands 75

Summary 77Study Terms 77For Further Reading 77

BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER 78

PART 2THE FORMATION OF CLASSICAL SOCIETIES, 500 B.C.E. TO 500 C.E. 80

CHAPTER 5The Empires of Persia 82CHRONOLOGY 84

THE RISE AND FALL OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRES 84

The Achaemenid Empire 84Decline and Fall of the Achaemenid Empire 87The Selucid, Parthian, and Sasanid Empires 88

IMPERIAL SOCIETY AND ECONOMY 90

Social Development in Classical Persia 90Economic Foundations of Classical Persia 91

REVERBERATIONS: Long-Distance Trade Networks 92

RELIGIONS OF SALVATION IN CLASSICAL PERSIAN SOCIETY 93

Zarathustra and His Faith 93

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Zarathustra on Good and Evil 95

Religions of Salvation in a Cosmopolitan Society 95

Summary 97Study Terms 97For Further Reading 97

CHAPTER 6The Unification of China 98CHRONOLOGY 100

IN SEARCH OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORDER 100

Confucius and His School 100

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Confucius on Good Government 102

Daoism 103Legalism 104

THE UNIFICATION OF CHINA 104

The Qin Dynasty 104The Early Han Dynasty 106

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FROM ECONOMIC PROSPERITY TO SOCIAL DISORDER 109

Productivity and Prosperity during the Former Han 109

CONNECTING THE SOURCES: Prescriptive Literature and the Lives of Chinese Women during the Han Dynasty 110

Economic and Social Di¡ culties 112The Later Han Dynasty 113

Summary 115Study Terms 115For Further Reading 115

CHAPTER 7State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India 116CHRONOLOGY 118

THE FORTUNES OF EMPIRE IN CLASSICAL INDIA 118

The Mauryan Dynasty and the Temporary Uni� cation of India 118The Emergence of Regional Kingdoms and the Revival of Empire 120

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL DISTINCTIONS 121

Towns and Trade 121Family Life and the Caste System 122

RELIGIONS OF SALVATION IN CLASSICAL INDIA 124

Jainism and the Challenge to the Established Cultural Order 124Early Buddhism 125Mahayana Buddhism 127The Emergence of Popular Hinduism 128

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Teachings of Buddha 129

Summary 131Study Terms 131For Further Reading 131

CHAPTER 8Mediterranean Society under the Greeks and the Romans 132CHRONOLOGY 134

EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK SOCIETY 134

Minoan and Mycenaean Societies 135The World of the Polis 136

GREECE AND THE LARGER WORLD 137

Greek Colonization 137Con¤ ict with Persia 138The Macedonians and the Coming of Empire 139The Hellenistic Era 139

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Arrian on the Character of Alexander of Macedon 141

THE FRUITS OF TRADE: GREEK ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 142

Trade and the Integration of the Mediterranean Basin 142Family and Society 143

THE CULTURAL LIFE OF CLASSICAL GREECE 143

Rational Thought and Philosophy 143Popular Religion and Greek Drama 144Hellenistic Philosophy and Religion 145

ROME: FROM KINGDOM TO REPUBLIC 145

The Etruscans and Rome 145The Roman Republic and Its Constitution 146The Expansion of the Republic 146

FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE 147

Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems 147The Foundation of Empire 148Continuing Expansion and Integration of the Empire 149

ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE ROMAN MEDITERRANEAN 149

Trade and Urbanization 149Family and Society in Roman Times 151

THE COSMOPOLITAN MEDITERRANEAN 152

Greek Philosophy and Religions of Salvation 152Judaism and Early Christianity 153

Summary 155Study Terms 155For Further Reading 155

CHAPTER 9Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads 156CHRONOLOGY 158

LONGDISTANCE TRADE AND THE SILK ROADS NETWORK 158

Trade Networks of the Hellenistic Era 158The Silk Roads 159

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CULTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL EXCHANGES ALONG THE SILK ROADS 161

The Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism 161The Spread of Christianity 162The Spread of Manichaeism 163The Spread of Epidemic Disease 164

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: St. Cyprian on Epidemic Diseases in the Roman Empire 165

CHINA AFTER THE HAN DYNASTY 166

Internal Decay of the Han State 166Cultural Change in Post-Han China 166

THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 168

Internal Decay in the Roman Empire 168Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Western Roman Empire 169Cultural Change in the Late Roman Empire 170

Summary 172Study Terms 172For Further Reading 173

BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER 174

PART 3THE POSTCLASSICAL ERA, 500 TO 1000 C.E. 176

CHAPTER 10The Christian Commonwealth of Byzantium 178CHRONOLOGY 180

THE EARLY BYZANTINE EMPIRE 180

The Later Roman Empire and Byzantium 180Justinian and His Legacy 182Islamic Conquests and Byzantine Revival 184Byzantium and Western Europe 184

BYZANTINE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 185

Rural Economy and Society 185Industry and Trade 185Urban Life 186

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Wealth and Commerce of Constantinople 187

CLASSICAL HERITAGE AND ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY 187

The Legacy of Classical Greece 188The Byzantine Church 188Monasticism and Popular Piety 188Tensions between Eastern and Western Christianity 189

THE INFLUENCE OF BYZANTIUM IN EASTERN EUROPE 189

Domestic Problems and Foreign Pressures 190Early Relations between Byzantium and Slavic Peoples 190Byzantium and Russia 191

REVERBERATIONS: The Spread of Religious Traditions 192

Summary 195Study Terms 195For Further Reading 195

CHAPTER 11The Expansive Realm of Islam 196CHRONOLOGY 198

A PROPHET AND HIS WORLD 198

Muhammad and His Message 198Muhammad’s Migration to Medina 199The Establishment of Islam in Arabia 200

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Quran on Allah and His Expectations of Humankind 201

THE EXPANSION OF ISLAM 201

The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty 202The Abbasid Dynasty 204

ECONOMY AND SOCIETY OF THE EARLY ISLAMIC WORLD 205

New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and Urban Growth 205The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone 206The Changing Status of Women 208

ISLAMIC VALUES AND CULTURAL EXCHANGES 208

The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition 208

CONNECTING THE SOURCES: Sufi Mysticism and the Appeal of Islam 210

Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, India, and Greece 212

Summary 213Study Terms 213For Further Reading 213

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CHAPTER 12The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia 214CHRONOLOGY 216

THE RESTORATION OF CENTRALIZED IMPERIAL RULE IN CHINA 216

The Sui Dynasty 216The Tang Dynasty 216The Song Dynasty 219

THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF TANG AND SONG CHINA 220

Agricultural Development 220Technological and Industrial Development 222The Emergence of a Market Economy 223

CULTURAL CHANGE IN TANG AND SONG CHINA 223

The Establishment of Buddhism 223

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Arab Merchant Suleiman on Business Practices in Tang China 224

Neo-Confucianism 226

CHINESE INFLUENCE IN EAST ASIA 226

Korea and Vietnam 227Early Japan 228Medieval Japan 229

Summary 231Study Terms 231For Further Reading 231

CHAPTER 13India and the Indian Ocean Basin 232CHRONOLOGY 234

ISLAMIC AND HINDU KINGDOMS 234

The Quest for Centralized Imperial Rule 234The Introduction of Islam to Northern India 234The Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India 236

PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN BASIN 236

Agriculture in the Monsoon World 236Trade and Economic Development of Southern India 237Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin 238

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Cosmas Indicopleustes on Trade in Southern India 239

Caste and Society 240

THE MEETING OF HINDU AND ISLAMIC TRADITIONS 241

The Development of Hinduism 241Islam and Its Appeal 242

THE INFLUENCE OF INDIAN SOCIETY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 243

The States of Southeast Asia 243The Arrival of Islam 246

Summary 247Study Terms 247For Further Reading 247

BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER 248

PART 4AN AGE OF CROSS-CULTURAL INTERACTION, 1000 TO 1500 C.E. 250

CHAPTER 14Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration 252CHRONOLOGY 254

TURKISH MIGRATIONS AND IMPERIAL EXPANSION 254

Nomadic Economy and Society 254Turkish Empires in Persia, Anatolia, and India 256

THE MONGOL EMPIRES 257

Chinggis Khan and the Making of the Mongol Empire 257The Mongol Empires after Chinggis Khan 259

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Marco Polo on Mongol Military Tactics 260

The Mongols and Eurasian Integration 262Decline of the Mongols in Persia and China 263

REVERBERATIONS: The Diff usion of Technologies 264

AFTER THE MONGOLS 266

Tamerlane the Whirlwind 267The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire 267

Summary 269Study Terms 269For Further Reading 269

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CHAPTER 15States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa 270CHRONOLOGY 272

EFFECTS OF EARLY AFRICAN MIGRATIONS 272

Agriculture and Population Growth 272African Political Organization 273

AFRICAN SOCIETY AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 274

Social Classes 274African Religion 275The Arrival of Christianity 276

ISLAMIC KINGDOMS AND EMPIRES 277

Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa 277The Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa 280

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Ibn Battuta on Muslim Society at Mogadishu 283

Summary 284Study Terms 284For Further Reading 285

CHAPTER 16Christian Western Europe during the Middle Ages 286CHRONOLOGY 288

THE QUEST FOR ORDER AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF REGIONAL STATES 288

The Franks and the Temporary Revival of Empire 288The Holy Roman Empire 290Regional Monarchies in France and England 290Regional States in Italy and Iberia 292

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 292

Organizing a Decentralized Society 292Serfs, Manors, and the Growth of the Agricultural Economy 292

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Francesco Balducci Pegolotti on Trade between Europe and China 294

The Revival of Towns and Trade 295Social Change 296

EUROPEAN CHRISTIANITY DURING THE MIDDLE AGES 297

The Politics of Conversion 297The Papacy 297Monasticism 298Schools, Universities, and Scholastic Theology 299Popular Religion 299

THE MEDIEVAL EXPANSION OF EUROPE 301

Atlantic and Baltic Colonization 301The Reconquest of Sicily and Spain 301The Crusades 303

Summary 305Study Terms 305For Further Reading 305

CHAPTER 17Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania 306CHRONOLOGY 308

STATES AND EMPIRES IN MESOAMERICA AND NORTH AMERICA 308

The Toltecs and the Mexica 308Mexica Society 310Mexica Religion 311Peoples and Societies of the North 312

STATES AND EMPIRES IN SOUTH AMERICA 314

The Coming of the Incas 314Inca Society and Religion 316

THE SOCIETIES OF OCEANIA 317

The Nomadic Foragers of Australia 317The Development of Paci� c Island Societies 318

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Mo‘ikeha's Migration from Tahiti to Hawai‘i 321

Summary 322Study Terms 322For Further Reading 323

CHAPTER 18Reaching Out: Cross-Cultural Interactions 324CHRONOLOGY 326

LONGDISTANCE TRADE AND TRAVEL 326

Patterns of Long-Distance Trade 326Political and Diplomatic Travel 327Missionary Campaigns 327Long-Distance Travel and Cross-Cultural Exchanges 328

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: John of Montecorvino on His Mission in China 330

CRISIS AND RECOVERY 331

Bubonic Plague 331

CONNECTING THE SOURCES: Individual Experiences of the Bubonic Plague 332

Recovery in China: The Ming Dynasty 334Recovery in Western Europe: State Building 335Recovery in Western Europe: The Renaissance 336

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EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION 338

The Chinese Reconnaissance of the Indian Ocean Basin 338European Exploration in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans 339

Summary 342Study Terms 342For Further Reading 343

BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER 344

PART 5THE ORIGINS OF GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE, 1500–1800 346

CHAPTER 19Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections 348CHRONOLOGY 350

THE EUROPEAN RECONNAISSANCE OF THE WORLD’S OCEANS 350

Motives for Exploration 350The Technology of Exploration 351Voyages of Exploration: From the Mediterranean to the Atlantic 354Voyages of Exploration: From the Atlantic to the Paci� c 354

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Christopher Columbus's First Impression of American Peoples 355

TRADE AND CONFLICT IN EARLY MODERN ASIA 357

Trading-Post Empires 357European Conquests in Southeast Asia 359Foundations of the Russian Empire in Asia 360European Commercial Rivalries 361

ECOLOGICAL EXCHANGES 361

The Columbian Exchange 361

REVERBERATIONS: Short-Term and Long-Term Eff ects of the Columbian Exchange 364

The Origins of Global Trade 367

Summary 368Study Terms 368For Further Reading 369

CHAPTER 20The Transformation of Europe 370CHRONOLOGY 372

THE FRAGMENTATION OF WESTERN CHRISTENDOM 372

The Protestant Reformation 372The Catholic Reformation 373Witch Hunts and Religious Wars 374

THE CONSOLIDATION OF SOVEREIGN STATES 375

The Attempted Revival of Empire 375The New Monarchs 375Constitutional States 377Absolute Monarchies 378The European States System 380

EARLY CAPITALIST SOCIETY 382

Population Growth and Urbanization 382Early Capitalism and Protoindustrialization 382Social Change in Early Modern Europe 384

TRANSFORMATIONS IN SCIENTIFIC THINKING 385

The Reconception of the Universe 385

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Galileo Galilei, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina 386

The Scienti� c Revolution 387Women and Science 387Science and Society 388

Summary 389Study Terms 389For Further Reading 389

CHAPTER 21New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania 390CHRONOLOGY 392

COLLIDING WORLDS 392

The Spanish Caribbean 392The Conquest of Mexico and Peru 393

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: First Impressions of Spanish Forces 395

Iberian Empires in the Americas 395Settler Colonies in North America 396

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE AMERICAS 398

The Formation of Multicultural Societies 399Mining and Agriculture in the Spanish Empire 400Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil 401Fur Traders and Settlers in North America 402Christianity and Native Religions in the Americas 403

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EUROPEANS IN THE PACIFIC 404

Australia and the Larger World 404The Paci� c Islands and the Larger World 405

Summary 407Study Terms 407For Further Reading 407

CHAPTER 22Africa and the Atlantic World 408CHRONOLOGY 410

AFRICAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY IN EARLY MODERN TIMES 410

The States of West Africa and East Africa 410The Kingdoms of Central Africa and South Africa 411Islam and Christianity in Early Modern Africa 414Social Change in Early Modern Africa 414

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: King Afonso I Protests Slave Trading in the Kingdom of Kongo 415

THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE 416

Foundations of the Slave Trade 416Human Cargoes 416The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa 418

CONNECTING THE SOURCES: Using Indirect Sources to Reconstruct the Lives of Slaves 420

THE AFRICAN DIASPORA 422

Plantation Societies 422The Making of African-American Cultural Traditions 424The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery 424

Summary 426Study Terms 426For Further Reading 427

CHAPTER 23Tradition and Change in East Asia 428CHRONOLOGY 430

THE QUEST FOR POLITICAL STABILITY 430

The Ming Dynasty 430The Qing Dynasty 432The Son of Heaven and the Scholar-Bureaucrats 433

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGES 434

The Patriarchal Family 434Population Growth and Economic Development 435

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Qianlong on Chinese Trade with England 437

Gentry, Commoners, Soldiers, and Mean People 437

THE CONFUCIAN TRADITION AND NEW CULTURAL INFLUENCES 438

Neo-Confucianism and Pulp Fiction 439The Return of Christianity to China 439

THE UNIFICATION OF JAPAN 440

The Tokugawa Shogunate 440Economic and Social Change 440Neo-Confucianism and Floating Worlds 441Christianity and Dutch Learning 443

Summary 445Study Terms 445For Further Reading 445

CHAPTER 24The Islamic Empires 446CHRONOLOGY 448

FORMATION OF THE ISLAMIC EMPIRES 448

The Ottoman Empire 448The Safavid Empire 450

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Sultan Selim I, Letter to Shah Ismail of Persia 451

The Mughal Empire 452

IMPERIAL ISLAMIC SOCIETY 453

The Dynastic State 453Agriculture and Trade 454Religious A� airs in the Islamic Empires 456Cultural Patronage of the Islamic Emperors 457

THE EMPIRES IN TRANSITION 458

The Deterioration of Imperial Leadership 458Economic and Military Decline 459Cultural Conservatism 459

Summary 461Study Terms 461For Further Reading 461

BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER 462

PART 6AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, INDUSTRY, AND EMPIRE, 1750–1914 464

CHAPTER 25Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World 466CHRONOLOGY 468

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POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY AND POLITICAL UPHEAVAL 468

The Enlightenment and Revolutionary Ideas 468The American Revolution 469The French Revolution 471

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen 473

The Reign of Napoleon 474

THE INFLUENCE OF REVOLUTION 476

The Haitian Revolution 476Wars of Independence in Latin America 477The Emergence of Ideologies: Conservatism and Liberalism 478Testing the Limits of Revolutionary Ideals: Slavery and Women’s Rights 480

THE CONSOLIDATION OF NATIONAL STATES IN EUROPE 481

Nations and Nationalism 481The Emergence of National Communities 483

REVERBERATIONS: The Birth of Nationalism 484

The Uni� cations of Italy and Germany 484

Summary 488Study Terms 488For Further Reading 489

CHAPTER 26The Making of Industrial Society 490CHRONOLOGY 492

PATTERNS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION 492

Foundations of Industrialization 492The Factory System 494The Early Spread of Industrialization 494Industrial Capitalism 495

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY 497

The Fruits of Industry 498Urbanization and Migration 498

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Testimony for the Factory Act of 1833: Working Conditions in England 499

Industry and Society 500The Socialist Challenge 502

GLOBAL EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION 503

The International Division of Labor 503The Continuing Spread of Industrialization: Russia and Japan 504

Summary 509Study Terms 509For Further Reading 509

CHAPTER 27The Americas in the Age of Independence 510CHRONOLOGY 512

THE BUILDING OF AMERICAN STATES 512

The United States: Westward Expansionand Civil War 512The Canadian Dominion: Independence without War 515Latin America: Fragmentation and Political Experimentation 517

AMERICAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 519

Migration to the Americas 519Economic Expansion in the United States 521Canadian Prosperity 522Latin American Dependence 522

AMERICAN CULTURAL AND SOCIAL DIVERSITY 523

Multicultural Society in the United States 523Canadian Cultural Contrasts 525Ethnicity, Identity, and Gender in Latin America 525

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Meaning of Freedom for an Ex-Slave 526

Summary 527Study Terms 527For Further Reading 527

CHAPTER 28The Building of Global Empires 528CHRONOLOGY 530

FOUNDATIONS OF EMPIRE 530

Motives of Imperialism 530Tools of Empire 532

EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM 533

The British Empire in India 533Imperialism in Southeast Asia 534

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Informal Imperialism in the Ottoman and Qing Empires 535The Scramble for Africa 539

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Royal Niger Company Mass-Produces Imperial Control in Africa 541

European Imperialism in the Paci� c 543

THE EMERGENCE OF NEW IMPERIAL POWERS 544

U.S. Imperialism in Latin America and the Paci� c 544Imperial Japan 545

LEGACIES OF IMPERIALISM 546

Empire and Economy 546Labor Migrations 547Empire and Society 547

CONNECTING THE SOURCES: Thinking about Colonized Peoples’ Responses to Colonialism 548

Summary 551Study Terms 551For Further Reading 551

BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER 552

PART 7CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL REALIGNMENTS 554

CHAPTER 29The Great War: The World in Upheaval 556CHRONOLOGY 558

THE DRIFT TOWARD WAR 558

Nationalist Aspirations 558National Rivalries 558Understandings and Alliances 560

GLOBAL WAR 560

The Guns of August 561Mutual Butchery 561

REVERBERATIONS: The Destructive Potential of Industrial Technologies 562

Total War: The Home Front 564Con¤ ict in East Asia and the Paci� c 566Battles in Africa and Southwest Asia 567

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Dulce et Decorum Est 568

THE END OF THE WAR 569

Revolution in Russia 569U.S. Intervention and Collapse of the Central Powers 570After the War 571Challenges to European Preeminence 572

Summary 574Study Terms 574For Further Reading 575

CHAPTER 30An Age of Anxiety 576CHRONOLOGY 578

PROBING CULTURAL FRONTIERS 578

Postwar Pessimism 578Revolutions in Physics and Psychology 579Experimentation in Art and Architecture 581

GLOBAL DEPRESSION 581

The Great Depression 582Despair and Government Action 583Economic Experimentation 583

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Nothing to Fear 584

CHALLENGES TO THE LIBERAL ORDER 585

Communism in Russia 585The Fascist Alternative 586Italian Fascism 587German National Socialism 588

Summary 590Study Terms 590For Further Reading 591

CHAPTER 31Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America 592CHRONOLOGY 594

ASIAN PATHS TO AUTONOMY 594

India’s Quest for Home Rule 594

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Mohandas Gandhi, Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule) 596

China’s Search for Order 597Imperial and Imperialist Japan 599

AFRICA UNDER COLONIAL DOMINATION 600

Africa and the Great War 600The Colonial Economy 601African Nationalism 602

LATIN AMERICAN STRUGGLES WITH NEOCOLONIALISM 602

The Impact of the Great War and the Great Depression 603

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The Evolution of Economic Imperialism 603Con¤ icts with a “Good Neighbor” 605

Summary 607Study Terms 607For Further Reading 607

CHAPTER 32New Conflagrations: World War II 608CHRONOLOGY 610

ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR II 610

Japan’s War in China 610Italian and German Aggression 611

TOTAL WAR: THE WORLD UNDER FIRE 612

Blitzkrieg: Germany Conquers Europe 613The German Invasion of the Soviet Union 613Battles in Asia and the Paci� c 614Defeat of the Axis Powers 615

LIFE DURING WARTIME 617

Occupation, Collaboration, and Resistance 618The Holocaust 618

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: "We Will Never Speak about It in Public" 620

Women and the War 621

CONNECTING THE SOURCES: Exploring Perspective and Neutrality in the Historical Interpretation of WWII 622

NEITHER PEACE NOR WAR 625

Postwar Settlements and Cold War 625Global Reconstruction and the United Nations 626

Summary 627Study Terms 627For Further Reading 627

CHAPTER 33The Cold War and Decolonization 628CHRONOLOGY 630

THE FORMATION OF A BIPOLAR WORLD 631

The Cold War in Europe 631Cold War Societies 633Confrontations in Korea and Cuba 634

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: National Security Council Paper Number 68 635

DECOLONIZATION AND THE GLOBAL COLD WAR 636

India’s Partitioned Independence 636Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam 639The People’s Republic of China 640

Arab National States, the Problem of Palestine, and Islamic Resurgence 641African Nationalism and Independence 644Neoimperialism in Latin America 646

FROM DISSENT TO DISSOLUTION IN THE COLD WAR 647

De� ance and Intervention in Europe and Beyond 647The End of the Cold War 648The Collapse of the Soviet Union 649

Summary 651Study Terms 651For Further Reading 651

CHAPTER 34A World without Borders 652CHRONOLOGY 654

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY 654

Economic Globalization 654Economic Growth in Asia 655Trading Blocs 656

CROSSCULTURAL EXCHANGES AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS 658

Consumption and Cultural Interaction 658The Age of Access 659

GLOBAL PROBLEMS 659

Population Pressures and Environmental Degradation 660Economic Inequities and Labor Servitude 661Global Diseases 662Global Terrorism 663Coping with Global Problems: International Organizations 665

CROSSING BOUNDARIES 665

Women’s Traditions and Feminist Challenges 665Migration 665

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: China's Marriage Law, 1949 667

Summary 669Study Terms 669For Further Reading 669

BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER 670

Glossary G-1Credits C-1Index I-1

CONTENTS xix

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