pur lab - pur projet

2 0 1 6

P U R L A BM E A S U R I N G T H E I M P A C T O F S U S T A I N A B L E I N V E S T M E N T S I N S U P P L Y C H A I N

C O N T E N T

T H E P U R L A B

M E T H O D O L O G Y

P A R T N E R S H I P SA N D S T U D I E S

O P P O R T U N I T I E S F O R P A R T N E R S H I P

P I C T U R E S

A P P E N D I X

3

T H E P U R L A B ’ S P U R P O S E

TO I D E N T I FY, M E A S U R E , A N D VA L U E A L L T H E S E RV I C E S

( E N V I R O N M EN TA L , S O C I A L , C O R P O R AT E )

P R O V I D E D B Y C O M M U N I T Y A G R O F O R E S T RY P R O J E C T S

I N S U P P LY C H A I N S

Our core principles: scientific, holistic, transparent

A collaboration between PUR PROJET, local partners, universities, research institutes, and

companies investing in their supply chain

“[…] Not everything that counts can be counted, and not everything that can be counted counts.”

W.Bruce Cameron

PUR Lab is the research and expertise branch of PUR Projet. It is responsible for developing high level protocols and

impact assessments methodologies. Together with several universities and experts, PUR Lab is able to respond to

today’s challenges with scientifically sound solutions. Profoundly engaged with the world’s future, PUR Lab proposes

multi-level and interdisciplinary approaches using modern techniques for a better tomorrow.

4

C O N T E X T

IMPACTS OF COMMUNITY AGROFORESTRY

PROJECTS ARE UNDERESTIMATED

- Trees provide free ecosystem services that are

traditionally not valued

- Additionally, PUR PROJET’s model provides social

and community benefits

- Finally, Insetting (sustainable investment within the

supply chain itself) represents new benefits for

companies

THERE IS A GROWING DEMAND FOR MORE

DIVERSIFIED AND COMPREHENSIVE SIGNALS

- Companies need to demonstrate the benefits of

integrated agro-ecological and fair practices in their

supply chain

- All services have to be considered jointly

Slash and burn, Peru

5

S T A K E H O L D E R S

U N I V E R S I T I E S

A N D R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E S

- Provide students and

researchers for field studies

- Bring scientific

background and

support (validity of

protocols, data

interpretation)

- Bring support for

scientific publications

- Host thesis in

specialized research

lab

C O M P A N I E S

I N V E S T I N G I N

S U P P L Y C H A I N

S U S T A I N A B I L I T Y

- Assist in implementing measurement

protocols within their supply chain

- Share their expertise on quality, supply

and market

- Participate in thesis and research work

P U R P R O J E T A N D

L O C A L F A R M E R SG R O U P S

- Develop agroforestry

projects

- Implement measurement protocols

P U R P R O J E T

- Define global approach

and framework methodology

- Facilitate researchers’ field

work and logistics

- Compile and analyse all

research data and results

- Provide linkage between

academic and corporate

stakeholders

6

O R G A N I Z A T I O N

CORE TEAM

Marina Gavaldão

Technical Director

Arthur Rouanet

Research Engineer

PUR LAB EXPERTS NETWORK

Bachelor Students

Field technicians

Eugenio Osvelí Silvestre Hernández,

Guatemala

Master Students

PhD students

Researchers

Institutional experts

7

Increase knowledge on community

agroforestry and insettingOur activities stimulate research on community

reforestation benefits, beyond ecosystem services.

M I S S I O N

SERVICES QUANTIFICATION

AND VALUATION

KNOWLEDGE

DEVELOPMENT

Scientifically quantify and

value the services provided

Demonstrate the outstanding benefits of

community agroforestry in agri-supply chains

We apply valuation methods and develop protocols

from multiple research works, measuring the

services generated by our projects.

The valuation of ecosystems services permits to

quantify the real return of a sustainable investment

in agri-supply chains. We create simple

communication tools to disseminate results.

We develop protocols with students from local and

northern countries universities. Experts and

students share cutting-edge knowledge and

expertise.

Through our studies, we are able to create learning

platforms to promote knowledge transfer.

Favor North-South university exchanges

Raise awareness and education level of local

populations on ecosystem and social services

8

C O R E T E A M

MARINA GAVALDÃO, TECHNICAL DIRECTOR AND PROJECT MANAGER EUROPE

Education:

- Forestry Engineering at the Superior School of agriculture “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ),

University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil

- Master of Sciences in Development Studies: “Global ecology and sustainable

development”, University of Geneva, Switzerland

Countries of experience:- Latin America: Brazil- Europe: France, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Germany and Portugal- Asia: Cambodia, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Northern India, Indonesia and Malaysia - Africa: Mali, Benin, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Cameroon, DRC and Mozambique

10 years of work experience: - Technical director of the climate change unit, GERES, France- Independent consultant for GIZ, FAO, TNC (The Nature Conservancy) and EFECA

Publications on PES (payment for ecosystem services), climate change mitigation, carbon markets and socio-environmental and economic impacts.

ARTHUR ROUANET, RESEARCH ENGINEER

Education:- Engineer's degree, Engineering Economics, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, France- Master of Science (MSc), EDDEE - Sustainable Development, Environmental and

Energy Economics, AgroParisTech, France

Countries of experience:- Latin America: Guatemala, Honduras, Peru, Argentine- Africa: Togo

9

T o o l s a n d p l a t f o r m s

P R O C E S S

TOOLS

- PUR LAB bibliography: public scientific papers

related to each indicator organized by service,

geography, commodity, etc.

- PUR LAB database: results of the research

conducted within the frame of PUR LAB

- Teaching and background material on communityagroforestry and insetting

PLATFORMS

- Technical advisory board (scientific partners,

participating companies, PUR LAB)

- Recommendations on scientific validity, quality

of methodology

- Revision of research results: coherence,

quality

- Recommendations on publications

- Public Website and blog: display the methodology,

the on-going research and the results

Farmer’s training, Pur Projet and Fundavi, Peru

C O N T E N T

T H E P U R L A B




P I C T U R E S

A P P E N D I X

11

O V E R A L L A P P R O A C H

Identification and classification of

all services provided

7 categories :

soil, water, biodiversity, climate,

livelihood, population, corporate

1Services quantification

Selection of an indicator to

measure the service level

Based on a review of a thousand

scientific studies

2

Services economic valuation

Application of valuation methods

to each service

3

Definition of field measurement

protocols

Specific to each service

Easy to implement

Universal

Integrated to field operations

4

Iterative development

and improvement

Reflection upon indicators behaviour

Study of new scientific papers

Consideration of new possible

protocols

6

Continuous measurement of

services

Application of tested protocols

Data collection and interpretation

5

12

Identification of 7 categories of services. For each category, identification of logic, exhaustive and non redundant sub-services: 49 in total*.

4 9 s e r v i c e s

S E R V I C E S C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

C O M M U N I T Y

A G R O F O R E S T R Y

P R O J E C T S

1

S O I L

W A T E R

P O P U L A T I O N

B I O D I V E R S I T Y

C L I M A T E

L I V E L I H O O D

C O R P O R A T E

Soil enrichment

Landslide and erosion avoided

Better water quality

Cycle regulation

Stock increase

Social cohesion

Culture conservation

Regulation

Pollinisation

Conservation

Mitigation

Adaptation

Economic development

Activity diversification

Supply chain

Brand equity

Human resources

13

- Soil organic carbon content enrichment

- Soil nitrogen content enrichment

- Soil microbial activity enhancement

- Soil salinity reduction

- Soil pollution remediation

- Soil fixation

- Landslide frequency diminution

- Indirect erosion damage reduction

- Nitrate pollution reduction

- Phosphate pollution reduction

- Pesticide pollution reduction

- Water turbidity reduction

- Flooding frequency reduction

- Water local holding capacity enhancement

- Water input enhancement by fog dripping

- Inter-species favorable allelopathic interactions

enhancement

- Pollination rate enhancement

- Integrated pest control

- Biodiversity preservation for conservation

- Carbon sequestration

- Nitrous oxide emission reduction

- Microclimatic regulation

- Wind breaking effect

- Protection against natural catastrophes

C L A S S I F I C A T I O N 1 / 2

1- SOIL

1.1 Soil quality

1.2 Soil quantity

2 - WATER

4 - CLIMATE

3 - BIODIVERSITY

2.1 Water quality

2.2 Water quantity

3.1 Support

3.2 Conservation

4.1 Mitigation

4.2 Adaptation

14

- Timber production

- Fruit production

- Self-sufficiency goods production

- Endemic species identification for agroforestry

- Economic development capacity enhancement

- Complementary activity development

- Animal productivity enhancement

- Agriculture and forestry revenue stabilization

- Endemic spread reduction

- Atmospheric pollution reduction

- Noise pollution reduction

- Illicit crop area reduction

- Support social peace establishment

- Natural resource protection from looting

- Traditional culture and know-how conservation

- Agri-food commodity quality enhancement

- Supplier timing and volume reliability

- Transaction costs reduction

- Logistic costs reduction

- Anticipation of future supply shortage

- Environmental responsibility image

- Social responsibility image

- Employees performance

- Better job-seekers attraction

- Employees satisfaction and wellness enhancement

C L A S S I F I C A T I O N 2 / 2

7 - CORPORATE

7.1 Supply chain

7.2 Brand equity

7.3 Human resources

6 - POPULATION

5 –LIVELIHOOD

5.1 Tree products

5.2 Activity diversification

6.1 Health

6.2 Local society stability

6.3 Cultural livelihood

15

S E R V I C E S Q U A N T I F I C A T I O N A N D V A L U A T I O N

Quantification of the services

- Methodology based on a review of a thousand

scientific publications

- Selection of an indicator to quantify the level ofservice, following SMART criteria

Example

“Soil fixation” indicator is the

reduction in loss of arable

land due to erosion, in

kg/ha/year.

Economic valuation of the services

- Application of valuation methods to each

service (cost of alternative, cost of damages, etc.)

Example

“Soil fixation” service: the

avoided loss of arable land

can be assessed using its

potential yield.

2

3

S M A R T c r i t e r i a

- Specific: accurately refer to a single service.

- Measurable: specify thresholds that are

measurable at a reasonable cost.

- Achievable: should not require excessive

technical, financial or resource inputs.

- Relevant: focussed on achieving

management objectives.

- Tangible: defined clearly and free from

subjective elements.

E(c+) = 2,4241(V) - 1,1062R² = 0,8128

E(c-) = 6,6569(V) - 3,5679R² = 0,8173

0,00

20,00

40,00

60,00

80,00

100,00

120,00

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Example of erosion measurement results

16

Service

- Soil organic carbon content enrichment

- Soil nitrogen content enrichment

- Soil microbial activity enhancement

- Landslide frequency diminution

- Soil fixation

- Phosphate/Nitrate pollution reduction

- Water turbidity reduction

- Flooding frequency reduction

- Atmospheric water holding capacity

- Water local holding capacity enhancement

- Pollination rate enhancement

- Integrated pest control

- Biodiversity preservation for conservation value

- Carbon sequestration

- Nitrous oxide emission reduction

- Protection against natural catastrophes

- Microclimatic regulation

- Timber sales

- Self-sufficiency goods production (fuel-wood, spices, herbs, construction)- Economic development capabilities enhancement

- Complementary activity development (bee heaving, tree nurseries)

- Agriculture and forestry revenue stabilization

- Epidemic spread reduction

- Illicit crop area reduction

- Support social peace establishment / insecurity reduction

- Natural resource protection from looting

- Traditional culture and know-how conservation

- Agri-food commodity quality enhancement

- Reduction of transaction costs

- Supplier volume and timing reliability

- Anticipation of future supply shortages

- Environmental responsibility image

- Social responsibility image

- Employees performance

- Better job-seekers attraction

- Employees satisfaction and welfare enhancement

E X A M P L E O F E C O N O M I C V A L U A T I O N

5 yrs 15 yrs 20 yrs10 yrs 25 yrsProject implementation, Investment: 6000 $/ha

1500 $/ha/yr

2000 $/ha/yr

1000 $/ha/yr

100 $/ha/yr

200 $/ha/yr

150 $/ yr

800 $ / yr

100 $/ha/yr

130 $/ha/yr

200 $/ha/yr

1000 $/ha/yr

40 $/ yr

500 $/ha/yr

600 $ / yr

50 $/ha/yr

100 $/ha/yr

2000 $ / yr1200 $ / yr500 $ / yr

300 $/ha/yr

800 $/ha/yr

4000 $/ha/yr

800 $/ha/yr

150 $/ha/yr

100 $/ yr

100 $/ha/yr

To be defined

1500 $/ha/yr

500 $/ha/yr

To be defined

To be definedTo be defined

50 $/ha/yr

30 $/ha/yr

100 $/ha/yr

1 8 7 0 0

$ / y e a r / h a

Coffee farming / coffee buyer,

Peru, Oro Verde

* Average values, based on literature and overall projects data. Needs to be refined with monitored data from specific project.

SOIL

WATER

BIODIVERSITY

CLIMATE

LIVELIHOOD

POPULATION

CORPORATE

3

Total potential economic value =

17

F I E L D M E A S U R E M E N T P R O T O C O L S

Definition of measurement protocols

According to service: generic protocol applicable

in all projects, or specific protocol adapted to context

- Development of experimental methods

- Stratification of the area to perform measures on different profiles

Application of proof tested protocols

- Protocol implementation

- Protocol application over time: regular collection of data on service measured

4

5

Shape and construction of the

measurement device for erosion, Peru

C O N T E N T

T H E P U R L A B




P I C T U R E S

A P P E N D I X

19

P A R T N E R C O M P A N I E S

Tristan Lecomte with committed clients

Field visit with clients in Ethiopia

20

A C A D E M I C A N D I N S T I T U T I O N A L P A R T N E R S

U S A

Harvard

UCLA

Yale University

G U A T E M A L A

Universidad Rural,

Universidad Rafael Landívar

H O N D U R A S

FHIA, UNA

C O L O M B I A

UniCauca, IWM, CENICAFE,

Universidad Nacional UNAL

P E R U

UNAS

E T H I O P I A

University of Harare, dept. of

zootechny, University of Wondo Genet,

dept. of Forestry

ICRAF, World Agroforestry Centre

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

B E L G I U M

ULB

F R A N C E

AgroParisTech, Supagro,

ENSTIB, ONFI

G E R M A N Y

Adaptogether

S W I T Z E R L A N D

Bern BFH-HAFL

U K

UCL, Cambridge, Oxford

A S I A

University of Chiang Mai

- FORRU

21

F I E L D S T U D I E S

G U A T E M A L A

2015

Soil

Supagro & CENAF

2016

Biodiversity

CENAF - ENCA

2015

Water

Supagro

2016

Supply chain

TBD

2015

Soil

Yale University

2016

Biodiversity

Unicauca &

Cenicafé

2016

Water

UniCauca & IWM

& Supagro

2016

Livelihood

Harvard

C O L O M B I A P E R U

2014

Soil

UNAS & ENSAT

2014

Biodiversity

UNAS

2014

Water

San Martín &

ENSAT

2014

Livelihood

UCL & ENSTIB

& UNAS & ULB

E T H I O P I A

Soil

Univ. of Wondo

TBDTBDBiodiversity

Univ. Of WondoTBD

Livelihood

Harvard2016

Soil

UNA2014-15

Biodiversity

UNA2014-15

H O N D U R A S

Livelihood

Bern HAFL 2015

22

A G R O F O R E S T R Y I M P A C T S O N S O I L F A U N A

CONTEXT

- Localization : Honduras, Olancho, Aprosacao project

- Climate : Sub tropical humid

- Soil: Inceptisol (USDA Classification)

- Crop: Cocoa

OUR PARTNER

- Universidad Nacional de Agricultura, Honduras (UNA)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

L. Terrestris Scolopendra Phyllophaga Total

Macro-biodiversity* Full sun Agroforestry Reforested area Secondary forest

4 TIMES MORE MACRO ORGANISMS

IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS THAN IN FULL SUN SYSTEMS

4 x

INFLUENCE OF LAND USE ON SOIL MACRO BIODIVERSITY

*Average number of individuals per 0,19m3 sample over various measurements

- Organic matter

decomposition

- Soil structuring

- Predation on

potential pest

species

- Organic matter

decomposition

- Predation on potential

pest species

23

49%

39%

65%

35%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Perc

enta

ge

of

healthy

fru

its

INFLUENCE OF TREE DENSITY ON HARVEST QUALITY AND YIELDS

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

High density Medium density Low density Full sun

Yie

lds**

(kg/h

a)

A G R O F O R E S T R Y I M P A C T S O N Y I E L D S

CONTEXT

- Localization: Peru, San Martin, Alto Huayabamba project

- Climate: Subtropical humid


- Crop: Cacao

OUR PARTNERS

- Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium

- Universidad Agraria de la Selva, Peru

INCREASE OF 86% OF QUALITY* AND 62% OF COCOA YIELDS

IN CULTURE UNDER TREE SHADE VS FULL SUN

+84 %

+62 %

38,6%

*Quality: rate of healthy fruit

** Harvests from July-August 2015

440 trees/ha 270 trees/ha 50 trees/ha 0 tree/ha

24

A G R O F O R E S T R Y I M P A C T S O N E R O S I O N

78% SOIL LOSS REDUCTION

BY REFORESTING A BARE SOIL PLOT

CONTEXT




- Slope: 47 %

- Crop: Cocoa

* Tons of eroded soil

OUR PARTNERS

- UNAS, Universidad Agraria de la

Selva, Peru

- ENSAT, École Nationale Supérieure

Agronomique de Toulouse, France

- Montpellier SupAgro, École

Nationale Supérieure Agronomique

de Montpellier, France

IMPACTS OF SOIL EROSION

Land degradation

- Fertility loss (nutrients, organic

matter, biodiversity)

- Water storage capacity loss

- Soil organic carbon loss

- Exposed tree roots

Downstream water pollution

- Risk of eutrophication

- Turbidity

-78 % -98 %

Bare soil: 53 tons lost/ha/year* Reforested area: 12 tons loss/ha/year* Secondary forest: 0,2 tons loss/ha/year*

C O N T E N T

T H E P U R L A B




P I C T U R E S

A P P E N D I X

26

U N I V E R S I T I E S A N D R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E S : S H A R E R E S O U R C E S A N D E X P E R T I S E

Contact: [email protected]

FIND STUDENTS ON CONVERGING RESEARCH

TOPICS

- Identify convergences and synergies between

PUR Lab topics and university work

- Identify students willing to do their research

work on PUR Lab topics

- Supervise the students research work

SCIENTIFIC ADVISOR ROLE

- Review PUR Lab’s methodologies, scientific

protocols, results, and give recommendations on

possible improvements

- Share expertise and knowledge with other

project’s partners

- Invite project’s local stakeholders (local

universities students, projects’ technical team) to

classes/trainings on related topicsField visit with UNA’s head of natural resources

departement, Honduras

27

C O M P A N I E S : A C O L L A B O R A T I V E W O R K T O O P T I M I S E S U S T A I N A B L E I N V E S T M E N T

Contact: [email protected]

PUR LAB OUTPUTS

SUSTAINABLE

INVESTMENT IN

SUPPLY CHAIN

Feasibility assessment and project design

Implementation of the

plantations, in collaboration

with cooperatives

Overall monitoring of the

project and reporting

Ex ante

Valuation of the

services provided

by the project

Implementation

of field

measurement

protocols

Ex post

Quantification of the

services provided and

refined valuation of the

project

Communication

tools presenting the

results

Extra value

creationOptimisation of

investment

C O N T E N T

T H E P U R L A B




P I C T U R E S

A P P E N D I X

Pluviometer training, part of Nespresso impact study on soil erosion, Vista Hermosa, Unión Cantinil, Guatemala

Analysing soil physical and chemical properties with our partner Anacafé, Huehuetenango, Guatemala

Agroforestry erosion plot, Unión Cantinil, Huehuetenango, Guatemala

Deforested land, Cuyamel, Olancho, Honduras

Slash and burn, Alto Huayabamba, Peru

C O N T E N T

T H E P U R L A B




P I C T U R E S

A P P E N D I X

A g r o f o r e s t r y i m p a c t s o n s o i l e r o s i o n

36

C O N T E X T

IMPACTS OF SOIL EROSION

Land degradation

- Fertility loss (nutrients, organic matter,

biodiversity)

- Water storage capacity loss

- Soil organic carbon loss

- Exposed tree roots

Downstream water pollution

- Risk of eutrophication

- Turbidity

OUR PARTNERS

-UNAS, Universidad Agraria de la Selva, Peru

-ENSAT, École Nationale SupérieureAgronomique de Toulouse, France

-Montpellier SupAgro, Ecole NationaleSupérieure Agronomique de Montpellier, France

Slash and burn on future cocoa field, San Martin, Peru

KEY NUMBERS

- In tropical region, it takes thousands years to form a few centimetres

of soil. It is much more in cold regions. (Keeping the land alive,

FAO,1990)

- ”Erosion carries away 25 to 40 billion tons of topsoil every year”

according to FAO. (Status of the world’s soil resources, FAO, 2015)

37

P R O T O C O L

OBJECTIVE

- To assess the impact of land use on soil loss and

runoff

TREATMENTS AND REPETITIONS

- 5 years study

- 4 types of land use: monoculture, agroforestry,

reforested area, secondary forest

- 2 plots per land-use

METHOD

- Experimental crop method (Fournier, 1954): collecting

eroded soil and runoff from a 10m² artificial watershed

Crop selection Study of crop characteristics Plots construction Soil loss measurement Data analysis

Chemical and physical

soil analysis to assess

erosion risk

Continuous

measurement of soil

loss and runoff after

each precipitation

Installation of

10m² - erosion plots

1 2 4 53

Assessment of the

relationship between

soil loss, runoff and

precipitation

Land use is a variable,

other parameters are

constant

5,0 m

2,0 m10 m² - artificial watershed

Collection

system

Constant

slope

38

P r o t o c o l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n

H U E H U E T E N A N G O - G U A T E M A L A

3 TYPES OF LAND USE: bare soil, coffee in monoculture, coffee in agroforestry

6 REPETITIONS: 2 plots per land use

Rain Gauge installation

Erosion plot on bare soil

39

R E S U L T S – A L T O H U A Y A B A M B A , P E R U

CONTEXT

- Climate: subtropical humid


- Slope: 47 %

FIRSTS RESULTS

- 78% soil loss reduction between bare soil

and reforested area

- The eroded soil by unit of runoff is higher on

bare soil than reforested area

- The relation between eroded soil and runoff is

quadratic: a major precipitation event leads to

more eroded soil than several minor ones, for

the same total runoff

NEXT STEPS

- Enhancing statistical significance and extracting

new data from Peru (2 years results) and from

Guatemala (1 year results)

y = 269,99x2 R² = 0,87

y = 331,51x2 + 832,4xR² = 0,8802

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

12 000

14 000

16 000

18 000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ero

ded s

oil

(kg/h

a)

Runoff (mm)

P1 - Reforested area P2 - Bare soil

Correlation between eroded soil and runoff

* Tons of eroded soil-78 % -98 %

Bare soil: 53 tons lost/ha/year* Reforested area: 12 tons loss/ha/year* Secondary forest: 0,2 tons loss/ha/year*

A g r o f o r e s t r y i m p a c t s o n s o i l f a u n a

41

C O N T E X T

SOIL MACRO-BIODIVERSITY

- Major soil quality indicator

- Provider of ecosystem services: soil formation, decomposition and nutrient cycling, carbon and nitrogen fixation and

sequestration, infiltration, purification and storage of water

OUR PARTNERS

- Universidad Nacional de Agricultura, Honduras (UNA)

STUDIED SPECIES

Name Function

Scolopendra spPredation on potential pest species, regulation of soil food web and integrated

pest management

Phyllophaga sp Predation on potential pest species and organic matter decomposition

Lumbricus terrestris Soil structuring and aeration, organic matter decomposition

Source: Metral et al., 2006

42

P R O T O C O L

OBJECTIVE

- To assess the impact of land use on macro-organisms biodiversity and quantity


- 4 types of land use: full sun, agroforestry, reforested area, secondary forest

- 6 plots per land use, 5 samplings per plots

METHOD: TROPICAL SOIL BIOLOGY and FERTILITY

- An ISO normalized method (ISO 23611-5:2011)

25 cm

30 cm

25 cm

Land use is a

variable, other

parameters are

constant

Crop selection Macro-organisms counting Data analysisSampling

Excavation of a 19 cm3 soil cube in

each sampling spot

Characterization of

the macro-organisms

present in the soil

sample, by species

Number of individuals

Diversity of species

1 4 532

5 sampling

spots in a

100 m² area

Sampling zone delimitation

10 m

10 m

43

I n f l u e n c e o f l a n d u s e o n s o i l m a c r o b i o d i v e r s i t y

R E S U L T S - A P R O S A C A O , H O N D U R A S

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

L. Terrestris Scolopendra Phyllophaga Total

Ma

cro

-bio

div

ers

ity*

INFLUENCE OF LAND USE ON SOIL MACROBIODIVERSITY

Full sun

Agroforestry

Reforestedarea

Secondaryforest

CONTEXT

- Type of soil: Inceptisol, Alfisol

(USDA classification)

- Climate: subtropical humid

FIRST RESULTS

- Agroforestry and reforested

systems contains about 4

times more macro-organisms

than full sun systems

NEXT STEPS

- Doing more repetitions to

increase statistical significance

*Average number of individuals per 0,19m3 sample over various measurements

X 4

A g r o f o r e s t r y i m p a c t s o n y i e l d s

45

C O N T E X T

YIELDS QUALITY AND QUANTITY

- Cocoa yields depend upon cacao plant’s general status, soil quality, climate, agricultural practices, shade.

- Harvest’s quality can be evaluated from the damaged fruits rate.

Name Description Solution

Monilisasis –

Moniliophthora roreri

Caused by a fungus

Intern and extern necrosis of the fruit

Suppressing the damaged fruits to

stop propagation

AbortedNatural mechanism exacerbated in

stressful conditions

Identifying the cause: lack or

excess of water, light or nutrients

Rot - Phytophtora Fruit infection and death

Damages on the trunk and branches

Applying fungicide

Adapting cultural practices

InsectsThe insects feed on cocoa

Vector of viruses

Applying insecticide

Implementing biological control

Adapting cultural practices

OUR PARTNERS

- Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium

- Universidad Agraria de la Selva, Peru




- Crop: Cacao

46

P R O T O C O L

OBJECTIVE

- To assess the optimal shade tree density to warranty cocoa yield and quality


- 4 different shade tree densities

- Three 1000 m² crops per treatment with same cocoa density: 1800 trees/ha

High density 440 timber trees/ha

Medium density 270 timber trees/ha

Low density 50 timber trees/ha

Full sun 0 timber trees/ha

NOTA BENE

A very similar protocol is

applicable to coffee.

Crop selection Crop characterization Harvest quality Harvest quantity Producer enquiry Data analysis

Measurement of cocoa and timber

tree height

Classification of the fruits on

quality

Measurement of cocoa yields all

year long

Survey on

producer’s opinion

on harvest

Assessment of

harvest quality and

quantity

Timber tree density

is a variable, other

parameters are

constant

1 2 3 5 64

47

H a r v e s t q u a l i t y


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Healthy Aborted Moniliasis Rotted Pest

Num

be

r o

f fr

uits in p

erc

en

tage

of th

e to

tal

Influence of tree density on fruit abortion and diseases development

Full sun

Low density

Medium density

High density

July 2015

In this case, low tree density is the optimum (50 timber trees / ha) with an increase of 84% of the quality*, a

diminution by 41% of abortion rate, and less pests and diseases.

*Rate of healthy fruit

+84 %

- 41 %

48

H a r v e s t q u a l i t y


0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

Total damaged Moniliasis Rotted Pest

Num

be

ro

f fr

uit in p

erc

en

tage

of th

e to

tal

Influence of tree density on fruit damages

Full sun

Low density

Medium density

High density

FIRST RESULTS

- Full sun condition

increases by 86% the rate

of damaged fruit in

comparison with low tree

density. It could be

explained by the lack of

biological control in full sun

system

- High density systems

generate more humidity

which explains fungi

diseases development

July 2015

- 86 %

49

H a r v e s t q u a n t i t y


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Harvest 1 (Feb 15) Harvest 2 (Mar 15) Harvest 3 (Jul 15) Harvest 4 (Aug 15)

Coco

a y

ield

s (

kg/h

a)

Influence of tree density on cocoa yields

Full sun

Low density

Medium density

High density

In this case, a low density of trees induces an increase of 71% of the yields in harvest 3 (biggest harvest for the

period under review) in comparison with full sun.

+71 %

50

G l o b a l c o n c l u s i o n s


FIRST RESULTS

- There exists an optimum timber tree density forharvest quality and yields. In our particular context,it could be around 50 trees/ha.

- Full sun and high tree density are bothdamageable for harvest quality and yields.

- Low tree density increases fruits health andyields compared to full sun system.

- Full sun conditions increase by 86% the rate ofdamaged fruit in comparison with low treedensity.

NEXT STEPS

- Doing more repetitions with different farmers toincrease statistical significance

- Studying a lower range of tree density

- Collecting data all year long to assess the impactof tree density over a long-term period

CONTACT

[email protected]

pur lab - pur projet

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