7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

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VLJDNT VAVM_Elvmhorm ?61?

Vjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7traesclrhmr jmssadP_LD^ V_LVL^DPDLE^ VL]_ CAD_M HM_KM_@M^ ^DJDNLE SAJJMT C_AEAD^M^

7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

2/50

Vjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7traesclrhmr jmssad

P_LD^ V_LVL^DPDLE^ VL]_ CAD_M HM_KM_@M^^DJDNLE SAJJMTC_AEAD^M^

Autmurs 7Saemssa Nlr`loa

mt

_lhade Junazmau

Declkrapbdms 7

Haxdhm Wlccljd

7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

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?

^lhhadrm

^TEPB^M ...................................................................................................... >

^TEPB^M ME DHAKM^ ................................................................................. 3

VA^ @M NLHVPDPDSDP ^AE^ JM @SMJLVVMHMEP@NL^T^PHM^ VM_CL_HAEP^ ............................................................ ?6

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_MECL_NM_ JA NAVANDP @M^ VJM^ ANNLHVAKEM_JDEELSAPDLE MP JA HD^M ^]_ JM HA_NB @M^ V_LGMP^ ................. ?2

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7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

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>www.destdtut-metrmprdsm.cr

^TEPB^M

Jms vljutdles `m jnlelhdm rme`met `tmrhdeaetms jm `vmjlppmhmet`m njustmrs, lu nlsysthms `m nrldssaenm mt deelvatdle, qud ldvmet`mvmedr jms pdnms hatrmssms `m tlutm stratkdm `m slutdme ja nlh-ptdt dvdt. Ja hdsm me pjanm `m ja pljdtdqum `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt, partdr`m ?660, a nlestdtu uem tapm plsdtdvm `aes ja traesclrhatdle `ms pljd-

tdqums nlelhdqums craeadsms, tra`dtdleemjjmhmet axms sur `m krae`sprlkrahhms de`ustr dmjs pdjlts au edvmau eatdleaj. Nmpme`aet, dj sakdt `uetlureaet jarkmhmet deanbmv.

JDestdtut `m jmetrmprdsm prnledsm, `aes ja nletdeudt `m sle Akme`a ?6?6`m nrldssaenm , `m paranbmvmr nmttm pljdtdqum par trlds hmsurms njs 7 (1)r`udrm jm elhorm `m pjms mt nlenmetrmr jmcclrt sur jms smntmurs jms pjusprlhmttmurs plur jnlelhdm craeadsm 9 (?) rmeclrnmr ja napandt `ms pjms annlhpakemr jdeelvatdle mt ja hdsm sur jm harnb `ms prlgmts 9 (>) dhpjdqumr`avaetakm jms krae`ms metrmprdsms `aes jms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt.

Vas `m nlhptdtdvdt saes jm `vmjlppmhmet`nlsysthms pmrclrhaets

Ja pljdtdqum nlelhdqum `m jtat smst jlektmhps narantrdsm par jm slu-

tdme `m krae`s prlkrahhms `m _&@ de`ustrdmjjm, `cdeds mt hds me uvrmau edvmau eatdleaj. Nmttm jlkdqum, pmrtdemetm `aes jm nletmxtm `m japrs-kumrrm, harqu par ja enmssdt `m rattrapmr jm rmtar` jkar` `ms tats-]eds, emst pjus vajd`m `aes uem nlelhdm sluhdsm uem clrtm nlenur-rmenm, l ja nlhptdtdvdt par jms nlts mst `dc cdndjm hadetmedr, mt l japmrclrhaenm mst jarkmhmet nlrrjm aux napandts `deelvatdle. Jms pljd-tdqums puojdqums `m rmjaenm par jlccrm `ldvmet ajlrs trm napaojms `m slu-tmedr, au pjus prs `u tmrrade, jm `vmjlppmhmet `m njustmrs, detkraet `aesja hhm zlem klkrapbdqum krae`ms metrmprdsms, VHM, nmetrms `m rmnbmrnbm mt

jdmux `mesmdkemhmet, qud pmrhmttmet uem annjratdle `m jdeelvatdle mt `mskades `m prl`untdvdt annrus.

7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

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0 Vjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7 traesclrhmr jmssad

Jms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt, ue tlureaet deaolutd

Ja harnbm dhpujsm par jm rapplrt m Nbrdstdae Ojaen, Vlur ue nlsysthm`m nrldssaenm , a pmrhds `mpuds ?660 uem rvljutdle `aes jms pljdtdqumspuojdqums `m `vmjlppmhmet `ms tmrrdtldrms. Nmpme`aet jm `mredmr rapplrt`vajuatdle, nlhhae` par jms smrvdnms `m jtat, hletrm jms jdhdtms `mjmxmrndnm 7 jms pjms rmprsmetmet auglur`bud pmdem 1,= % `ms ormvmts,0,= % `ms `pmesms `m _&@, = % `ms nratdles `metrmprdsms deelvaetms.^muj ue prlgmt sur quatrm annlhpake par jms pjms kerm mccmntdvmhmetuem deelvatdle. @aes nm nletmxtm, jms prnledsatdles `u rapplrt Kajjlds,

jantm DDD `m ja `nmetrajdsatdle mt jm jaenmhmet `m ja pbasm DDD `ms pjmspmuvmet pmrhmttrm `me nlrrdkmr jms prdendpajms cadojmssms 7 ue trlp krae`elhorm m pjms mt m nm cadt uem dspmrsdle mxnmssdvm `u slutdme m jtat 9ue haequm `lrdmetatdle vmrs jdeelvatdle avajm 9 uem trlp cadojm dhpjdnatdle`ms metrmprdsms, me partdnujdmr jms krae`s krlupms.

V_LVL^DPDLE 1 7

_`udrm jm elhorm `m pjms mt jms nlenmetrmrsur jms smntmurs pjus clrt pltmetdmj

Jms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt slet au elhorm `m sldxaetm mt lezm (nletrm qudezmnjustmrs `mxnmjjmenm me Ajjmhakem, sdx me Cdejae`m), let sldxaetm-`mux smpartakmet =6 % `u c deaenmhmet. Jms pjms prsmetmet `m pjus uem cadojma`quatdle avmn jms smntmurs pjus clrt pltmetdmj. ^mjle eltrm vajuatdle,sur quatrm-vdekt-ndeq tmnbeljlkdms `avmedr, smujms trmdzm slet nlrrmntmhmet

nluvmrtms par jms pjms. Canm ja jlkdqum `m sauplu`rakm, rahmemr jms pjms ue elhorm nlhprds metrm `dx mt qudezm, plur jmur pmrhmttrm `attmde`rm uemtadjjm nrdtdqum, mt jms nlenmetrmr sur jms smntmurs pjus clrt pltmetdmj rmjvm`len `u ole smes.

7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

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7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

7/50

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7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

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7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

9/50

7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

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7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

11/50

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7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

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7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

13/50

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7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

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7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

15/50

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7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

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7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

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7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

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7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

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7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

20/50

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7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

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?6 Vjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7 traesclrhmr jmssad

VA^ @M NLHVPDPDSDP ^AE^ JM @SMJLVVMHMEP@NL^T^PHM^ VM_CL_HAEP^

Jdeelvatdle sm glum au pjus prs `u tmrrade

JDestdtut `m jmetrmprdsm a slujdke, `aes sle rapplrt `m gaevdmr ?61?,

Vlur ue nbln `m nlhptdtdvdt, jdhplrtaenm `m rmeclrnmr, `aes uem pmrs-pmntdvm `m jlek tmrhm, ja nlhptdtdvdt blrs nlts `m jnlelhdm crae-adsm, `aes ja hmsurm l ja Craenm plurra `m hldes me hldes nlhptmr,par haequm `m harkms ou`ktadrms, sur `ms pljdtdqums tra`dtdleemjjms `mrmjaenm par ja `mhae`m.

Lr jms pljdtdqums `m rmjaenm par jlccrm slet pjus mccdndmetms jlrsqumjjmsslet pdjltms au pjus prs `ms rajdts `u tmrrade. Dj mst `len mssmetdmj `mrappmjmr jdhplrtaenm `m ja quajdt `ms pljdtdqums jlnajms `m slutdme jnlelhdm, `aes jm trdpjm nletmxtm `m parutdle `u rapplrt Kajjlds, `m pr-paratdle `m jAntm DDD `m ja `nmetrajdsatdle mt `m cdxatdle par jtat `m japbasm DDD `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt (avmn ja puojdnatdle par jtat `msnaemvas `ms nletrats `m pmrclrhaenm eluvmjjm keratdle). Nms `dcc-rmets nbaetdmrs plurradmet nlestdtumr uem lpplrtuedt plur paranbmvmr jatraesclrhatdle `ms stratkdms nlelhdqums tra`dtdleemjjms, `nd`ms parjtat mt hdsms me uvrm au edvmau eatdleaj.

Nmjjms-nd slet me mccmt ue brdtakm `ms pljdtdqums puojdqums `ms Prmetmkjlrdmusms. @aes uem jlkdqum `m rattrapakm tmnbeljlkdqum jkar` `mstats-]eds, mjjms pluvadmet trm pdjltms me baut , `m haedrm nmetrajd-sm. Dj eme va pas `m hhm auglur`bud, `aes uem nlelhdm jarkmhmetluvmrtm ja nlenurrmenm mt sdtum me partdm ja crletdrm tmnbeljlkdqum ?.Jdeelvatdle, mt ja pmr clrhaenm jdetmreatdleaj qud me `nlujm, slet `m pjusme pjus jmccmt detmrantdles nlhpjmxms metrm antmurs puojdns mt prdvs, aes

?. Ja crletdrm tmnbeljlkdqum `sdkem jm edvmau jm pjus avaen `m ja rmnbmrnbm tmnbeljlkdqum. ]e paysmst sdtu ja crletdrm tmnbeljlkdqum jlrsqum sa rmnbmrnbm mst ja pldetm `aes ue `lhadem.

7/27/2019 Ples de comptitivit : transformer l'essai

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?1www.destdtut-metrmprdsm.cr

jm na`rm nlsysthms jlnaux. @uem plsturm m pjaedcdnatdle mt m nletrjm,

ja pudssaenm puojdqum `ldt `len passmr uem apprlnbm `annlhpakemhmet`ms antmurs jlnaux, smujs hhm `d`met dcdmr jms prl`ud ts qud rple`rletaux omsldes `ms harnbs. Nmttm vljutdle passm par uem pjus krae`mattmetdle plrtm aux nlsysthms `m nrldssaenm, lu njustmrs.

Jms nlsysthms `m nrldssaenm, lu njustmrs, kermetue surnrlt `m pmrclrhaenm mt `deelvatdle

^mjle H. Vlrtmr, prlcmssmur ja Barvar` Ousdemss ^nbllj, ue `ms cantmurs`m ja nlhptdtdvdt `uem eatdle mst ja quajdt mt ja pmrclrhaenm `ms `dcc-rmets nlsysthms jlnaux, krappms `metrmprdsms lu njustmrs, qud strun-turmet sle tdssu nlelhdqum. ]e njustmr mst uem nlenmetratdle `metrm-prdsms `aes uem zlem klkrapbdqum `leem. Nms metrmprdsms slet jdmsmetrm mjjms parnm qumjjms partdndpmet ue hhm mesmhojm `antdvdts,avmn `ms rjms nlenurrmets lu nlhpjhmetadrms 7 krae`ms metrmprdsmsdetmreatdleajms, VHM deelvaetms, cluredssmurs spndajdss, prmstatadrms`m smrvdnms, antmurs `u cdeaenmhmet, antdvdts nleemxms, destdtutdles `mrmnbmrnbm mt nmetrms `m clrhatdle... Nmttm nlenmetratdle `m rmsslurnms,`m nlhptmenms mt `mxpmrtdsm, pmrhmt `m kermr uem annjratdle `mjdeelvatdle (sur jm hl`jm `m ja ^djdnle Sajjmy) mt `len ue surnrlt `mccmtsplsdtdcs plur jnlelhdm `aes sle mesmhojm. ^mjle `ms tu`ms mhpdrdqums,jm `luojmhmet `m tadjjm `ue njustmr sm slj`m par ue annrldssmhmet `m japrl`untdvdt `ms metrmprdsms asslndms `m jlr`rm `m > % 2 %>.

Jms oecdnms asslnds aux njustmrs slet prdendpajmhmet au elhorm `mndeq 7 uem pjus krae`m candjdt `anns aux partmeardats metrm metrmprdsms,`ms rmsslurnms buhadems `m hmdjjmurm quajdt mt pjus hlodjms, uem pjuskrae`m vdsdodjdt jdetmreatdleaj, ue hmdjjmur cdeaenmhmet, ja nlestdtutdle`ue harnb tmst nlestdtu `marjy a`lptmrs0.

>. _lsmetbaj & ^traekm, Pbm @mtmrhdeaets lc Akkjlhmratdle, ?6610. Marjy a`lptmrs 7 ja natklrdm `m njdmets qud a`lptm jm pjus tt ue prl`udt lu uem tmnbeljlkdm. Nm

harnb tmst mst prndmux, nar jms declrhatdles qudj cluredt au caordnaet pmrhmttmet `ahjdlrmr jmprl`udt (le parjm `deelvatdle luvmrtm), parnm qum sle vajuatdle `u prl`udt nle`dtdleem nmjjm `msautrm s njdmets , plur jmsqumjs dj mst prmsnrdptmur .

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?? Vjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7 traesclrhmr jmssad

]em mccdnandt suprdmurm aux stratkdms `m cdjdrms

Jms pljdtdqums puojdqums `m slutdme qud sy attanbmet (`vmjlppmhmet`decrastrunturms mt `m smrvdnms, nllr`deatdle `ms antmurs, hdsm me rmjatdleavmn ja rmnbmrnbm puojdqum) let pjus `mccmts qum `ms stratkdms eatdleajmspar eaturm pjus kerdqums mt hldes ndojms. Me partdnujdmr, jms pljdtdqumscle`ms sur jm slutdme `ms cdjdrms sm prdvmet `ms mccmts `m cmrtdjdsatdlenrldsm = metrm smntmurs `dccrmets, hads sdtus `aes jm hhm njustmr, mtcadsaet appmj aux hhms nlhptmenms 3.

@aes nmttm pmrspmntdvm, jm rappmj, `aes jm rapplrt Kajjlds, `m jdhplrtaenm`m nleclrtmr jms nlsysthms jlnaux mst odmevmeu. Dj parat nmpme`aet`dccdndjmhmet nlhpatdojm avmn sa prlplsdtdle `m rmeclrnmr ja pljdtdqum `mscdjdrms ;. Me mccmt, jms cdjdrms clentdleemet smjle uem jlkdqum smntlrdmjjm, jl jms njustmrs pmrhmttmet `m nrmr `ms syemrkdms metrm smntmurs `dccrmetshads sdtus `aes ja hhm zlem klkrapbdqum. @m pjus, mjjms lodssmet uemjlkdqum `m `ndsdle, `m nlenmrtatdle mt `m hdsm me uvrm eatdleajm pjuttqum jlnajm mt ndojm. ]em tmjjm apprlnbm par cdjdrm tme` `len suostdtumr uem `harnbm tmrrdtlr dajm ue rmtlur uem vdsdle pyrahd`ajm mt njldsleem`u clentdleemhmet `m jnlelhdm, au cdeaj jldkem `m ja rajdt `ms detm-rantdles metrm krappms `metrmprdsms mt harnbs.

@m hhm, dj nlevdmet `desdstmr sur jm cadt qum `ms apprlnbms nlmrndtdvms empmrhmttrlet pas `m kermr `ms sdtuatdles `m nllpratdle metrm jms krae`msmetrmprdsms mt jmurs slus-tradtaets / cluredssmurs2 7 jms jlkdqums `m njustmrsem pmuvmet trm nrms par `nrmt.

=. Cmrtdjdsatdle nrldsm 7 jm rapprlnbmhmet klkrapbdqum metrm antmurs `m smntmurs `dccrmets jmurpmrhmttmet m oendmr u partakm m cantmurs m nlhptdtdvd t nlhhues (mxpmrtdsm, eaenmhmet,mtn.)mt `annjrmr jdeelvatdle vda `ms nbaekms `d`ms, `m oleems prat dqumsmt `m tmnbeljlkdms.3. Var mxmhpjm jms odltmnbs oendmet m nlhptmenms vmjlppms aes jdeclrhatdqum, travmrs jmstmnbedqums `m `atahdedekappjdqums au squmeakm m kelhms;. Vrlplsdtdle 1? `u _applrt Kajjlds 7 rmeclrnmr ja kluvmreaenm mt jms hlymes `ms nlhdts `m jdrms

`m ja NED 2. Vrlplsdtdle 11 `u _applrt Kajjlds 7 nle`dtdleemr jms slutdmes `m jtat aux antdles `ms krae`msmetrmprdsms jmur napandt y asslndmr jmurs cluredssmurs mt slus-tradtaets

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?>www.destdtut-metrmprdsm.cr

JM^ VJM^ @M NLHVPDPDSDP, ]E PL]_EAEP DEAOL]PD

]em apprlnbm atypdqum, clrtmhmet dhpujsm par jtat

Jm rapplrt `m Nbrdstdae Ojaen, Vlur ue nlsysthm `m nrldssaenm, a harquja rlrdmetatdle `m ja pljdtdqum `aheakmhmet `u tmrrdtldrm partdr `m?660. Nmjjm-nd tadt, gusquaux aeems 1446, prdlr dtadrmhmet lrdmetm vmrsjm rqudjdorakm `u tmrrdtldrm eatdleaj mt a vds `ms traescmrts `antdvdts

partdr `ms zlems klkrapbdqums jms pjus `vmjlppms vmrs nmjjms prsmetaetue `cdndt me tmrhms `antdvdt nlelhdqum. Jm nbaekmhmet `logmntdc smtra`udt par ja vljlet `m rmeclrnmr ja spndajdsatdle `ms rkdles autlur `mnjustmrs `m haedrm prl`udrm `ms mxtmreajdts mt `ms kades `m prl`un-tdvdt suppjhmetadrms, sur jm hl`jm `m ja djdnle Sajjmy najdclredmeem, menlurs `a`lptdle `aes `m elhormux pays `Murlpm mt `Asdm.

Ja cadojmssm `m ja Craenm, me tmrhms `m njustmrs lu krappms `metrmprdsms ,`mvadt trm nlhpmesm par uem pljdtdqum vljletardstm appuym sur uem eluvmjjmdestaenm, jms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt , dssus `ue partmeardat metrm tat,rkdles, antmurs jlnaux puojdns mt prdvs mt `ltm `ue cle` uedtadrm detmrhdeds-trdmj `lt `m 1,= H`s, plur eaenmr jms prlgmts `deelvatdle nljjaolratdcspuojdns / prdvs. @s jm `part, nmttm pljdtdqum `m njustmrs ja craeadsm a `lent `uem part dhpujsm par jtat mt pdjltm par `ms antmurs puojdns lu parapu-ojdns, mt `autrm part lrdmetm vmrs ja _&@. Nm hl`jm mst atypdqum. @aes japjupart `ms pays `m jLN@M, jtat mt jms nljjmntdvdts slet vmeums aole`mreaendrmhmet, mt sur uem oasm tmhplradrm, `ms asslndatdles `antmurs nlestd-

tums jdedtdatdvm `antmurs prdvs, rassmhojs plur sadsdr jms lpplrtuedts `mharnb mt rple`rm `ms logmntdcs `m pmrclrhaenm nlelhdqum4.

4.Adesd, jms ^pdtzmenjustmrajjmhae`s rmqudrmet ue clrt devmstdssmhmet `u smntmur prdv, ajjlumet ;=%`ms cle`s ja rmnbmrnbm de`ustrdmjjm mt pr-de`ustrdmjjm mt let ms logmntdcs m pmrclrhaenm nlelhdqumtrs clrts (hdsm sur jm harnb m eluvmaux prl`udts, vljutdle u NA ms metrmprdsms, ). Aux tats-]eds,jms De`ustry/]edvmrsdty Nllpmratdle _msmarnb Nmetmrs slet `ms dedtdatdvms jlnajms aole`ms par jMtatmt autleaenms =6 % ( let 06 % par jde`ustrdm mt jm rmstm par jms uedvmrsdts). Mee, jms PDN ordtaeedqums,rsmaux `metrmprdsms a`lsss `ms nmetrms tmnbedqums `mxnmjjmenm, nlestdtumet ue eluvmau hl`jmdetrmssaet vmrs jmqumj plurradt hutmr me partdm nmrtades pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt. Djs let ue statutmetrmprmemurdaj (Nlhpaey Jdhdtm` oy Kuaraetmm), vdsmet kermr ue NA m ?6 >6H mt nmet ndequaetm

mhpjlds mt slet `drdks par ue nlhdt `m `drmntdle autlelhm nlhpls `utdjdsatmurs mt `mxpmrts `m jatmnbeljlkdm. Ja pljdtdqum mst pdjltm au edvmau eatdleaj par ue nlesmdj `m `dx-budt hmhorms dssus`metrmprdsms mt `u napdtaj-rdsqum (^lurnms 7 aeajysms mt tu`ms NHD).

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?0 Vjms m nlhptdtdvdt 7 traesclrhmr jmssad

]em cadojm pmrclrhaenm, jdm au hl`jm nmetrajds

mt lrdmet vmrs ja _&@

^d ja nratdle `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdv dt a harqu ue vrdtaojm nbaekmhmet`lrdmetatdle me tmrhms `m pljdtdqum puojdqum, jmur dhpant a t denmrtade,nlhhm jlet (trs partdmjjmhmet) hds me juhdrm jms rapplrts `vajuatdletaojds jdssum m nbanuem ms pbasms m nmt tm dedtdatdvm (?662 mt ?61?) 16.Auglur`bud, smujs ?= % `ms prlgmts plrts par jms pjms kermet uem deel-

vat dle mt ja prlplrtdle `ms ormvmts dssus `ms prlgmts `m _&@ `ms pjms msthl`mstm (1 1,= % `u tltaj `ms ormvmts `plss me Craenm plur 0,= % `ms`pmesms kjloajms `m _&@ me Craenm). Jms pjms slet rmsplesaojms `pmdem = % `ms nratdles `metrmprdsms deelvaetms me Craenm.

Jm haequm `m pmrclrhaenm `nlujm `ms trlds prdendpajms cadojmssms `uhl`jm sur jmqumj sm slet nlestrudts jms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt, mt auxqumjjmselus prlplsles `m rple`rm par trlds rclrhms njs 7

@aolr`, ue hdmttmhmet `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt. Au elhorm `m

sldxaetm mt lezm, sldt omaunlup pjus qum nbmz els partmeadrms `m jLN@Mayaet hds me uvrm `ms pljdtdqums smhojaojms, djs slet par adjjmurs pmuajdkes avmn jms tmnbeljlkdms jms pjus prlhmttmusms au edvmau hle`daj.

Mesudtm, `u cadt `uem lrdmetatdle mxnmssdvm vmrs jdeelvatdle ahlet ,nmst--`drm ja _&@, uem cadojm napandt annlhpakemr jdeelvatdle mtja hdsm sur jm harnb, qud slet plurtaet jms pldets cadojms `m jlccrmcraeadsm.

Mecde, ue pdjltakm harqu par uem clrtm prhdemenm `m jtat mt uemkmstdle kud`m par uem jlkdqum puojdqum, l jdhpjdnatdle `u prdv rmstmcadojm. Me nlesqumenm `m quld jms krae`ms metrmprdsms, plurtaet jmssmujs antmurs hhm `m strunturmr mt `m `yeahdsmr jms nlsysthms`m nrldssaenm, rmstmet pmu dhpjdqums `aes nms `dsplsdtdcs.

16. Gude ?61? 7 tu`m plrtaet sur jvajuatdle `ms pjms `m nlhpt dtdvdtbttp7//nlhpmtdtdvdtm.kluv.cr/`lnuhmets/nlhhue/Vljdtdqum\`ms\ pljms/?mhm\pbasm\?664-?611/mvajuatdle/rapplrt-mvajuatdle-?61?-%?6nlhpjmt.p`cGude ?662 7 vajuatdle `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7 odjae `m ja 1rm pbasm ?66=-?662 (syetbsm)

bttp7//nlhpmtdtdvdtm.kluv.cr/`lnuhmets/nlhhue/Vljdtdqum\`ms\pljms/1mrm\pbasm\?66=-?662/syetbmsm\ONK-NHD\mvajuatdle\`ms\pljms\`m\nlhpmtdtdvdtm.p`c

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?=www.destdtut-metrmprdsm.cr

V_LVL^DPDLE 1 7

_@]D_M JM ELHO_M @M VJM^ MPJM^ NLENMEP_M_ ^]_ JM^ ^MNPM]_^ VJ]^ CL_P VLPMEPDMJ

Canm ja jlkdqum m sauplu`rakm, ratdleajdsmr jm elhorm m pjms slutmeuspar jtat plur jmur pmrhmttrm `attmde`rm uem tadjjm nrdtdqum, mt jms nlenmetrmrsur jms smntmurs pjus clrt pltmetdmj rmjvm `m jurkmenm.

]em tmjjm rlrdmetatdle passmradt par ue hnaedshm `m sjmntdle mt `aole-`mhmet, sur ja oasm `ue appmj prlgmts eatdleaj, `m ja `dzadem `m pjms pjus clrt pltmetdmj detmreatdleaj, pjutt qum par jdestauratdle `uem eluvmjjmclrhm, par `cdedtdle dea`aptm, `m pjaedcdnatdle au edvmau eatdleaj. Dj emsakdt pas, `aes nmttm pmrspmntdvm, `tluccmr jms dedtdatdvms rkdleajms, hads`taojdr `ms prdlrdts, sur jm hl`jm `m jAjjmhakem l jtat c`raj a sjmn-tdlee mt annlr` ue eaenmhmet nlhpjhmetadrm suostaetdmj qudezm njustmrs`mxnmjjmenm, parhd nmet trlds pjms `m nlhptmenms tmrrdtlr daux jms pjuspmrclrhaets krs par jms Je`mr, plur jms annlhpakemr `aes jmur prl-krmssdle vmrs uem plsdtdle `m jma`mrs hle`daux.

^lrtdr `m ja jlkdqum pljdtdqum `m rqudjdorakmmetrm tmrrdtldrms lu smntmurs

Jms pjms `m nlhptdtdv dt slet auglur`bud au elhorm `m sldxaetm mt lezm(nletrm qudezm njustmrs `mxnmjjmenm me Ajjmhakem, sdx me Cdejae`m), `letsldxaetm-`mux sm partakmet =6 % `u cdeaenmhmet. Nmt tm `dspmrsdle `mshlymes mst akkravm par ja prsmenm, `aes tlutms jms rkdles, `m njus-tmrs lu krappms `metrmprdsms qud sm supmrplsmet au `dsplsdtdc eatdleaj `mspjms `m nlhptdtdvdt, adesd qum par jmxdstmenm `m pjusdmurs pjms ndojaetjms hhms tbhatdqums, saes stratkdm lu kluvmreaenm nlhhuem (`muxpjms hmr , `mux pjms tmxt djms, `dx pjms akrlajdhmetadrms, trlds pjmsautlhlodjms, mtn.). ]em tmjjm `dspmrsdle, jdm uem jlkdqum pljdtdqum `m

rqudjdorakm metrm tmrrdtldrms lu smntmurs de`ustrdmjs, sm cadt au `trdhmet`uem jlkdqum `mxnmjjmenm mt `m hassm nrdtdqum.

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?3 Vjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7 traesclrhmr jmssad

Nlenmetrmr jantdle puojdqum sur jms smntmurs pjus clrt

pltmetdmj `m harnbNmt jhmet m dakelstdn pmut nmpme`aet trm apprlcle`d sd jle sdetmrrlkmsur ja quajdt `u plsdtdleemhmet `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt.

^mjle jvajuatdle hmem par jDestdtut `m jmetrmprdsm11, sur quatrm-vdekt-ndeqtmnbeljlkdms njs blrdzle ?61= d`metdms par jm Hdedstrm `m jde`ustrdm1?,quaraetm-`mux prsmetmet uem clrtm attrantdvdt plur ja Craenm, sur ja oasm `mjtu`m `m ja tadjjm `u harnb antumj, `m jmur pltmetdmj `m nrldssaenm hlyme

tmrhm mt `u edvmau `detmesdt nlenurrmetdmjjm. Me tmrhms `m _&@, puojdqum mtprdvm, jBmxaklem lnnupm uem plsdtdle `m jma`mrsbdp sur trmetm-ndeq `metrm mjjms,sur ja oasm `m jmxdstmenm m nmetrms m rmnbmrnbm ds, cdeaens mt rmnleeusau edvmau hle`daj. Me nlesd`raet ja quajdt `ms cdjdrms `metrmprdsms ( jaclds jm elhorm `m krae`ms metrmprdsms plsdtdleems jdetmreatdleaj mt ja`mesdt `u tdssu `MPD mt `m VHM), le arrdvm vdekt-trlds tmnbeljlkdms.

Me rmvaenbm, nm nbdccrm tlhom trmdzm jlrsqule mxahdem jmsqumjjms `m nmstmnbeljlkdms slet odme lu trs odme nluvmrtms par jms pjms, sur ja oasm`u elhorm `m pjms mt `m ja prsmenm `m pjms hle`daux lu vlnatdlehle`dajm `aes jm hdx.

_meluvmjmr ja vdsdle stratkdqum `m jtat saes me rmvmedr `ms pratdqums nmetrajdsatrdnms

Dj mst `len urkmet qum jtat rmeluvmjjm sa vdsdle stratkdqum mt nlenmetrmsle cdeaenmhmet sur qumjqums tmnbeljlkdms `avmedr, nlhhm nmst jm nas`aes jms autrms krae`s pays pmrclrhaets, qudjs admet ue clentdleemhmetnmetrajds (Gaple) lu `nmetrajds (tats-]eds). ]em tmjjm sjmntdle `ldt trmcadtm sur ja oasm `ms nlsysthms `lrms mt `g jms pjus pmr clrhaets mtjms pjus mekaks jdetmreatdleaj, mt ele `ue nbldxa prdlrdmt `m eaturmpljdtdqum.

11. Mxpjdnatdles, htbl`ljlkdm mt rsujtats `tadjjs me aeemxm `m nm `lnuhmet1?. Hdedstrm `m jDe`ustrdm, _applrt Pmnbeljlkdms njs ?61= , adesd qum eltrm rmtrad tmhmet `ms`leems me aeemxm

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?;www.destdtut-metrmprdsm.cr

nmt kar`, ja prlplsdtdle `u rapplrt Kajjlds `m nlenmetrmr, au edvmau `uNlhhdssardat Keraj jDevmstdssmhmet, jantdle `m jtat sur jms tmnbel-jlkdms kerdqums 1>, ja saet mt ja traesdtdle emrktdqum, prsmetm jm rdsqum`m rmprl`udrm uem vdsdle ganlodem, sd nmttm antdle em saenrm pas `s sle`harrakm aes jm na`rm ms pjms m nlhptdtdvdt, rmeclrns plur jlnnasdle.

Vjutt quuem `ndsdle uedqum mt nmetrajdsm, ja rlrdmetatdle qum elus prlpl-sles dhpjdqum d`metdmr m haedrm mhpdrdqum jms tbhatdqums mt jms harnbs

sur jmsqumjs ja Craenm plss`m `lrms mt `g ue avaetakm nlhparatdc, `let dj

sakdt `annlhpakemr jm `vmjlppmhmet. Jmxdstmenm `ue harnb vmjlpp,`m nlhptmenms hle`dajms mt ja prsmenm au edvmau bmxakleaj `antmurs nl-elhdqums `m prmhdmr pjae, plsdtdlees sur jmesmhojm `m ja nbaem `m vajmur,slet `ms nrdtrms `tmrhdeaets `m sjmntdle `ms njustmrs sur jmsqumjs nlenmetrmrjm slutdme `m jtat, nar ja nj `u sunns rsd`m `aes ja napandt traesclrhmrrapd`mhmet nms avaenms tmnbeljlkdqums me deelvatdles nlhhmrndajd-saojms 10. Nm emst pas jm nas auglur`bud, l ja Craenm dhplrtm nmrtades prl`udts(mx. 7 qudpmhmets h`dnaux1=) aes ms smntmurs l elus oendles plurtaet`dhplrtaetms napandts `m rmnbmrnbm.

1>. Ja hdnrljmntrledqum, ja eaeljmntrledqum, ja pbltledqum, jms hatrdaux avaens, ja odltmnbeljlkdmde`ustrdmjjm, mtn. slet `ms mxmhpjms `m tmnbeljlkdms kerdqums d`metdms par j]edle Murlpmeem. Jmurpldet nlhhue mst `trm ja randem `ms prlnmssus de`ustrdmjs `m nlenmptdle, sldt trs me ahlet `msappjdnatdles nlenrtms. Sda `ms nlhodeadsles avmn `autrms tmnbeljlkdms, mjjms pmrhmttmet, `aes ue trskrae` elhorm `m smntmurs `dccrmets, `m kermr `m eluvmaux prl`udts lu hl`ms `m caordnatdle.10. Jue `ms cantmurs njs `m sunns `ms pljdtdqums `m nlhptdtdvdt rsd`m me mccmt `aes uem oleemartdnujatdle metrm uem stratkdm de`ustrdmjjm mt tmnbeljlkdqum `m jlek tmrhm mt uem stratkdm `m hdsm meharnb `ms deelvatdles nlurt tmrhm.1=. d jm smntmur `u `dsplsdtdc h`dnaj mst stratkdqum `m par ja tadjjm `m sle harnb (?66 hdjjdar`s`murls jnbmjjm hle`dajm, 14 hdjjdar`s me Craenm), dj mst bae`dnap `aes jBmxaklem par `m elhormuxcantmurs tmjs jm traescmrt `m tmnbeljlkdm `m ja rmnbmrnbm cle`ahmetajm vmrs jde`ustrdm pmu mcnanm ().Var adjjmurs, sd ja Craenm oendm `ue nlsysthm rdnbm `ue pldet `m vum tmnbeljlkdqum, sndmetdqum

mt njdedqum, mjjm `plsm, avmn uem hlymeem `m smpt nmets ormvmts par ae, smpt clds hldes `m ormvmtsqume Ajjmhakem mt trmetm clds hldes quaux Mtats-]eds . _applrt `u Nmetrm `Aeajysm ^tratkdqum, Jm`dsplsdtdch`dnaj deelvaet. Attrantdvd t `m ja Craenm mt `vmjlppmhmet `m ja jdrm , ?> lntlorm ?61?.

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?2 Vjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7 traesclrhmr jmssad

V_LVL^DPDLE ? 7

_MECL_NM_ JA NAVANDP @M^ VJM^ ANNLHVAKEM_ JDEELSAPDLE MPJA HD^M ^]_ JM HA_NB @M^ V_LGMP^

jlppls `uem jlkdqum `u tlut tmnbeljlkdqum , qud nlenmetrm jms cdeae-

nmhmets sur ja _&@ ahlet, jms pjms `ldvmet `vmjlppmr `ms smrvdnms hhm `m rple`rm aux cadojmssms `m jlccrm craeadsm 7 jm `msdke, jdevmetdle`m eluvmaux usakms, jms eluvmaux hl`jms lrkaedsatdleemjs, mt pjus kjl-oajmhmet ja nlhhmrndajdsatdle.

Nmttm vljutdle passm par uem vrdtaojm rmnlecdkuratdle `u hl`m `m clen-tdleemhmet `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt, menlrm trlp clrtmhmet lrdmets vmrsuem apprlnbm cle`m sur jm hletakm `m prlgmts `m _&@ mt desuccdsahhmet

vmrs uem jlkdqum `m smrvdnms jmurs usakmrs qum slet jms metrmprdsms.Var adjjmurs, jms qudpms sluccrmet parclds `ue haequm `m nujturm `metrmprdsmmt slet astrmdetms `ms prlnmssus ourmaunratdqums jlur`s.

^lrtdr `u tlut tmnbeljlkdqum

Au-`mj `m ja smujm `dhmesdle `m rmnbmrnbm ahlet sur `ms tmnbeljlkdms,

`autrms cantmurs metrmet me gmu `aes ja pmr clrhaenm `ms metrmprdsms, qudjsakdssm `m quajdt mt `m `msdke, `m clrhatdle, `lrkaedsatdle `m ja prl`un-tdle, `anns ue cdeaenmhmet a`apt lu `m nlhprbmesdle mt `annsaux harnbs. Jlde `m sm nlenmetrmr sur ja _&@ mt jm prl`udt, jdeelvatdle avaj nlenmrem jd`metdcdnatdle `m eluvmjjms cales `m nlhhmrndajdsmr jmsprl`udts mt smrvdnms, `m eluvmaux hl`jms `lrkaedsatdle, `m eluvmjjmshaedrms plur jm njdmet `utdjdsmr `ms prl`udts mxdstaets.

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?4www.destdtut-metrmprdsm.cr

Lr smjle jLN@M 13, sd ja `pmesm `m _&@ craeadsm mst me jdkem avmn ja

hlymeem `ms pays `vmjlpps, smujms ?> % `ms metrmprdsms craeadsmslet rmnlurs jdeelvatdle ele tmnbeljlkdqum (nletrm 0; % me Ajjmhakem).Me nlesqumenm, ja napandt `deelvatdle `m jnlelhdm craeadsm mst dec-rdmurm nmjjm `ms pays nlhparaojms, smjle jMurlpmae Deelvatdle ^nlrm-olar` 1; 7 6,=6 plur ja Craenm, nletrm 6,=4 plur ja Krae`m Ormtakem, mt 6,3plur jAjjmhakem lu jm Gaple.

_ple`rm nmttm cadojmssm `ms metrmprdsms craeadsms emst plurtaet pas japrdlrdt `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt, qud slet clrtmhmet nlenmetrs sur jms `dhme-

sdles ahlet . Nmttm lrdmetatdle mst eltahhmet jdm jmur hl`m `m clen-tdleemhmet. Jm eaenmhmet `ms strunturms a`hdedstratdvms `ms pjms rmjvm

auglur`bud ;6 % m suovmetdles puojdqums, mt >6 % m eaenmhmets prdvs

(nltdsatdles mt vmetm `m prmstatdles). @aes ue tmj nletmxtm, dj mst `dc cdndjm plurnms destaenms `m slrdmetmr `m haedrm `nd`m vmrs uem jlkdqum ndojaet jms omsldes `ms metrmprdsms a`brmetms pjutt qum ja vdsdle `m jtat12.

Var adjjmurs, jms metrmprdsms em rprsmetmet qum ja hldtd `ms hmhorms msdestaenms `m kluvmreaenm `ms pjms (Ourmau mt Nlesmdj `A`hdededstratdle)14,ajlrs qumjjms nlestdtumet jms trlds-quarts `ms a`brmets ?6. @aes ue tmjnletmxtm, dj mst `dccdndjm plur nms destaenms `m rple`rm uem jlkdqum `mharnb pjutt qu ja vdsdle `m jtat.

Lrdmetmr jms pjms vmrs ue logmntdc njadr `m rmtlursur devmstdssmhmet

^d nm nlestat smhojm auglur`bud jarkmhmet partak par jms antmurs nlenmresau edvmau m jtat, ms nljjmntdvdts mt ms pjms mux-hhms, pmu sdetmrrlkmet

13. Vmrspmntdvms `m jLN@M, ?662 (dj emxdstm pas `m nbdccrms pjus rnmets).1;. ^uhhary Deelvatdle De`mx (^DD), Murlpmae Deelvatdle nlrmolar` ?664 .12. Jm ou`kmt hlyme `ms pjms sjvm 16,4 hdjjdles `murls me ?611. Ja part `autl-eaenmhmet mst`m ?2 %, me nrldssaenm par rapplrt ?662 (^lurnm 7 syetbsm `u rapplrt `vajuatdle ?61?.)14. Jms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt slet strunturs me asslndatdles (jld 1461). Plus let me nlhhue uemlrkaedsatdle njassdqum avmn uem Assmhojm Kerajm, ue Nlesmdj `a`hdedstratdle, ue Ourmau, ue

prsd`met mt `ms vdnm-prsd`mets.?6. Jms krae`ms metrmprdsms rmprsmetmet ; % `ms a`brmets mt 10 % `ms partdndpaets aux destaenms `m`ndsdle. Nm sluvmet mjjms qud assuhmet ja prsd`menm `ms pjms.

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>6 Vjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7 traesclrhmr jmssad

sur jm nlhhmet . Dj emxdstm pas `m rplesm pmrtdemetm plur jmesmhojm `ms

pjms, `let jlccrm `m smrvdnms `ldt trm a`aptm aux omsldes `ms metrmprdsmsnlenmrems. Vjusdmurs pdstms pmuvmet eaehldes trm d`metdms.

Dj sakdt `aolr` `m cdxmr aux pjms `m nlhptdtdv dt `ms logmntdcs `m pmrclr-haenm. ^dj mxdstm `ms htbl`ms nlurahhmet utdjdsms `aes jm hle`m aekjl-saxle plur vajumr prndshmet jdhpant nlelhdqum `m nms `dsplsdtdcs ?1,mjjms rmstmet pmu rpae`ums me Craenm plur `ms radsles pljdtdqums mtnujturmjjms. Aprs smpt aes mxdstmenm m ja pljdtdqum ms pjms mt 1,?= H`s`murls devmstds plur ja smujm par t `m jtat `aes jm na`rm `u C]D ??, dj mst

`dc cdndjm `m `rmssmr ue odjae prnds `m jmur pmrclrhaenm ?>.

Mesudtm, plur annlhpakemr nmttm vljutdle, nmst jm hl`jm hhm `ms pjmsqud `ldt vljumr. Jm rmnrutmhmet `ms qudpms a t cadt `aes ja pmrspmntdvm `mhletmr ms prlgmts m _&@ mt ele m slutmedr ms metrmprdsms aes ja nlequtm`m eluvmaux harnbs. Jm hl`jm nlelhdqum mt gurd`dqum `ms pjms emst pas`u tlut dendtatdc. Jlccrm `m smrvdnms `ms pjms `mstdeatdle `m jmurs hmhormsmst menlrm cadojm sur ja qumstdle `m ja hdsm sur jm harnb `ms deelvatdles, `mjaetdndpatdle `ms eluvmaux harnbs lu `m jappud ja nrldssaenm.

Mee, dj mst kajmhmet enmssadrm `m rmeclrnmr jmurs jdmes avmn jms tmrrdtldrms.

Nms `mredmrs pmuvmet nlestdtumr `ms jmvdmrs `m pmrclrhaenm sdjs slet hlodjdss.Adesd, ja Najdclredm emst pas sdhpjmhmet ja jlnajdsatdle `m ja ^djdnle Sajjmy. Mjjmnlestdtum kajmhmet jm prdendpaj harnb tmst `ms metrmprdsms bdkb-tmnb qudsy slet `vmjlppms. Ja nlhhae`m puojdqum jlnajm pmut kajmhmet glumrue rjm `aes ja stdhujatdle `lccrms deelvaetms jms tmrrdtldrms nlestdtumet jmedvmau pmrtdemet plur mxprdhmetmr `m eluvmaux hl`ms `m nljjaolratdle metrm

jms antmurs, qudj sakdssm `m eluvmaux hl`jms `m eaenmhmet lu `m nbassmrme hmutm .

?1. Eltahhmet jms htbl`ms `vmjlppms par jms nlelhdstms `u `vmjlppmhmet nlhhm M. @ul,`aes jm na`rm `m jAo`uj Jatdc Gahmmj Vlvmrty Antdle Jao (G-Vaj), qud rmplsmet sur jd`metdnatdle `uekrlupm thlde jauem `uqumj le gukm jms mccmts `uem pljdtdqum.??. Cle` ]edqum Detmrhdedstrdmj, qud eaenm jms prlgmts `m _&@ nljjaolratdcs `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt.?>. ]em vajuatdle sndmetdqum `m nm typm a t hmem plur hmsurmr jdhpant `m ja pljdtdqum `ms ysthmsVrl`untdcs Jlnajdss (qud a prn` nmjjm `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt) mt a hletr uem nlrrjatdle devmrsmmetrm ja nlhptdtdvdt `ms metrmprdsms mt jmur appartmeaenm ue ^VJ, qud s mxpjdqum par jm cadt qum jms ad`ms

`m jMtat auradmet pmu `dhpant sur ja napandt `ms metrmprdsms `plsmr `ms ormvmts mt `vdmradmet jarkmetsur jms rhms jms hldes pmrclrhaetms. Nc. Hartde V., Haymr P., Hayemrds, C., Vuojdn supplrt tl njustmrs. A crhjmvmj stu`y lc Crmenb Jlnaj prl`untdvm systmhs , ?616.

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>1www.destdtut-metrmprdsm.cr

Nmja dhpjdqum uem rpartdtdle pjus njadrm `ms rjms rmspmntdcs `m jtat mt `ms_kdles. ^muj jtat pmut eaenmr `ms `vmjlppmhmets tmnbeljlkdqums jlur`s,lrdmets vmrs jm jlek tmrhm mt prsmetaet ms edvmaux jmvs m rdsqum. @aes uemjlkdqum `m suosd`dardt, nmpme`aet, dj smradt pmrtdemet qum jms _kdles detmr-

vdmeemet plur slutmedr tlut nm qud nlenmrem ja hdsm sur jm harnb mt jdeelvatdle`dtm avaj . Nmrtades njustmrs rmkrlupmet `ms metrmprdsms `let jms prl`udts mtsmrvdnms prsmetmet uem hlde`rm `dhmesdle tmnbeljlkdqum, hads l jms megmuxjds au harimtdek, ja `dstrdoutdle lu aux eluvmaux usakms, slet mssmetdmjs,plurradmet trm krs me `drmnt mt eaens par jms _kdles. @aes ja hhm

lptdqum, mjjms plurradmet rmeclrnmr jms jdmes metrm jms pjms mt nmrtadems krappms`metrmprdsms nrms au edvmau rkdleaj, blrs `u prdhtrm `detmrvmetdle `mjtat.

Eaehldes, jms crmdes rmstmet menlrm elhormux 7 pdjltakm nmetrajds `m ja pljd-tdqum `ms pjms, hads aussd crmdes gurd`dqums, nujturmjs mt jds jlrkaedsatdlenjldsleem `ms smrvdnms `ms nljjmntdvdts. Ja puojdnatdle prlnbadem par jtat `mseluvmaux naemvas ms nletrats m pmrclrhaenm mvra applrtmr ms jhmets`m rplesm nlenrmts sur nms `dccrmets pldets plur qum jusdem nrldssaenm em `mhmurm pas ue vu pdmux.

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>? Vjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7 traesclrhmr jmssad

V_LVL^DPDLE > 7

ANN_LP_M JDHVJDNAPDLE @M^ K_AE@M^ MEP_MV_D^M^

Vlur strunturmr mt cadrm hletmr me pudssaenm `ms nlsysthms jlnaux pmr-clrhaets, dj mst enmssadrm `y rmeclrnmr ja prsmenm mt jdhpjdnatdle `m elskrae`ms metrmprdsms, qud nlhptmet parhd jms jma`mrs `m jnlelhdm hle`dajm.

]em tmjjm vljutdle dhpjdqum qum jms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt `dvmrsdc dmet jmurs

logmntdcs au-`mj `m ja nlestdtutdle `m partmeardats `m rmnbmrnbm puojdns /prdvs, mt slutdmeemet pjus clrtmhmet ja nljjaolratdle metrm antmurs prdvssur `ms prlojhatdqums avaj .

Jms krae`ms metrmprdsms,cantmur nj `m russdtm `ms nlsysthms deelvaets

Jms krae`ms metrmprdsms slet `ms antmurs `tmrhdeaets me tmrhms `de-elvatdle mt `mxplrtatdles. Mjjms rmprsmetmet auglur`bud, smjle jDE^MM,?; % `u elhorm `ms sajards, hads >0 % `m ja vajmur aglutm `m jnlelhdmcraeadsm, 3= % `ms dhhlodjdsatdles, => % `ms mxplrtatdles mt 3? % `ms`pmesms detrdmurms `m _&@ `u smntmur prdv ?0. Dj parat `dccdndjm, `aes uetmj nletmxtm, `m slutmedr jm `vmjlppmhmet `nlsysthms deelvaets, na-paojms `m prme`rm `ms par ts `m harnb jdetmreatdleaj, saes jm slutdme `mnms antmurs, sluvmet jma`mrs `m jmur smntmur au edvmau hle`daj.

Jms krae`ms metrmprdsms applrtmet me mccmt aux nlsysthms `aes jmsqumjsmjjms sdesnrdvmet ms nlhptmenms njs let jms antmurs m pjus pmtdtm tadjjmem `dsplsmet pas ( travmrs me partdnujdmr `ms mccmts `m spdjjlvmr?=, hadskajmhmet `u cadt `m jmur napandt sm prlgmtmr jdetmreatdleaj), nlhptmenms hhm `m rmeclrnmr ja prl`untdvdt `m jmesmhojm `m jmurs partmeadrms.

?0. DE^MM Vrmhdrm, Quatrm natklrdms eluvmjjms `metrmprdsm, elvmhorm ?616, bttp7//www.desmm.cr/cr/ccn/dpwmo/dp1>?1/dp1>?1.p`c

?=. ^pdjjlvmr7 `dccusdle `m nlhptmenms, `m tmnbedqums mt `m oleems prat dqums vda jms rmjatdles metrm`leemurs `lr`rms, slus-tradtaets mt cluredssmurs, adesd qum par ja hlodjdt mxtmrem `ms rmsslurnmsbuhadems metrm metrmprdsms.

http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/ipweb/ip1321/ip1321.pdfhttp://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/ipweb/ip1321/ip1321.pdfhttp://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/ipweb/ip1321/ip1321.pdfhttp://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/ipweb/ip1321/ip1321.pdf

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>>www.destdtut-metrmprdsm.cr

@m haedrm pjus `drmntm, ja prsmenm `m krae`ms metrmprdsms `aes ue njustmrnrm

`ms plssdodjdts `anqudsdtdle mt `detkratdle plur jms VHM. @m tmjjms lpplrtuedts`m slrtdm , plur jms nratmurs metrmprdsm, pmrhmttmet jmur tlur jhmrkmenm`m strunturms `m eaenmhmet a`aptms mt prlcmssdleemjjms, adesd quue hmdjjmur

anns jmxpmrtdsm mt au nlesmdj plur jmesmhojm `u njustmr.

_mvldr jquatdle nlts / oecdnmsplur jms krae`ms metrmprdsms

Vlur autaet, jms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt rmstmet pmu attrantdcs plur jmskrae`ms metrmprdsms, qud y vldmet surtlut ue lutdj `m slutdme aux metrmprdsmsjlnajms, pjutt quuem lpplrtuedt `m `vmjlppmhmet. Nmt megmu rmevldm `ms qumstdles `m nlecdkuratdle mt `lrkaedsatdle `ms krae`ms metrmprdsmsmjjms-hhms 7 uem dhpjdnatdle pjus jarkm `ms `dccrmets smrvdnms `m jmetrm-prdsm au smde `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt (ele smujmhmet _&@, hads aussddeelvatdle, harimtdek, anbat, mtn.) mst uem prmhdrm pdstm `m rcjmxdlevd`metm.

Hads dj dhpjdqum kajmhmet `m rmeclrnmr jquatdle nlts/oecdnms plur jmskrae`ms metrmprdsms. Gusqu auglur`bud, me mccmt, mjjms elet oecdnd`m ja pljd tdqum `ms pjms qu bautmur `mevdrle 16 % (me tmrhms `m c d-eaenmhmets `drmnts plur jms prlgmts `m _&@), jm rmstm taet prdlrdtadrmhmetlrdmet vmrs jms antmurs jlnaux mt surtlut jms destdtutdles puojdqums `mrmnbmrnbm mt jms uedvmrsdts.

Dj em sakdt pas `m rnjahmr `m ja part `m jtat `m eluvmaux cdeaenmhmets,

hads pjutt m rmeclrnmr ja napandt ms pjms nrmr ms partmeardats metrmantmurs prdvs mux-hhms, sur `ms prlojhatdqums sdtums pjus me avaj`aes jm nynjm m vmjlppmhmet, mt len pjus prs u harnb.Ja candjdtatdle`ms pljdtdqums `anqudsdtdle `ms krae`ms metrmprdsms, ja hdsm me pjanm `mstratkdms partakms `m nlhhmrndajdsatdle metrm `leemurs `lr`rms mtslus-tradtaets, jm `vmjlppmhmet `m nletants metrm cdjdajms craeadsms `mkrae`s krlupms jtraekmr mt VHM deelvaetms, ja strunturatdle `lccrms`deelvatdle sur jms usakms mt jms ousdemss hl`mjs, nlestdtumet `m olesmxmhpjms `ms dedtdatdvms qud plurradmet trm prdsms au edvmau jlnaj plur rme-

clrnmr jattrant dvdt `ms pjms jkar` `ms krae`s krlupms.

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>0 Vjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7 traesclrhmr jmssad

AEEMRM

SAJ]APDLE @] VL^DPDLEEMHMEP @M^ VJM^ @MNLHVPDPDSDP JKA_@ @M^ PMNBELJLKDM^NJ^ BL_DWLE ?61=

Vldets rmtmedr

Ja pljdtdqum `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt a t hdsm me uvrm plur rple`rm aux `cds `m

ja nrldssaenm par ja vldm `m jdeelvatdle. @s jm `part, djs let t lrdmets vmrs jdeelva-

tdle ahlet (ja _&@ cle`ahmetajm mt appjdqum) pjutt qum vmrs jms prlojhatdqums

avaj (qud nlenmremet `ms qumstdles aussd vardms qum jm `msdke, jms ousdemss hl`mjs,

jm harimt dek). Ja hdsm me pjanm `u cdeaenmhmet par jm Cle`s ]edqum Detmrhdedstrdmj

(C]D) a vds annjrmr jm `vmjlppmhmet `ms pjms travmrs jdegmntdle `ue c deaenmhmet

puojdn dhplrtaet (`m jlr`rm `m 1,=H` `murls) `aes jms prlgmts `m _&@ nljjaolratdvm

hlets `aes jm na`rm `ms pjms.

Dj paradssadt `len mssmetdmj, plur vajumr ja pmrtdemenm `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdvd t, `avldr

`aolr` uem vdsdle syetbtdqum sur jmur a`quatdle avmn jms lhadems tmnbeljlkdqums

jms pjus plrtmurs plur jnlelhdm craeadsm. Dj mxdstm me mccmt sldxaetm mt lezm pjms `m

nlhptdtdvdt jaomjjdss. Varhd nmux-nd, smpt slet `ms pjms hle`daux . Lezm nlest dtumet

`ms pjm s vlnatdle hle`dajm. Jms autrms slet `ms pjms `dts eatdleaux.

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>=www.destdtut-metrmprdsm.cr

Vmrtdemenm `u plsdtdleemhmet `m ja Craenm au rmkar` `ms tmnbeljlkdmsnjs hlyme-jlek tmrhm

1>

?>

>=

0?

=6

2=

6

16

?6

>6

06

=6

36

;6

26

46

Pmnbeljlkdms surjmsqumjjms ja _&@craenadsm mst odme

plsdtdleem

Pmnbeljlkdms surjmsqumjjms jms

pjms `mnlhptdtdvdt sletodme plsdtdlees

Pmnbeljlkdmsattrantdvms

Pltaj `mstmnbeljlkdms

Pmnbeljlkdmsattrantdvms

plur ja Craenm

Pmnbeljlkdmssur jmsqumjjms jmtdssu de`ustrdmj

craenads mstodme plsdtdlee

Jaeajysm a nlhhmen par d`metdcdmr jms tmnbeljlkdms jms pjus att rantdvms hlyme tmrhm

plur ja Craenm. Jm hatrdau `m oasm `m nmttm tu`m mst ja jdstm `ms tmnbeljlkdms

`avmedr nlesd`rms par jm Hdedstrm `m jDe`ustr dm nlhhm cle`ahmetajms, sur ue blrd-

zle `m hlyme tmrhm, `m ndeq `dx aes. ]em tmjjm jdstm mst antuajdsm tlus jms ndeq aes

slus ja clrhm ue rapplrt puojdn. Jm rapplr t m ?616, Pmnbeljlkdms njs ?61= hmt me

avaet quatrm-vdekt-ndeq tmnbeljlkdms njs . Varhd nms quatrm-vdekt-ndeq tmnbeljlkdms

njs, elus me avles sjmntdlee quaraetm-`mux qud prsmetmet ue clrt pltmetdmj nlel-

hdqum hlyme tmrhm plur ja Craenm, me tmeaet nlhptm `m ja tadjjm `u harnb qumjjms

rmprsmetmet, `u taux `m nrldssaenm `m nm harnb hlyme tmrhm adesd qum `u edvmau`detmesdt nlenurrmetdmjjm sur nm harnb. ^ur nmttm oasm, elus avles mesudtm d`metdcd

trmetm-ndeq tmnbeljlk dms rmevlyaet `ms plsdtdles `m jma`mrsbdp `m ja Craenm me tmrhms

`m _&@, vdekt-trlds taet, `m pjus, smrvdms par ue pltmetdmj de`ustrdmj (`m par ja pr-

smenm `m krae`ms metrmpr dsms hle`dajms, MPD mt `ue tdssu `m VHM).

Mecde, ja mredrm tapm a nlesdst nlhparmr nms vdekt-trlds tmnbeljlkdms, sur jmsqumjjms

ja Craenm prsmetm uem clr tm napandt russdr, au plsdtdleemhmet `ms sldxaetm mt lezm

pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt. Eltrm aeajysm a tmeu nlhptm `m ja `dccrmenm `m tadjjm metrm jms

pjms hle`daux, qud nlenmetrmet prs `m =6 % `u cdeaenmhmet tltaj `m nmttm pljdtdqum,

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>3 Vjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7 traesclrhmr jmssad

mt jms autrms pjms. Ja nlenjusdle mst, au cdeaj, qum trmdzm `ms tmnbeljlkdms me qumstdle

slet slutmeums lu trs odme slutmeums par jms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt, mt `dx em slet pasrmprsmetms me jmur smde.

Nm haequm ajdkemhmet pmut trm att rdou pjusdmurs cantmurs. @aolr`, uem jlkdqum

qud prdvdjkdm ja nlenjusdle `m partmeardats `m rmnbmrnbm metrm destdtutdles puojdqums mt

metrmprdsms, sur ja oasm `ms lrdmetatdles mxdstaetms `m ja _&@ craeadsm pjutt qum sur

uem vajuatdle `ms lpplrtuedts `m harnb rmjjms. Mesudtm, ue haequm `dendtatdle, `aes jm

hnaedshm `m clentdleemhmet `ms pjms, slrdmetmr vmrs jms prlgmts me clentdle `m jmur

rmtlur sur devmstdssmhmet pltmetdmj mt ja prloaodjdt `m jmur traesclrhatdle me deelvatdles

nlhhmrndajms.

_sujtats `tadjjs

Quaraetm-`mux tmnbeljlkdms attrantdvms plur ja Craenm

Elus avles mxahde quatrm-vdekt-ndeq tmnbeljlkdms njs hlyme tmrhm d`metdcdms par

jm hdedstrm `m jDe`ustrdm, sdtums `aes smpt smntmurs `dc crmets 7 (1) nbdhdm, hatrdaux,

prln`s 9 (?) tmnbeljlkdms `m jdeclrhatdle mt `m ja nlhhuednatdle 9 (>) mevdrleemhmet,

emrkdm 9 (0) traesplrts 9 (=) otdhmet 9 (3) saet, akrdnujturm mt akrlajdhmetadrm. @aes

nbanue `m nms smntmurs, elus avles d`metdcd `ms tmnbeljlkdms rple`aet trlds nrd-

trms 7 ue harnb mxdstaet `uem tadjjm `lrms mt `g dhplrtaetm, ue pltmetdmj `m nrlds-

saenm jmv, ue edvmau `detmesdt nlenurrmetdmjjm radsleeaojm (nc. decra ja htbl`ljlkdm

mhpjlym).

^ur ja oasm `m nmttm aeajysm, elus avles d`metd ndequaetm tmnbeljlkdms attrantdvms

a prdlrd, mt qud prsmetmet me apparmenm uem krae`m `dvmrsdt. Nms tmnbeljlkdms, nm-pme`aet, slet nmjjms qud rple`met trlds omsldes `m cle` me tmrhms `vljutdle `m

jnlelhdm hle`dajm 7

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>;www.destdtut-metrmprdsm.cr

1. ]e rmeclrnmhmet `m jdeclrhatdsatdle mt `m ja nleemntdvdt . Vjus `lr`dea-

tmurs (ue pmu pjus `m 30 % `ms heakms `njarmet avldr ue anns Detmremt jmur `lhdndjm me ?616 nletrm =3 % me ?662, mt smujmhmet 1? % me

?666 ?3), nleemnts metrm mux par `ms rsmaux pjus pudssaets (pbltledqum,

lptdqum, mtn.), mt snbaekmaet `ms vljuhms `m `leems `m pjus me pjus dhplr-

taets (njlu`, >@, vajlrdsatdle `m `leems, plrtadjs, mtn.). Vjus `declrhatdqum

mhoarqum, `aes tlus jms logmts tmnbeljlkdqums 7 tjpblems, odme sr

(1,1 hdjjdles `m shartpblems vme`us me Craenm me ?662, 1? hdjjdles me ?611),

hads kajmhmet vbdnujms, qudpmhmet heakmr, hatrdmj h`dnaj (panmhaimrs,

mtn.) Jm hluvmhmet va `len vmrs uem prlpakatdle `u euhrdqum `m pjus me

pjus `m smntmurs `g mxdstaets, pluvaet hl`dcdmr prlcle`hmet nmrtades nlh-plrtmhmets (jm m-nlhhmrnm, rmprsmetaet antumjjmhmet 0 % `m ja `dstr doutdle,

`mvradt prlkrmssmr gusqu ?0 % me ?6?6 ?;).

?. Jm rmenbrdssmhmet `ms rmsslurnms kerm `dhplrtaets omsldes `dnd ndeq

`dx aes. Nmux-nd sm sdtumet hlyme tmrhm `aes jlptdhdsatdle `m jutdjdsatdle

`ms rmsslurnms mxdstaetms pjutt qum `aes jm `vmjlppmhmet `m eluvmjjms

rmsslurnms (jm sljadrm pbltlvljtaqum rmprsmetm auglur`bud ue nbdccrm `accadrms

`m 1,3 H` `murls me Craenm, tae`ds qum jm harnb `ms nlhptmurs detmjjdkmets

dhpjdqum jud smuj ue devmstdssmhmet `m 0 H`s `murls). Adesd, le ndtmra me

partdnujdmr jm `vmjlppmhmet `m eluvmjjms keratdles `m tmnbedqums `m otd-

hmet (dsljatdle) mt m eluvmaux hatr daux ajjks, jappjdnatdle m jdeclrhatdqum

ja kmst dle `m jemrkdm (shart krd`), ja kmstdle mt ja `pljjutdle `m jmau, jms

odlnarouraets, jm eunjadrm, jmxpjldtatdle mt jm rmnynjakm `ms hdemrads mt `ms tmrrms

rarms (ja `mhae`m me tmrrms rarms aukhmetm `m 16 ?6 % par ae, 1 % pmdem

me mst rmnynj auglur`bud).

>. Jdm aux `mux tme`aenms prn`metms, pjutt qum jm `vmjlppmhmet `lccrmscle`ahmetajmhmet eluvmjjms, le assdstm uem traesclrhatdle `m ja haedrm

`let jms prl`udts `m krae`m nleslhhatdle smrlet `vmjlpps, `aes jmur

prl`untdle mt jmur utdjdsatdle. Vlur rple`rm uem `mhae`m pjus slpbdstdqum, dj

sakdra `annrltrm clrtmhmet ja nustlhdsatdle `ms prl`udts mt `ms smrvdnms

(tmnbeljlkdms `detmrantdle blhhm/hanbdem, mrklelhdm 7 >6 hdjjdles `m KV^ let

?3. ^lurnm 7 bttp7//www.desmm.cr/cr/tbmhms/`lnuhmet.asp06?;. Hlatd V., Gauemau V. mt Jlur`mj S., Qumj nlhhmrnm plur `mhade < Ja vdsdle prlspmntdvm `ms antmurs`u smntmur, Nr`ln, Nabdmr `m rmnbmrnbm, e ?;1, elvmhorm ?616.

http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1340http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1340

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>2 Vjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7 traesclrhmr jmssad

t vme`us `aes jm hle`m me ?660, 00= hdjjdles me ?611 ?2). Nmttm vljutdle

`m ja `mhae`m, adesd qum jm rmenbrdssmhmet `ms rmsslurnms, dhpjdqumet `mshl`jms `m caordnatdle lptdhdss, napaojms `m pjus `a`aptaodjdt mt utdjdsaet

`avaetakm jm euhrdqum. Jmxmhpjm `m jutdjdsatdle `m ja rloltdqum `aes jms

prln`s de`ustrdmjs (jm harnb hle`daj taet appmj trdpjmr metrm ?66= mt

?61=) mst partdnujdrmhmet parjaet, hads au-`mj, `ms tmnbeljlkdms tmjjms qum

jms `pts `m nlunbms hdenms, jms eaeltmnbeljlkdms, lu jms odltmnbeljlkdms

ojaenbms rple`met ue tmj omslde.

Elus avles mesudtm vaju jdetmesdt nlenurrmetdmjjm `ms tmnbeljlkdms nlesd`rms.

Var nlestruntdle, jm edvmau `detmesdt nlenurrmetdmjjm mst devmrsmhmet nlrrj (hads mepartdm smujmhmet) jtat `m haturdt `m ja tmnbeljlkdm, mt sle edvmau `m prlxdhdt

avmn `ms smntmurs haturms. Me `cdedtdvm, sur nms ndequaetm tmnbeljlkdms partdnujdrm-

hmet attrantdvms, elus me avles nlhpt budt sur jmsqumjjms dj mxdstm uem oarrdrm nlenur-

rmetdmjjm, nmst--`drm ue edvmau `detmesdt nlenurrmetdmjjm trs jmv saes qum ja Craenm

sldt prsmetm parhd jms jma`mrs hle`daux.

Me rkjm kerajm, nmttm sdtuatdle prln`m `uem clrtm prsmenm `ms tats-]eds, `m jAjjmhakem

lu `u Gaple. Jdhpant `m ja Nbdem lu `autrms pays murlpmes ms t kajmhmet smesdojm

sur nmrtades smntmurs ?4.

^ur ja oasm `m jtu`m `m ja tadjjm antumjjm mt cuturm `u harnb, adesd qum `m jdetmesdt

nlenurrmetdmjjm, elus avles `len d`metd quaraetm-`mux tmnbeljlkdms attrantdvms plur

ja Craenm mt sur jmsqumjjms dj mxdstm uem rmjjm harkm `m haeuvrm plur sm plsdtdleemr.

?2. d^uppjd / elvmhorm ?66;.?4. Eaelhatrdaux (tats-]eds, Ajjmhakem, Gaple, Nbdem), hdnrlstrunturatdle (tats-]eds, Ajjmhakem, Gaple,_lyauhm-]ed, Vays-Oas), eaeljmntrledqum (tats-]eds, Gaple, Nbdem), vdrtuajdsatdle mt declrhatdqum meeuakms (tats-]eds), plrtadj, nljjaolratdle mt nlhhuednatdles uedms (tats-]eds), tmnbeljlkdms plur jmrmnynjakm ms hatrdaux rarms mt jmur vajlrdsatdle (Gaple), odlhassm mt nbmts 7 vajlrdsatdle emrktdqum

(Ajjmhakem, ^u`m, Autrdnbm), tmnbeljlkdms plur ja odljlkdm `m syetbsm (tats-]eds, Ajjmhakem,_lyauhm-]ed).

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>4www.destdtut-metrmprdsm.cr

Pmnbeljlkdms jms pjus attrantdvms plur ja Craenm, rmnjassms par omslde

Declrhatdqum mt nleemntdvdt _menbrdssmhmet ms rmsslurnms Praesclrhatdle m ja prl`untdlemt `m jutdjdsatdle

Pmnbeljlkdms rsmaux saes j Pmnbeljlkdms >@ (*) Lptljmntrledqum Jlkdndmj mhoarqu mt

prlnmssmurs asslnds Sajlrdsatdle mt detmjjdkmenm `ms

`leems _smaux baut `odt lptdqums Logmts nlhhuednaets Lutdjs mt htbl`ms `m

nlenmptdle mt `m vajd`atdle Haqumttm euhrdqum Nlhhuednatdles mt `leems Naptmurs Hnatrledqum (*) ^ysthms odl-mhoarqus

Narouraets `m syetbsm dssus`m ja odlhassm

_smaux jmntrdqumsdetmjjdkmets

Pmnbeljlkdms mxpjlratdle mt`m prl`untdle by`rlnarourms

Pmnbeljlkdms m raceakm msby`rlnarourms

Pmnbeljlkdms plur jmxpjlratdle,jmxtrantdle mt jm tradtmhmet `msrmsslurnms hderajms

Hltmurs nlhoustdle detmrem Hltmurs jmntrdqums Lptdhdsatdle `m ja nbaem

jlkdstdqum (*) ^ysthms `mevmjlppm u

otdhmet Pmnbeljlkdms plur jm

`mssajmhmet m jmau cadojmnbarkm emrktdqum

Kltbmrhdm Hatrdaux mt tmnbeljlkdm

`assmhojakm plur jajjkmhmet Nlhptakm detmjjdkmet Pmnbeljlkdms detkratdle mt

`m hutuajdsatdle `ms ME_ `aesjm otdhmet

Pmnbeljlkdms plur jmtradtmhmet `ms pljjuaetshmrkmets m jmau

Pmnbeljlkdms plur jmtradtmhmet m jadr

Pmnbeljlkdms plur ja kmstdle`ms rmsslurnms me mau

emrkdm eunjadrm Eluvmjjms tmnbeljlkdms `m

turolhanbdems

Odltmnbeljlkdms ojaenbms Pmnbeljlkdms >@ (*) jaolratdle m nlhplsdtms

assmhojakms hujtdhatrdaux Lptdhdsatdle `m ja nbaem

jlkdstdqum (*) @pt `m nlunbms hdenms _loltdqum Detmrantdle blhhm-hanbdem,

mrklelhdm Dekedmrdm u systhm

dhhuedtadrm Natajysm Pmnbeljlkdms plur ja hatrdsm

`ms nlsysthms hdnrlodmes Dekedmrdm m systhms

nlhpjmxms mt systhms `msysthms

Pmnbeljlkdms `m `dakelstdnrapd`m

Hnatrledqum (*)

(*) Pmnbeljlkdms rple`aet pjus `ue omslde

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06 Vjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7 traesclrhmr jmssad

Prmetm-ndeq tmnbeljlkdms sur jmsqumjjms ja _&@ craeadsm puojdqum mtprdvm mst plsdtdleem

^ur nmttm oasm, elus avles nbmrnb `dstdekumr jms tmnbeljlkdms prlhmttmusms sur jms-

qumjjms ja Craenm `dsplsm `ue avaetakm nlhparatdc me tmrhms `m rmnbmrnbm, qumjjm sldt

prdvm lu puojdqum. Vjutt quuem apprlnbm strdntmhmet quaetdtatdvm, eltrm `harnbm a

t `m quajdmr jm edvmau `m `vmjlppmhmet `m ja _&@ craeadsm 7 elhorm `m jaolratldrms,

edvmau `m strunturatdle `u rsmau `destdtutdles `m rmnbmrnbm mt vdsdodjdt `m nms `mredrms

jdetmreatdleaj.

Jm rsujtat `hletrm saes surpr dsm qum ja Craenm, avmn trmetm-ndeq tmnbeljlkdms, lnnupm

uem plsdtdle `mxnmjjmenm au edvmau hle`daj, `aes ja hmsurm l, me `cdedtdvm, mjjm mstjma`mr sur pjus `ue tdmrs `ms tmnbeljlkdms `avmedr, mt sur 2> % `ms pjus at tra ntdvms

`metrm mjjms. Nmttm plsdtdle mst `drmntmhmet jdm ja clrnm `m crappm `ms krae`ms

destdtutdles eatdleajms `m rmnbmrnbm (NE_^, NMA, Destdtut Vastmur, DE_DA, DE_A, mtn.) mt

`ms rsmaux `m rmnbmrnbm `ms krae`s krlupms (Armva, Smljda, M@C, K@C-^umz, Pltaj,

^PHdnrlmjmntrledns, mtn.), qud clentdleemet sluvmet me syemrkdm au edvmau `m jdeelvatdle

ahlet. @m pjus jm ed vmau `ms `pmesms `m _&@, autlur m ?,> % `u VDO, mst me jdkem

avmn nmjjm `ms prdendpaux pays `m jLN@M. Nmst partdnujdrmhmet vrad `ms `pmesms

puojdqums `m _&@, qud rmprsmetmet 6,22 % `u VDO (nletrm 6,4? % plur jAjjmhakem,

sldt ue edvmau smesdojmhmet qudvajmet). Nms `leems djjustrmet odme jm cadt qum ja

prlojhatdqum `m jdeelvatdle, me Craenm, em pmut trm r`udtm uem s dhpj m qumst dle

`m edvmau `u cdeaenmhmet `m ja r mnbmr nbm, hads qudj mst mssmetdmj `m sdetmrrlkmr

sur `ms `dhmesdles pjus quajdtatdvms `lrdmetatdle `m nmjjm-nd.

Sdekt-trlds tmnbeljlkdms sur jmsqumjjms jm tdssu de`ustrdmj craeadsmst `vmjlpp

Jtapm sudvaetm a nlesdst d`metdc dmr, parhd nms tmnbeljlkdms, jmsqumjjms prsmetadmetue rmj pltmetdmj `de`ustrdajdsatdle. Au-`mj `ms travaux `m _&@, jmegmu mst me mccmt ja

traesclrhat dle `ms `nluvmrtms sndmetdcdqums me prl`udts hhm `trm hds sur jm har-

nb. ]e tmj prlnmssus rmqudmrt jmxdstmenm `ue tdssu `metrmprdsms pmrclrhaet mt qudjd-

or, nlhptaet aussd odme ue hadjjakm `MPD mt `m VHM akdjms mt deelvaetms, napaojms

`m plrtmr nms deelvatdles, qum `ms krae`s antmurs, `m tadjjm detmreatdleajm, `lts

`uem napandt haeucanturdrm mt `uem clrnm `m crappm sur jms harnbs hle`daux.

Elus avles nlesd`r `mux nrdtrms plur quajdcdmr ja napandt `ms cdjdrms craeadsms.

@aolr`, elus avles mxahde jmxdstmenm ue tdssu metrmprdsms, travmrs uem apprlnbm

quaetdtatdvm, prmeaet me nlhptm jm elhorm `antmurs mt jmur tadjjm. Jmxdstmenm `ue krae`

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01www.destdtut-metrmprdsm.cr

elhorm `antmurs `m tadjjm dhplrtaetm adesd qum `ue tdssu rmprsmetaet pjusdmurs nme-

tadems `m VHM mst jde`dnm qum jlutdj de`ustrdmj mst `vmjlpp. A nletrardl, qumjqumsantmurs dsljs mt `m tadjjm hlymeem em smrlet pas enmssadrmhmet hhm `m plrtmr uem

plsdtdle `m jma`mrsbdp sur jm pjae nlhhmrndaj. Mesudtm, elus avles apprlnb ja qumstdle

travmrs ja prsmenm `m krae`s krlupms detmreatdleaux sur nms harnbs, me taet qum

prl`untmurs pjutt qume taet qum njdmets (au-`mj `m ja smujm `dhmesdle `m rmnbmrnbm).

Adesd, ue antmur `m ja tjpbledm pmut trm njdmet plur `ms eluvmjjms tmnbeljlkdms `m

cdorms lptdqums, hads dhplrtmr nmjjms-nd m jtraekmr. Ja spndc dndt m ja Craenm, u cadt

`u pld`s `ms krae`s k rlupms `aes sle nlelhdm, adesd qum `m jmur pass `metrmprdsms

puojdqums, mst ja nleglentdle crqumetm metrm nms `mux sdtuatdles 7 `ms krae`ms metrm-

prdsms ja clds jma`mrs sur jmur harnb `lhmstdqum tlut me hadetmeaet ue plsdtdleem-hmet `m pldetm sur jms tmnbeljlkdms nlenmrems, jms `mux `dhmesdles me qumstdle clrhaet

ue nmrnjm vmrtumux (mxmhpjms 7 M@C sur jms shart krd`s mt jms nlhptmurs detmjjdkmets,

K@C-^umz mt Pltaj sur jms emrkdms clssdjms mt ajtmreatdvms, Craenm Pjnlh sur jm baut

`odt lptdqum, mtn.)

Elus d`metdcdles adesd `dx tmnbeljlkdms sur jmsqumjjms jm tdssu `metrmprdsms mst `uem

quajdt hlymeem, mt trmdzm plur jmsqumjjms ja Craenm mst njadrmhmet me oleem sdtuatdle.

Elus elus slhhms `len nlenmetrs par ja sudtm sur nms vdekt-trlds tmnbeljlkdms sur

jmsqumjjms jm tdssu de`ustrdmj craeads mst `vmjlpp. ^ur jms `luzm tmnbeljlkdms

rmstaetms, dj mxdstm ue nart metrm ja napandt `m _&@ mt jtat `m jlutdj de`ustrdmj. Nms

tmnbeljlkdms slet parpdjjms travmrs jmesmhojm `ms smntmurs mevdsaks, mt `-

hletrmet ja enmssdt `ue rmeclrnmhmet ndoj `ms nbaems `m vajmur. Var mxmhpjm, ajlrs

qum ja _&@ craeadsm me hatdrm `m saet mst `m trs baut edvmau, ja Craenm dhplrtm

`aes nmrtades nas `ms qudpmhmets par haequm `m napandt de`ustrdmjjm.

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0? Vjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7 traesclrhmr jmssad

Pmnbeljlkdms m harnb attrantdc plur jmsqumjjms ja _&@ craeadsm mst odme plsdtdleem

Cadojm tdssu de`ustrdmj Pdssu de`ustrdmj hlyme Clrt tdssu de`ustrdmj

Odltmnbeljlkdms ojaenbms @pt `m nlunbms hdenms _smaux baut `odt lptdqums Pmnbeljlkdms plur jm

`mssajmhmet m jmau cadojmnbarkm emrktdqum

Pmnbeljlkdms plur jmtradtmhmet `ms pljjuaetshmrkmets m jmau

Pmnbeljlkdms plur ja kmstdle

`ms rmsslurnms me mau Narouraets `m syetbsm dssus

`m ja odlhassm Pmnbeljlkdms m raceakm ms

by`rlnarourms Eluvmjjms tmnbeljlkdms `m

turolhanbdem Pmnbeljlkdms detkratdle mt

`m hutuajdsatdle `ms ME_`aes jm otdhmet

^ysthms odl-mhoarqus Pmnbeljlkdms `m `dakelstdn

rapd`m

Natajysm Naptmurs _loltdqum Pmnbeljlkdms rsmaux saes j Logmts nlhhuednaets Pmnbeljlkdms plur jm tradtmhmet

`m jadr Hltmurs nlhoustdle detmrem Haqumttm euhrdqum Dekedmrdm u systhm

dhhuedtadrm Pmnbeljlkdms plur ja hatrdsm

`ms nlsysthms hdnrlodmes

jaolratdle `m nlhplsdtms -assmhojakms hujtdhatrdaux

Pmnbeljlkdms >@ Dekedmrdm m systhms

nlhpjmxms mt systhms `msysthms

Lptljmntrledqum Jlkdndmj mhoarqu mt

prlnmssmurs asslnds emrkdm eunjadrm

_smaux jmntrdqumsdetmjjdkmets

Hltmurs jmntrdqums Detmrantdle blhhm-hanbdem,

mrklelhdm Lptdhdsatdle `m ja nbaem

jlkdstdqum Hnatrledqum Hatrdaux mt tmnbeljlkdm

`assmhojakm plur jajjkmhmet Lutdjs mt htbl`ms `m

nlenmptdle mt `m vajd`atdle

Prmdzm tmnbeljlkdms slutmeums `drmntmhmet par jms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt

Ja `mredrm tapm nlesdstadt pjus spndcdqumhmet tu`dmr jm jdme metrm jms

tmnbeljlkdms `avmedr mt jms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt. Ja strunturm a`hdedstratdvm `ms

pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt `dstdekum, parhd jms sldxaetm mt lezm pjms, smpt pjms

hle`daux>6

, lezm pjms vlnatdle hle`dajm mt ndequaetm-trlds pjms eatdleaux.Vlur nbanuem `ms vdekt-trlds tmnbeljlkdms d`metdcdms jlrs `m jtapm prn`metm,

elus avles nlesd`r `mux nrdtrms quaetdcdaet jdhpjdnatdle `ms pjms 7 jm elhorm

mt ja tadjjm `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt nlenmres.

Vlur `dx `metrm mjjms, jm rsmau `m pjms mst cadojm 7 aunue pjm hle`daj emst nlenmre

( part ^ystmhaPDN plur `mux `metrm mjjms), mt jm rsmau `m pjms ele hle`daux

>6. Amrlspanm Sajjmy, Jyle-Odlpjm, Hm`dnme, Hdeajlkdn, ^ystmhaPDN, ^ljutdles Nlhhuednaetms ^nurdsmsmt Cdeaenm Deelvatdle. Mtaet `m smntmur tmrtdadrm, jm `mredmr emst pas nlenmre par jms tmnbeljlkdms`avmedr.

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0>www.destdtut-metrmprdsm.cr

nlenmre mst rmstrmdet. ^dx tmnbeljlkdms oecdndmet `ue slutdme `m ja strunturm `ms

pjms 7 ue lu `mux pjms hle`daux slet dhpjdqus, lu odme jm tdssu `m pjms eatdleauxmt vlnatdle hle`dajm mst `mesm. Mecde, sur jms smpt `mredrms tmnbeljlkdms,

jdhpjdnatdle `ms pjms mst clrtm, par ja prsmenm `ue lu pjusdmurs pjms hle`daux,

desrs `aes ue hadjjakm `m pjms ele hle`daux.

Pmnbeljlkdms `m harnb attrantdc plur jmsqumjjms ja _&@mt jm tdssu de`ustrdmj craeads slet odme plsdtdlees

Vas lu pmu m pjms hle`daux, mt

cadojm rsmau `m pjms eatdleauxlu vlnatdle hle`dajm

Dhpjdnatdle ue lu mux pjmshle`daux, lu prsmenm ue tdssu

`mesm m pjms eatdleaux lu vlnatdle hle`dajm

Dhpjdnatdle ue lu pjusdmurspjms hle`daux, slutmeus par ue

rsmau `mesm `m pjms eatdleauxlu vlnatdle hle`dajm

Natajysm _loltdqum Pmnbeljlkdms rsmaux

saes j Dekedmrdm m systhms

nlhpjmxms mt systhms`m systhms

Pmnbeljlkdms plur jmtradtmhmet m jadr

emrkdm eunjadrm _smaux jmntrdqums

detmjjdkmets Hltmurs jmntrdqums Lutdjs mt htbl`ms `m

nlenmptdle mt `m vajd`atdle Haqumttm euhrdqum

Jlkdndmj mhoarqu mtprlnmssmurs asslnds

Lptljmntrledqum Detmrantdle blhhm-hanbdem,

mrklelhdm Hltmurs nlhoustdle detmrem Lptdhdsatdle `m ja nbaem

jlkdstdqum Pmnbeljlkdms plur ja hatrdsm

`ms nlsysthms hdnrlodmes

Naptmurs Logmts nlhhuednaets Dekedmrdm u systhm

dhhuedtadrm jaolratdle m nlhplsdtms -

assmhojakms hujtdhatrdaux Pmnbeljlkdms >@ Hnatrledqum Hatrdaux mt tmnbeljlkdm

`assmhojakm plur jajjkmhmet

Nms trmdzm tmnbeljlkdms slutmeums par `ms pjms elus smhojmet rmjjmhmet

nlrrmsple`rm ja vlnatdle prmhdrm `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7 trm `ms jdmux `mnrldssaenm nlelhdqum, travmrs ja nllpratdle `antmurs `m rmnbmrnbm mt de`ustrdmjs.

A nletrardl, nmrtades pjms hle`daux, qud plss`met plurtaet ja vardt `antmurs rmqudsm

plur rme`rm plssdojm `m tmjjms syemrkdms, sm nlenmetrmet sur `ms `lhadems plur jmsqumjs

jms lpplrtuedts m harnb plur ja Craenm, taet lee sle systhm m _&@ mt sle tdssu

`metrmprdsms, slet hlymeems (Hm`dnme, ljutdles Nlhhuednaetms nurdsms, mtn.).

Quaet aux pjms vlnatdle hle`dajm lu eatdleaux, jmur tadjjm em jmur pmrhmt qum `trm

spndajdss sur ms smntmurs prnds, sluvmet tlures vmrs ja rmnbmrnbm ahlet, enmssadrm

jlek tmrhm, hads saes dhpant nlelhdqum hlyme tmrhm (Naenmr-Odl-^aet,

Quajdtrlpdn, De`ustrdms `u nlhhmrnm).

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00 Vjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7 traesclrhmr jmssad

@tadj `ms nrdtrms

Jvajuatdle a t hdsm me uvrm sur ja oasm `uesnlrdekaussd logmntdc qum plssdojm, cle` nbaqum tapm sur `ms jhmets `vajuatdle mhpdrdqums dssus `ms `leems nlhpdjms

par jms tu`ms puojdqums, me part dnujdmr jm hdedstrm `m jDe`ustrdm. Nms `dccrmetms eltms

pmrhmttmet `m njassmr jmesmhojm `ms tmnbeljlkdms smjle trlds cdjtrms sunnmssdcs, plur

nbaqum tmnbeljlkdm 7

1. Jattrantdvdt `u harnb hlyme tmrhm

?. Ja plsdtdle `m ja _&@ craeadsm (puojdqum mt prdvm)

>. Jm `mkr `m `vmjlppmhmet `u tdssu de`ustrdmj craeads, qudj sakdssm `m

krae`ms metrmprdsms, `MPD lu `m krappms `m VHM0. Ja nlhparadsle avmn jms spndajdsatdles `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt

Cdjtrm 1 7 attrantdvdt `u harnb hlyme tmrhm

Nrdtrm mtsnlrm asslnd

tdqumttm _atdleemj

Padjjm `u harnb

1 Harnb rmstrmdet Decrdmur 16H` (Hle`m) lu 1H` (Craenm)

? Harnb detmrh dadrm@m 16 =6 H` (Hle`m) lu `m 1 = H`(Craenm)

> Harnb dhplrtaet ^uprdmur =6 H` (Hle`m) lu = H` (Craenm)

Vltmetdmj mnrldssaenm `uharnb

1Harnb cadojm nrldssaenmlu pltmetdmj

Nrldssaenm decrdmurm 16 %

?Harnb nrldssaenm lupltmetdmj detmrh`dadrm

Nrldssaenm nlhprdsm metrm 16 % mt ?6 %

>Harnb clrtm nrldssaenmlu pltmetdmj

Nrldssaenm suprdmurm ?6 %

Detmesdtnlenurrmetdmjjm

1 Clrtm detmesdt nlenurrmetdmjjm Dj mxdstm `m elhormux nlenurrmets mt ja Craenmeme cadt pas partdm

?Detmesdt nlenurrmetdmjjmradsleeaojm

Jm pmjltle m ttm mst nlestdtu ue elhormradsleeaojm m pays let ja Craenm

> Cadojm detmesdt nlenurrmetdmjjmDj mxdstm pmu m pays jma`mrs jmxnmptdle m jaCraenm

Vlur quajdcdmr jattrantdvdt `u harnb, trlds nrdtrms let t rmtmeus avmn ja hhm ple-

`ratdle 7 ja tadjjm antumjjm `u harnb, jm taux `m nrldssaenm `u harnb hlyme tmrhm

(blrdzle ?61=-?6?6), jm edvmau `detmesdt nlenurrmetdmjjm au smde `m nm harnb.

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0=www.destdtut-metrmprdsm.cr

Ja slhhm `m nms trlds eltms mst rahmem uem eltm sur 16, quaetdaet jattrantdvdt `u

harnb plur ja Craenm. ]e prmhdmr jtrm mst ajlrs appjdqu, em rmtmeaet qum jms tmnbeljlkdms`let jattrantdvdt mst suprdmurm 3/16.

^ur jms quatrm-vdekt-ndeq tmnbeljlkdms, quaraetm-`mux passmet nm jtrm. Sdekt-smpt slet

trs attrantdvms, avmn uem eltm suprdmurm ;,=/16.

Cdjtrm ? 7 plsdtdle `m ja _&@ craeadsm (puojdqum mt prdvm)

@m hhm, uem eltm mst `leem ja plsdtdle `m ja _&@ craeadsm, taet puojdqum qum

prdvm, plur nbaqum tmnbeljlkdm.

Nrdtrm mtsnlrm asslnd

tdqumttm _atdleemj

Vlsdtdle `m ja_&@craeadsm(puojdqum mtprdvm)

1 Cadojm plsdtdleemhmetJa rmnbmrnbm me Craenm mst pmu avaenm luhmrkmetm, avmn ms antmurs pmu elhormux lupmu nllr`lees.

? Vlsdtdleemhmet detmrh dadrm

]e rsmau sucsaet `destdtuts mt `mjaolratldrms puojdns mt prdvs pjanm ja Craenm`aes jm pmjltle plur nmttm tmnbeljlkdm,avmn uem vdsdodjdt jdetmreatdleaj.

> Clrt plsdtdleemhmetJm tdssu craeads `m _&@ `aes nm `lhadem msthle`dajmhmet rmnleeu, ja pldetm tmnbeljl-kdqum.

Nmttm eltm mst rahmem sur 16. ]e `muxdhm jtrm mst ajlrs appjdqu, em rmtmeaet qum jms

tmnbeljlkdms plur jmsqumjjms ja _&@ craeadsm mst suprdmurm 3/16. ^ur jms quaraetm-

`mux tmnbeljlkdms, trmetm-ndeq passmet nm jtrm. Vlur vdekt `metrm mjjms, ja Craenm mst

mxtrhmhmet odme sdtum, avmn uem eltm suprdmurm ;,=/16.

Cdjtrm > 7 `mkr `m `vmjlppmhmet `u tdssu de`ustrdmj craeads

]em eltm mst attrdoum aux narantrdstdqums `ms antmurs prdvs `aes nbaqum `lhadem

tmnbeljlkdqum. @mux nrdtrms let t rmtmeus avmn ja hhm ple`ratdle 7 jm elhorm

`metrmprdsms `m tadjjm hlymeem lu krae`m prsmetms `aes nbaqum smntmur (euaen par

jm elhorm `m VHM jlrsqudj mst sdkednatdc, partdr `m qumjqums `dzadems), mt jm elhorm m

trs krae`ms metrmprdsms prsmetms, de`dnms au NAN 06 lu `m napdtajdsatdle olursdrm

qudvajmetm.

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03 Vjms `m nlhptdtdvdt 7 traesclrhmr jmssad

Nrdtrm mt snlrm asslnd tdqumttm _atdleemj

Elhorm metrmprdsms mtadjjm hlymeem lu krae`m

1 Cadojm tdssu metrmprdsms Hldes m 16

? Pdssu metrmprdsms detmrh`dadrm Metrm 16 mt ?6

> Clrt tdssu metrmprdsms Vjus m ?6

Elhorm `m trs krae`msmetrmprdsms

6 Aunuem trs krae`m metrmprdsm Aunuem

1 Vmu m trs krae`ms metrmprdsms 1 lu ?

? Qumjqums trs krae`ms metrmprdsms >, 0 lu =

> Omaunlup m trs krae`ms metrmprdsms 3 lu pjus

Ja slhhm `m nms `mux eltms mst rahmem 16. ]e trldsdhm jtrm mst ajlrs appjdqu,

em rmtmeaet qum jms tmnbeljlkdms plur jmsqumjjms ja prsmenm `u smntmur prdv mst

suprdmurm =/16.

^ur jms trmetm-ndeq tmnbeljlkdms, vdekt-trlds passmet nm cdjtrm. Vlur trmdzm `metrm

mjjms, jm smntmur prdv mst trs odme plsdtdlee, avmn uem eltm suprdmurm ;,=/16,

mt plur `dx `metrm mjjms nm plsdtdleemhmet mst hlyme.

Cdjtrm 0 7 nlhparadsle avmn jms spndajdsatdles `ms pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt

]em `mredrm eltm mst attrdoum nbaqum tmnbeljlkdm, smjle jm elhorm mt ja tadjjm `ms

pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt qumjjm nlenmrem. @mux nrdtrms let t rmtmeus avmn ja hhm

ple`ratdle 7 jm elhorm `m pjms `m nlhptdtdvdt nlenmres par ja tmnbeljlkdm, mt ja

prsmenm `m pjms `m tadjjm hle`dajm.

Nrdtrm mt snlrm asslnd tdqumttm _atdleemj

Elhorm m pjms mnlhptdtdvdt

6 Pdssu m pjms demxdstaet 6 pjm

1 Cadojm tdssu m pjms 1 lu ? pjms

? Pdssu m pjms detmrh dadrm > lu 0 pjms

> Clrt tdssu m pjms = pjms lu pjus

Elhorm m pjms mnlhptdtdvdt tadjjmhle`dajm

6 Aunue pjm hle`daj 6 pjm

1 Cadojm dhpjdnatdle ms pjms hle`daux 1 pjm

? Dhpjdnatdle hlymeem ms pjms hle`daux ? pjms

> Clrtm dhpjdnatdle ms pjms hle`daux > pjms

Ja slhhm `m nms `mux eltms mst rahmem sur 16. ]e quatrdhm jtrm mst ajlrs appjdqu,

em rmtmeaet qum jms tmnbeljlkdms `let ja prsmenm parhd jms pjms mst suprdmurm =/16.

^ur jms vdekt-trlds tmnbeljlkdms, trmdzm passmet nm `mredmr jtrm. @mux `metrm mjjms let

uem eltm suprdmurm ;,=/16.

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0;www.destdtut-metrmprdsm.cr

Vrdendpajms slurnms utdjdsms `aes jaeemxm

_applrt Pmnbeljlkdms njs ?61= `u hdedstrm `m jDe`ustrdm, `m jemrkdm mt `m

jnlelhdm euhrdqum, ?616.

bttp7//www.de`ustrdm.kluv.cr/tn?61=/tmnbeljlkdms-njms-?61=.p`c

_applrt Imy Meaojdek Pmnbeljlkdms `m j]edle murlpmeem, ?611.

bttp7//mn.murlpa.mu/metmrprdsm/smntlrs/dnt/fijms/imts/bjk\rmplrt\fieaj\me.p`c

_applrt Vlur uem eluvmjjm vdsdle `m j deelvatdle `m Vasnaj Hlrae` mt @mjpbdem

Haenmau, plur jm hdedstrm `m jnlelhdm, `m jDe`ustrdm mt `m jMhpjld, had ?664.

bttp7//www.ja`lnuhmetatdlecraenadsm.cr/var/stlrakm/rapplrts-puojdns/640666?6=/6666.p`c

_applrt `m jLN@M, Njassdcdnatdle lc haeucanturdek de`ustrdms detl natmklrdms

oasm` le _&@ detmesdtdms , ?611

bttp7//www.lmn`.lrk/std/de`ustryae`kjloajdsatdle/02>=6?>1.p`c

_applrt `m ja Nlhhdssdle murlpmeem, Deelvatdle ]edle ^nlrmolar` , ?611bttp7//mn.murlpa.mu/metmrprdsm/pljdndms/deelvatdle/fijms/dus-?611\me.p`c

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02 Vjms m nlhptdtdvdt 7 traesclrhmr jmssad

JA]PM]_

Aendmeem jvm `m jMnljm Elrhajm ^uprdmurm `m ja rum `]jh mt `m jDestdtut`Mtu`ms Vljdtdqums `m Vards,Saemssa Nlr`loa mst nlesujtaetm au smde `unaodemt NHD, spndajdsm `aes jms prlojhatdqums `m pljdtdqums puojdqums`m slutdme jdeelvatdle.

Aendme jvm `m jMnljm Elrhajm ^uprdmurm `m ja rum `]jh mt `u Nljjkm`ms Dekedmurs, akrk `m pbdjlslpbdm, _lhade Junazmau mst nbark `mhdssdle jDestdtut `m jmetrmprdsm, aprs avldr t nlesujtaet au ourmau`m Vards `m Hledtlr Krlup, spndajds `aes ja hdsm me pjanm `m stratkdms`m nlhptdt dvdt eatdleajm `aes `ms pays hmrkmets. Dj mst kajmhmetnbark `m nlecrmenm ^ndmenms-Vl Vards.

Vbltl `m nluvmrturm kmrmehm - dstlnipbltl.nlh

Destdtut `m jmetrmprdsm, ?61?

Plus `rldts `m rmprl`untdle, `m tra`untdle, `a`aptatdle mt `mxnutdle

rsmrvs plur tlus jms pays

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Nr me 14;=, jDestdtut `m jmetrmprdsm mst ue tbdei taei de`pme`aet `m tlut hae`at sye`dnaj

lu pljdtdqum. Vrlcle`hmet aenr `aes ja rajdt nlelhdqum, dj nlenmetrm sa rmxdle sur

ja rmjatdle metrm jmetrmprdsm mt sle mevdrleemhmet mt hmt nletrdoutdle ue vastm rsmau

`mxpmrts plur rajdsmr sms tu`ms. kajmhmet jdmu `m rmenletrms mt pjm `m clrhatdle,

jDestdtut `vmjlppm uem vdsdle `m jmetrmprdsm luvmrtm sur jm hle`m mt sur ja slndt.

PBDEI PAEI

Jantdvdt `m rmxdle sm `pjldm autlur `m jmetrmprdsm, nleum ja clds nlhhm lrkaedsatdle,

nlhhm antmur `u hle`m nlelhdqum mt nlhhm antmur `m ja slndt. Vlur `dccusmr sms

aeajysms mt sms tu`ms, jDestdtut `m jmetrmprdsm sappudm sur 7

@ms rapplrts mt `ms eltms, vmntmurs tra`dtdleemjs `m `dccusdle auprs `ue puojdn `m

jma`mrs `lpdedle.

]e sdtm, @oat&nl (www.`moatmnl.cr), let jlogmntdc mst aedhmr jm oat nlelhdqum mt slndaj.

]em rmvum trdhmstrdmjjm, ^lndtaj, qud prlplsm `ms aeajysms mt `ms rcjmxdles sur jmskrae`s `oats `nlelhdm mt `m slndt (www.slndmtaj.cr).

_MENLEP_M^

Luvmrtms ue jarkm puojdn lu rsmrvms aux a`brmets, jms haedcmstatdles lrkaedsms par

jDestdtut m jmetrmprdsm vdsmet cavlrdsmr jm partakm mxprdmenm sur ms megmux jds aux

qumstdles nlelhdqums mt jmetrmprdsm.

Jms haedcmstatdles `m jDestdtut `m jmetrmprdsm vdsmet stdhujmr ja rmxdle sur `ms sugmts

`detrt nljjmntdc. @drdkmaets `metrmprdsm, pmrsleeajdts pljdtdqums, mxpmrts dssus `m

jmetrmprdsm lu `u hle`m uedvmrsdtadrm slet devdts smxprdhmr jlnnasdle `m `gmu-

emrs, `m nlecrmenms mt `m oats.

CL_HAPDLE

JDestdtut m jmetrmprdsm prlplsm ms prlkrahhms p`aklkdqums qud let plur logmntdc m smesd-

odjdsmr jms `dccrmets puojdns appartmeaet jnlsysthm `ms metrmprdsms aux megmux nlel-

hdqums mt slndaux auxqumjs mjjms slet nlecrletms. @aes nm na`rm, jDestdtut sa`rmssm prdlrdtad-

rmhmet aux mesmdkeaets `m ^ndmenms nlelhdqums mt ^lndajms (^M^), avmn jm prlkrahhm

Mesmdkeaets-Metrmprdsms mt aux Gmuems bauts pltmetdmjs dssus `m tlus nlrps `m htdmr, avmn

jDestdtut `ms Bautms tu`ms `m jMetrmprdsm (DBMM).

Vlur me savldr pjus 7 www.destdtut-metrmprdsm.cr

?4, rum `m Jdsoleem, ;=662 Vards