capter 3 (2)

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4541/ CHEMISTRY MODUL PEMBELAJARAN

CHAPTER 3 ; CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATION

CHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

1

CHEMICALFORMULAE

ANDEQUATION

Concepts of relative

atomic mass andrelative molecular

Relationship between thenumber of moles with the

number of particles

Relationship between the

number of moles of a

substance with its mass

Relationship

between the number

of moles of a gaswith its volume

Chemicalformulae

Chemicalequations

1.What is the meaning of

relative atomic mass ?2.What is the meaning of

relative molecular mass?

3.What is the relative

molecular mass for :

i !"#gen

ii $mmonia.

1.What is mole ?

2.What is $vogadro

number ?

3.%ow man#

molecules are there

in 2.& mol

ammonia' (%3?). %ow man# atom

are there in 2.& molammonia' (%3?

1.What is *olar mass.

2.Calculate the molar

mass for +(%)2C!3?3.What is the mass for

1., mol *g! ?

).What is the number of

mole in 22 g carbon

dio"ide?

1.What is *olar

volume ?

2.What is the volume

of

+i 2 mol !2

+ii 1- g !2+iii3.&1 " 1&23 !2

1.What is empirical

formula ?

2.What is molecularormula ?

1.Write the chemical

equation to represent

decomposition process of

calcium carbonate ?

2. Write the chemical

equation to represent the

reaction between

magnesium and o"#gen ?

3. Write the chemical

reaction when sulphuricacid is react with

potassium h#dro"ide ?

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CONCEPT MAPCHAPTER 3: CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS


2

Chemical equation

CHEMICAL FORMULAE

(umber of

moles of a

substance

/mpirical formula *olecular formula

Reactants

0roducts

$vogadro

Constant' ($

(umber of

particles

olume of

gas

*olarvolume

*ass of a

substance

*olar mass

Relative

atomic mass

+R$*

Relative

molecular

mass +R**

Relative

formula mass

+R*

he simplest

formula

he actual

formula

C%2! C

-%

12!

-

contains

needed to

formneeded to

determine

divided into

related to

1 mol is

1 mol is

1 mol is

is classified

into

is is

e"ample e"ample

1 *agnesium atom 2 atom of Carbon12

$r *g 4 2) !R he *g atom is twice as heav# as the carbon12 atom

1512 " 12 2 " 12 4 2)4 2)

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A. RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS AND RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS

1. Carbon-12 is chosen as a standard to compare the masses of atoms because it is a and can be easily


3

R.$.* 4 he average mass of one atom of an element

he mass of an atom of h#drogen

!R

R.$.* 4 he average mass of one atom of an element

1512 " the mass of an atom of Carbon12

R.*.* 4

!R

R.*.* 4

R/6$7/ $!*7C *$88

$(9

R/6$7/ *!6/C6$R *$88

*eaningRelative $tomic *ass' $r+R.$.*

oo

he masses of atom and molecules are ver# small. or e"ample h#drogen is the smallest atom

and the mass of h#drogen atom' % is &.&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&1 ) g and the mass of

methane molecule' C%)is &.&&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &22 ) g.

his masses are ver# small and inconvenient to use. 7magine if #ou want to write all those

;eroes ever# time #ou want to do a chemical calculation.

7n practice' chemists do not use these actual masses of atoms and molecules in their calculation.

he# use relative masses. his means the# simpl# compare the masses of atoms and molecules.

he lightest atoms are the h#drogen atom. When the masses of atoms were first compare' the#

were all compare with the mass of one hy!o"en atom. $ nitrogen atom is 1) times as heav# as

a h#drogen atom. 8o nitrogen was said to haveRelative Atomic Mass of 1). Chemists later found that comparing masses of atoms with the mass of a h#drogen atom was not

ver# convenient. 7n 1

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2. The relative atomic mass of an elements is the .....................................................

..

Relative atomic mass of an element =

3. ince relative atomic mass compares the masses of atoms! it does not have any

"i# $o% many times is copper atom he!"e#than t%o helium atom&

'Relative atomic mass (RAM) : $e = () Cu = *( +

olution:,ass of a copper atom = R, of copper,ass of 2 helium atom 2 R, of helium

= *( 2 ( = / times

"ii# $o% many times is $%eatom of silicon heavier than $%eatom of lithium&

'Relative atomic mass: 0i = ) i = 2/ +

"iii# The mass of one atom is ( times larer than the mass of one nitroen atom.Calculate the relative atomic mass of .

'Relative atomic mass: 4 = 1( +

(. The relative molecular of a molecule is the .........................................................

Relative molecular mass of an element =


)

Calculate theRelative ,olecular ,ass

5Relative 6ormula ,ass

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7ample of relative molecular masses of some molecular substances:' Relative atomic mass (RAM) : $ = 1 ) C = 12 ) 4 = 1( ) 8 = 1*+

M$&e'( )(*)+%'e Re&+"!e ,$&e'( ,))

9ater! $28 2 R, of $ 1 R, of 8


,

/"amples:

=R.$.*> %41' C412' (41)' !41-

1. R.*.* C!2 4 12 @ 2+1- 4 ))

2. R.*.* (%3 4

3. R.*.* C%3C!!% 4

). R.*.* C-%12!- 4

/"amples:

=A.$.*> C412' !41-' (a423' *g42)>$l42B' 8432' Cu4-)

1. R..* *g! 4 2) @ 1- 4 )&

2. R..* Cu8!) 4

3. R..* $l2+C!33 4

). R..* (a282!3 4

*olecular Compound 7onic Compound

Relative molecular mass5Relative formula mass can be

calculated b# adding up the relative atomic mass of all the

atoms that are present in the molecule5formulae.

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= 2"1# 1"1*#= 2 1*= 1-

ulphur dioide! 82 1 R, of 2 R, of 8

,ethane! C$(

;. 7ample of relative formula masses of some ionic substances:M$&e'()(*)+%'e

Che,"'&$#,(&

Re&+"!e $#,(& ,))

odium chloride 4aCl 1 R, of 4a 1 R, of Cl= 1"23# 1"3;.;#

= 23 3;.;= 5-.5

,anesiumsulphate

,8(

mmoniumcarbonate

"4$(#2C83

luminium nitrate l"483#3

Calcium hydroide Ca"8$#2

$ydratedcopper"

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2. The voadro constant! 4is defined as..

3. 8ne mole of substance contains .. particles.

(. Complete the relationship bet%een the number of moles and the number of particles:

C. THE MOLE AND THE MASS OF SUBSTANCES

1. The mass of one mole of any substance is called ..

2. nit for molar mass is ..

3. Complete the follo%in table:E&e,e%+ Re&+"!e ,)) M)) $ 1 ,$& M$ ,))

$elium! $e ( ( ( mol-1

odium! 4a 23

9ater ! $28

mmonia ! 4$3odium chloride! 4aCl

' Relative atomic mass "R,# : $!1 ) 8! 1* ) 4! 1( ) 4a! 23 ) Cl! 3;.; +

;. Complete the relationship bet%een the number of moles and the mass of a substance:

*. 'Relative atomic mass: $ = 1) 4 = 1() 8 =1*) Cl = 3;.;) Ca = (>) n = *; +

i. Calculate the number of mole of :

"a# 2.> calcium! Ca "b# 3.2 goyen as! 82

4umber of mole of Ca= 4umber of mole of 82== .5mol = 000 mol


B

N(,*e# $,$&e)

" ($

.

#$%

&%

N(,*e# $,$&e)

,olar mass

.

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"ii# 9hat is the mass of :

"a# >.1 mol ammonia! 4$3& "b# >.2; mol ?inc chloride! nCl2&

,ass of 4$3 = ... ,ass of nCl2 =

= . =

. Calculate the %(,*e# $ ,$&e) found in @.; of manesium chloride! ,Cl2. "Relative atomic mass: ,! 2() Cl! 3;.;#

/. Calculate the ,)) in ram found in >.3 mol of manesium chloride! ,Cl2. "Relative atomic mass: ,! 2() Cl! 3;.;#

@. $o% many 'h&$#"2e "$%) are there in 1@ of manesium chloride! ,Cl2."Relative atomic mass: ,! 2() Cl! 3;.;. voradro constant: *.>2 1>23#

1>. Calculate the ,)) in ram of 3 1>22 units of manesium chloride! ,Cl2."Relative atomic mass: ,! 2() Cl! 3;.;. voradro constant: *.>2 1>23#

D. THE MOLE AND THE VOLUME OF AS

1. The of a as is defined as the volume occupied by one mole of the as.

2. Complete the relationship bet%een the number of moles and the volume of a as:


D

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3. Construct a mind map to sho% the relationship bet%een the number of particles! the

number of moles! mass of substances and volume of ases.

(. Aiaram belo% sho%s three balloons filled %ith different as at room conditions.


. Record all the mass

Result:8bservations

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"b# 0ist the material and the apparatus that used in this eperiment

,aterial :

pparatus :

"c# Aescribe ho% you can prepare dry hydroen as that is use to react %ith copper"

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"d# 9hat is the colour of :

"i# Copper"

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"ii# Aetermine the empirical formula cf copper"

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Iotassium ion Eromide ion

inc ion

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CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS = Che,"'& $#,(&e $ "$%"' '$,$(%2)

1.

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7ample : Construct the chemical formula of Copper chloride

olution : 4ame of compound copper"

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Ealancin the chare

4o. of cations and anions as subscribe

Che,"'& $#,(&

/. 9rite the chemical formulae and names for the common ionic compound :

O8"oide#

CO38

"carbonate#SO4

8"sulphate#

C&

"chloride#

Er-

"bromide#

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S(*)+%'e F$#,(&Te $#+"'&e

S(*)+%'e F$#,(&Te $#+"'&e

S(*)+%'e F$#,(&Te $#+"'&e

mmoniumcarbonate

mmonium nitrate

mmoniaas

,anesiumnitrate

ilverchloride

,anesium

$ydrochloricacid

ulphuricacid

inc

Iotassiumoide

4itric acidCopper"

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CHEMICAL EQUATION

Chemical equation is a shorthand description of a chemical reaction.

$ E F @ C

Reactant 0roducts$ @ F E C

Reactants 0roduct

$ @ F E C @ 9

Reactants 0roducts

6ow of conservation of matter : *atter can be neither created nor destro#ed


23

CHEMICAL

EQUATION1

7nterpret Chemical

/quation

Writing chemicalequation

(umerical problems

involving chemical

equations.

1. 7dentif# the reactants and the product.

*etal @ !"#gen E *etal o"ide *etal @ Chlorine E *etal chloride *etal @ $cid E 8alt @ %#drogen

*etal carbonate E *etal o"ide @ Carbon dio"ide

*etal carbonate @ $cid E 8alt @ Water @ Carbon dio"ide $cid @ *etal o"ide E 8alt @ Water

$cid @ $lGali E 8alt @ Water

$H @ FI E $I @ FH

2. Write the chemical formulae for the reactant and

the product

3. Falanced the chemical .+he number of atoms oneach side of the equation must be equal5same

8teps to solve numerical problems:1. Write a chemical equation.2. 7dentif# information from the

equation.+e.g: mass' volume

3. 9etermine the number of

mole from the informationgiven.

). Relate5compare the mole ratio

of the related substances,. Convert the number of moles

to mass5volume

/"ample:

When 2& g of calcium carbonate'

CaC!3is heated strongl#'calcium o"ide and carbon dio"ide

is form. Calculate

+a the mass of calcium o"ide

form.+b the volume of carbon dio"ide

produced.

Reactants E 0roducts

/"ample:

Reaction between copper+77 o"ide and h#drochloric acid.

1. Copper+77 o"ide @ %#drochloric acid E Copper+77 chloride @ Water

2 Cu! @ %Cl E CuCl2 @ %2!

3 Cu! @ #%Cl E CuCl2 @ %2!

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J

J


or writing s#mbol equations :

1. Iou must Gnow the product of the reaction.

1.1 *etal @ o"#gen E metal o"ide

1.2 (on metal @ o"#gen E non metal o"ide1.3 *etal @ chlorine E metal chloride

1.) *etal carbonate E metal o"ide @ carbon dio"ide

1., *etal @ acid E metal salt @ h#drogen1.- $cid @ alGali E salt @ water

1.B $cid @ base E salt @ water

1.D $cid @ metal carbonate E salt @ carbon dio"ide @ water

1.< $mmonia gas @ h#drogen chloride gas E ammonium chloride1.1& $H+aq @ FI+aq E $I+s @ FH+aq e"ample :

6ead+77 nitrate @ 0otassium iodide E 6ead+77 iodide @ 0otassium nitrate

+colourless solution +colourless solution +#ellow precipitate +colourless solution1.11 *etal nitrate E metal o"ide @ nitrogen dio"ide @ o"#gen

2. Iou must Gnow how to write the reactant and the product in formula form.

3. $ll the elements that appear on the left hand side are also found on the right hand side.

). he number of atoms of each element at both side must be same.+Falance the equation

,. Iou cannot change the formula of the chemical to get the equation to balance.-. he state of reactants and products are represent b# the letter +s for solid' +l for liquid' +g

for gas and +aq for aqueous +dissolved in water

B. Fase on the equations' we can also describe quantitative composition of substances thatinvolved in chemical reactions. he coefficients in a balanced equation tell us the e"act

proportion of reactants and products in chemical reaction. or e"ample base on the

equation below :

#H#,"- 2 O#,"- E # H#O ,l-We can said that :

+i %#drogen gas react with o"#gen gas to produce water+ii %#drogen and o"#gen are the reactants' water is the product.

+iii 2 moles of h#drogen gas react with one mole of o"#gen gas to form 2 moles of

water.

Act**t*es 4o! /!*t*n" chem*cal e5uat*on 6

A. Burning of magnesium ribbon in air(oxygen)

1. Clean 3 cm of magnesium ribbon with sand paper.

2. F# using the tong' burn the magnesium ribbon


2)

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3. Write #our observation

!bservation

(ame of reactants

(ame of product

Chemical equation

B. Heating of Copper(II) carbonate

Copper+77

carbonate

1. 0ut one spatula of copper+77 carbonate powder into the test tube.(ote its colour.

2. 8et up the apparatus as shown above.

3. %eat the copper+77 carbonate and pass the gas produced through lime water. Record theobservation.

!bservation

(ame of reactant

(ameof products

Chemical equation

C. Precipitation of lead(II) iodide

6ead+77 0otassium iodide' K7 nitrate' 0b+(!32

1. 0our 2 cm3of lead+77 nitrate solution into a test tube.

2. 0our 2 cm3

of potassium iodide solution into another test tube.3. 0our the potassium iodide solution into the lead+77 nitrate solution and shaGe the mi"ture.

). Record #our observation.

!bservation

(ame of reactants

(ameof products

Chemical equation


2,

6ime water %eat

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D. Formation of ammonium cloride

white fume' ammonium chloride

%#drogen chloride gas $mmonia gas

Concentrated h#drochloride acid Concentrated ammonia solution

!bservation

(ame of reactants

(ame of product

Chemical equationF? CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

1. is a shorthand description of a chemical reaction.2. The startin substances are called .3. ...are called products.(.

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d. copper"

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/.

9hat is the mass of ?inc needed to produce 2.( dm3of hydroen as at room conditions &'Relative atomic mass : n! *; ) ,olar volume 2( dm3mol-1 at room conditions+

PAPER 1: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS


2D

n"s#

2$483 "aJ#

n"483#

2 "aJ# $

2 "#

/ atoms of element have the same mass as in 1 atom oftellurium! Te.

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1.

Eased on the statement above! %hat is the relative atomic mass of element &'Relative atomic mass : Te! 12/ +

A /B 1*C 32D *(

8.

9hat is the molecular formula of compound &'Relative atomic mass: C!12) $!1+

A C$2B C2$(C C2$*D C3$*

3. n 2$Cl M nCl2 $2

Eased on the eJuation above! calculate the volume of hydroen as released at roomconditions %hen 1.3 of ?inc po%der reacts %ith ecess hydrochloric acid. ' ,olar volume : 2( dm3mol-1at room conditions! Relative atomic mass: $!1) Cl!

3;.;) n! *;+

A 12> cm3

B 2(> cm3

C 3*> cm3

D (/> cm3

4. hydrocarbon has the empirical formula of C$3%ith a molar mass of 3> mol-1. 9hich ofthe follo%in is the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon&

'Relative atomic mass : $! 1) C!12 +

A C$3B C2$*C C3$@D C($12

5. The eJuation belo% sho%s the chemical eJuation of the combustion of ethanol in


2 of carbon reacts %ith >.; of

hydroen as to form compound .

Relative molecular mass of compound

is (2.

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ecess oyen#e$samaa" di %a&a' me"!"!a" *e$samaa" imia %agi *em%aa$a" eta"ol dalamosige" %e$le%i'a"

2C2$;8$ 82 (C82 *$28

9hat is the volume of carbon dioide as released %hen @.2> ethanol reactscompletely&+e$a*aa' isi *ad! gas a$%o" diosida te$%e%as a*a%ila ,-. g eta"ol %e$ti"da %alasle"ga*/

'Relative atomic mass of $ = 1! C = 12! 8 = 1*! 1 mol of as occupies 2( dm3at roomcondition+01isim atom $elati2 H 3 45 C 3 4.5 O 3 465 4 mol o2 gas meme"!'i .7 dm*adaeadaa" %ili8

AB

CD

(./ cm3

@.* cm3

@*.> cm3@*>> cm3

. 9hat is the number of atoms in 1 mol of nitroen dioide as ! 48 2&' voadro constant = *.>2 1>23mol-1+

+e$a*aa' %ila"ga" atom 9a"g te$da*at dalam 1mol gas"it$oge" diosida! 482&'#emala$ Avogad$o 3 *.>2 1>23mol-1+

A 1.;>; 1>23atoms1.;>; 1>23 atom

B *.>2 1>23atoms*.>2 1>23atom

C 1./>* 1>2(atoms1./>* 1>2(atom

D 3.>1 1>2(atoms3.>1 1>2(atom

. The diaram belo% sho%s the volume of oyen as.Raa' di %a&a' me"!"!a" isi*ad! gas osige"-

9hich of the follo%in ases occupies the same volume as the as&


3&

12&&&cm3of o"#gen gas12&&&cm3gas oksigen

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' Relative atomic mass: $=1! $e=(! 4=1( and1 mole of as occupies a volume of 2(dm3at room temperature+

A"ta$a gas:gas 9a"g %e$i!t5 9a"g ma"aa' mem*!"9ai isi*ad! 9a"g sama de"ga" gaste$se%!t&' 1isim atom $elati2: $=1! $e=(! 4=1( da"

1 mol gas me"em*ati isi*ad! 2(dm3*ada s!'! %ili+

< 2 of helium as!$e2 gas 'eli!m!$e

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of hydroen as*;g ;i" %e$ti"da %alas de"ga" 12*g asid "it$i me"g'asila"1/@g ;i" "it$atda" 2 gas 'id$oge"

C 1 ?inc atom reacts %ith 2 nitric acid molecule to produce 1 ?inc nitrate moleculeand 1 hydroen as molecule

1atom ;i" %e$ti"da %alas de"ga" 2mole!l asid "it$i me"g'asila" 1mole!l ;i" "it$at da" 1mole!l gas 'id$oge"

D 1 mol of ?inc react %ith 2 mol of nitric acid to produce 1 mol of ?inc nitrate and 2mol of hydroen as1mol ;i" %e$ti"da %alas de"ga" 2mol asid "it$i me"g'asila" 1mol ;i""it$at da" 2mol gas 'id$oge"

9hich of the follo%in fertili?ers contains the hihest percentae of nitroen&'Relative atomic mass: $= 1! 4=1(! 8=1*! l=2! K=3@+

A"ta$a %aa:%aa 9a"g %e$i!t5 9a"g ma"aa' me"ga"d!"gi *e$at!s "it$oge" 9a"g*ali"g ti"ggi&'1isim atom $elati2< $= 1! 4=1(! 8=1*! l=2! K=3@+A 4$(483

B "4$(#28(

C K483

D C8"4$2#2

1 9hen /.3 of a metal oide of is heated %ith carbon! ;.@ of the metal is obtained.9hat is the empirical formula of the metal oide &'Relative atomic mass: 8=1*! =;@+

A*a%ila /.3 g osida logam di*a"asa" de"ga" a$%o"5 ;.@logam te$'asil-A*aa' 2o$m!la em*i$i %agi osida logam te$se%!t&'1isim atom $elati2 < 8=1*! =;@+

A 82B 28C 283

D 382

11 The follo%in eJuation sho%s the decomposition reaction of manesium carbonate salt!%hen heated at room temperature and pressure.

#e$samaa" %e$i!t me"!"!a" ti"da %alas *e"g!$aia" ga$am mag"esi!m a$%o"at5a*a%ila di*a"asa" *ada s!'! da" tea"a" %ili

,C83 ,8 C82


32

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9hat is the mass of manesium carbonate are needed to produce 2.> of manesiumoide&

+e$a*aa' isim mag"esi!m a$%o"at 9a"g di*e$l!a" !"t! me"g'asila" 2.>mag"esi!m osida&-

'Relative atomic mass: C= 12! 8= 1*! ,= 2(+'1isim atom $elative < C= 12! 8= 1*! ,= 2( +

A >.>;

B >.(/

C 2.>>

D (.2>

18. The chemical eJuation sho%s the burnin process of ethene in ecess air.

9hat is the maimum volume of carbon dioide as evolved %hen >.; mole of etheneburns completely&'1 mole of as occupied 2( dm3at room temperature and pressure+

A 12 dm3

B 2( dm3

C 3* dm3

D (/ dm3

13. Aecomposition by heat of lead"


33

C2$("# 382 2C82"# 2$28"l#

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14. The chemical formula for lucose is C*$128*. This sho%s that

< the empirical formula for lucose is C$2823mol-1

A < and 15. 9hat is the percentae by mass of nitroen content in urea! C8"4$2# 2 &se the information that the relative atomic mass of C = 12 ! 4 =1(! $=1and 8 = 1*

A 23.3 GB 31./ GC (*. GD *3.* G

1.

9hich of the follo%in conclusions can be dra%n from the above statement&

< 1 mol of 9 has / times more atoms than 1 mol of L

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PAPER 8 : SECTION A

1. Aiaram 1 sho%s the set up of the apparatus used in an eperiment to determine theempirical formula of an oide of copper

A

,ass of combustion tube porcelain dish oide of copper = ;3.3>

,ass of combustion tube porcelain dish copper = (.>

"a# 9hat is meant by empirical formula&

.......................................................................................................................................


3,

Ary hydroenas

$eat

8ide of copper

Eurnin of ecess

hydroen

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.......................................................................................................................................'1ma$+

"a# 9rite the chemical eJuation for the reaction used to produce hydroen as.

....................................................................................................................................

'1ma$+"c # Eased on the data iven!

"i# Calculate the mass of copper and the mass of oyen contained in the sample of oideof copper.

,ass of copper .....................................................

,ass of oyen .....................................................'2ma$s+

"ii # Calculate the mol ratio of copper to oyen. Fiven that the relative atomic mass of 8 = 1*! Cu= *(

'2 ma$s+

"iii# 9rite the empirical formula of the oide of copper.

...........................................................................................................................'1 ma$+

"iv# 9rite the chemical eJuation for the reaction bet%een hydroen and the oideof copper.

...........................................................................................................................'1 ma$+

"c# The empirical formula for manesium oide can be determined by direct heatin of

manesium. Ara% the set up of the apparatus to carry out this eperiment.


3-

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'2 ma$s+

8. The follo%in eJuation is not balanced :

4a28( EaCl2 Ea8( 4aCl

"a#

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' 2 ma$s+

"d#

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"ii# 9hat is the molar mass of aspirin&' Relative atomic mass: $! 1) C!12) 8!1*+

' 1 ma$+

"b# Aiaram 3.2 sho%s the structural formula of vitamin C.

Aiaram 3.2

"i# 9rite do%n the molecular formula and empirical formula of vitamin C.' Relative atomic mass: $! 1) C!12) 8!1*+

,olecular formula : ..

7mpirical formula : ..' 2 ma$s+

"ii# 9hat is the difference bet%een the molecular formula and empirical formula of vitaminC&

.

.' 2 ma$s+

"iii# Calculate the mass of >.2 mole of vitamin C.


3./

4umber of mole+ila"ga" mol

32

.


)&

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,ole RatioNis%a' mol

. >.>;

implest RatioNis%a' te$i"gas

2 .

7mpirical formulaFo$m!la em*i$i

I28;

Balue of Nilai = =

'7 ma$s+ "ii# The relative molecular mass of phosphorus oide is 2/(! determine the molecular

formula of phosphorus oide.

1isim mole!l $elati2 2os2o$!s osida iala' .?75 te"t!a" 2o$m!la mole!l 2os2o$!s

osida

se this formula! ,olecular formula = "7mpirical 6ormula#n! %here n is an inteer

!"a $!m!s i"i5Fo$m!la mole!l 3 (Fo$m!la em*i$ic)"5 dima"a " adala' "om%o$ %!lat

'. ma$s+

"b# Aiaram ( sho%s the structural formula of vitamin E* molecules %hich is used inmedication.

Raa' 7 me"!"!a" 2o$m!la st$!t!$ mole!l vitami" +69a"g dig!"aa" dalam %ida"g*e$!%ata"-

"Relative atomic mass: $=1! C=12! 4=1(! 8=1*# (1isim atom $elati2

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Aiaram (Raa' 7

"i# 9rite the molecular formula of vitamin E*T!lisa" 2o$m!la mole!l vitami" +6

'4 ma$+

"ii# Aetermine the relative molecular mass of vitamin E*Te"t!a" isim mole!l $elati2 vitami" +6

...'4 ma$+

"iii# capsule contains >.1;; ram of vitamin E*. Calculate the number of moles of vitaminE*molecules present in the capsule.Se%ii a*s!l me"ga"d!"gi >-4@@ g$am vitami" +6- Hit!"ga" %ila"ga" mol mole!lvitami" +69a"g 'adi$ di dalam se%ii a*s!l-

...

...

'4 ma$+

"iv# Calculate the number of molecules of vitamin E*molecules that present in b "iii# Hit!"ga" %ila"ga" mole!l vitami" +69a"g ada di dalam % (iii)

"4= * 1>23mole-1#

'4 ma$+


)2

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PAPER 8 : SECTION B

1."a# Table 1 sho%s the empirical formula and molecular formula of lucose.

1ad!al 4 me"!"!a" 2o$m!la em*i$i da" 2o$m!la mole!l %agi gl!osa-

7mpirical 6ormula DFo$m!la em*i$i C$28

,olecular 6ormula DFo$m!la mole!l

C*$128*

Table D 1ad!al1

Ey usin information in Table 1! compare and contrast empirical formula and molecularformula for lucose molecule in terms of type of elements! number of atom for eachelement and relative mass.

De"ga" me"gg!"aa" 1ad!al 45 %a"di"g da" %e;aa" 2o$m!la em*i$i da" 2o$m!lamole!l gl!osa di atas da$i segi e"is !"s!$5 %ila"ga" atom setia* !"s!$ da" isim $elati2-'Relative atomic mass D 1isim Atom Relati2: C! 12 ) $! 1) 8! 1*+

' 3 ma$s +

"b# student carried out an eperiment to determine the empirical formula of an oide ofmetal L. L is placed belo% hydroen in the reactivity series. The set O up of the apparatus

is sho%n in Aiaram 1.1.

Seo$a"g *elaa$ tela' me"ala"a" sat! es*e$ime" !"t! me"e"t!a" 2o$m!la em*i$isat! osida logam Q- Q %e$ada di %a&a' 'id$oge" dalam Si$i Be$eati2a"- S!s!"a" $adasdit!"!a" dalam Raa' 1.1-


)3

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Aiaram D Raa'1.1

Result D Be*!t!sa":

,ass of combustion tube porcelain dish = 3/.;> 1isim ti!% *em%aa$a" *i$i"g *o$seli"

,ass of combustion tube porcelain dish oide of metal L = ;>.(;1isim ti!% *em%aa$a" *i$i"g *o$seli" osida logam L

,ass of combustion tube porcelain dish metal L = (/./;1isim ti!% *em%aa$a" *i$i"g *o$seli" logam L

"i# Eased on the information above! determine the empirical formula for oide of metal L.+e$dasa$a" mal!mat di atas te"t!a" 2o$m!la em*i$i %agi osida logam L-

. 'Relative atomic mass Disim atom $elati2 : L! 2>) 8! 1*+

' 3 ma$s+

"ii# 9rite the chemical eJuation for the reaction in the eperiment.

T!lisa" *e$samaa" imia %agi ti"da %alas dalam es*e$ime"-

'2 ma$s+

"iii# tate t%o precaution steps that need to be taHen %hen carry out this eperiment.

N9ataa" dua la"ga' %e$aga:aga 9a"g *e$l! diam%il semasa me"ala"a"es*e$ime" i"i-

'2 ma$s+

"iv# $o% can you be sure that the reactions are completed in the above eperiment&


))

8ide of metal L DOsida logam Q

Iorcelain dishD

#i$i"g *o$seli"

$eat D #a"asa"

6lo% of dryhydroen D

Ali$a" 'id$oge"

e$i"g

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+agaima"aa' a"da %ole' *astia" %a'a&a ti"da %alas tela' le"ga* dalames*e$ime" di atas/

'1 ma$+

"c# ,etal , is placed above aluminium in the reactivity series.

Nou are reJuired to carry out an eperiment to determine the empirical formula of oideof metal ,. Ara% a labelled diaram for the set O up of the apparatus of this eperiment.

Logam M te$leta di atas al!mi"i!m dalam si$i e$eati2a"-A"da die'e"dai me"ala"a" sat! es*e$ime" !"t! me"e"t!a" 2o$m!la em*i$iosida logam M- L!isa" $aa' %e$la%el s!s!"a" $adas !"t! es*e$ime" i"i-

'2 ma$s+

"d# 2$2"# 82"# 2$28"l#

"i# tate three important information that can be interpreted from the above chemical

eJuation.

N9ataa" tigamal!mat *e"ti"g 9a"g da*at dita2si$a" da$i*ada *e$samaa" imia diatas-

'3 ma$s+

"ii# Eased on the chemical eJuation above! calculate the volume of hydroen as at roomcondition reJuired to produce 1> of %ater.

+e$dasa$a" *e$samaa" imia di atas5 'it!"ga" isi*ad! gas 'id$oge" *ada eadaa"%ili 9a"g di*e$l!a" !"t! me"g'asila" 1> ai$-

'Relative atomic mass Disim atom $elati2: $! 1) 8! 1* ) ,olar volume of as at roomcondition D isi*ad! mola$ gas *ada eadaa" %ili.= 2( dm3+

'( ma$s+

8. "a# Table 2 sho%s the incomplete observation for t%o eperiments to constructbalanced chemical eJuation.

1ad!al . me"!"!a" *eme$'atia" 9a"g tida le"ga* %agi d!a es*e$ime"!"t! mem%i"a *e$samaa" imia 9a"g seim%a"g-

7perimentEs*e$ime"

Irocedure#$osed!$

8bservation#eme$'atia"

Copper"

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"i# Aetermine the empirical formula of substance .'Fiven that the relative atomic mass of C = 12 ! $ = 1+

Te"t!a" 2o$m!la em*i$i %agi se%atia" 0Di%e$i isim atom $elati2 C 3 4. 5 H 3 48

"ii# Aetermine the molecular formula of substance .

Te"t!a" 2o$m!la mole!l %agi %a'a" -

"iii# Eased on the ans%ers in "a#"i# and "a#"ii# ! compare andcontrast the empirical formula and the molecular formula.

+e$dasa$a" a&a*a" dalam (a)(i) da" (a)(ii)5 %a"di"g da"%e;aa" 2o$m!la em*i$i da" 2o$m!la mole!l.

' / ma$s+

PAPER 8 : SECTION C

1 "a# Aiaram 1 sho%s the set up of the apparatus to determine the empirical formula ofoide of metal ,. , is less reactive than hydroen.Diag$am 4 me"!"!a" s!s!"a" $adas !"t! me"e"t!a" 2o$m!la em*i$i osida

logam M- M !$a"g $eati2 da$i*ada 'id$oge"

D"6#, 1Rajah 1


)B

9ilute h#drochloric

acid

Asid hidroklorik

cair

histle funnel

Corong tisel

H

Heat

Panaskan

!"ide of metal *

Oksida logam M9r# h#drogen

Hidrogen kering

0art $

Bahagian A0art F

Bahagian B

0art CBahagian C

Linc

Zink

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"i# tate t%o precautions that must be taHen in Iart %hile carryin out theeperiment.N9ataa" d!a la"ga' %e$aga:aga 9a"g *e$l! diam%il di +a'agia" Asemasa me"ala"a" es*e$ime" te$se%!t/

'2 ma$s+

"ii# uest a suitable chemical substance for in Iart E and state thefunction of .Cada"ga" sat! %a'a" imia 9a"g ses!ai %agi di +a'agia" + da""9ataa" 2!"gsi -

'2 ma$s+

"iii# Aescribe the reaction that occurs in Iart C.H!$aia" ti"da %alas 9a"g %e$la! di +a'agia" C-

'2 ma$s+

"iv# +'1isim atom $elati2 8 =1* ! , = 2> +

'( ma$s+

"b# The information belo% is about hydrocarbon PMal!mat di %a&a' adala' %e$aita" de"ga" 'id$oa$%o" 1


)D

,ass of combustion tube porcelain dish = ;2.3( 1isim ta%!"g *em%aa$a" *i$i"g *o$seli"

,ass of combustion tube porcelain dish oide of , = 1>;./* 1isim ta%!"g *em%a$a" *i$i"g *o$sli" osida M

,ass of combustion tube porcelain dish , = 1>2.>2 1isim ta%!"g *em%aa$a" *i$i"g *o$seli" M

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7mpirical formula of P is C$2Fo$m!la em*i$i 1 iala' CH.

,ass of 1 mole of P = 2/

1isim 4 mol 1 3 .? g

Iroduce by dehydration of alcohol

Di'asila" melal!i *e"de'id$ata" alo'ol

"i# Aetermine the molecular formula for hydrocarbon P.'Relative atomic mass of C =12 ! $ = 1 +Te"t!a" 2o$m!la mole!l %agi 'id$oa$%o" 1'1isim atom $elati2 C =12 ! $ = 1 +

'2 ma$s+

"ii# Aescribe an eperiment to prepare hydrocarbon P in the laboratory from itscorrespondin alcohol.

capter 3 (2)

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