shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@?...

55

Upload: others

Post on 27-Mar-2021

0 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

������������������ ����������������

��� �"!$#&%(')'*�+-,/./+10324265879.�:;58<=+109+158>@?

ACBEDGF�F�HJI9KMLN DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVF�FEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^B�R^D_OV`ba�aEa�Tdcfe DGFhg

ijWYO^k_O N WYDl[]cVmE`baEa�a�Tdcfe D_FngopTdD_R^DqijWYkPOQcrOQkPDs[]kPTdD_R^Dt`uRvWYIxwxWYk_yze aEa�a�Tdcfe D_FngofT|{ZW(};KrHZIdDU[]kPTx{ZWM`uR^WQIxwdWYk_yze a�aEa)Txcfe D_Fng

N D_T|a)HJcdc|H�opD_c|WYBEDs[]kPD_cxWQB�D]`uR^WQIxwdWQkGyze a�aEa�Tdcfe DGFhgN HZBnWYBnwVO=o~WY�-WQa)F�BnW1[�kPWQ�-WQa)F�BnWv`baEa�a�Tdcfe DGFhg

}�I^FEOQIdDPIdO1�UWQa�DPk_H-[�{JWQa�D_kPH�`baEaEa)Tdcpe D_Fng�/W^a�a�D_�(DPk_D�WYIxO N DPOQBERQDj[��(W^a�a�Lx`uR^WQIxwdWYk_yze a�aEa)Txcfe D_Fng

� {8TdO^kPW � Txc|HJB�DPOQBEH�wVD � F�T|wVDpH�i�HZB�y]HZXJD_O^IxWY�(HZIvFEO � ed};IdIxW���l� ' � o~WYK

��D�W��UWYBnwVTx{J{8D"�V�^���l�Y�x�J�Q�@isD�a�W

Page 2: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

� �����������6�

���8  ¡J¢¤£f¥~¦$§Y¡©¨�£r  ª�^e_�¬«uBED_­^HZB ' IdD_F�D�WYkPD_X©W¤F�DPOQI e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e ��^e ®¯«uBED_­^HZB �M° TVFEwdO¤±�I²e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e �³µ´�¶$·/¸l¨� q¦~¹»º�£|¼¾½$¿V¡©¨]À�¨�Á¨]¡nþ¸Ä¿^Ã|·v¢ Ūƴ�¶$·/�8 ~½�¦p¡-¸Ä¨�À~¢¤¿V¢�à ÇÈ e_�¬� ° HbÉ^HZLMKrO^WYBnw�kPDPKdBEWQB�L�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e �J�È e ®¯� ° Hb�(O^Txa)H�kPD_KxBEWQB�LÊe�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e �©�È e ®de_� � ° H��=O^Txa�HbR^BEWQc ° D�{Zaly]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxa9e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e �JËÈ e È � ° HlmzO¤LVa)F�D�{nÉ�kPD_KdBnWYBEL-e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e ®V�È e � � ° H�a�crHJWYÉ^HZBÌkPD_KdBnWYBEL\e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e ® Èͯ´�¶$·/Îp¢�¿x¼¾·\Ï�¦~ÐÄ·v¢�¸Ä¨�À~¢¤¿V¢�à ³xÍ�|e_�¬� ° H�ÑxBEWQ�(H�SUTVÒ HZB�RQBnWYc ° D�{Zaly]TdI|{hF�DPOQI|a�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e ®Q�Óµ´�¶$·/Îp¢�¿x¼¾·ÕÔ�¢¤¿VÀ~Àl·^¢�¸Ä¨]À$¢¤¿V¢�à ³|Ö�de_�¬SÌ���Ì�4kPO¤±�kPHZ­QHJB;wVBED_­^HZB3e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e ®Y×�de ®Æ�uDPwdHZO^«uHZ­MD�{8H ° DPR ° k_HJ­QHJB�D_IvF�HJB)y�W^{8H e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e ®Y×�de ®de_� �uDPwdHZO�«uHZ­MDP{ZHJa��lO^�=�-WQIxwda¾e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e ®YËØÆ´�¶$·Cº�Ù�ÚÜÛ"¢¤·vÝq¦$·M ~§QÃßÞ©§Q¿xÁ�¨� $àáÁ�¨�À~¢¤¿V¢�à ªp��xe_�µ�lilâ ' IVy]OQBE�-W¤F�DPOQI9TVFED_kPDGFzLãe�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e È ��xe ® �lilâäa�{JWYkPD_IdR=y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI|aåe�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�ebe�e�e�e�e�e�e�e�e È ®Åµ´�¶$·/æ\·v¡nç@£|¢©è߸Ĩ�À~¢¤¿V¢�à ª|ÍÖÆ´�¶$·Cº�éëê�ì¾¢¤·M¿dÁ]í�¡J¨Â¼¾·9§QÁ�£p§Jè Í ªÇÆ´�¶$·Cìp£|¦$ $¥ß¸l¨]À$¢¤¿V¢�à ÍrÍ�Vî/´�¶$·Cº�£r ~Þ©£|Á·3¸Ä¨]À$¢¤¿V¢�Ã Í Ç�r��´�¶$·/Î�¨ÂÁ�·3éï¿d $¿dàr·v¼ð·v  ¡ Óf��d³\´�¶$·Cìp ~¿d½$Þ©¶~£|¡-¸Ä¨�À~¢¤¿V¢�à Ó|ª

®

Page 3: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ñ òôó4õ�ö�÷ðø ù

ú ����û��ýüÿþ��ë���Ì� �

«uHZ­MD�{8H-wVBED_­^HZBnauWQB�H(W�{ZB�D_F�D�{ZWQk�cxWYB�F�OYyl��H©WYk_� �ÌDP�(H � LVazFEHZ�-aZe=�pBELMD_IxR1FEO��dF@WQI ' ��� WQIxwCW1F�DP�(HZB ° WQIxwVkPHZB©�{ZOQ�(D_IxRðy]BEOQ��WßwVHZ­MD�{8H^��DPIxa)D�wVHáW¾FnWQa�É {8O^I^FEH�MFJ�uDGF\D�a3WðcdBEDPOQBEDGFzLßy]OQB� � kPDPÉQH � e �uWde ��e (e ' y=±lHáwVH©a)DPRQIF ° HJa�H1wVBED_­^HZBna�{8O^Ixa)D�wVHJB�DPIdR3c|Ova�a�DPKdk_H1cdB�HJHZ�(cVFED_O^IxaZ�$H�VH©{hF�TdF�DPOQI�F�DP�(HJa@WQIxwáOYF ° HZB���HJWQkG� �ÌD_�(H�{ZOQIvF�BnWYDPIvFEaJ�~WaE{ ° HJwdTdkPWQKdDPk_D_FzLÕFEHJa)F�{ZWQI�RQTxWQBEWQIvF�DPH=O^TdB�a�LVazFEHZ�3e\SUTVy;DGy;±UH-�@T|azF=B�HJTxa)H�WÕa)O^TdBE{ZH�{8OVwVH-y]BEOQ� F ° D_BnwM� cxWYB�FzLwVBEDP­QHZBna;�-WQÉQHZBnaJ�x±�D_F ° O^TVF ° W�­vDPIdR�IxO�ÉMIdO¤±�k_H©wVRQH�WYKrOQTVFuF ° H(wVBED_­^HZB;FED_�(DPIdR1KrH ° W�­vDPOQTxBJ�|±�DGF ° crO^aEa)DPKdkPH@IdO^IV�cdBEHZHJ�(cVFEWQKdk_H�{ZB�D_F�D�{ZWQkfa)H©{hF�DPOQIp�VDGF;D�a�­QHJB�L�wdD���{8TxkGF;FEO(D_�(crO^a�H�{8OQIvFEBEWQD_IvFEaly]O^B;W=aE{ ° H©wVTdk�WYKdDPk_D_FzL1WQIxWYkPDPa�LVaZe� ° H � e �uWde ��e (e~wVB�DP­QHJBEa�WQB�H(�-WYDPIdkPLÕcrOQB�F�HJwCy]BEOQ�ôopD_IMT���®Ve �de-A�H�cdBEOYmzH©{hF�H©wCWQIxwCF�H©azFEHJwáW3ofDPIvT��á®Ve ��s��Tdk�W¤F�DPOQI/o~W�LQHJBJeU� ° DPauopW�L^HZB�RQDP­QH©a;WYI3DPIxwVDPc|HJIxwVHJI^FbHZIM­MD_BEOQIxHZ�(HZIvFJ�x± ° HZBEH�D_F�DPa�c|Ova�a�DPKdk_H�FEO1{8O^�(cdD_kPH�F ° HO^B�DPRQDPIxWYk$wVBED_­^HZBna;±�D_F ° O^TVFb{ZOQI��xD�{hFna�±�D_F °á� e ��Wde ��e (erWQIxw� � kPDPKfeb}�IÕDPIvF�HZB�y�WQ{ZH�RQkPTdHZ� {ZOMwdH�WYkPkPO¤±;aÌF�O3WQ{J{8HJaEaF ° H�wVBED_­^HZBnaU}�i ' e

S.Ha.R.K. Kernel

LINUX 2.6EMULATION LAYER

HARDWARE

DIRECTACCESS

DRIVER

� ° H\�Ä�@Tdk�W¤FED_O^I»o~W�LQHJB-IdHZH©wda�W�a�c|H©{8D��|{3ÉQHJB�IdHJk��(OMwdTdk_H/F�O�BETdIfe6� ° DPa-�(OVwVTdkPH ° W^a=Fz±lO�DP�(c|O^B)FnWYIvFO^KVmzHJ{8F�DP­QHJa��•

�pO-{ZB�H©W¤F�H�WQI ° DPR ° cdBED_O^B�D_FzL�H��MH©{8TVFED_O^I9{ZOQIvF�H��MFUy]O^BÌF ° H�wdB�DP­QHJBEa ' ���äWQIxw�FED_�(HJB ° WYI|wVk_HJBEaJe•

�pO��-WYDPIvFEWQD_I�F ° H;wdB�DP­QHJBEa$KrH ° W�­MDPOQTdB�DPIxa)D�wVH;a�c|H©{8D��|{Ì��HJWQkG� �ÌDP�=H�{ZOQIxa)F�BnWYDPIvFEaJ�YW�­QOQD�wVDPIdRuF ° WYFÄWucrO^aEa�D_KdkPH�-WYk_y]TdIx{8D_F�DPOQI3O^BUBEHJa�OQTxBE{ZHbWQKdTxa�H�{JWYTxa�H�W(a)LVa)F�HZ� y�WYDPk_TdBEHQeSUOYF ° OYypF ° HJa�H�crOQDPI^Fna�WYBEH�RQTxWQBEWQI^FEHZH©w(F ° BEOQTxR ° F ° H '�� ��«u� ' �u� �(OMwdTdk_H^e}ua=wdHJaE{8BED_KrHJw�DPIxa�DPwdH�F ° H9�=OVwVTxk_H3wVOV{8Td�(HJI^FnW¤FED_O^If� '�� ��«b� ' �u�ëD�a(WYI ° D_R ° cdBED_O^B�D_FzL��=OVwVTxk_H3a)crHJ{ZD��x�{JWYkPk_L¾wVH©a)DPRQIxHJwðF�O ° WYIxwdk_H9F ° H3wdB�DP­QHJBEa=BEH��vTdHJa)FEaJeðâua)DPRQI&F ° H ° DPHZBnWYBn{ ° D�WYkÌ{ZWQcxWYKdDPkPDGFED_H©a�OQy � e ��Wxe ��e (eP�sF ° H'�� ��«u� ' �u� �(OVwVTdkPH�D�a�DPIxwVHZcrHZIvFEHJwáy]BEOQ�ôF ° H��(WQD_I¾a�LVazFEHZ�a�{ ° H©wVTdkPHZB©�$a�O\�Ä«bÑU����� WYIxw�WQk_kÄF ° H�OQF ° HJB�(OVwVTdkPHJa;{JWYI9K|H�T|a)H©w�FEO�a�{ ° H©wVTdkPHbF ° H�WQcdcdkPDP{JW¤F�DPOQI�FEW^a)ÉVaJe�~O(k_OvWQw1F ° H��s��Tdk�W¤F�DPOQI3opW�L^HZB©� '�� ��«b� ' ��� ��TxazF;KrH�cdBEHJa�HZIvF�D_I|a)D�wVHbF ° H�a�LVazFEHZ�3e�����! "!"$#�%$&(')%�*!"+&�%-,�.(/�0�%-&)"-*(%$1�%�*�/-"-"3241�56.�798$:-&(,�;

È

Page 4: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

<��=!�!>(?���@! )"+&�%-,�.(/�0�%$&)"(*-%-1!%�*A2��B=(�!>-?��B@! �"(CEDF��=!�(>(?G��@- )"$�HD�B=!�->!?��B@( �"$I(J(K�L6;NM !>!I)"+&�%-,�.(/�0�%-&)"!*-%-1�%�*A24 !>-I)"+ !=(K-O�J$ )"+K�J(J6;PMQ};ytF�HZB;F ° H '�� ��«u� ' �u� B�HJRQD�azFEBEWYF�DPOQIf�vF ° H�D_IxDGFEDPWQk_DPXJWYF�DPOQI9cdB�OV{ZHJwVTdBEH�{ZWYI3KrHZR^D_IfeRTS�R UWVEXFYTZ[V]\G^_Xa`AX�bTcXdebf`AXgh^� ° H�DPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_X©W¤FED_O^I�OQyrW�wVBED_­^HZBna$a ° O^TdkPw�KrH;wVOQIdHÌDPIxa�DPwVHÌF ° H .B'�.�0�iG.$*-%jD KrH8y]OQBEHÌHZIvF�HJB�DPIdR�DPIxa)D�wVHUF ° H�B�H©WYk_�ÂFED_�(HWQcdcdkPDP{JW¤F�DPOQIpe$«uTdBED_IdR�DPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_X©W¤FED_O^I�F ° H;wVHJ­vD�{8H©as{ZWQI(k_OV{nÉ�F ° H;a�LMa)F�HJ�ïy]O^BÄWYI(TdIdcxB�H©wVDP{8FEWQKdk_H;WQ�(OQTdIvFsOYyrF�DP�(Ha�O-WYIML�Txa�HJw9wVHZ­MD�{8H�a ° OQTxkPw�K|H�BEHJW^wVL�KrH8y]O^B�HbF ° H�B�H©WYk_�ÂFED_�(HuFEWQa�ÉVa�WYBEH�a�{ ° H©wVTdkPHJwqe� e ��Wxe ��e (eda)FEWQIxwdWYBnw .�'k.�0�iG.+*(% a)TxRQRQH©azFnaÌW�crO^aEa�D_KdkPH�D_�(cdkPHZ�(HJI^FnW¤FED_O^IN��!K�l-m "!").B'�.�0)"!"3241�56.n7o8$:-&!,G;qp/n0!&(rGsn0ut)r6*$0G.Bv)5!5-0�").B'�i�598�t)v�wx2�/n0!&-r�sn0ut)r6*+0�.Bv)5!5$0)").B'�i!598!;+:-&!,yM

/$%-0)"�/�z!r�0�7!5${!'6"$0�:�/n#H2;PM7�%-1�.-s$%�"-7(&G.�1�%-&G/$"�.B'k.�0H2�;NM/n|G/-"-:-0!&(r!')*(%-1�%�*A2s$:�*-*!"�/Bz!r!0�7(5${(')"$0�:)/B#yD}=-~)J!JjD�?-~�=�J( (@! �J�"(l$�-~��!>)�n��=G;PM"!"�s$:!*!*!"Bt�:).B'6"!"32�t�vk;PM&�%-0(r!&('�=-~)J!JjM

Q.B'�0 7�%-1�.-s$%�"-7(&G.�1�%-&G/$"�.B'k.�0H2�;�pm! !�(O)"$�!K!?!��lu#(�):$&+tP/uwoO�K�l- )"+m! !�(O�M

JG��=-~������!��"+&�%-,�.(/�0�%-&)"�t�5-7$r6*-%E2;PM���G�+�(��").B'k.B0H2�;PM��=!�-~����!��").�'k.�0H2�;NMm! !�(O��!��").B'�.�0H2��!#-��:-&+tk/�;NM&�%-0(r!&('��jMQ� ° H ¥$·(�f¨�§^·G�(¥~¢¤¨��|·v¢¤Þ(�=¨Â ~¨�¡(��� {ZWQk_k�ajWYkPkVF ° H;D_IxDGFEDPWQk_DPXJWYF�DPOQI=y]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxaJe$o '�� â��u�Ì®Y��D�a�F ° H;opD_IMT��=�s�@TxkPWYF�DPOQIo~W�LQHZB�WQIxw�DGF���TxazF�KrH-kPO^WQwdHJw�WQa��xBnazF©e�� ° H-DPIdDGFEDPWQk_DPXJWYF�DPOQI�OQBnwVHZB�y]O^k_kPO¤±;auF ° H�wdB�DP­QHJB�wVHZcrHZIxwdHZIx{ZH(F�BEHZH(OYy�xR^TdBEH=�^e_�^e ' y~F ° D�a�O^BEwVHJBÌDPa�IxOYF�B�H©a)crHJ{8F�H©wq�VF ° HbDPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_X©W¤FED_O^I9cxB�OV{8H©wVTdBEH�y�WQD_k�aJe

Page 5: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

LINUXC26 (Linux 2.6 Emulation Layer)

PCI26

NETWORK

I2C26

FB26 (PCI is not required with VESA 2.0 video mode)

BTTV26

CPUFREQ26

PCI6025E

INPUT26

KEYB26

MOUSE26

GAMEPORT26

SPEAKER26

DIRECT ACCESS

SERIAL

PARALLEL

PCL812

PCL833

Ñ$DPRQTdBEH(�QeP�$�j«uB�DP­QHJBEaÌwVHJc|HJIxwVHJ{ZHJaÌFEB�HJHRTSa� UWVEXFYTZ[V�������`A�_g� ¡^}�IdOYF ° HZB�{8BED_F�D�{ZWYk�crOQDPIvF�D�auF ° H-a ° TVFEwVO¤±�ICa)HB�^TxHZIx{ZHQe�A ° HJI�W /n|G/$"(%$'�7j2�; OQB %-¢G.�0H2�; DPau{ZWYkPkPHJw\F ° H-a)LVa)F�HJ�a ° OQTxkPw {Zk_Ova)HÕF ° HáwVHJ­vD�{8H�wVBED_­^HZBna1WQa�a)OMO^I�WQa�c|Ova�a�DPKdk_H^e â�IVy]OQB�F�TxIxW¤FEHZkPL&F ° HáwVB�DP­QHJB�a ° TVFEwVO¤±�I ��Txa)F9KrHH��MH©{8TVFEHJw9± ° HJI1F ° H�ÉQHJB�IdHJkqDPa�azFED_kPkqD_I3��TdkGFEDGFnWQa�ÉMD_IdR(�(OVwVHQe.B'�0 7�%-1�.-s$%�"-7(&G.�1�%-&G/$"�s-*(5�/$%32�;£pm! !�(O��!��"�s-*-5)/$%E2�;NM��=!�-~����!��"�s$*(5)/$%E2�;NM&�%-0(r!&('��jMQ� ° H-�Ìâ � of�s�u�Äo � OQy � e ��Wxe ��e (eqR^D_­^HJauF ° H-crO^aEa�D_KdDPkPDGFzL\FEO3D_�(cdkPHZ�(HZIvF�W3a�WYy]H-WYIxwÕF�BnWQa�cxWYBEHZIvFbcdB�OV{ZHJwVTdBEHFEO�a ° TdFEwVO¤±�I-F ° H�a)LVa)F�HZ� ±�D_F ° O^TVF�{8OQ�(cdBEOQ�(D�a)H;F ° H�wVBED_­^HZBnaÄa)FEWYKxD_kPDGFzL^e$}ualF ° HbD_IxDGFED_kPDPWQXJWYF�DPOQIf�^F ° H�a ° TdFEwVO¤±�Ia�H��vTdHJIx{8H��@T|azF�y]O^k_kPO¤± F ° H�wVHZcrHZI|wVHZIx{ZH�OQBnwVHZB©e� ° He�xO¤±&{ ° WYB�F$OQy)�xR^TdBEHu�^e ®ua ° O¤±;apF ° H�azFEHZcxa$FEO�B�H©WQ{ ° WbaEW¤y]HÌH�VD_FJe�};IMLM±UW�L�D_yxF ° H�a)LVa)F�HZ� DPa�O¤­^HZBEk_OvWQwVH©wwVTxB�DPIdR�F ° HbH�VDGFUcdBEOM{ZHJwVTxB�H^�QF ° Hua ° TVFEwVO¤±�I�FEWQa�É-{ZWQIdIdOYFlK|H�a�{ ° HJwVTdkPHJwfe�}�c|Ova�a�DPKdk_Hba)O^k_TdF�DPOQI�D�asFEO@R^D_­^H ° DPR °cdBEDPOQBEDGFzL-FEO-F ° H@a ° TVFnwVO¤±�I9FEW^a)É �dO^BÌF�O1wVH©a)DPRQI\WQI3WQcdcdkPDP{JW¤FED_O^I�F ° W¤FbwVOMHJa�IN¤ F;BEHJW^{ ° F ° H=�liÄâëa�WYF�TdBnW¤FED_O^Ife ' yF ° H�a ° TVFnwVO¤±�I�FEWQa�É1wVOMH©a)IN¤ F;H�VH©{8TVFEH�W�FED_�(HZO^TVF@[�wdH8y�WYTxkGF È a�HJ{ZOQIxwdangÄy]OQBn{8HbF ° H�a�LVazFEHZ�ãH�VDGF©e

Page 6: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

SYS_END OR EXIT CALLED

RUNLEVEL_SHUTDOWNtask_activate(shutdown_task_pid)

MULTITASKING MODE SINGLE MODE

RUNLEVEL_SHUTDOWNbackground execution of shutdown task- DRIVERS SHUTDOWN -

RUNLEVEL_BEFORE_EXITcompleting the system shutdown

RUNLEVEL_AFTER_EXIT

BACK TO REAL_MODE

Ñ$D_R^TdBEH=�^e ®�� �M° TVFEwVO¤±�I\a�H��vTdHJIx{8H

Page 7: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ñ òôó4õ�ö�÷ðø ¥

¦ § � ¨ ��� þª© � �¬« ­¯®Ü���[°¯�²±²�Ä��³ ¨ ®]³��ãû

' aÌF ° H�R^k_TdH�{ZOMwdH�Txa)H©w�y]OQB�F ° H�D_IvFEHZBnWQ{hFED_O^I�KrH8Fz±UHZHJI9F ° H�É^HZBEIdHZkfWQIxw1F ° H�kPDPIvT��9{8OVwVH^e ' a��-WYI|wdW¤FEOQBEL-F�O(Txa�HwVBEDP­QHZBnaUc|O^B)FEHJw�y]BEOQ�åF ° H�k_DPIMT��9®de �=ÉQHJB�IxHZk F�BEHZH^e´hµ-¶¸·o¹oº¼»H½²¾À¿9Á�Âoµ�Ã[Ä�ÁſƾuǬÈuÉ�·�´hÁ1�56.n7ÊJG��=-~��!���!��"$&�%-,�.(/n0�%$&)"�t�5(7$r)*-%E2�1�56.�76;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FsDPIdDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH©a�F ° H�{8O^�=c|W¤F�DPKdDPk_D_FzL@k�W�LQHJBjD_IvFEHZB�y�WQ{8H;WQIxw�F ° H�k_DPKdBnWYBELG¤ a�DPI^FEHZBEIxWYkdwxW¤FEW�a)F�BETx{8F�TdBEHJaJeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤  ­¤WYkPTdH-���=D_y�F ° H��(OVwVTdkPH�DPa�DPIxa)FEWQk_kPHJwkÎq��OQF ° HJB�±�D�a)H^eÏ ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·.B'�0�7�%-1�.-s$%�"-7(&G.�1�%-&G/$"�.B'G.�0j2�;p .B'�0�&�%�/AMm! !�-O6"$�!K!?(��lu#(��:-&+tP/uwoO�K�l- �"$m! !�(OyM

JG��=$~������!�!"$&�%-,�.-/n0�%-&�"�t�5$7-r)*(%32�;PM���G�n�!��").B'�.�0H2�;PM��=!�$~����!��"�.B'k.�0H2�;PM#�%-|-v6"-7�%(i�"�sn0!&)*$�j24#(��:$&+tk/AD}=-~)J!JG;NMm! !�-O)�!��").�'k.�0H2��(#(��:-&ntN/�;kMI(O)�(��").B'k.B0H2�;PM&�%)/qw�I(O)�!�!"(5$�)%$'H2�I!?!K!�( )"nO(~�I(I! -?)"$>( (@G�n�$ �;PM.nix2�&�%)/!;qpsB��&�.B'�0!ij2�Ð� !&(&�5-&eÑ}��:$'!'�5-0Ò5$�)%$'Ò,!&�:$�!zk.(s+:�*�t�5-7�%�Ó+'PÐ$;PMm( !�(O)�!�!"�s-*(5)/+%E2�;PM�B=!�-~����(��"�s-*(5�/$%E2�;PM/�|G/-"(%$'�7j2�;PMÔI(O)�(��"+r�/$%!"$,!&!¢H24I!?(K!�( �"+O$~�I(I! (?�"$>- !@����- G;PMI(O)�(��"�/$%-0nt�5(7�%E24I!?(K!�( �"+O$~�I(I! (?�"$>- !@����- HDBÐ��-Õ��$¢(Õ�Ö!��×�Ø��GÐ$;NM

Ù

Page 8: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

&�%-0-r�&('��jMÔ

×

Page 9: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ñ òôó4õ�ö�÷ðø Ú

¦ § � ú �Û­�þ � ¨ �[°ÿû¸®²ûo³

� ° D�aUk_DPKdBnWYBEL-WYkPk_O¤±»F ° HuT|a)HJBlFEO�DPIvF�HJBEW^{hFl±�D_F ° WYcxcdk_D�{ZWYF�DPOQIxaJe ' aU{ZOQ�(crO^a�HJw�KML-W�k_O¤±UHZBUk_HJ­QHJBl± ° D�{ ° ��Txa)FUKrHDPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_XJHJw3W¤FÌF ° H�K|HJRQDPIdIdDPIdRxe�uI�F�O^c9OQypF ° DPa;kPW�L^HZḆlH�{JWYI_�xIxw3wVD_ÒrHJB�HJIvFÌcrHZBEDPc ° HZBnWYk�a��•

�HZLMKrO^WYBnwkΕ

�\OQT|a)H-Ε Ü O¤LVa)F�D�{nÉ�Ε

� crHJWYÉ^HZBBΕ

�s­QHJIvF�wdHZKdTdR^HZB©e�ÄW^{ ° O^IdH={JWYIC±lO^B�É9D_I|wVHZcrHZIxwdHZIvF�kPL\y]BEOQ� F ° H�OQF ° HJBEaJe ' IÕO^BEwVHJB�FEO�T|a)H�F ° H=kPO¤±ïk_HJ­QHJB�y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI|aZ� F ° Hh�|k_H©a7(&�.�1�%-&G/-Ý�/Bz):-&!#)"�.B'(�!r!0��!�jÞßz ��TxazF�KrH(D_Ix{Zk_T|wVHJwqe ' F@{8O^IvFEWYDPIxauF ° H=cxB�OQF�OYFzLMcrHJabOYylF ° H-wVH©{8k�WYBEHJw/y]TdIx{hFED_O^IxaJeÑ$DPBEa)FlOQyqWQk_k"�^F ° HuÉQHZLMKrO^WQBEw=IdHJHJwdaÄK|HuD_IdD_F�D�WYkPDPXZHJw�KvL�F ° Hu{ZWQk_kPDPIdR m! !�(O��!��").B'�.�0 cdBED_�(D_F�DP­QH;DPIvF�O@F ° H "(").B'k.�0�"!"y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI3DPI9F ° H�DPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_X©W¤F�DPOQI��xkPH�OQB�DPI\WYIML-OYF ° HZB�crOQDPIvF;OYy$F ° H�WYcxcdk_D�{ZWYF�DPOQI3{8OVwVH^eµ(¶Òàá·�Ä£»H½²¾Àµ(¶Òµ(Ä.B'�0â�B=!�-~����(��").B'k.B0H2�1�56.�76;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�D_IxDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH©aÌF ° H�kPO¤±�kPHZ­^HZBÌDPIdcdTVF;DPIvF�HZB�y�WQ{ZH�WYIxw�F ° H�k_DPKdBnWYBELG¤ aUD_IvFEHZBEIxWYkfwdWYFEW(a)F�BETx{hFETdB�H©aZeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H�OQcrHZBnW¤F�DPOQI9D�aÌc|HJB)y]O^B��(HJw9a�Tx{Z{ZHJaEazy]TdkPkPLGÎ|W�­¤WQk_TdH�kPHJaEaUF ° WQI\�d�VOYF ° HZBE±�D�a)H^e

� ° H�y]O^k_kPO¤±�DPIdR={ZOVwVH�a ° O¤±;aUWQI�H��dWY�(cdkPHbOQy$DPIdcdTdF�wVB�DP­QHJBEaUDPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_X©W¤F�DPOQI�y]OQBÌF ° H�a�LMa)F�HJ�Å�Ï ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·GÌ.B'�0�&�%)/PMm! !�(O)"$�!K!?!��lu#(�):$&+tP/uwoO�K�l- )"+m! !�(O�M�)�n~6l$ )"$�!K!?(��lát)��:-&+tP/uwoO�K�l- �"$�)�n~6l$ yMJG��=-~������!��"+&�%-,�.(/�0�%-&)"�t�5-7$r)*(%E2;PM��=!�-~����!��").�'k.�0H2�;NM

Ë

Page 10: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

#�%-|(v)"-7�%(i�"�t�:$�y2�#-��:-&+tk/AD}m! !�!�(K!�)")���G;PM#�%-|(v)"-7�%(i�"�sn0!&)*-�E24#(�):+&+tN/PD�=$~)J!JG;PMm! !�(O��!��").B'�.�0H2��!#-��:-&+tk/�;NMt�5$r�/+%�"-7�%(i�"$0(z�&�%�/Bz)5�*+7j2�t���:-&+tk/ADåä6;PMt�5$r�/+%�"-7�%(i�"$¢+tA.B'H2�t)�):+&+tN/PDæ�);PMt�5$r�/+%�"-7�%(i�"$|+tA.B'H2�t)�):+&+tN/PDæ�);PMt�5$r�/+%�"-7�%(i�"$¢+t�:-¢j2�t)�):+&+tN/PDæ�(ç!è6;PMt�5$r�/+%�"-7�%(i�"$|+t�:-¢j2�t)�):+&+tN/PD�Õ�é!è6;PM�)�n~6l$ ��!��").�'k.�0H2��nt��):-&�tP/!;NMl-�! !K(m��!��").�'k.�0H2�;NMê!�$���(��").B'k.B0H2�;PMÞ!Þ!Þ� ° H(HJ­QHZIvF�wVHJKdTdRQR^HZBbDPa�T|a)H©w/FEO ° W�­QH=WYI�OQTVFEcdTVF�OYylF ° H-BnW�±ïwdWYFEW3{8O^�=DPIdR�y]B�O^�ôWYI�DPIdcdTVF@wVHJ­MDP{ZH�y]O^B± ° D�{ ° W(wVB�DP­QHJBÌDPa�IxOYF�cdBEHJa�HZIvFJe ' F�{ZWQI�KrH�a)FEWYIvFEHZB©�dazFEOQcdcrHZB;WQIxw9DPaÌcrO^aEa)DPKdkPHbF�O�{8O^IvF�BEOQkrF ° H�W^{hFETxWYkfa)FEWYF�TxaJe

Á_ëÒì¼·¸ÂÒ»H½²¾uµ-¶�µ-Ä.B'�09m( !�(O)�!�!").B'k.�0j2�1�56.n76;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�D_IxDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH©aÌF ° H�HJ­QHJI^F;wVHJKdTdR^RQHZBÌDPIvF�HZB�y�WQ{ZH�WYIxw1F ° H�kPDPKdBEWQB�L�¤ aUD_IvF�HJB�I|WYkfwdWYFEW(azFEB�T|{hF�TxB�H©aZeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H�OQcrHZBnW¤F�DPOQI9D�aÌc|HJB)y]O^B��(HJw9a�Tx{Z{ZHJaEazy]TdkPkPLGÎ|W�­¤WQk_TdH�kPHJaEaUF ° WQI\�d�VOYF ° HZBE±�D�a)H^eÁ_ëÒì¼·¸ÂÒ»H½²¾oºá´�È9Ã[Á.B'�09 (@(O(~)L��(��"�s-*(5�/$%E2�1�5).�7G;kMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;{8kPO^a�HbF ° H�HJ­QHZIvF;wVHJKdTdRQR^HZBÌDPI^FEHZB�y�WQ{ZHQeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H�OQcrHZBnW¤F�DPOQI9D�aÌc|HJB)y]O^B��(HJw9a�Tx{Z{ZHJaEazy]TdkPkPLGÎd�E�bDGy$F ° H�D_IvF�HJB)y�W^{8H�DPI9IxOYF;DPIxazFnWYkPk_H©wqeÁ_ëÒì¼·¸ÂÒ»H½²¾uµ-¶íÃ[Ä�îo´h´hÁïÉ.B'�09 (@(O(~)L��(��").B'�/�0�:�*!*(%-7E2�1!56.n76;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ��HZF�TdBEI�D_y$F ° H�HJ­QHZIvF;wVHJKdTdRQR^HZB�D�a�WQ{8F�TxWQk_kPL�DPIxazFnWYkPk_H©wqeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H��=OVwVTxk_H�D�a�DPIxazFnWYkPk_H©wkÎq��OYF ° HZBE±�DPa�HQeðæS�R ñÆ�_ZóòTZ[ô�õ�gTböVE�÷c�XFõ�VEböV3ô' I(OQBnwVHJB~FEO�Txa)HUF ° H�ÉQHJLvKrO^WQBEw ° WYI|wVk_DPIdRby]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxaJ�¤F ° H 7(&G.�1�%-&G/$Ý�/�z):-&(#)"$#�%+|(v)�(�HÞ�z ° H©WQwVHJBE�xk_H^�Q{8O^IvFEWYDPIdDPIdRF ° H�D_IvFEHZB�y�WQ{8Hby]TdI|{hF�DPOQI|a�¤dcxB�OQF�OYFzLMcrHJaJ� ° WQaUFEO-K|H�DPIx{8kPTxwVH©w9D_I9F ° H�WYcdcdkPD�{ZW¤FED_O^I1cdBEOQR^BEWQ�3eÑ$DPBEa)F\OYy=WQk_k"�uF ° H�É^HZLMK|OvWYBnw IdHJHJwda3KrH�D_IxDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH©w�KML F ° H�{ZWYkPkPD_IdR m! !�(O)�(��").B'k.B0 cdB�DP�(DGFED_­^HáD_IvF�OßF ° H"!").B'�.�0)"!" y]TdIx{8F�DPOQI DPI»F ° H/DPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_X©W¤FED_O^Iq�|k_H/O^B�DPI WYIML¾OYF ° HZB�c|O^D_IvF�OQybF ° HÕWQcdcdkPDP{JW¤F�DPOQI {ZOMwdH/WYIxwßF ° HDPIdcdTVF(kPO¤±åk_HJ­QHZkUwVBED_­^HZB@��Txa)F=KrH�WQk_BEHJW^wVLCDPIxa)FEWQk_kPHJwqeá} cxB�O^RQBnWY�(�(HZB@{JWYI¾HJDGF ° HZB=D_IxDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH1F ° H9ÉQHJLvKrO^WQBEwTxa�DPIdR�F ° HuwVH8y�WQTdkGFUa)HZF)F�DPIdRvajOQBÄwdH�xIdH ° DPasO¤±�I=c|WYBnWY�(H8FEHZBna�± ° DP{ ° WQB�HÌHZI|{ZWYc|a)Tdk�W¤FEHJw=DPI^FEO�W�a)F�BETx{hFETdB�H ° W�­MDPIdR

�J�

Page 11: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

m! !�)"+�!K!?!��l FzLvcrHQej� ° HbazFEB�T|{8TVFETdB�Hb{ZWQI-K|HuD_IdD_F�D�WYkPDPXZHJw�±�DGF ° F ° H�wVHZy�WYTdk_FUa�H8FUOYyq­¤WYkPTdHJalKML=a�H8F�F�DPIdR@D_FlHB�^T|WYkdFEOO�K�l- �"$m! !�(O ÎdF ° H #�%-|-v6"-7�%(i�"HÞ!Þ!Þ �-W^{8BEO^ab{ZWYICK|H(Txa�HJwCKrH8y]OQBEH({ZWYkPkPD_IdR m! !�(O��!��").B'�.�0 FEO3�=OVwVD_y]L/H©WQ{ ° a�H8F��FED_IdR|e$};ytF�HJB�±ÌWYBnwdaJ�YDGFjD�a�c|Ova�a�DPKdk_HUFEObBEHJW^w�F ° H;} � � '�' {ZOVwVHÌOYyrWQIML�azFEB�O^ÉQHZI�ÉQHJL�KvL�{ZWYkPkPD_IdRbF ° H #�%-|(v6"$,�%-0Gs�zy2�;y]TdI|{hF�DPOQIpe=� ° D�aby]TdIx{8F�DPOQI�B�HB�vTdD_BEHJabW�cxWYBnWY�(H8FEHZB�± ° D�{ ° wVHZF�HJB��(DPIdHJa�± ° HZF ° HJBbF ° H=FEW^a)É/a ° O^TdkPwCKdkPOV{nÉ\TdIvF�DPkW9ÉQHJL\DPa ° DGF�O^BbIxOYFJe ' ICF ° H(k�W¤F)FEHZB�{JWQa�HQ�qD_yUIdO3É^HZL ° W^auKrHZHJI ° DGF©�qF ° H(y]TdIx{hFED_O^ICBEH8FETdBEIxa��C[�K|H ° W�­MD_IxR9kPDPÉQH#(v!zk.B0H2�; ghe' yr±lH�WYBEHUD_IvF�HJB�H©azFEHJw�D_I�F ° HUÉ^HZL�¤ a$aE{ZWQI={ZOVwVHQ�Y±UHÌ{ZWYI({ZWQk_kMF ° H #�%$|(v6"$,�%$0Gs$5(7�%32�; y]TdI|{hF�DPOQIp�Q± ° D�{ ° BEH8FETdBEIxaW3a)F�BETx{hF�{8O^I^FnWYDPIdDPIdR�HJDGF ° HZB�F ° H-a�{JWYI�{8OVwVH(OQBbF ° H(W^a�{ZD_Dj{ZOMwdH(WQIxwÕW9KMLvF�H-{8O^IvFEWYDPIdDPIdR1DPIVy]O^B��-W¤FED_O^IÕO^IÕF ° H}uoV��� � � ' Ñ��6OQBu�U���;o�É^HZL�KrHZDPIdR-cdBEHJaEa)H©wqe� ° Hby]O^k_kPO¤±�D_IxR({ZOVwVH�a ° O¤±;a�WQI�H��dWY�(cdkPHbOQy~TxaEWYR^Hby]OQBÌF ° H�y]TdIx{hFED_O^IN�Ï ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·GÌm! !�)"+ !@!�o#yMÞ!Þ!Þ.nix2�#�%-|(v)"$,�%-0Gs+5(7�%E2��(#HD}=)�$=)"nO�J��-�(mG;up.niø2�.(/n?G.�,(z�0��-0!&)*32�#G;úù(ù�.(/nJ�%(i(0��-0!&)*32�#G;!;��(�24#eÞ4:)/!s!.!.Àw!wxû4¢yû�;(;9pÝ�89�(0(&)*9ü]ý�¢Hû_z�:)/qv�%!%$'���&�%)/(/$%(7�8-ÝÞ(Þ!ÞÔÔ Þ!Þ!ÞÑ$DPIxWYkPk_L^�fD_F�DPa�crO^aEa)DPKdkPH=F�O\wVH�|IdH-W1y]TxIx{hFED_O^IÕFEO9KrH�WYTdF�OQ�-WYF�D�{ZWYkPkPL/{ZWYkPkPHJwCHZ­QHJB�L9FED_�(H�W3a)crHJ{ZD��r{�É^HZL¾[�OQB�Wa�c|H©{8D��|{9{8OQ��KdDPIxW¤FED_O^I�OYy;ÉQHJLVaEg�DPa�cdBEHJaEa)H©wqeC� ° D�a�DPa=wVOQIxH1KML�{ZWYkPkPD_IdR/F ° H #�%$|(v6"+z)5(5-#H2�; y]TdIx{8F�DPOQIf�j± ° D�{ °BEHJ{ZHZDP­QHJa�W^a;WYBERQTx�=HJIvFEa�W-wdWYFEW-a)F�BETx{hFETdB�H�{ZOQIvFEWQD_IdDPIdR(F ° H�B�HB�vTdD_BEHJw3{ZOQ�@KxD_IxWYF�DPOQI9OYy�ÉQHJLMa�WYIxw�F ° H�y]TdIx{8F�DPOQIFEO-K|H�{JWYkPk_H©wqeþ�Á_ÿÒìÀ»H½²¾uµ-¶�µ-Ä.B'�09m( !�(O)�!�!").B'k.�0j2�m! !�(O)"+�!K-?!��lÊ8��):-&ntP/�;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�D_IdD_F�D�WYkPDPXZHJauF ° H(ÉQHZLMKrO^WQBEw3DPIvF�HZB�y�WQ{ZH=WQIxw\F ° H=k_DPKdBnWYBELG¤ auD_IvF�HJB�I|WYkjwdW¤FnW1a)F�BETx{hFETdBEHJaJe ' F�{JWYIK|H�{JWYkPk_H©w1T|a)DPIdR � âuopo�WQa �):-&+tP/ FEO-D_IxDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH�F ° H�ÉQHZLMKrO^WQBEw1D_IvF�HJB)y�W^{8HbF�O�wdH8y�WYTxkGF;­¤WYkPTdH©aZe� OQF�HbF ° WYF�F�O-KrH�cdBEOQcrHZBÌD_IxDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH©wq�dLQO^T�IxHZHJw9WYk�a�O�FEO(D_IdD_F�D�WYkPDPXZH�F ° HT��}����Ìieb���6�(OMwdTdk_H©aZeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H�OQcrHZBnW¤F�DPOQI9D�aÌc|HJB)y]O^B��(HJw9a�Tx{Z{ZHJaEazy]TdkPkPLGÎ|W�­¤WQk_TdH�kPHJaEaUF ° WQI\�d�VOYF ° HZBE±�D�a)H^eþ�Á_ÿÒìÀ»H½²¾oºá´�È9ÃeÁ.B'�09m( !�(O)�!�!"�s-*(5)/+%E2�1�56.�76;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;{8kPO^a�HbF ° H�É^HZLMK|OvWYBnw�DPIvF�HZB�y�WQ{ZHQeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H�OQcrHZBnW¤F�DPOQI9D�aÌc|HJB)y]O^B��(HJw9a�Tx{Z{ZHJaEazy]TdkPkPLGÎd�E�bDGy$F ° H�ÉQHZLMKrO^WQBEw1D_I3IdOQF;D_Ixa)FEWQk_kPHJwfeþ�Á_ÿÒìÀ»H½²¾uµ-¶íÃ[Ä�îo´h´hÁÅÉ.B'�09m( !�(O)�!�!").B'�/n0�:�*!*(%(7E241�5�.n7G;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ��HZF�TdBEI�D_y$F ° H�É^HZLMK|OvWYBnw1wVBEDP­QHZBÌD�a;WQ{8F�TxWQk_kPL�DPIxa)FEWYkPkPHJwqeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H�ÉQHZLMKrO^WQBEw1DPa�DPIxa)FEWQk_kPHJwkÎq��OQF ° HJB�±�D�a�HQe

�Q�

Page 12: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

þ�Á_ÿÒìo¾uÉoÁ��eîu·�´eÄʾÀà�î9¿9Ç1�56.n7q#�%-|(v6"$7�%(i�:$r)*$0)"+�):$&nt[2�m! !�-O)"+�!K-?!��lá�):-&+tN/�;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F~{ ° WQIdRQH©arF ° Hl­¤WYkPTdHJapOYyVcxWYBE�-a F�O;F ° HÄaEWY�(Hs­¤WQk_H©afWQa F ° HlSÌ} � ���� �����SCwVHZy�WYTdk_F~DPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_XJHZB©eþ�Á_ÿÒìo¾uÉoÁ��ï¾qÇ î9à1�56.n7q#�%-|(v6"$7�%(i�"BtG:$�y2�m! (�-O6"n�!K!?(��l£��:-&+tP/AD�r('�/�.�,('�%(7�s�z):$&ÊtG:$�k;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' Fs{ ° WYIxRQHJa~F ° H�wVH8y�WQTdkGFs�-WQc�Txa�HJw@y]OQB�F ° HÌÉQHJLvKrO^WQBEwN� t�:+� {JWYI�K|H m! !�!�(K!�)"n~6l y]OQBsWQI�HJIdRQkPD�a °ÉQHJLvKrO^WQBEw1OQB m! !�(�!K!�)")�B� y]OQB;WQI3DGFnWYkPDPWQI�É^HZLMK|OvWYBnwqe�� ° H�wVH8y�WQTdk_F;DPaÌHJIdRQkPDPa ° ÉQHZLMKrO^WQBEw1kPW�L^OQTVF©eþ�Á_ÿÒìo¾uÉoÁ��ï¾oºáÄ ¿o´åº1�56.n7q#�%-|(v6"$7�%(i�"�s�0!&)*-�j24m( !�$O6"$�(K(?(��lá�):-&ntP/AD�1�56.�7x28!sn0!&)*�s+i-r!'�s!;N2�m! !��"$ (@(��8�#�;!;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�HJIxWYKxk_H©a�F ° H�H��MH©{8TVFED_O^I�OYy�W/y]TdIx{hFED_O^I¾± ° HJI�F ° H���{hF�BEk]���{ZOQ��KdD_I|W¤F�DPOQI�D�a�cxB�H©a�a�HJwqe�SULwVH8y�WQTdk_FJ��DGy�F ° D�a��-WQ{ZB�O\D�a�IdOQF@Txa�HJwq�$F ° H sn0!&�*-� {8OQ��KdDPIxW¤FED_O^I�BEHJa�Tdk_FEa�DPIð{JWYkPk_DPIdR /n|G/-"-%$'�7j2�; e � OYFEHF ° WYFsWua��-WYkPkV�=H©a�aEWYR^HÄD�a$cdB�DPIvF�H©w�WQkPa�OuO^I�F ° H�{8OQI|a)O^k_H^e~� ° HÌ�(HJaEa�WQRQHlDPa�O^Idk_L�­MD�a)DPKdkPHÌDGy|F ° H�a�LMa)F�HJ�äDPa�DPIF�H��vF;�(OVwVH^e ' y$L^OQT�WQB�H�BETdIdIdDPIdR-W=RQBnWYc ° DP{�WYcxcdk_D�{ZWYF�DPOQIf�VBEHZ�(HJ�@KrHZBUF�O-BEHJwVH��xIdHbF ° H��ÄF�BEkG�)�o�uWYIxwVkPHZB�þ�Á_ÿÒìo¾uÉoÁ��ï¾qÄ}î�òþ1�56.n7q#�%-|(v6"$7�%(i�"$0�:)/n#H2�m( (�(O�"$�!K(?(��lá�):-&+tN/AD��!K�l-m�"$�)�$>! !J�8¼tP;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FÄa�c|H©{8D��xHJa$F ° H�cxWYBnWY�(HZF�HZBna$OYyrF ° H�É^HZLMKrO^WYBnw@a�HZBE­QHJBJe$� ° H �!K�l-m)"$�)�+>! �J � a ° O^TdkPw=KrH;Wb­�WQk_D�wc|O^D_IvFEHZBÌF�O-W-�$WQa�É��\OVwVHZk"�dO^B m( !�(O6"$>( !I!K-~)J-� DGy�LQO^T�±ÌWYIvFÌF�O-a�c|H©{8D_y]L�F ° H�wVH8y�WQTdkGF;KrH ° W�­vDPOQTxBJe� ° D�al�-W^{8BEO@a ° OQTdk�w-KrHbT|a)H©w-HZ­^HZBEL�FED_�(HuF ° H�wVHZy�WYTdk_FÌa�HZBE­QHJBl�$WQa�É-�\OVwVHZkqwVOMHJaUIdOQFUW^wdWYcVF̱UHZkPkxFEO@F ° H{8O^I��xRQTxBEWYF�DPOQI1OQypF ° H�a�{ ° HJwVTdkPDPIdR(�=OVwVTxk_H©a�B�HJRQD�azFEHZBEHJw1D_I�F ° H�a�LVazFEHZ�3e� ° H�wVH8y�WQTdk_F�a)HJB�­^HZB��~W^a)É��\OVwVHZkqD�a�H��vTdDP­¤WYkPHZIvFÌF�O(F ° DPaÌDPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_X©W¤FED_O^IN�/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�:$r)*+0)"�t�5$7�%!*A24v�:)/n%�"�tP;PM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"+{Gs+%-0j24v�:)/+%!"Bt[D��-�!�(�);PM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"BtG%$0H2�v):�/$%!"�t²D�Ö!�-�6;NM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"+��%$&�.n5(7324v�:�/$%!"BteD��(ä(�!�(�6;kM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"�/�|6/n0�%�t�24v�:�/$%!"BtN;PM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"+'�5$#�.+*!*P24v�:�/$%!"BtN;PM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"(:+��%-&G.+5$7G.-sN24v�:)/n%�"�tP;PMþ�Á_ÿÒìo¾9ÂoÁïļº�����þ�Á_ÿÒìo¾9ÂoÁÅÄÀº��¸î9¿.B'�09#�%-|(v6"$,�%-0Gs�zy2�O��!�! À{):6.�0G;PM.B'�09#�%-|(v6"$,�%-0Gs�z):$&H2�1�56.�76;PM []�-WQ{ZB�OMgË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' y�F ° HÕÉQHZLMKrO^WQBEwÊ�vTdHZTdH\D�a�IxOYF1HJ�=cdFzLQ� #�%-|-v6"$,�%-06s�zy2�; BEH8FETdB�I|a(F ° HC} � � '�' {8OVwVH\OYy�F ° HcdBEHJaEa)H©w3ÉQHZL^e ' ysF ° H��vTdHZTxH@D�a�HJ�=cdFzLQ� F ° H@y]TdI|{hF�DPOQIP¤ abKrH ° W�­MDPOQTdBbwVHZcrHZIxwxauO^I\F ° H�­¤WYkPTdH�OYysF ° H {):6.�0cxWYBnWY�(HZF�HZBB�qD_y|D_F$D�a O�J��-�(m �ZF ° HZI@F ° H�{ZWQk_kPDPIdR�FnWQa�É�DPa$KdkPOV{nÉQHJw@TdIvF�DPkVW�É^HZL�D�a~cxB�H©a�a�HJwkΤD_y|D_FjDPa =)�$=)"nO�J��-�(m �F ° H�y]TxIx{hFED_O^I9BEH8FETdBEIxa��de #�%-|-v6"$,�%-06s�z):-&H2�; DPa�W=�-WQ{ZB�O=y]OQB #�%-|(v6"+,�%-0Gs�zH24O�J��-�$m�; eÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �$F ° H�} � � '�' {ZOMwdH�OYypF ° H�cdBEHJaEa)H©w1É^HZL^�VDGy$F ° H�KxTVÒrHJB;D�aÌIdOYF;HJ�=cdFzLGÎd�(OQF ° HJB�±�D�a�HQeþ�Á_ÿÒìo¾9ÂoÁïļºÀÈuÉoÁ.B'�09#�%-|(v6"$,�%-0Gs$5(7!%E2�m! !��"+ !@-�Ò8n#HD_O!�!�! o{):6.�0G;PM

�©®

Page 13: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

Ë ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�y]HZFE{ ° H©a-F ° H m! !��"$ !@!� y]BEOQ� F ° HÕÉ^HZLMKrO^WYBnwk¤ aæ�vTdHZTxHÕWYIxw {ZOQcdDPHJa�DGF9D_IvF�O¾F ° H�azFEB�Tx{8F�TdBEHc|O^D_IvFEHJw9KML # e ' y~F ° HT�vTdHZTdH�D�aÌHZ�(cVFzL^�VF ° H�y]TdIx{hFED_O^I3K|H ° W�­QH©a�WQa #�%$|)"$,�%-06s�zy2�; eÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~·GÌ ��DGyjW=ÉQHZL1±UW^aÌcdB�H©a�a�HJwf�M�=OQF ° HJB�±�D�a)H^eþ�Á_ÿÒìo¾��íÈ9ÈÀþ1�56.n7q#�%-|(v6"nz)5!5-#H24m! !�)"$ (@(�À#�%-|yD_1�5).n7ø2�8�z)5!5$#�;N2�m! (�)"$ !@!�o8n#�%-|(��&�%�/!/$%(7G;ND�r!'G/�.�,(')%-7¸s�z):-&¸*(5)s�#�;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ A ° HJIdHZ­^HZB�F ° H�ÉQHZL»{8O^�@KdDPIxWYF�DPOQI�a�c|H©{8D��xHJw D_I #�%-| DPa�cdBEHJaEa)H©wq�ÌF ° HÕy]TdI|{hF�DPOQI z)5(5-#H2�; D�aD_IM­^OQÉQH©wq�pR^H8F�F�DPIdR #�%-| WQa@D_IxcdTVF@cxWQBEWQ�(H8F�HJBJe ' y�k_OV{nÉ�DPa�a)HZF�F�O I!K�J�l- W¤ytFEHZB@H��VHJ{8TdF�DPIdR3F ° H1y]TdIx{8F�DPOQIz)5(5-#H2�; F ° HuÉQHZL1±�D_kPkfKrH�k_OvazF©�VOYF ° HZBE±�DPa�H�DGF;±�DPk_kqKrH�DPIxa)HJB)FEHJw9DPI�F ° Hö�vTdHZTdH^eÏ ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·GÌ

�G.B'�s$*+r�7�%��$7(&�.�1�%$&G/-Ý�/�z�:-&!#)"$#!%-|-v��(�yÞßz��1�56.n79z)5(5-#)"-i-r('�sP2�m! (�)"$ (@(��8�#�%-|(��&�%)/!/$%(76;p /B{k.�0Gs�zx24#�%-|(��&�%)/!/$%(76×��(:)/!s(.!.(;áps+:)/$%øû�{�û�Ñ÷Ý�8¸.�i û��-�!?�JG×B{yû .(/u��&�%)/!/+%(7�Þ!Þ!Þ÷8-ÝÞ!Þ!Þv�&�%(:-#yMs+:)/$%øû4¢yû�Ñ.nix2�.(/+J!%(i(0!K)*+0H2�#�%-|-�!&�%)/-/$%-76;jù!ù�.$/n?G.B,-z�0!K�*$0j24#�%$|(�(&�%�/(/$%-7G;-;pÒÝ�8¸.�i û4K!J(��×�¢yû�.(/q�!&�%)/!/$%-7�Þ!Þ!Þ÷8-ÝÞ!Þ!ÞÔ %�*�/$%ÒpÝ�8¸.�i û4¢Hû£.-/q��&�%)/!/$%(7yÞ!Þ!Þ÷8-ÝÞ!Þ!ÞQQQ.B'�0qt�:6.�'y2�.B'�0o:-&!,GsADFs�z):-&¸8+:-&!,!1����G;p m( !�)"$ !@(�o#�%-|yMÝ�8Ê#�%$|(v)5!:-&!7¸.B'k.�0G.+:�*).��!:-0�.+5$'�8-ÝÝ�8Ê0�5Êz)5(5-#]û��(�!?�J6×B{�û�#�%$| 8-Ý#�%-|eÞ4:)/(s�.!.¼w]û�{�û!M#�%-|eÞa/!s+:$'�w�m! !�)"+�yM#�%-|eÞa/n0�:-0(r�/£wÒm! (�)"$�!?! �l!l- !>yM#�%-|eÞ�i�*-:-,owÒ�(=!�!?)"nOk���yM#�%-|(v6"+z�5!5-#H2�#�%-|yD�z)5-5-#�"$i$r!'�sND4I(K!J!l- �;kMÝ�8Ê0�5Êz)5(5-#�#�%-| û4¢yû�8-Ý#�%-|eÞ4:)/(s�.!.¼w]û4¢yû!M#�%-|eÞa/!s+:$'�w�m! !�)"$�HM#�%-|eÞa/n0�:-0(r�/£wÒm! (�)"$�!?! �l!l- !>yM#�%-|eÞ�i�*-:-,ow��jM#�%-|(v6"+z�5!5-#H2�#�%-|yD�z)5-5-#�"$i$r!'�sND4I(K!J!l- �;kMÝ�8Ê0�5Êz)5(5-#]û4K�J(��×B¢yû�#�%-|Æ8-Ý#�%-|eÞ�i�*-:-,�w(K�J-��J�"+Ok����ù K!J-�!?)"�Ok�B�HM

� È

Page 14: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

#�%-|(v6"+z�5!5-#H2�#�%-|yD�z)5-5-#�"$i$r!'�sND4I(K!J!l- �;kMÞ(Þ!ÞÔþ�Á_ÿÒìo¾uÉoµ�Ã[îoì¼´hÁ1�56.n7q#�%-|(v6"$7G.(/$:$v)*(%E2�1�5).�7G;kMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ �~B�O¤±�W�±ÌW�L(F ° H�wdW¤FnW=WQB�BEDP­vDPIdR�y]B�O^�åF ° H ° WYBnwV±ÌWYBEH�DPIxa)F�HJW^w9OYy�cdB�OV{ZHJaEa)DPIdR�F ° HJ��DPIxa)D�wVH�F ° HwVBED_­^HZB©eþ�Á_ÿÒìo¾ÀÁﶸîoì¼´TÁ1�56.n7q#�%-|(v6"-%$'):$v6*-%E2�1�56.�76;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ };kPkPO¤± F ° H�wVB�DP­QHJBUF�O(B�H©{8HJD_­^H�wxW¤FEW�y]BEOQ�åF ° H ° WQBEwV±ÌWYBEHQeþ�Á_ÿÒìo¾9Ã[ÁÅÄʾuÇ î9à.B'�09#�%-|(v6"�/+%-0)"Bt�:+�y24r!'�/!.B,('�%(79s�z):-&qt�:$��;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' Fs{ ° WYIxRQHJa~F ° H�wVH8y�WQTdkGFs�-WQc�Txa�HJw@y]OQB�F ° HÌÉQHJLvKrO^WQBEwN� t�:+� {JWYI�K|H m! !�!�(K!�)"n~6l y]OQBsWQI�HJIdRQkPD�a °ÉQHJLvKrO^WQBEw1OQB m! !�(�!K!�)")�B� y]OQB;WQI3DGFnWYkPDPWQI�É^HZLMK|OvWYBnwqeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �$F ° H�ÉQHZLMKrO^WQBEw1�(WQc3DPwVHJIvF�D��xHZB�HZÒrH©{hF�DP­QHJk_L�WYcdcdkPDPHJwqeþ�Á_ÿÒìo¾9ÂoÁïÄq¾qÇ î9à.B'�09#�%-|(v6"$,�%-0)"Bt�:+�y2�1�56.�76;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ��HZF�TdBEI1F ° H�D�wVHZIvF�D��xHJB;OYy~F ° H�É^HZLMK|OvWYBnw��-WYc3WQ{8F�TxWQk_kPL�DPI3Txa)H^eþ�Á_ÿ ¾ÀÁ_ëÒÄË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ D_F;DPa�W(wdWYFEW(azFEB�T|{hF�TxB�H�{8O^IvFEWYDPIdDPIdR=F ° H�y]O^k_kPO¤±�DPIdRh�|HZk�wda��

¿dÞ©§Q¨�¨4Ì W^a�{ZD_Df{ZOMwdH�OYypF ° H�ÉQHJL�ÎÞJ§^¿d �Ì aE{ZWQI9{ZOMwdH�OYypF ° H�ÉQHJL�ÎÞZ¡©¿V¡J¦$Þ-Ì F ° HuÉ^HZL({ZWQI1KrH�cdBEHJaEa)H©wq�MB�HJc|H©W¤FEHJw-O^BÄBEHZkPHJWQa�HJwfe~A ° HJI1Txa�HJw�F�O=a)HZFUWYI ° OMOQÉ=�(OQBEH;F ° WYI1O^IdHa)FEWYF�Txa;{JWYI9K|H�a�HZkPHJ{8F�H©wqe� ° H /n0�:-0(r�/ �xHZk�w {JWYI»K|H�WQ{J{8HJaEa�HJwßKMLðOQIxH/OYy�F ° H/y]OQkPkPO¤±�D_IdR��-W^{8BEO^aJ�l± ° Ova)HÕTxa�WQRQH\D�a1a�HZk_yt�H��McxkPWQD_IdDPIdR6�

D�a�isB�H©a�a�HJwp[ ��Édg•

D�aE��HZcrHJWYF�HJwp[ ��Édg•

D�aE��HZkPHJW^a)H©wf[ ��Édg! ¿xàPÌ {8OVwVH©aÌOYy$F ° H�}uoV��� � � ' Ñ��4WYIxw\�U���;o�ÉQHJLVaZe� ° H i�*(:-, �xHJkPw�{JWYI�KrHÄWQ{J{8H©a�a�HJwuKMLuO^IdHjOYyMF ° Hjy]OQkPk_O¤±�DPIdRÌ�-WQ{ZB�OvaZ�J± ° O^a�HjTxaEWYRQHjD�afa�HZk_yt�"H��VcdkPWQD_IxD_IdR6�

D�a � {ZWQIr�lOVwVH^["��ÉVg8�VwVHJ{ZDPwVH©a�± ° HZF ° HJBÌF ° H ° D_F;ÉQHJL ° W^a�WYI3} � � '�' {ZOVwVH�OQB�IdOQF�Ε

D�aEofH8ytF �M° D_ytF©["��ÉVg•

D�aE��D_R ° F �M° D_ytF©["��Édg•

D�aEofH8ytFn};k_F©["��ÉVg•

D�aE��D_R ° FE};k_F©["��Édg•

D�aEofH8ytF8�ÄF�BEk"["��Édg•

D�aE��D_R ° Fh�ÄF�BEk [ ��Édg

�Z�

Page 15: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ðæSa� ñÆ�_Z$# gT�&%PZócXFõ_V3böV3ô�~O(Txa)HuF ° H��=O^Txa�HuDPIvF�O-WYI9WYcdcdkPD�{ZW¤FED_O^I1cdBEOQR^BEWQ�3�QF ° H�Txa)HJB��@Txa)F�{ZWYkPk F ° H �)�n~6l- ��!��").B'�.�0 y]TxIx{hFED_O^Ifes� ° HZIp�WQk_k �(OQTxa�H;y]TxIx{hFED_O^IxaÌWYBEHuW�­¤WYDPkPWQKdkPH�TdIvF�DPkqW@{JWYkPk|FEO�F ° H ���n~6l- ��(��"�s-*(5�/$% y]TdIx{8F�DPOQIfes� ° HuDPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_X©W¤F�DPOQI1OYyfF ° H�(OQT|a)H-kPD_KxBEWQB�LCDPa�crHZB�y]OQBE�(HJw�KML ���n~6l- ��(��").B'k.B0 �r± ° D�{ ° B�HB�^TxD_BEHJa�W3cxWQBEWQ�(H8F�HJB�OYy �)�n~6l- �"$�!K!?!��l FzLMc|H(FEODPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_XJH�F ° H��(OQT|a)H^e�� ° H�y]OQkPk_O¤±�DPIdR=H�dWY�(cdkPH�a ° O¤±;a�W=crO^aEa)DPKdkPH��=O^Txa�HbDPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_X©W¤FED_O^IN�

.B'�0qt�:).B'y2�.B'!0�:-&!,GsPDs�z):-&�8$:-&!,!1'�(�G;p .�'�0�&�%)/�r6*$0HM�)�n~6l- �"$�!K!?!��lÀ�):-&�:�tP/uwoO�K�l- )"+�)�n~6l- HM&�%)/�r6*+0�w(�)�n~)l- ��!��"�.�'k.�0H24�(��:$&�:�tP/�;NM.ni]24&�%)/�r6*+0')�w��6;¼pÝ!Ý90(z)%Àt�5+r�/$%¸s$:$'�û�09v)%í.�'k.�0�.+:!*).���%(7ÔÝ!ÝÒ5$0(z)%-&ut�5+r�/$%oi-r!'�s�0�.+5$'�/�)�n~6l- ��!��"�s-*-5)/$%E2�;NMÔ

� ° H �)��~6l- ��!�!"�s-*(5)/+% y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI1DPalIdOYFUB�HB�vTdD_BEHJw(KxTVFÌ{JWYI�KrH�T|a)H©w(F�O�B�HJk_H©WQa�H�WYkPkxF ° H ° WYBnwV±UWQB�H�BEHJa�OQTxBE{ZHJaF ° W¤FbF ° H=kPD_KdBnWYBEL3WQ{��vTdDPBEHJaJe�� ° H � â�o~o&{ZOQIxa)FEWQIvFu{ZWQI/K|H=cxW^a�a�HJw9FEO1F ° H �)�n~6l$ ��!��").�'k.�0H2�; y]TxIx{hFED_O^I/y]OQB�WwVHZy�WYTdk_FpDPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_X©W¤F�DPOQIpe~� ° H �):-&�:�tN/ ­¤WQB�D�WYKdkPHs{ZWQI�K|HlTxa)H©wuF�O�{ ° WQIdRQH�F ° HÄwVHZy�WYTdk_F~a�H8F�F�DPIdR;OYyMF ° HsDPIdDGFEDPWQk_DPXJWYF�DPOQIcdBEOV{8H©wVTdBEHbT|a)DPIdR�a�OQ�(H��(W^{8BEO^aJ�M± ° O^a�H�IxWY�(HJa�azFnWYB�F̱�D_F ° t�5$r�/$%!"-7�%(i�" eÄ}�k_kpF ° H��(OQT|a)Hby]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxa�{ZWYI3KrHy]O^TdIxw9D_I9F ° H�D_I|{8kPTxwVHf�xkPH 7-&�.�1�%-&6/-Ý�/�z):$&!#)"Bt�5+rG/$%-�!�yÞ�z eÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ�»H½²¾uµ-¶�µ-Ä.B'�09���n~6l- ��(��").B'k.B0H2�m! !�-O)"$�-K!?!��lÊ8���:-&+tP/�;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FuDPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_XJHJauF ° H��(OQT|a)H�D_IvF�HJB)y�W^{8H@WQIxw\F ° H@kPDPKdBEWQB�L�¤ a;DPIvF�HZBEIxWQk$wdWYFEW�azFEB�Tx{8F�TdBEHJaJe ' F�{JWYI/KrH{ZWQk_kPHJw�Txa�D_IdR � â�opo�W^a �):$&+tP/ F�O(DPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_XJH�F ° H��(OQT|a)H�DPI^FEHZB�y�WQ{ZH�FEO�wVH8y�WQTdkGF;­¤WQk_TdH©aZe� OQF�HbF ° WYF�F�O-KrH�cdBEOQcrHZBÌD_IxDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH©wq�dLQO^T�IxHZHJw9WYk�a�O�FEO(D_IdD_F�D�WYkPDPXZH�F ° HT��}����Ìieb���6�(OMwdTdk_H©aZeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H�OQcrHZBnW¤F�DPOQI9D�aÌc|HJB)y]O^B��(HJw9a�Tx{Z{ZHJaEazy]TdkPkPLGÎ|W�­¤WQk_TdH�kPHJaEaUF ° WQI\�d�VOYF ° HZBE±�D�a)H^eÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ�»H½²¾oºá´�È9ÃeÁ.B'�09���n~6l- ��(��"�s-*(5�/$%E2�1�5).�7G;kMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;{8kPO^a�HbF ° H��(OQT|a)H�DPI^FEHZB�y�WQ{ZHQeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H�OQcrHZBnW¤F�DPOQI9D�aÌc|HJB)y]O^B��(HJw9a�Tx{Z{ZHJaEazy]TdkPkPLGÎd�E�bDGy$F ° H��=O^Txa�HbDPI3IdOYF;DPIxa)FEWQk_kPHJwqeÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ�»H½²¾uµ-¶íÃ[Ä�îo´h´hÁÅÉ.B'�09���n~6l- ��(��").B'�/�0�:�*!*(%-7E2�1!56.n76;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ��HZF�TdBEI�D_y$F ° H��(OQT|a)H�wVBED_­^HZB�D�a�WQ{8F�TxWQk_kPL�DPIxazFnWYkPk_H©wqeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H��=O^Txa�H�DPaÌDPIxa)FEWYkPkPHJwkÎf��OQF ° HJB�±�D�a)H^eÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾uÉoÁ��eîu·�´eÄʾÀà�î9¿9Ç

�©�

Page 16: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"-7�%(i�:+r6*$0)"+��:$&+t�2�m! (�-O)"$�-K!?!��lá�):$&+tP/�;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�{ ° WYIxRQHJa�F ° H-­�WQk_TxHJabOYyUcxWYBE�-a�FEO9F ° H�aEWY�(H=­�WQk_H©a�WQabF ° H(SÌ} � ���;��bâ � �äwVH8y�WQTdkGF�DPIdD_�F�D�WYkPD_XJHZB©eÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾uÉoÁ��ï¾qÄ*��¿9Á Ã+�ÆÈu´ É1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"-7�%(i�"+0(z�&�%)/Bz�5�*+7j2�����~)l- �"$�!K(?(��lá�):-&+tN/AD�.B'�0Ò0(z�&�;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�{ ° WYIdR^HJa;F ° H(wVH8y�WQTdk_FbF ° BEHJa ° OQk�w¾[]D"e HQeP� F ° H(�(OQTxa�H�a�HZI|a)D_F�DP­MDGFzLdg�­�WQk_TxH�Txa�HJw/D_ICF ° H=�(OQTxa�HwVBED_­^HZB©e ' aUW@aE{ZWYkPDPIdR�y�WQ{8F�O^BÄKrH8Fz±UHZHZI�F ° H ° WYBnwV±ÌWYBEH�c|Ova)D_F�DPOQI�DPIx{ZB�HJ�=HJIvFUWYI|w=F ° Hbk_O^RQD�{ZWQkdD_I|{8BEHZ�(HZIvFlDPIF ° H��(O^Txa)H�crO^a�DGFED_O^Ifej� ° H ° DPR ° HJBÌF ° H�­¤WQk_TdH^�MF ° H�kPO¤±UHZBUF ° H�a�HZI|a)D_F�DP­MDGFzL^es� ° H�wVH8y�WQTdkGF;D�a��©�deÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾uÉoÁ��ï¾u¹-,+�öǬÈu·¸ÃeÁ¼¾uÉ�Á.�ï¾Àÿ/,+�fǬÈu·¸ÃeÁ¼¾uÉ�Á.�ï¾�0 ,1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"-7�%(i�"+¢��E2��)��~)l- �"$�!K(?(��lá�):-&+tN/AD�.B'�0Ò¢!1�:�*nr)%6;PM1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"-7�%(i�"+|��E2��)��~)l- �"$�!K(?(��lá�):-&+tN/AD�.B'�0Ò|!1�:�*nr)%6;PM1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"-7�%(i�"����E2��)��~)l- �"$�!K(?(��lá�):-&+tN/AD�.B'�01�(1�:�*nr)%6;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° H©a)H@y]TdIx{hFED_O^Ixa�{ ° WQIdRQH�F ° H(D_IxDGFEDPWQk$­¤WQk_TdH=OYyÄF ° H(�(OQTxa�H@crO^a�D_F�DPOQIfe�� ° H(wVHZy�WYTdk_F�­vDPkPTdH@y]O^BHJW^{ ° cxWQBEWQ�(H8F�HJBÌDPa��=D_y$crHZBE�(DGF�F�HJw3KML��(O^Txa)H�crO^a�DGFED_O^I�KrOQTxIxwdaJeÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾uÉoÁ��ï¾u¹�Ç µ-¶���Ç ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾uÉoÁ��ï¾u¹�Ç î9¹1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"-7�%(i�"+¢+tA.B'y24���n~�l- )"+�(K(?!�!l¼�):$&+tP/AD�.B'!0ÊtP.B'�1�:�*nr)%6;PM1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"-7�%(i�"+¢+t�:-¢H24���n~�l- )"+�(K(?!�!l¼�):$&+tP/AD�.B'!0ÊtG:-¢!1�:�*nr)%6;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;{ ° WYIxRQHJaUF ° H��(D_IdDP�@Tx��WQIxw1�-W+�MDP�@Tx��WYkPk_O¤±UHJw�­¤WYkPTdHby]OQBÌF ° Hf��{8OMO^BEwVDPIxWYF�HQeÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾uÉoÁ��ï¾ÀÿÒÇ µ-¶���Ç ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾uÉoÁ��ï¾ÀÿÒÇ î9¹1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"-7�%(i�"+|+tA.B'y24���n~�l- )"+�(K(?!�!l¼�):$&+tP/AD�.B'!0ÊtP.B'�1�:�*nr)%6;PM1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"-7�%(i�"+|+t�:-¢H24���n~�l- )"+�(K(?!�!l¼�):$&+tP/AD�.B'!0ÊtG:-¢!1�:�*nr)%6;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;{ ° WYIxRQHJaUF ° H��(D_IdDP�@Tx��WQIxw1�-W+�MDP�@Tx��WYkPk_O¤±UHJw�­¤WYkPTdHby]OQBÌF ° H�L1{8OMO^BEwVDPIxWYF�HQeÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾uÉoÁ��ï¾qÄ}î�òþ1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"-7�%(i�"+0�:)/n#H24���n~�l- )"+�(K(?!�!l¼�):$&+tP/AD��!K�l-m)"$�)�+>! �JÒ8£tA;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° D�a��-WQ{ZB�O3wVH�|IdHJa�F ° H�cxWQBEWQ�(H8F�HJBEauy]O^B�F ° H��(O^Txa)H ° WQIxwVkPD_IxR3FEWQa�É e1� ° H �!K�l-m�"$�)�$>! !J��a ° OQTdk�w-KrH�W@­¤WYkPDPw1c|O^D_IvF�HJBUF�O�W=�$WQa�É(�/OMwdHZk"�vO^B �)�n~6l- �"$>! !I!K$~)J(� D_ypLQO^T�±UWQIvFlFEO�a�c|H©{8D_y]L-F ° H�wVHZy�WYTdk_FK|H ° W�­MD_O^TdB©e� ° D�a1�-WQ{ZB�Oßa ° OQTdk�w KrHCTxa�HJw�HZ­^HZBELðFED_�(H�F ° HáwVHZy�WYTdk_F3�$WQa�É �\OVwVHZk�wVOMH©a1IdOQF3W^wdWYcdF�±UHZkPk�FEOðF ° H{8O^I��xRQTxBEWYF�DPOQI1OQypF ° H�a�{ ° HJwVTdkPDPIdR(�=OVwVTxk_H©a�B�HJRQD�azFEHZBEHJw1D_I�F ° H�a�LVazFEHZ�3e� ° H�wVH8y�WQTdk_F��~W^a)É1�/OMwdHZkfD�aÌH��vTdDP­¤WYkPHZIvFÌF�O(F ° DPa�DPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_X©W¤FED_O^IN�/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�:$r)*+0)"�t�5$7�%!*A24v�:)/n%�"�tP;PM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"+{Gs+%-0j24v�:)/+%!"Bt[D��-�!�(�);PM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"BtG%$0H2�v):�/$%!"�t²D�ä!�-�6;NM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"+��%$&�.n5(7324v�:�/$%!"BteD�Ö(�(�!�);PM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"�/�|6/n0�%�t�24v�:�/$%!"BtN;PM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"+'�5$#�.+*!*P24v�:�/$%!"BtN;PM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"(:+��%-&G.+5$7G.-sN24v�:)/n%�"�tP;PM

�J�

Page 17: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

Ç ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾ÀÁﶸîoì¼´TÁ1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"(%$'):$v)*(%E2�1�5).�7G;kMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ };kPkPO¤± F ° H�wVB�DP­QHJBUF�O(B�H©{8HJD_­^H�wxW¤FEW�y]BEOQ�åF ° H ° WQBEwV±ÌWYBEHQeÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾uÉoµ�Ã[îoì¼´hÁ1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"-7G.(/$:+v6*(%E2�1�5).n7);PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° D�aÌy]TdIx{8F�DPOQI\wVD�a�WQKdkPH�F ° H��(O^Txa)H-ÎVF ° H�wVB�DP­QHJB;azFEOQc9F�O-BEHJa�crOQIxw�F�O(F ° H@wdWYFEW(WYBEBED_­MDPIdR=y]B�O^�F ° H ° WYBnwV±UWQB�H^eÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾9Ã[ÁÅÄ�à¼È9Ã[µ-Ä�µ�Èu¶1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"�/$%-0(��5)/�.�0�.n5+'y2.B'�0À¢yDá.B'�0Ò|yDá.B'�01�G;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � HZFb­¤WYkPTdH©a�y]O^BbW+�VHJabWYIxwÕ± ° HZHJkÂe��sWQk_TxHJauy]OQB �ÕWYIxwÕL/Wn�VD�auWQB�H={8OQ�(cxWQB�H©w/WYRvWYDPIxa)FuKrOQTdIxwxay]OQBÌF ° H�WYkPk_O¤±UHJw1XZO^IdHQeÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾9ÂoÁïÄ àÀÈÊÃ[µ-Ä�µ�Èu¶1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"$,�%-0(��5)/�.�0�.n5+'y2.B'�0o8n¢yDá.B'�0Æ8n|HD¼.B'!0í8��HD�r!'�/�.�,-')%(7�*(5+'�,Æ8�v!r�0!0�5$'�/�;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ N H8F�­¤WYkPTdHJauy]O^BbW+�MH©aZ� ± ° HJHZkjWYI|w/KdTVF�F�O^IxaZe ' ICF ° H v!r�0!0�5$'�/ ­¤WQB�D�WYKdkPH@H©WQ{ ° KxDGF�BnWYcdcdBEHJa�HZIvFF ° H�a)FEWYF�TxaÌOQy�W=KdTdF)F�O^IfeÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾9Ã[ÁÅÄá´Tµ(Ç µ-ÄÀÃ1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"�/$%-0)*�.tA.�0G/N2�.B'(0q¢+tP.B'�D�.B'�0�|+tP.B'�Dá.B'�0�¢+t�:$¢yDá.B'�0�|+t�:-¢G;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;{ ° WYIxRQHJaUF ° H��(D_IdDP�@Tx��WQIxw1�-W+�MDP�@Tx��WYkPk_O¤±UHJw�­¤WYkPTdHby]OQB[��WQIxw9L1{8OMO^BEwVDPIxWYF�HQeÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾9ÂoÁïÄ�´hµ-Ç µ(ļÃ1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"$,�%-0)*�.tA.�0G/N2�.B'(0Ò8n¢ntA.B'�D�.B'!0í8�|+tA.B'�D�.�'�0Æ8n¢+t�:-¢HD�.B'�0í8n|+t�:-¢G;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ };kPkPO¤± F�O(O^KVFEWQD_I�F ° H��(DPIdDP�@Td� WYIxw��-Wn�VDP�@Td� crHZBE�(DGFEHJw9­¤WYkPTdH�y]OQB[�9WYIxw9L1{ZOvO^BEwdD_IxWYF�H^eÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾9Ã[ÁÅÄáÄ��Ò¿9Á�Ã��íÈu´hÉ1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"�/$%-0!0-z�&�%)/�z�5!*-732�.B'!0À0(z�;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�{ ° WYIxRQHJauF ° H=F ° BEHJa ° OQk�wC­�WQk_TxH=T|a)H©wÕDPI�F ° H(�(OQTxa�H-wVBED_­^HZB©e ' a�W3a�{JWYkPD_IxR1y�W^{hF�O^B�K|HZFz±lHJHZIF ° H ° WYBnwV±ÌWYBEH�c|Ova)D_F�DPOQI\DPIx{ZB�HJ�=HJIvFbWYI|w9F ° H�k_O^RQD�{ZWYk~D_I|{8BEHZ�(HZIvF�DPI\F ° H��(OQT|a)H�crO^a�D_F�DPOQIfe�� ° H�wVHZy�WYTdk_FDPa��©�deÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾9ÂoÁïÄ�Ä��Ò¿9Á�Ã��íÈu´hÉ1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"$,�%-0!0-z�&�%)/�z�5!*-732�.B'!0À0(z�;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ��HZF�TdBEI\F ° H@F ° B�H©a ° OQk�w\­¤WYkPTdH@Txa�HJw/D_IÕF ° H=�(OQTxa�H�wVBEDP­QHZB©e ' abW1aE{ZWQk_DPIdR-y�W^{hFEOQBbK|HZFz±lHJHZI\F ° H° WYBnwV±ÌWYBEHÌc|Ova)D_F�DPOQI-DPIx{8BEHZ�(HJI^FÌWYIxw=F ° H�kPOQR^DP{JWYkdDPIx{ZB�HJ�=HJIvFÄD_I�F ° Hu�=O^Txa�H;c|Ova)D_F�DPOQIpe$� ° HbwVH8y�WQTdk_FlD�a;�J�xeÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾��íÈ9ÈÀþ

� Ù

Page 18: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"+z)5!5-#j2��)�n~6l$ �"$�-K!=!>!J- (?¼z)5!5-#G;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ A ° HJIdHZ­^HZBbF ° H�wdB�DP­QHJB�B�H©{8HZDP­QH(wdWYFEW�y]B�O^��F ° H ° WYBnwV±ÌWYBEH@F ° H(y]TdIx{8F�DPOQI z)5(5-#H2�; DPa�DPIM­QO^ÉQHJw±�DGF ° W �)�n~6l$ )"$ !@!� WQasc|WYBnWY�(H8FEHZB©e~�~O�wVHZFEWQ{ ° W�cdB�HJ­MD_O^Txa)kPL(wVH�xIxHJw ° OMO^É�±�D_F ° � â�o~oÕWQaÄcxWYBnWY�(HZF�HZB©eÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾ÀÁ_ëÒÄË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ D_F;DPa�W(wdWYFEW(azFEB�T|{hF�TxB�H�{8O^IvFEWYDPIdDPIdR=F ° H�y]O^k_kPO¤±�DPIdRh�|HZk�wda��

¹�2GÃ3254�Ì WQ{8F�TxWQkq�(OQTxa�H�c|Ova)D_F�DPOQINÎ¥p¹�2P¥pÃ32_¥64�Ì D_I|{8BEHZ�(HZIvFEaUy]BEOQ� F ° H�k�WQa)F;HZ­^HZIvF�ÎÀ$¦~¡Z¡©£| $Þ-Ì H©WQ{ ° KxDGF;DPI9F ° H�cxWQBEWQ�(H8F�HJBÌBEWQcdcdBEHJa�HZIvFlF ° H�a)FEW¤FETxaÌOYy�OQIxHbKxTVF)FEOQI3OYy$F ° H��(O^Txa)H^e

´�¶$· y]O^k_kPO¤±�D_IxR {8OVwVH&a ° O¤±;aCWYIäH�dWQ�=cxk_H¾OQy�TxaEWYRQHáy]O^B/F ° Hðy]TxIx{hFED_O^I t�5+r�/$%�"+z�5!5-# WYIxwäF ° HßazFEB�Tx{8F�TdBEH�)��~6l- )"$ (@!� �Ï ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·GÌ

�G.B'�s$*+r�7�%��$7(&�.�1�%$&G/-Ý�/�z�:-&!#)"Bt65$rG/+%(�!�yÞ z3�1�56.n79z)5(5-#)"-i-r('�sP2��)��~6l- �"+ (@!�o8�t�%$1!0�;p .�i]2ßtG%-1!0�×��nv!r�0!0�5+'����$¢kØ$;$pÝ�8q�(z)%íØ$/n0ov!r!0!0�5$'í.(/u��&�%�/!/$%(7�Þ(Þ!Þ 8$ÝÞ!Þ!ÞÔ .�i]2Ò2ßt�%-1(0�×��-7(¢-� Ø��);]ù(ùq2ßtG%-1!0�×��$7(¢-� Ø��6;�;opÝ�8��B'�sn&�%�t�%$'�0o5$'Ò¢â5-&Ò|¸:-¢�.(/át�:87(5-&�0(z):$'úØ��yÞ(Þ!ÞÛ8-ÝÞ!Þ!ÞÔ .�i]2ßtG%-1!0�×��$78���Ò�6;ÊpÝ�8u�!z)%!%!*u�)5)/�.�0G.+5$'âs�z�:$'�,�%(7yÞ!Þ!Þ÷8-ÝÞ!Þ!ÞÔQ.B'�0qt�:6.�'y2�.B'�0o:-&!,GsADFs�z):-&¸8+:-&!,!1����G;p Ý�8¼t�5+r�/$%qz)5!5$# .�'k.�0�.+:!*).���:-0G.+5$'Ò8-ÝtG5$r�/$%�"nz)5!5-#H2�z)5!5-#)"+i-r('Gs!;PMÞ(Þ!ÞÔ

µ�Ã[´hÁ.�åÄáì¼·�ÄáļÈu¶�� µ�Ã�º�Áï¶¸Ä ¿oîo´ ì¼·�Ä�ÄÀÈu¶9��µ�Ãe¿9µ�Â��¸Ä�ì¼·ÒÄ�ÄÀÈu¶.(/+J�%-i(0(O!r�0(0�5$'y2�.�'�0áv!r�0(0�5$'k;.(/+��%+'�0!&�:�*nO!r�0!0�5+'y2�.B'!0áv!r�0!0�5$'k;.(/n?�.B,(z�0(O!r!0!0�5$'y2�.B'!0£v!r!0!0�5$'k;Ë ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° H©a)H��-WQ{ZB�OvaUWQB�HbTxa�HJw�F�O=FEHJa)F;± ° H8F ° HZB�W(a�c|H©{8D��|{b�(OQTxa�H�KdTVF)FEOQI3D�a�cdBEHJaEa)H©wqe

�J×

Page 19: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

:�; » ;=< Ä*>@?BADCFEHGI?BJFK�LNMH>@OQPRGTSUE@VHPXWYO=CFV@G� ° H;a�LVazFEHZ�ëcdB�O¤­MD�wVH�W�a)HZFsOYyry]TdIx{8F�DPOQI=F�OT�vTdD�{nÉMk_L=wVBEW�±ðF ° H��(O^Txa)H;{ZTdBna)O^B$KrOYF ° D_I=FEH�MFÄWYIxw=R^BEWQc ° D�{l�(OVwVH^eÑxOQB=HJWQ{ ° �=OVwVH�±lH9{ZWQIÀ�xIxw&®\y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI|aZeá� ° H��xBEa)F�T|a)H©w�F�O�a)HZF@F ° H9{ZTdBna)O^B�a ° WYcrH�WQIxw�F ° H9a�HJ{ZOQIxw�FEOHJIxWYKdkPH[ZYwVD�a�WQKdk_HuF ° H�{8TdBna)O^BÌ­vD�a�TxWYkPD_X©W¤FED_O^Ife}j���Ì� � � ' � � ' I�F�H��vFÌ�(OVwVHbF ° Hb�(OQTxa�HucrO^a�D_F�DPOQI1D�aUFEWQÉQHJI1{8O^Ixa)D�wVHJB�DPIdR�{ ° WYBnWQ{hFEHZBnaZ�v± ° DPk_HbDPI�R^BEWQc ° D�{Za­¤WYkPTdH©a�WYBEHbcxD��VHZk�a�WQaÌ�(DPIdDPIdRxeÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾uÄ�¹�ļº£·o¿�Ã�ÈÀ¿\� ǬÈu·¸ÃeÁ¼¾oÂ9¿9¹oº£·o¿�Ã�ÈÀ¿1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"$0!¢!0GsBr�&G/$5-&j2�.B'(0Òs�t67G;PM1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"$,!&!¢GsBr�&G/$5-&j2�.B'(0Òs�t67HD�.B'�0�v!�!�k;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° D�a;y]TxIx{hFED_O^I/HZIxWQKdkPHJaUZ¤wVD�a�WQKdkPHJaÌF ° H@FEH�MF�T|WYk]Z�RQBnWn�r{ZWYkfWQTVF�OV{ZTdBEa�OQB�y]HJWYF�TdBEHJa�OYyjF ° H�kPD_KxBEWQB�L�Îs�t67 {ZWYI3KrH$� >��+l-K(O�J( [�wdDPaEWYKdkPH�{8TxBEa�OQBhgh� !=!K(O�J( [�HZIxWQKdk_H�W-{ZTdBna)O^Bng8es� ° H�RQBnWYc ° DP{b­^HZBna)DPOQI�IdHZH©w9WQIxwOYF ° HZB�cxWQBEWQ�(H8F�HJB v!�(� ± ° DP{ ° D�a�wVHJcVF ° OQy$F ° H�aE{8BEHZHZI3DPI3KvLvFEHJaJel� ° H©a)H�{ZOQ�(�-WYIxwda�{JWYI3KrH@{8O^�=crO^a�D_F�H±�DGF ° Fz±lO}�|WQR^a��

K-~��)�(�$I!I �¤DGy$W�Txa�HZBU�=O^Txa�H ° WYI|wVk_HJBÄD�al{JWYkPk_H©wq�^F ° HJI1wVTdBED_IxR�F ° DPaU{ZWQk_kxF ° Hb�(OQTxa�H;D�aÄOQÒá[�DGyfLQO^T-Txa�HW t�5$r�/+%�"(5(i!iE2�; LQOQT9{ZWQI ° WYIdR�F ° H��(O^Txa)HbFnWQa�ÉVg8e•

�k���!���n~���l- (� �VF ° H-WYTVFEOV{8TdBna)O^B��(OQT|a)H�y]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxa�WQB�H�IdOYF�cdBEOYFEHJ{hFEHJwÕKvL/W9a�HZ�-WYc ° OQBEH�[�a�O�FEWQa�ÉVa{JWYIdIdOQF�K|H�KdkPOV{nÉQH©wq�VKdTVF;RvWYBEKxWYR^Hb{JWYI9K|H�wVD�a�cdkPW�L^HJwxg8eÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾uÄ�¹�ļÃ+��î9à�Á1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"$0!¢!0G/Bz):$�)%E24>-�6�n?!>o/�z):$�)%);PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° D�a�y]TdI|{hF�DPOQICwVH�xIxHJa�F ° H=a ° WQc|H@OYy�F ° H@F�H��vF�{8TdBna�OQBBÎI��a ° WQc|H^��DPauW�«�A�b�;«ïF ° W¤FbDPa�Txa�HJwF�O1wdDPa�cdk�W�L�F ° H@{8TdBna�OQBB�jF ° H�F�H�MF�{ ° WYBnWQ{8F�HZB;WQIxw3W¤F�F�BED_KdTdF�HJauWYBEH�FEWQÉQHZI9y]BEOQ�ãF ° H�F�H�MFb�=HJ�(OQBELQ�VF ° HJa�H­¤WYkPTdHJa�WQB�H-WYI|wM�"H©w�±�DGF ° F ° H-kPO¤±ë±UOQBnwÕOQy /Bz):$�)% WYIxwCF ° H-B�H©a)TxkGF�D�a��VOQB��"H©wÕ±�D_F ° F ° H ° DPR ° ±lO^BEwÕOYy/�z�:$�)% �sF ° H\B�H©a)TxkGF�D�a�±�BEDGF�F�HJIßDPIvF�OáF ° H\F�H��MF1�(HZ�(OQBELQe�ÑxOQB-H��VWQ�(cdk_H©aZ�UF ° H/wVH8y�WQTdk_F1�(OQTxa�H/{8TdBna�OQBa ° WYcrHuD�a��n� Ù$Ù �Q�YÒ|ÒEÎQF ° H�{ ° WQBEW^{hF�HJBlWQIxw�WYF)FEB�DPKdTVFEHuF ° W¤F;WQB�HuFEWQÉQHZI1y]B�O^�åF ° HuF ° H��(HZ�(OQBEL�WYBEHbWQIxwM� HJw±�DGF ° �n�MÒrÒ$�ja�O\F ° HZLáwVO/IdOQF={ ° WQIdRQH^�$WQIxw�F ° HJIðWYBEH��VOQB��"H©w�±�DGF ° �n� Ù$Ù �Q�)��F ° H�{ ° WYBnWQ{8F�HZB�D�ah�MO^B)� HJw±�DGF ° �+�V�^�-WYIxw/F ° H(W¤F�F�BED_KxTVF�H�KvLvFEH@D�a��VO^B)� HJw3±�D_F ° �n� Ù$Ù ÎxF ° H={ ° WYBnWQ{hFEHZB;BEHZ�-WQD_Ixa;F ° H(aEWY�(H@KdTdFuF ° HW¤F�F�BED_KdTdF�H�KML^FEH�DPa�DPIM­QHJB)FEHJwkÎVa�O�F ° H��(OQTxa�H�{8TdBna)O^BÌDPa�wVD�a�cdkPW�L^HJw1D_IM­QHJB)FED_IxR@F ° H�{8O^k_O^BEaUOYy~F ° H�{ ° WQBEW^{hFEHZB[tF ° H/W¤F�F�BED_KdTdF�H\KMLvF�H\{8O^I^FnWYDPIxa=F ° H/{ ° WYBnWQ{8F�HZB�y]OQBEHZR^B�O^TdIxw&WYIxw&KxWQ{nÉMR^B�O^TdIxwð{ZOQkPOQB-WYI|wðD�a�{8OVwVH©wðDPIF ° H=Txa�TxWYkPkPL9� N }_Z�� N } �(OVwVH$ÎpLQOQTC{ZWYIÕB�H©WQw/W�K|OMO^É3WQK|O^TVF�� N }ëwVD�a�cdkPW�L\W^wdWYcVFEHZBna;FEO��|Ixw/�(OQBEHD_Idy]OQBE�(WYF�DPOQIxangheÇ ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾9Âo¿9¹¸Ã��¸î9à Á1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"$,!&!¢G/Bz):$�)%E2�O!�!�- Ò8�.Ft6,yD�O��!�( í8t�:)/n#yD�.�'�0ov!�!�k;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° D�a;y]TxIx{hFED_O^I�wVH��xIdH©a�F ° H(a ° WQc|H=OYyÄF ° H=RQBnWYc ° DP{JWYk~{ZTdBna)O^B�Î .t6, D�a�W�crOQDPIvF�HZBbFEO�WYICD_�-WQRQHOYy��J�+� �©�-F ° W¤F@{JWYIáK|H-T|a)H©wC±�D_F ° F ° H ,!&!¢�"+�!r�0�.Ft�:-,�%E2�; y]TdIx{hFED_O^If�pO^B�{ZWQI�KrH =-~)J(J [�D_IáF ° D�a�{ZW^a)H-WwVH8y�WQTdk_F�{8TdBna)O^BÌDPa�T|a)H©wxgFÎdKrH8y]O^B�H�cxTVF)FED_IdR(F ° H�DP�(WQRQH�DPI^FEO(F ° H�aE{8BEHZHJIN¤ aÌ�=HJ�(OQBELQ�MF ° H�D_�-WYR^H�DPa;WQIxwM� HJw±�DGF ° tG:)/n# e$� ° H�cxWYBnWY�(H8FEHZB v!�!� DPa;wdHZcVF ° OQypF ° H�a�{ZB�HJHZI9D_I3KMLvF�H©aZeÏ ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·GÌ Ý�8890(z)%9&�%�/$5�*+r�0G.+5$'â.-/o�-Õ��-¢!Õ�Ö!�À{k.�0(z¸��O!�!�! �i�5-&��k.�¢�%�*8-Ý

�JË

Page 20: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

Ý�8u�����B�! yD4?! (>yD�L(?! ( !=q:$'�7o�!K�L( (=!�!KÒ:-&�%o7�%-iG.B')%(7â.�'�0�5-��s$5+'�/EÞßz3��8-Ý�!7!%(iG.B')%À�â&!,(vNØ��E2a�!ä(äjD��!ä!äED��(ä!ä�;�!7!%(iG.B')%u?¸&!,(vNØ��E2a�!ä(äjDª�jD��6;�!7!%(iG.B')%qL�&!,(vNØ��E2 �ED��!ä!äjD �6;�!7!%(iG.B')%u�¸&(v�,kØ��E2a�!ä(äjDª�jD��!ä!ä);Ý�8£t�5$rG/$%�/�z):$��%�8-Ý�6�+?!>qt6|)"Bt�5+r�/$%�"�sBr�&G/$5-&`�ØB��8)ØB�I�-wqp�jD��ED��jD��jD��jD��jD��ED��ED��3D��ED��jD��jD4�jD��ED��ED��3D�jD��yD���D���D ��D��jD��ED��ED��3D��ED��jD ��Dß��D �yD��yD��3D�jD��yD4�yD��jD��jD��jD��ED��ED��3D��ED��jD��jD4�jD��HD��yD��3D�jD��yD��jD4�yD��jD��jD��ED��ED��3D��ED��jD��jD �yD��ED��yD��3D�jD��yD��jD��jD��yD��jD��ED��ED��3D��ED��jD��yD4�jD��ED��yD��3D�jD��ED��jD��jD��jD4�yD��ED��ED��3D��ED��yD��jD4�jD��ED��ED��3D�jD��ED��jD��jD��jD��jD�LjD�LjD�LED�LjD��jD��jD4�jD��ED��ED��3D�jD��ED��jD��jD��jD��jD�LjD��ED��3D�LjD��jD��jD4�jD��ED��ED��3D�jD��ED��jD��jD��jD��jD�LjD��ED��3D�LjD��jD��jD4�jD��ED��ED��3D�jD��ED��jD��jD��jD��jD�LjD��ED��3D�LjD��jD��jD4�jD��ED��ED��3D�jD��ED��jD��jD��jD��jD�LjD�LjD�LED�LjD��jD��jD4�jD��ED��ED��3D�jD��ED��jD��jD��jD��jD4�HD4�HD4�jD4�HD��jD��jD4�jD��ED��ED��3D�jD��ED��jD��jD��jD��jD4�HD4�HD4�jD4�HD��jD��jD4�jD��ED��ED��3D�jD��ED��jD��jD��jD4�yD4�HD4�HD4�jD4�HD��yD��jD4�jD��ED��ED��3D�jD��ED��jD��jD��yD4�yD4�HD4�HD4�jD4�HD��yD��yD4�jD��ED��ED��3D�jD��ED��jD��jD��jD��jD��ED��ED��3D��ED��jD��jD4�jD��ED��ED��3DÔ MÝ�8£t�:)/�#�i�5-&��k.�¢�%�*�/ 2a�Êv�|!0�%)/Ò.B'�0(zk.-/Òs+:)/$%6;98-ÝÝ�89�-¢�i(i!i!iÀt�%!:+'�/À0(z):-0�0(z�%9v�:)sn#!,!&�5$r!'�7¸.Ft�:-,�%¸.(/ur�/$%-7Æ8$ÝÝ�89�-¢��(�!�!�¼t�%!:+'�/À0(z):90(z)%9v):)s�#!,!&�5$r('�7�.tG:-,�%¸.(/Òs-*(%!:$&�%(7¸8-ÝÝ�8 ��&�.n5-&o0�5�7(&�:${Ò0(z)%Àt�5+r�/$%�s�r�&6/$5-&â8-Ý�!7!%(iG.B')%uIÆ�-¢�i(i!i!i�!7!%(iG.B')%ÀOí�-¢��(�!�!�Ý�8£t�5$rG/$%¼t�:)/n#Æ8-Ý�6�+?!>qt6|)"Bt�5+r�/$%�"BtG:)/n#��Ø��)8�ØB�I�(wqpO�D�OyD�O�D�O�D O�D�O�D4IHD4IHD4IjD4IHD O�D O�DßO�D OyD�OyD�OHDO�D��ED��jD��jD��jD�O�D4IHD4IHD4IjD4IHD O�D��jD4�jD��ED��ED�OHDO�D��ED��jD�O�D O�D4IyD4IHD4IHD4IjD4IHD O�D O�DßO�D��ED��ED�OHDO�D��ED�O�D��jD O�D4IyD4IHD4IHD4IjD4IHD�IyD O�D4�jD OyD��ED�OHDO�D��ED�O�D�O�D��jD�O�D4IHD4IHD4IjD4IHD O�D��jDßO�D OyD��ED�OHDO�D�OyD�O�D4IyD O�D��jD�OyD�OyD�OHD�OyD��jD O�D IyD OyD�OyD�OHDIyD4IHD4IyD4IyD�IyD�O�D��ED��ED��3D��ED O�D�IyD IyD�IHD4IHD4IjDIyD4IHD4IyD4IyD�IyD�O�D��ED�OyD�OHD��ED O�D�IyD IyD�IHD4IHD4IjDIyD4IHD4IyD4IyD�IyD�O�D��ED�OyD�OHD��ED O�D�IyD IyD�IHD4IHD4IjDIyD4IHD4IyD4IyD�IyD�O�D��ED�OyD�OHD��ED O�D�IyD IyD�IHD4IHD4IjDIyD4IHD4IyD4IyD�IyD�O�D��ED��ED��3D��ED O�D�IyD IyD�IHD4IHD4IjDIyD4IHD4IyD4IyD�IyD�O�D��ED��ED��3D��ED O�D�IyD IyD�IHD4IHD4IjDIyD4IHD4IyD4IyD�IyD�O�D��ED��ED��3D��ED O�D�IyD IyD�IHD4IHD4IjD

®Y�

Page 21: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

IyD4IHD4IyD4IyD O�D��jD��ED��ED��3D��ED��jD O�D IyD�IHD4IHD4IjDIyD4IHD4IyD�O�D��jD��jD��ED��ED��3D��ED��jD��jDßO�D�IHD4IHD4IjDIyD4IHD4IyD�O�D O�D�O�D�OyD�OyD�OHD�OyD O�D O�DßO�D�IHD4IHD4IjDÔ M.B'!0ÊtG:6.B'y2�.�'�0�:-&!,6sAD�s�z):-&Æ8$:-&(,!1��(�G;p �)�n~6l$ )"$�!K!?(��lát�5+r�/$%9woO�K�l- )"+�)�n~6l- HMÝ�88£t�5$r�/$%¸.�'k.�0�.+:!*).���:-0G.+5$'8-Ý�)�n~6l$ ��!��").�'k.�0H2��nt�5+r�/n%6;NMÝ�89:�&�%�/$5�*+r�0G.+5$'�5-i¸�-Õ��-¢!Õ�Ö!�Ò.(/qrG/$%(7â8-Ýt�5$r�/+%�"�/$%-0�*).tA.�0j2��(����=�J6�B���B�H2��-Õ��ED4Õ�Ö!��;PD�!���B=�JG�����B�H2a�-Õ��ED4Õ�Ö(�);PD�!�!K(��JG�����B�H2a�-Õ��ED4Õ�Ö(�);PD�!�!K(��JG�����B�H2a�-Õ��ED4Õ�Ö(�);!;NMÝ�8�.B'k.�0�.n:�*À�)5)/!.�0�.+5$'¸8-Ýt�5$r�/+%�"�/$%-0-�)5)/�.�0G.+5+'y2�ç!�(�ED��(Ö!��;PMÝ�8£t�5$r�/$%Ê0-z�&�%)/�z�5�*-7�8-Ýt�5$r�/+%�"�/$%-0(0(z�&�%)/Bz)5!*-732a�);NMÝ�8£t6|o')%${9t�5$r�/$%�/Bz):$�)%¸8-Ýt�5$r�/+%�"$,!&!¢6/�z):$�)%32ßt)|)"�t�5+rG/$%!"�s�r�&6/+5-&HD�t�|)"Bt65$rG/$%("Bt�:�/n#HDå�6;PMÝ�89:$r�0�5�tG:-0�.(sá,!&�:$�!z�.(s!/�t�5$rG/$%�s�r�&G/+5-&Ò%$'):$v)*(%(7¸8-Ýt�5$r�/+%�"$,!&!¢6s�r�&G/$5$&H24 !=-K(O�J- yDå�6;PMÝ�8£t�5$r�/$%976.(/��6*(:$|�%(7¸.B'!0�590(z)%¸/!sn&�%(%$'Æ8-Ýt�5$r�/+%�"(5$'y2�;PMÞ!Þ!ÞÔ

Ç ÈÀ·âÃeÁ¼¾9È����.�TǬÈu·¸Ã[Á£¾oÈu¶1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"(5(i!ij241�56.n7G;NM1�56.n7£t�5$r�/$%!"(5$'y2�1�56.n7G;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° D�aly]TdIx{hFED_O^IxaÌwVD�a�WQKdk_H©aÌWYIxw1HZIxWQKdk_H©asF ° H�wVD�a)cdk�W�L(OYyfF ° H��(OQTxa�Hu{ZTdBEa�OQBUOQI1F ° H�aE{8BEHZHZI�[tF ° H�(OQTxa�H�HZ­QHJIvFEa�WYBEH ° WYIxwdk_H©wxghea ¿d¢� $¨� $àAÌ � ° H©a)H;y]TdIx{hFED_O^Ixal�@Txa)FlKrH�{ZWQk_kPHJw�K|HZy]OQBEH[Z¤WYytF�HJBÄ{ZWQk_kPD_IxR@WYIML@R^BEWQc ° D�{Ìy]TdIx{8F�DPOQI-F ° W¤Fl�=OVwVD��xH©asF ° Ha�{ZB�HJHZIfe

ðæS�ð ñÆ�_ZDbNg�ô�%k`3X^c3ò cXFõ_V3böV3ô' I�OQBnwVHZBjFEO@Txa�H;F ° HbR^WY�(HJc|O^B)F ° WYIxwVkPDPIdR�y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI|aZ�vF ° H 7(&�.B1�%-&G/-Ý�/�z):-&!#�"I7!5$|��(�yÞßz ° H©WQwVHJBy�xkPHQ�M{8O^IvFEWYDPIdDPIdRF ° H�D_IvFEHZB�y�WQ{8Hby]TdI|{hF�DPOQI|a�¤dcxB�OQF�OYFzLMcrHJaJ� ° WQaUFEO-K|H�DPIx{8kPTxwVH©w9D_I9F ° H�WYcdcdkPD�{ZW¤FED_O^I1cdBEOQR^BEWQ�3eÑ$DPBEa)FsOYyqWYkPkÂ�YF ° H�mzO¤LVa)F�D�{nÉ�IdHZH©wdajKrH;DPIdDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH©w=KvL�F ° H�{JWYkPk_DPIdR ê!�$���(��").B'k.B0 cdBED_�(D_F�DP­QH�DPIvF�ObF ° H "(").B'k.�0�"!"y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI3DPI9F ° H�DPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_X©W¤F�DPOQI��xkPH�OQB�DPI\WYIML-OYF ° HZB�crOQDPIvF;OYy$F ° H�WYcxcdk_D�{ZWYF�DPOQI3{8OVwVH^e

®V�

Page 22: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

}j���Ì� � � ' � �Y� ° H�wVBEDP­QHZB$OQIxk_L�±UOQBEÉ�±�DGF ° RvWY�(HZcrOQB�F~F ° W¤F�HZ��Tdk�W¤F�HUF ° H�zO^kPw � OQTdI|wdSUkPW^azFEHZB=�jRvWY�(HZcrOQB�FDPIvF�HZB�y�WQ{ZHQey�F ° HZB�ÉMD_I|w�OQy$RvWY�(HZcrOQB�FEaU±�DPk_kpIdOYF�KrH�DPwVHJIvF�D��xHJwqed�È ÿ�»H½�¾Àµ-¶�µ-Ä.B'�0Òê(�$���!��"�.B'k.�0H241�56.n7G;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�D_IxDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH©aÌF ° HÌmzO¤LVa)F�D�{nÉ-D_IvFEHZB�y�WQ{8H�WQIxw�F ° H�kPD_KdBnWYBEL�¤ aUDPIvF�HZBEIxWQkfwdW¤FnW=a)F�BETx{8F�TdBEHJaJeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H�OQcrHZBnW¤F�DPOQI9D�aÌc|HJB)y]O^B��(HJw9a�Tx{Z{ZHJaEazy]TdkPkPLGÎ|W�­¤WQk_TdH�kPHJaEaUF ° WQI\�d�VOYF ° HZBE±�D�a)H^ed�È ÿ�»H½�¾9ºá´åÈÊÃ[Á.B'�09���n~6l- ��(��"�s-*(5�/$%E2�1�5).�7G;kMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;{8kPO^a�HbF ° HÌmzO¤LVa)F�D�{nÉ�D_IvFEHZB�y�WQ{8H^eÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H�OQcrHZBnW¤F�DPOQI9D�aÌc|HJB)y]O^B��(HJw9a�Tx{Z{ZHJaEazy]TdkPkPLGÎd�E�bDGy$F ° HÌmzO¤LMa)F�D�{nÉ�DPI3IdOYF�DPIxazFnWYkPk_H©wqed�È ÿ�»H½�¾Àµ-¶íÃ[Ä�îo´ ´TÁïÉ.B'�0Òê(�$���!��"�.B'�/n0�:!*!*(%(7j241�56.B7G;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ��HZF�TdBEI�D_y$F ° HÌmzO¤LVa)F�D�{nÉ1wVBED_­^HZBÌDPa�W^{hFETxWYkPk_L1D_Ixa)FEWQk_kPHJwfeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° HUmzO¤LMa)F�D�{nÉ�D�aÌD_I|azFnWYkPk_H©wkÎf��OYF ° HZBE±�DPa�HQed�È ÿ ¾uÁŶ¸îoì¼´TÁ1�56.n7e7!5-|)"(%+'):$v6*(%32�1�56.n76;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ };kPkPO¤± F ° H�wVB�DP­QHJBUF�O(B�H©{8HJD_­^H�wxW¤FEW�y]BEOQ�åF ° H ° WQBEwV±ÌWYBEHQed�È ÿ ¾qÉoµ�òîoì¼´TÁ1�56.n7e7!5-|)"-76.(/$:$v6*-%E2�1�56.�76;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ �~B�O¤±�W�±ÌW�L(F ° H�wdW¤FnW=WQB�BEDP­vDPIdR�y]B�O^�åF ° H ° WYBnwV±ÌWYBEH�DPIxa)F�HJW^w9OYy�cdB�OV{ZHJaEa)DPIdR�F ° HJ��DPIxa)D�wVH�F ° HwVBED_­^HZB©ed�È ÿ ¾oÃeÁïļòÄ�î�Ä�·âÃ1�56.n7e7!5-|)"�/+%-0G/n0�:$0(r�/P2�.�'!0q:-¢�%!�ED£.�'�0�:-¢�%�ØkDá.B'!0¸:$¢�%!�jD�.B'!0â:-¢�%!çjD�.B'�0ov!r!0!0�5$'�/!;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � HZF�­¤WYkPTdHJaÌy]O^B�Wn�VH©a;WYIxw9KdTdF)F�O^IxaJeÌâua)T|WYkPk_L :-¢�%!� WQIxw :-¢�%GØ WYBEHf�9WYI|w3L�Wn�VD�aÌy]OQB�F ° HT�xBEa)FmzO¤LVazFEDP{nÉ\± ° DPkPH :-¢�%!� WYIxw :-¢�%!ç WQB�H �CWYI|wÕLÕW+�VDPauy]OQBbF ° H�a)H©{8O^Ixw/O^IdHQe ' IÕF ° H v!r�0(0�5$'�/ c|WYBnWY�(H8FEHZBHJW^{ ° KdD_F;BnWYcdcdBEHJa�HZIvFUF ° H�a)FEWYF�TxaÌOQy~O^IdH�KdTVF�F�OQIped�È ÿ ¾oÂ9ÁïÄÀÃ[Ä�î�Äá·¸Ã1�56.n7e7!5-|)"$,�%-0G/n0�:$0(r�/P2�.�'!0o8$:-¢�%(�jD�.B'�0í8$:-¢�%GØkD�.B'�0Æ8$:-¢�%!�jD�.B'�0Æ8$:$¢�%!çjD�.B'!0 8�v(r�0!0�5$'G/�;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ N H8F;­¤WQk_TdH©aUy]OQB;W+�MH©a�WYIxw�KdTVF�F�O^IxaZelâ�a�TxWYkPk_L :-¢�%!� WQIxw :$¢�%�Ø WYBEH���WYI|w�L�Wn�VDPaUy]O^B�F ° Hf�xBEa)FmzO¤LVazFEDP{nÉ\± ° DPkPH :-¢�%!� WYIxw :-¢�%!ç WQB�H �CWYI|wÕLÕW+�VDPauy]OQBbF ° H�a)H©{8O^Ixw/O^IdHQe ' IÕF ° H v!r�0(0�5$'�/ c|WYBnWY�(H8FEHZBHJW^{ ° KdD_F;BnWYcdcdBEHJa�HZIvFUF ° H�a)FEWYF�TxaÌOQy~O^IdH�KdTVF�F�OQIpe

®Q®

Page 23: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ðæS=f ñÆ�_Zg%iháZ²böòTZ[VxcXõ�VEböV3ô� ° H�a)LVa)F�HZ��cdBEO¤­MDPwVH�W-wdB�DP­QHJB�F�O�T|a)H�F ° H@DPIvF�HZBEIxWQkfiU�6a)crHJWQÉQHJBJe ' Fu{ZWQI\cdk�W�L�W-IdOQF�H�WYFuW-RQDP­QHJI9y]B�HB�^TxHZIx{ZLy]O^B�WácdB�H©wVH�|IdHJw&c|HJB�DPOVwßOQB-DPI»W�HJIxwVkPHJaEa(k_OMOQcpe ' IßO^BEwdHZB=F�O�Txa�H3F ° H/a)crHJWQÉQHZB ° WQIxwVkPD_IxRCy]TxIx{hFED_O^IxaZ�UF ° H7(&�.�1�%-&G/-Ý�/Bz):-&!#)"�/��!#��(�HÞßz ° HJWQwdHZBA�xk_H^�Y{8O^I^FnWYDPIdDPIdR�F ° HlDPIvF�HZB�y�WQ{ZHsy]TdI|{hF�DPOQI|a�¤�cdBEOYFEOYFzLMc|H©aZ� ° W^afFEO�KrHlDPIx{Zk_TxwdHJwDPI9F ° H�WQcdcdkPDP{JW¤F�DPOQI9cdBEOQR^BEWQ�9eÑ$DPBEa)F~OQyxWYkPkÂ��F ° Hl�(O^Txa)HÄIdHZH©wda$K|HlD_IdD_F�D�WYkPDPXZHJw@KMLuF ° HÌ{ZWYkPkPD_IdR l-�( !K!m��!�!").B'k.�0 cdB�DP�(DGFED_­^HÄDPIvF�O;F ° H "(").B'k.�0�"!"y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI3DPI1F ° H�DPIdDGFEDPWQk_DPXJWYF�DPOQI��xkPHbO^B�D_I3WYIML-OQF ° HJB�c|O^D_IvF�OYy$F ° H�WQcdcdkPDP{JW¤F�DPOQI3{8OVwVH�WQIxw�F ° H�D_IxcdTVF;kPO¤±�kPHZ­QHJkwVBEDP­QHZBÌ��TxazF;KrH�WYkPBEHJWQwdL-D_Ixa)FEWQk_kPHJwfe_eÃ[à Áïîoþâ»H½²¾Àµ(¶Òµ(Ä.B'�0�l$�! !K!m��(��").B'k.B0H2�1�56.�76;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�D_IxDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH©aÌF ° H�a�crHJWYÉ^HZBÌDPI^FEHZB�y�WQ{ZH�WQIxw1F ° H�kPD_KxBEWQB�L�¤ alDPIvF�HJB�IxWQkfwdW¤FnW(azFEB�Tx{8F�TdBEHJaJeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H�OQcrHZBnW¤F�DPOQI9D�aÌc|HJB)y]O^B��(HJw9a�Tx{Z{ZHJaEazy]TdkPkPLGÎ|W�­¤WQk_TdH�kPHJaEaUF ° WQI\�d�VOYF ° HZBE±�D�a)H^eÃ[à Áïîoþâ»H½²¾9º£´�È9ÃeÁ.B'�0�l$�! !K!m��(��"�s-*(5�/$%E2�1�5).�7G;kMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;{8kPO^a�HbF ° H�a�c|H©WYÉ^HZBÌD_IvFEHZB�y�WQ{8H^eÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H�OQcrHZBnW¤F�DPOQI9D�aÌc|HJB)y]O^B��(HJw9a�Tx{Z{ZHJaEazy]TdkPkPLGÎd�E�bDGy$F ° H�a)crHJWQÉQHZBÌDPI3IdOYF;DPIxa)FEWYkPkPHJwqeÃ[à Áïîoþâ»H½²¾Àµ(¶ÆòÄ�îo´h´TÁïÉ.B'�0�l$�! !K!m��(��").B'�/�0�:�*!*(%-7E2�1!56.n76;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ��HZF�TdBEI�D_y$F ° H�a�c|H©WYÉ^HZB�wVBED_­^HZB�D�a�WQ{hFETxWYkPkPL�D_I|azFnWYkPk_H©wqeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H�a)crHJWQÉQHZB�D�aÌDPIxazFnWYkPk_H©wkÎf��OYF ° HZBE±�D�a)H^eÃ[à Áïîoþ�Á_¿Æ¾oÃ�Èu·�¶¸É1�56.n7Ò/��)%!:-#�%-&)"�/$5+r!'�7j24r('G/�.�,(')%-7o.B'!0Òz��jD_r('�/�.�,('�%(7¸.B'�0�0�.-sn#G/�;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ N HZIxHZBnW¤F�H=W�IdOQF�H(W¤F�W-y]BEH��vTdHJIx{8L3RQDP­QHJI/Txa�D_IxR1F ° H�c|WYBnWY�(H8FEHZB z�� e�� ° H=cxWYBnWY�(H8FEHZB 0G.(sn#G/DPaUF ° H�wVTdBnW¤FED_O^I�OQy~F ° H�IdOQF�H$ÎVD_yja)HZF�F�O-��F ° H�IdOQF�H�D�aÌB�HJc|H©W¤FEHJw�D_I\WYI9HZI|wVk_H©a�a;k_OMOQcpeÃ[à Áïîoþ�Á_¿Æ¾qÇ ·�Ä�Á.B'�0¸/B�)%!:-#�%$&)"Bt)r�0�%E2�1�56.�76;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ��H©a)HZFUF ° H�DPI^FEHZBEIxWYkfa�crHJWYÉ^HZBÌ�-WYÉMDPIdR(DGF�a�D_kPHZIvF©e

® È

Page 24: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ñ òôó4õ�ö�÷ðø j

¦ § � k û�®¬« � l þnm �ãû ¨ �[°ÿû�® û9³

� ° H � e ��Wxe ��e (eda�LVazFEHZ�åcdBEO¤­MDPwVH©aÌa)Tdcxc|O^B)FUy]OQB�WYkPkq�(OVwVHZBEI � � N }ä{JWYBnwdaÄF ° BEOQTdR ° F ° H�ofDPIMT��1ÑdBnWY�(H�SUTVÒrHJBwVBEDP­QHZB©e»â�a�D_IdR�F ° H ,(&!¢ R^BEWQc ° D�{1kPD_KxBEWQB�L�TdcrOQI»D_F-DPa-crO^aEa�D_KdkPH�F�O¾wVBnW�± crOQDPI^FnaZ�lk_DPIdH©aZ�UB�H©{hFnWYIdR^k_H©aZ�sKrO��VHJaJ�{ZD_Bn{8kPHJaJ�dWYIxw1F�H��MF;OQIá�J��KdD_F;c|HJB;cdk�WYIdH-[]Kxcdc|g � � N }4R^BEWQc ° D�{��(OVwVH©aZe' I/O^BEwdHZB;FEO�Txa�H@R^BEWQc ° D�{ZaJ�rW-cxB�O^RQBnWY����Txa)FuDPIx{8kPTxwVH�F ° H 7(&G.�1�%-&G/$Ý�/�z):-&(#)"-i-v��!�HÞßz ° H©WQwVHJB��xkPHQeb� ° HZIp�D_F���TxazF�D_IdD_F�D�WYkPDPXZH-F ° H1ÑdBnWY�(H1SUTVÒ HZB�Txa�D_IdR I-O)�!��").�'k.�0H2�; e�}UF�F ° D�a�crOQDPIvF�F ° H�wVBnW�±�D_IxR9kPDPKdBEWQB�LC�@Txa)F@KrH{ZOQIdIdH©{hFEHJw�F�O�F ° HÌy]BEWQ�(HUKxTVÒrHJBs±�D_F ° F ° H;y]TdIx{hFED_O^I I-O)�!��"+rG/$%�"$,!&(¢H2�; e � O¤±ßWbRQBnWYc ° DP{U�(OVwVH;{ZWQI�KrH�OQcrHZIxHJwTxa�DPIdR I(O)�!�!"�/$%-0+tG5(7�%E2�; �vWYIxw9F ° HZI/F ° H=wVBEW�±�DPIdR(y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI|a�{ZWQI\K|H�Txa�HJwqe;� ° HporqYstorqYs�uwv^xh�|IdHZH©wVHJw\W^a�WcxWQBEWQ�(H8F�HJBsDPIxwVD�{ZW¤FEH;± ° D�{ ° y]BEWQ�(H;KdTVÒ HZBlDPaÄTxa)H©wqej}UFsF ° H�HZI|wq�QF ° H�cxB�O^RQBnWY� {JWYI-a)±�D_FE{ ° K|WQ{nÉ�F�O�FEH�MFÄ�(OVwVHF ° B�O^TdR ° I(O)�(��"�s-*(5�/$%E2�; e�åìÀ»y½²¾Àµ(¶Òµ(Ä.B'�09I-O)�!��").�'k.�0H2�1�56.n7G;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�D_IxDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH©aÄF ° H�BEWQ�(HuKdTdÒrHJB;WYIxw�D_IvFEHZBEIxWYkqwdWYFEW=azFEB�Tx{8F�TdBEHJalFEO(W^{Z{ZHJaEaÄF ° H ° WYBnwV±ÌWYBEHQe$� ° Hy]TdIx{8F�DPOQI-BEH8F�TxB�Ixa$�n��OQI(HJB�BEOQB©�Y��OYF ° HZBE±�DPa�HQe ' I-OQBnwVHZB�FEO�Txa�HÌF ° H�R^BEWQc ° D�{ÌcdB�DP�(DGFED_­^HJaJ�QW�cdBEOQR^BEWQ�ä�@Txa)F{ZWQk_k F ° DPa�y]TdIx{hFED_O^Ife�åìÀ»y½²¾9ÈÀà Áï¶.B'�09I-O)�!��"(5+�)%$'y2�.�'�0q'!r+tA;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ucrHZI=F ° HÌy]BnWY�(H�KdTdÒrHJBÄIMTd�@KrHZB '(r$t e~� ° HÌy]TdIx{hFED_O^I-B�HZF�TdBEIxa$�n��OQI(HZBEBEOQB©�Y��OYF ° HZBE±�DPa�HQe$� ° Hy]BEWQ�(HbKxTVÒrHJB;�@T|azF�KrH�WYkPB�H©WQwVL-DPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_XJHJw9±�DGF ° I-O)�!��").�'k.�0 e�åìÀ»y½²¾9Ã[ÁÅÄáǬÈuÉoÁ.B'�09,(&!¢)"�/$%$0+t�5(7�%32�.B'�0À'!r$t²D�r!'G/�.�,(')%-7�s�z):-0Æ8�tG5(7�%6;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FsOQcrHZI|a�F ° H�R^BEWQc ° D�{U�=OVwVH�DPwVHJIvF�D��xHJw=KML�F ° H t�5(7!% c|WYBnWY�(H8FEHZB©e~� ° H��(OVwVH�IMTd�@KrHZBl{ZWYI(KrHOQKVFnWYDPIdHJwbTxa�DPIdR ,!&!¢�"$,�%-0+tG5(7�%E2�; e|� ° HscxWQBEWQ�=HZF�HJB t�5(7�% D�afW�azFEB�DPIdR�DPI�F ° H�y]O^B��-WYF3� {�.n7(0(z�¢-z)%6.�,(z!0�×Bv!�-� �[]H�� e'� �$Õ��-¢!Õ�Ö(�6×�Ø�� �zg8e ' yjF ° H��(OMwdH�DPaba�TdcdcrOQB�F�HJw\WQIxw\{ZWQI\K|H�OQcrHZIdH©wq�|F ° H@y]TdIx{hFED_O^I/BEH8F�TxB�Ixa@�Q�rOYF ° �HZBE±�DPa�HbDGF;BEH8FETdB�I|aU�E�^e�åìÀ»y½²¾9ºá´åÈ9ÃeÁ.B'�09I-O)�!��"�s$*(5)/$%E2�.B'�0À'!r$tA;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;{8kPO^a�HJaUF ° H�y]BEWQ�(HbKxTVÒrHJB '!r$t B�HZF�TdBEIdDPIdR=F�O=F�H��vF;�(OVwVH^e

®¤�

Page 25: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

f�S�R ñÆ�_ZgyæVEbz# Zg{ �}|�Z[V�~öV3b�h_�_X^c'%��n��^&cy`AXgT^&%� ° H N �²� k_DPKdBnWYBEL�WYkPkPO¤±;ajF�O�Txa�H�RQBnWYc ° DP{Jaj±�D_F ° �©��KdcdcPÎ^F ° H�IMTd��K|HJBlOQyfKdD_FEalc|HJBlcdD��VHZk"�vF ° HuRQBnWYc ° D�{;wVHJcVF ° �wVHZF�HJB��(DPIdHJa�F ° H�IMTd�@KrHZBbOYyÄ{ZOQkPOQBnaÌF ° WYFb{JWYI/KrH�a�D_��Tdk_FEWYIxHZOQT|a)kPL9wdDPa�cdk�W�LQHJw3O^IÕW�a�D_IxRQkPH�aE{8BEHZHZIpe ' I¾�J��Kdcdc�(OVwVHJaJ�VHJW^{ ° cxD��VHZkqD�aÌBEHZcdBEHJa�HZIvF�H©w�KML-Fz±UO�KMLvF�H©aZe � DPIx{ZH-�J��DPaÌIdOQF;wVD_­MD�a)DPKdkPH�KvL È �dW({8O^�=crOQIxHZIvF�[tF ° HbR^B�HJHZIO^IdH©gUD�a�wVHJaE{8BEDPK|H©w�KML1�(KxDGFnaZ�d± ° HZBEHJWQalF ° H�OYF ° HZBÌFz±UO-WYBEH�wdHJaE{8BED_KrHJw�KML9��KdD_FEaJes� ° H ?�L$OPØ��E2�; �-W^{8BEO^a ° HZkPcFEO�{8OVwVH�� N S ­¤WYkPTdHJa�DPI3W(cdD��VHJkq­�WQk_TxH�y]OQB;WYkPk F ° HJa�HbR^BEWQc ° y]TdIx{hFED_O^IxaJe¿oÂoì < ½�6�$?!>Ê&!,(vPØ��324�6�$?!>q&yD_�6�$?!>�,yD_�6�$?!>ovk;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�B�HZF�TdBEIxauF ° H({ZOQkPOQBb­¤WYkPTdH-wVH�xIxHJwCKvL3F ° H È cxWYBnWY�(H8FEHZBna�[ &�%-7 � ,!&�%!%+' WQIxw v6*+r)% g�DPIÕF ° Hy]OQBE�-W¤F�B�HB�vTdD_BEHJw1KML�wVBnW�±�D_IxR@y]TdI|{hF�DPOQIpeÂo¿9¹í¾9ºá´hÁïî9¿1�56.n7q,!&!¢)"�s$*(%!:-&H24>(�6�$?!>os$5!*(5-&�;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FÄ{8kPHJWQBEa~F ° H�RQBnWYc ° DP{Ua�{ZB�HJHZI=KMLö�xkPk_DPIdR�D_Fs±�DGF ° F ° H;{8O^k_O^Bja)crHJ{ZD��xH©w=D_I=F ° H�cxWYBnWY�(H8FEHZB s$5�*-5-& eÂo¿9¹í¾Ààá´�ÈuÄ1�56.n7q,!&!¢)"+�)*(5-0H24�)�$?!>u¢yDÅ�)�$?!>�|yD_>(�6�$?(>ís+5�*);PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�wVBEW�±;alW@cxD��VHZk OQyp{8OQkPOQB s W¤F�{8OMOQBnwVDPIxW¤FEHJab[ ¢ � | gsOQI1F ° H�a�{ZB�HJHZIfejÑxOQBUH��{8DPHZIx{ZL-B�H©WQa�OQIxaÄIdO{ ° HJ{nÉVasWQB�H�crHZB�y]OQBE�(HJw(O^I ¢ WQIxw | ejuIxk_L�F ° H v!�(� k_H©a�ala)DPRQIxD��|{JW¤FED_­^H�KdDGFnaÄOQy s$5!* WYBEH�Txa�HJw\[�± ° HZBEH v!�!�DPaUF ° H�IMTd�@KrHZB�OQy$KxDGFna�c|HJB�cdk�WYIdH�DPI1F ° H�{8TxB�BEHZIvF�RQBnWYc ° DP{u�(OMwdH©gheÂo¿9¹í¾9ÂoÁïÄ à�µ$¹oÁï´>(�6�$?(>9,!&!¢)"+,�%-0(�k.B¢�%�*324�)�+?!>À¢yD_�6�$?!>�|�;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FuBEH8FETdBEIxa�F ° H�{ZOQkPOQB�OQyscdD��MHJk$WYFb{ZOvO^BEwdD_IxWYF�H©a�[ ¢ � | g;OQI\F ° H�aE{8BEHZHJIfe�ÑxOQB�H���{8DPHZIx{ZL9BEHJW^a)O^IxaIdO�{ ° HJ{nÉVauWQB�H@c|HJB)y]O^B��(HJw/OQI ¢ WQIxw | eTuIdk_L3F ° H v(�!� k_H©a�aba�D_R^IdD��r{ZW¤FED_­^H@KdD_FEabOQyjF ° H=B�HZF�TdBEIdH©w\­¤WYkPTdHWYBEHuT|a)H©w�[�± ° HZBEH v!�(� DPaUF ° H�IMTd�@KrHZB�OQy$KdD_FEa;c|HJB�cdkPWQIdH�D_I9F ° H�{8TdBEBEHZIvF�RQBnWYc ° D�{u�=OVwVH�gheÂo¿9¹í¾Ààá·�Ä µ(Ç î9ÂoÁ1�56.n7q,!&!¢)"+�(r�0�.t�:$,�%E24�6�+?(>À¢NØkD_�6�$?!>�|NØ�D_�)�$?!>�¢��jD��6�$?(>Ò|��jD�O��!�! Æ8�.t),�;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F-±�B�D_F�H©a-W�B�H©{hFEWQIdRQTxkPWQB=KxDGFE�(WQcßy]B�O^�²a)LVa)F�HJ� �(HZ�(OQBEL�F�Oá­MD�wVHZOá�(HZ�(OQBELQeä[ ¢kØ � |kØ g�D�aF ° H@F�O^c/k_HZytFb{ZOQBEIdHZB©�x± ° DPkPH�[ ¢�� � |�� gÌD�a�F ° H�B�DPR ° F�KrOYF�F�OQ��{ZOQBEIdHZB©e ' F��xkPk�a;F ° H�a�c|H©{8D��xHJw/K|O��\±�D_F ° F ° HwdW¤FnW3D_IáF ° H�KdTdÒrHJB@crOQDPI^FEHJwáKML 8�.Ft6, e�� ° H-�=HJ�(OQBELÕKdTVÒ HZB��@Txa)F�{ZOQIvFEWQD_I�F ° H�cdD��MHJkPa@D_IáF ° H1aEWY�(HB�HJcdBEHJa�HZIvFEWYF�DPOQI1T|a)H©w1DPI9F ° H�­MD�wVHZO(�(HZ�(OQBELQ�da)FEWQB)FED_IxR=WYF�F ° H�FEOQc9k_HZytFu{8O^B�IdHJBJ�vy]BEOQ� kPH8ytF�FEO-B�DPR ° F©�MWQIxwF ° HJIf�dkPD_IxH�KvL1k_DPIdHQ�dy]B�O^� Tdc9F�O-wVO¤±�If�V±�D_F ° OQTVF�WQIvL1R^WYc|a�WYIxw�D_IvFEHZBEk_DPIdH�a)c|WQ{8H©aZeìp·M· ¿dÁ�Þ©£ � ,!&!¢)"+,�%-0�.tG:-,�%E2�; eÏ ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·

®Q�

Page 26: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

O��!�! �1�.�7�%!5$v!r�i!i'���!�(�I�'���-�!���HMÞ!Þ!Þ1�56.n7â8q1�.n7�%(5-0�:)/n#j2�1�56.n7o8$:-&(,�;qp.�'�0Ò7�5$')%ow��jMÞ(Þ!Þ{(zk.$*(% 2r) 7�5$')%6;qp7�5+')%ow�7�%�s$5(7�%(i-&�:�t�%E241�.n7�%-5$v!r�i(ijDå�!�!�jDï�!�(�6;PM,!&(¢)"+�!r�0j2��yDæ�HDï��ü!�!�!�jD���ü!�!�!�jD�1�.�7�%!5$v!r�i!iG;PM0�:�/n#)"(%$'�76sn|Gs-*-%E2�;PMÔÔÂo¿9¹í¾9ÂoÁïÄ µ(Ç î9ÂoÁ1�56.n7q,!&!¢)"$,�%-0�.t�:$,�%E24�6�+?(>À¢NØkD_�6�$?!>�|NØ�D_�)�$?!>�¢��jD��6�$?(>Ò|��jD�O��!�! Æ8�.t),�;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FuBEHJW^wda;W1B�H©{hFEWQIdRQTxkPWQB�KdDGFE�-WYc/y]BEOQ��­MDPwdHZO��(HZ�(O^B�L�F�O9a)LVa)F�HZ���(HZ�(OQBELQe�[ ¢NØ � |NØ gÌD�a;F ° HF�O^c\k_HZytFu{8O^B�IdHJBJ�x± ° D_kPH1[ ¢�� � |�� gUD�a�F ° H�BED_R ° F;K|OQF)F�O^��{ZOQBEIdHZB©e ' F��xkPkPa;F ° H@a�crHJ{8D��xH©w3KdTVÒ HZBbc|O^D_IvF�H©w3KML8�.Ft6, ±�DGF ° F ° HlwdWYFEW�{ZOQIvFEWQD_IxHJw�DPI�F ° HÌa�HZkPHJ{hFEHJw�­MD�wVHZO�K|O��qe~� ° HÄ�(HZ�(OQBEL�KdTVÒ HZB$�@Txa)F~KrHÄk�WYBERQHÄHZIdO^TdR °F�O@{ZOQIvFEWQD_I(F ° H;KrO��3[�D_I1RQHZIxHZBnWYk"�¤F ° Hb{8O^B�BEHJ{8FsKdTVÒ HZBlwdD_�(HZI|a)DPOQI�D�a

(y2−y1+1)∗ (x2−x1+1)∗ bppghe

ìp·M· ¿dÁ�Þ©£ � ,!&!¢)"n�!r�0�.tG:-,�%E2�; eÂo¿9¹í¾À¿9Á�ºáÄ.B'�09,(&!¢)"$&�%�sn0H24�6�+?!>Ê¢NØ�D_�)�$?!>�|NØkD��6�$?(>Ò¢��jD��6�$?!>�|��jD_>(�)�$?!>Æs$5�*);NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�wVBEW�±;abWYICHZ�(cVFzL\BEHJ{8FEWYIxRQkPH@±�D_F ° F�OQcCk_HZytF�{8OQBEIdHJBbWYF([ ¢kØ � |NØ g�WYIxwÕK|OQF)FEOQ��BED_R ° F�{8O^B�IxHZBW¤F�[ ¢�� � |�� g8e�� ° H�B�H©{hFEWQIdRQkPHbDPa�wVBnW�±�I9±�DGF ° {ZOQkPOQB s$5�* eÂo¿9¹í¾uìqÈ�¹.B'�09,(&!¢)"+v)5$¢H24�6�$?(>Ê¢NØkD��6�+?!>�|NØkD��6�$?!>�¢��EDÅ�6�+?!>o|��jDÅ>(�6�$?(>âs$5�*);PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�wVBEW�±;auWå�xkPkPHJw/BEHJ{8FEWQIdRQkPH�±�D_F ° F�OQcÕk_HZytF�{ZOQBEIdHZBbW¤F([ ¢NØ � |NØ g;WQIxw\KrOYF)FEOQ��BED_R ° Fb{8O^B�IxHZBuWYF[ ¢�� � |�� ghej� ° H�KrO��1D�a;wVBnW�±�I1±�D_F ° {8O^k_O^B s+5�* eÂo¿9¹í¾u´hµ-¶�Á1�56.n7q,!&!¢)"!*�.B')%E24�)�$?!>u¢NØkD��6�$?!>�|NØ�DÅ�6�+?!>o¢��jD_�6�$?!>�|��EDÅ>-�6�$?!>âs$5!*);PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;wVBnW�±;a�W�kPDPIdH�y]B�O^�ô[ ¢NØ � |NØ gsFEO\[ ¢�� � |�� glTxa)DPIdR-{8O^k_O^B s+5�* eÂo¿9¹í¾uÄ�ÁŹ�Ä1�56.n7q,!&!¢)"$0�%-¢!0H2�sBz):-&�8n0�%-¢!0HD��6�$?!>�¢yD_�6�$?!>�|yD_>(�)�$?!>Òi(,yD_>(�6�+?!>ov�,�;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�±�B�D_F�H©a�W9�1F�HJB��(DPIxW¤FEHJwÕF�H��vF@a)F�BEDPIdR�DPI�RQBnWYc ° D�{��=OVwVH-WYF�crO^a�D_F�DPOQI&[ ¢ � | ghe(� ° H-a)F�BED_IdR9D�ac|O^D_IvFEHJw9KML 0�%-¢(0 � i(, D�aUF ° H�y]O^B�HJRQBEOQTdIxw�{8O^k_O^BJ�VWYI|w v�, D�aÌF ° H�KxWQ{nÉMRQBEOQTxIxw�{8O^k_O^BJeÂo¿9¹í¾9º�µ-¿9ºá´hÁ1�56.n7q,!&!¢)"�s!.�&Gs-*(%324�6�$?!>À¢yD_�6�$?(>Ò|HDÅ�6�+?!>o&yDÅ>(�6�$?!>Æs$5!*);PM

®Y�

Page 27: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

Ë ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;wVBnW�±;a�W={ZD_Bn{8kPH�OYy$BEW^wVD_T|a & WYIxw3{ZOQkPOQB s$5!* �V{8HJIvF�HZBEHJw9W¤F@[ ¢ � | g8eÂo¿9¹í¾uÉoµ�Ã�º1�56.n7q,!&!¢)"-76.(/!sP24�)�$?!>u¢yDÅ�)�$?!>�|yD��6�$?!>�&yDÅ>(�6�+?!>âs$5�*);NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;wVBnW�±;a�Wh�|k_kPHJw3{8DPBn{8kPHbOQy~BnWQwVDPTxa & WQIxw9{8OQkPOQB s$5�* �V{8HZIvFEHZBEHJw9W¤F�[ ¢ � | ghe

® Ù

Page 28: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ñ òôó4õ�ö�÷ðø �

¦ § � k û�®¬« � � û�® °�° ��û ¨ �[°ÿû¸®²ûo³

� ° H=kPD_KdBnWYBEL9DPa�wVDP­MDPwVH©w/DPI�®�kPW�L^HZBna��UF ° H�kPO¤±äk_HJ­QHJk$WQIxw3F ° H ° D_R ° k_HJ­QHJkÂe�� ° Hh�xBEa)F�OQIdH�DPabDPIÕ{ ° WYBERQH@OYysF ° HW^{��vTdD�a)D_F�DPOQI/KrO^WQBEw ° WYBnwV±UWQB�H�{ZOQIvF�BEOQk$WYIxwÕa)Tdcxcdk_DPHJa�W-R^HZIdHJB�D�{�DPIvF�HJB)y�W^{8H�y]O^B�F ° H ° D_R ° HZBuk_HJ­QHZk"e�� ° H�a�HJ{ZOQIxwk�W�LQHJB(a�Tdcdcxk_DPHJa-a�OQ�(H\};i ' y]TdIx{8F�DPOQIßy]OQB�Wá{ZOQ�@TxIdDP{JW¤FED_O^I&KrH8Fz±UHZHJIðF ° H/WYcdcxk_D�{ZWYF�DPOQI»WYIxwßW�RQHZIxHZBED_B(­MDPwdHZOwVHJ­MDP{ZH�[ty]BnWY�(HZR^BEWQ�=�(HJBJ�v±lHJKr{JWY�3�VH8Fn{Ye ghe��S�R {úñíñ\� cg�  c�Z[YTZ[V]��V3XYTZ[V}UF-F ° H/WQ{8F�TxWQkÌa)FEWQRQH3OYy�wVHZ­^HZkPOQcrHZ�(HZIvF-D�a=F ° H\O^Idk_L�kPO¤±�kPHZ­^HZB-wVBED_­^HZB(crOQB�F�HJwðy]BEOQ�²opD_IMT��¾FEO � e �uWde ��e (e� Txcdc|O^B)F�W^{��vTdD�a)D_F�DPOQICK|OvWYBnwdabKxWQa�HJwÕOQICSUOMOQÉV�~B�HJH�SÌ��×n�d×9{ ° DPcxaZe�isBEHJa�HZIvFEabOQIxk_LÕ®�y]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxaby]O^B�OQcrHZIdDPIdRWQIxw3{8kPO^a�D_IdR({ZWQBEwxaZeì¼ÄáÄ ë�»H½²¾Àµ(¶Òµ(Ä.B'�0ÊO!�!�!@��!�!").B'k.�0j2�1�56.n76;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�D_IxDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH©aÌF ° H�W^{��vTdD�a)D_F�DPOQI9KrO^WYBnw�DPIvF�HJB)y�W^{8H�WYIxw1F ° H�k_DPKdBnWYBELG¤ aUD_IvFEHZBEIxWYkfwdWYFEW(a)F�BETx{hFETdB�H©aZeì¼ÄáÄ ë�»H½²¾9º£´�È9ÃeÁ.B'�0ÊO!�!�!@��!�!"�s-*(5)/+%E2�1�56.�76;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;{8kPO^a�HbF ° H�W^{��vTdD�a)D_F�DPOQI9K|OvWYBnw1DPIvF�HJB)y�W^{8HQe��Sa� �WX�_Z²gTU Z[YåX^ceZ ��X�~T�÷cZ[YTZ[V X^ `AZ[VN�nb�ceZ� ° D�a�kPDPKdBEWQB�LCa)Tdcxcdk_DPHJa�WYI¾WQKxazFEBEW^{hF�k�W�LQHZB�{8BEHJW¤FEHJwÕF�O/O^KVFEWQD_I¾W\{ZOQ�(�(OQIáDPI^FEHZB�y�WQ{ZH-K|HZFz±lHJHZI¾wVD_ÒrHJB�HJIvF@k_O¤±kPHZ­^HZk|wdB�DP­QHJBJe�� ° H;DPIvF�HZBnWQ{8F�DPOQI-±�D_F ° WQI�WYcdcxk_D�{ZWYF�DPOQI(DPae�vTdD_F�Hua�DP�=cxk_H�WQIxw(DP�=cxk_DPHJalOQIdkPL-®by]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxa��$F ° H��xBEa)FO^IdH(OQcrHZICF ° H�{ZOQ�@TxIdDP{JW¤FED_O^IÕKrH8Fz±UHZHZICF ° H(WQcdcdkPDP{JW¤FED_O^I�WQIxw/F ° H ° WYBnwV±ÌWYBEH@F ° BEOQTdR ° F ° H=kPO¤± kPHZ­^HZkswVBEDP­QHZB©�F ° H�a)H©{8O^Ixw1O^IdH�a)HJIxw3{8O^�=�-WQIxwdaUF�O=F ° H�wVHZ­MD�{8H^eë�µ(ÉoÁ�ÈuÉoÁ_ë�»H½²¾9ÈÀà�ÁŶ.B'�09@G��>! )�$>( !@��!��"-5$�)%$'y2�.�'�0¼'!r$tP;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;DPIdDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH©aÌF ° H@WQ{��^TxDPa�DGFED_O^I�KrO^WQBEw�DPI^FEHZB�y�WQ{ZH�WYIxw�F ° H�k_DPKdBnWYBELG¤ aÌDPI^FEHZBEIxWYkfwxW¤FEW-a)F�BETx{8F�TdBEHJaJe� ° H�cxWYBnWY�(HZF�H8FEB '!r+t wdH�xIdH�F ° H�wVHJ­vD�{8HbF ° W¤F;��TxazF;KrH�OQcrHZIxHJwqe

®Y×

Page 29: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

Í ·^¡©¦p¢¤  ­¤WYkPTdH-���=D_y�F ° H��(OVwVTdkPH�DPa�DPIxa)FEWQk_kPHJwkÎq��OQF ° HJB�±�D�a)H^eë�µ(ÉoÁ�ÈuÉoÁ_ë�»H½²¾Àµ�È9ºáÄ�´.B'�09@G��>! )�$>( !@��!��"�.+5)sn0)*A2�.B'(0u'!r+t²D�r!'�/�.B,(')%(7â.B'!0ístG7HD�r!'�/�.B,(')%(7�*-5$'�,�:-&!,�;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;a)HJIxw�F ° H�{ZOQ�(�-WYIxw s�tG7 �M±�D_F ° WQB�R^Td�(HZIvF :-&!, �vF�O(F ° H�wVHZ­MD�{8H�IMTd�@KrHZB '!r$t eÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤  ­¤WYkPTdH-� ' F�wdHZcrHZIxwda�y]B�O^�åF ° H�{ZOQ�(�-WYIxw�H�VH©{8TVFEHJwqe��; » ;=< ë/O=�@?iC É�?i�+OQP�?�Gʺ*C`ADADL�V@�HG� ° D�a;D�a;W(kPDPa)F�OQy$�(O^a)F�{8O^�(�=O^Ixw9­MDPwVHJOVwVHZ­9{8OQ�(�-WYI|wdaZeU�\O^a)F;OYy�F ° HZ� WYBEH�a)Tdcxc|O^B)FEHJw3KML�F ° H@SÌ���Ì�äk_O¤±kPHZ­^HZBlwdB�DP­QHJBJe$� ° HZBEH;D�asOQIxk_L-W��-W¤mzO^BÄ{ ° WQIdRQH�DP�(cdk_HJ�(HZIvF�H©w�wVTdBED_IxR�F ° Huc|O^B)FED_IxR�c ° W^a)H-�pF ° H�� ' « ' �� � � � �y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI�B�HB�vTdD_BEHJalWYI1WQc|HJB�DPOVwVD�{ÌFEW^a)É(i ' «4WQalDPIdcdTVF©ejA ° HZI-F ° HbIdHZ±»y]BnWY�(H�D�alB�H©WQwVL^�QF ° H�FnWQa�É�D�aUWQ{hFED_­¤WYF�HJwfe

´�¶$· y]TdkPkp{ZOQ�(�-WYIxw�k_D�a)F;DPa��e � ' « ' �� � � � � � � LMIx{ ° BEOQIdDPXZH�±�D_F ° �(HZ�(OQBEL��-WYcxc|H©w�{JWYcVFETdB�H^e� ' « ' �� N �U}�i&� N H8F;­MDPwdHZO8Z¤BEW^wVDPO�wVHJ­vD�{8H�{JWYcxWQKdD_kPD_F�DPHJaJe� ' « ' �� N �e�u} � � N HZF�a)O^TdBE{ZHucxB�O^c|HJB)FED_H©aZe� ' « ' �� � �e�u} � � � HZkPHJ{hF;a�OQTdBn{8H�WQIxw�a�H8F;cxB�O^c|HJB)FED_H©aZe� ' « ' �� N ��â � �Ä� � N HZF�F�TdIdHJB;cdBEOQcrHZB�F�DPHJaJe� ' « ' �� � ��â � �Ä� � � HZkPHJ{hF�FETdIdHJB;WYIxw3a�H8F�cdBEOQcrHZB�F�DPHJaJe� ' « ' �� N i ' �U��� N H8F;­MD�wVHZO(DP�-WYRQH-[�cdDP{8F�TdBEH©gUcxB�O^c|HJB)FED_H©aZe� ' « ' �� � i ' �U� � � HZF;­MDPwVHJO(D_�-WYR^H-[]cdD�{hFETdB�H�gUcdBEOQcrHZB�F�DPHJaJe� ' « ' ����U}�iÄ��â����»�s�ÄIxWYKdkPH�OQB;wdDPaEWYKdkPH�­MDPwVHJO-{ZWYcdF�TdBED_IxRxe� ' « ' �� N A '�� � N HZF�­vD�wVHJO-OQTVFEcdTVF;±�DPIxwVO¤±�cxB�O^c|HJB)FED_H©aZe� ' « ' �� � A '�� � � H8F�­MDPwdHZO(OQTVFEcdTVF�cxB�O^c|HJB)FED_H©aZe� ' « ' �� N Ñ�SÌâ�Ѿ� N H8F�wVDPB�H©{hF;­MD�wVHZO(OQTdF�cdTVF�y]BnWY�(H�KdTVÒ HZB�cdB�O^c|HJB)FED_H©aZe� ' « ' �� � Ñ�SÌâ�Ѿ� � H8F�wdD_BEHJ{8F;­vD�wVHJO=O^TVF�cxTVF�y]BEWQ�(HbKxTVÒrHJB;cdBEOQcrHZB�F�DPHJaJe� ' « ' �� N Ñ����e�ä� N H8F�FETdIdHJB�y]B�HB�vTdHZIx{ZL�cdBEOQcrHZB�FzLQe� ' « ' �� � Ñ����[�4� � HZF�F�TdIxHZB�y]BEH��vTdHJIx{8L�cxB�O^c|HJB)FzL/[�DÂe HQeP�VF�TxIdH�F�O-IdHJ± y]BEH��vTdHJIx{8Ldghe� ' « ' �� N }�âu« ' ä� N H8F�WQTxwVDPO=cxB�O^c|HJB)FED_H©aZe� ' « ' �� � }�âu« ' ä� � HZF�WYTxwVDPO(cdBEOQcrHZB�F�DPHJaJe� ' « ' ��U�C�U}�iÄ��â��;�»� ' IdDGFEDPWYF�H��(HZ�(O^B�L��-WQcdc|H©w3{ZWYcdF�TdBEHQe� ' « ' �� N �/SÌâuÑ�� N H8F;�(HJ�=O^B�L1�(WQcdcrHJw9KdTVÒ HZB;cxB�O^c|HJB)FED_H©aZeÏ ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·GÌÝ�8��B'k.�0�1�.n7!%!5(7�%-197(&�.�1�%$&â8-Ý@���>! ��$>! !@��(��"(5$�)%+'y24I!?(K(�! �"-L-?!K-O(O� -?)"+=-~��-O� -?�;PMÝ�89l!%�*(%)s�0o0(z)%â.B'!�!r!0ísBz):$'!')%!*�8-Ý&�%)/q@���>! ��$>! !@��(��").+5)s�0�*32�I!?(K!�( �"-L$?!K-O!O! (?)"n=-~��-O! (?yD @���>G�+�$�!L-�(�!K(=HD-24r-'�/�.B,-'�%(7q*(5$'!,�;��Gs�z�:$'k;PMs�z):$'eÞas�z):$'(')%�*osBz):$'!')%!*EMs�z):$'eÞ 0!|(�)%u@���>! )�("$@���"$�$~�=! !?yMs�z):$'eÞß')5-&+tÒ@���>! )�("$�!�!�! �"-�(K!�! (?(KyM&�%)/q@���>! ��$>! !@��(��").+5)s�0�*32�I!?(K!�( �"-L$?!K-O!O! (?)"n=-~��-O! (?yD @���>G�+�$��l$�(�!K(=HD-24r-'�/�.B,-'�%(7q*(5$'!,�;��Gs�z�:$'k;PM

®YË

Page 30: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

Ý�8q ('):$v6*-%Ê0(z)%90(r!')%$&í8$Ý0(r!')%$&eÞ 0(r!'�%-&o�jM0(r!')%$&eÞ t�5(7!%q@���>! ��!"$�)�$>( )"$�!K�JjM&�%)/q@���>! ��$>! !@��(��").+5)s�0�*32�I!?(K!�( �"-L$?!K-O!O! (?)"n=-~��-O! (?yD @���>G�+�$��l+�-~�=( (?HD(2 r!'�/!.B,-')%(7q*(5+'�,�;��!0-r!')%-&�;NMÝ�89l!%�*(%)s�09�):�*(%-0(0�%o:$'�7�7�%$�!0(zÆ8-Ý&�%)/q@���>! ��$>! !@��(��").+5)s�0�*32�I!?(K!�( �"-L$?!K-O!O! (?)"n=-~��-O! (?yD @���>G�+�$�!L$���n�-�HD-24r-'�/�.B,-'�%(7q*(5$'!,�;��!1(��.(s�;PM�G.ni!7!%(io���-J��+?1(�k.(s3Þß�):�*(%$0!0�%u@G��>! )�!"+�!K�J( !�(�! )"$?(L-O��-ÕHM1(�k.(s3Þ�7�%$��0-zÒ�-ÕyM��%�*�/+%1(�k.(s3Þß�):�*(%$0!0�%u@G��>! )�!"+�!K�J( !�(�! )"-L$?! (�yM1(�k.(s3Þ�7�%$��0-zÒÖjM��%$'�76.ni1(�k.(s3Þßv�&�.�,-z�0(')%)/(/£ç(ä!�!�!�jM1(�k.(s3Þßz!r)%9ç(�!�!�!�jM1(�k.(s3Þas$5$'�0(&�:)/n0Êç!�!�!�(�jM1(�k.(s3Þas$5�*(5+r�&oç!�(�!�!�jM&�%)/q@���>! ��$>! !@��(��").+5)s�0�*32�I!?(K!�( �"-L$?!K-O!O! (?)"n=-~��-O! (?yD @���>G�+�$��l+���n�-�HD-24r-'�/�.B,-'�%(7q*(5$'!,�;��!1(��.(s�;PMÝ�89l!%-0o{k.B'�7!5${Ò7G.t�%+'�/�.+5$'G/98-Ý&�%)/q@���>! ��$>! !@��(��").+5)s�0�*32�I!?(K!�( �"-L$?!K-O!O! (?)"n=-~��-O! (?yD @���>G�+�$�!L+�k��=HD-2�r!'6/�.�,-'�%-7Ê*(5$'�,�;B�({k.B'k;NM{k.B'[Þߢ¸�EM{k.B'[Þß|¸�EM{k.B'[Þ�{k.n7(0(z9I�L�"+��M{k.B'[Þ�z)%6.�,(z!09I�L�"$�HM&�%)/q@���>! ��$>! !@��(��").+5)s�0�*32�I!?(K!�( �"-L$?!K-O!O! (?)"n=-~��-O! (?yD @���>G�+�$��ln�k��=HD-2�r!'6/�.�,-'�%-7Ê*(5$'�,�;B�({k.B'k;NMÝ�89l!%-0�0(z)%9v!r�i!i!%-&â8-Ý&�%)/q@���>! ��$>! !@��(��").+5)s�0�*32�I!?(K!�( �"-L$?!K-O!O! (?)"n=-~��-O! (?yD @���>G�+�$��l+I(O(~�IHD-24r-'�/�.B,-'�%(7q*(5$'!,�;N2�i-v(r�iG;!;PMÝ�8����!�)�$?(�!K!=!�eÑål!%-0Ò0(z)%�:$�)%$&�.+5(7G.-su%�*(:$v�5-&�:-0�.n5$'90�:�/n#â8-ÝÝ�8u�!z)%$'Ò0(z)%Ê')%+{¸i-&�:�t�%â.(/q&�%!:(7-|yD�0(z)%90�:)/�#¸%!*(:$v)5-&�:-0�%�"$�G��>ã2�:$�)%-&�.n5(7G.(s�;NDï.(/9:)sn0G.�1�:-0�%-7�Þa8-Ý@���>! ��$>! !@��(��").+5)s�0)*A2�I(?(K!�- )"$L(?(K-O!O( !?�"$=$~��(O( !?yD�@G�B>��n�-��l$�(=!�HD$24r!'G/!.B,('�%(7q*(5$'�,�;k2a%�*(:$v�5-&�:-0�%!"+����>6;!;NM

È �

Page 31: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ñ òôó4õ�ö�÷ðø �

¦ § � � � � ��û��t� þÊ����� ³ �o�¡® ±²����� ±²�[°ÿû�® û9³

� ° D�a�wVBEDP­QHZB�WQk_kPO¤±ïF ° H1WQcdcdkPDP{JW¤F�DPOQICF�OC{ ° WYIdR^H=F ° H��liÄâ�a)crHZH©wCDPI�OQBnwVHJB�F�O\BEHJwVTx{ZH-c|O¤±UHZB�{ZOQIxa�Td�(cVFED_O^Ife};ytF�HZBbF ° H=wdB�DP­QHJB�DPIdDGFEDPWQk_DPXJWYF�DPOQI/D�auc|Ova�a�D_Kxk_H@F�O1ÉMIdO¤±4F ° H=k_D�azFbOYyla�TdcdcrOQB�F�H©w3y]BEH��vTdHZI|{8DPHJaJ�xF ° H��(DPIdDP�=DPICWQIxw�-Wn�VDP�@TdI9WYkPk_O¤±UHJw-y]B�HB�^TxIx{8L^e ' aUcrO^aEa)DPKdkPH�FEO�R^H8F�WYIxw9a�H8FUF ° H�{8TxB�BEHZIvFÄy]BEH��vTdH©{8L�WQIxw�O^KVFEWQD_Ixw�F ° H�wVHJOQBEH8FEDP{JWYk­¤WYkPTdH�OQypF ° H�F�BnWYIxa�DGFED_O^I9wdTdBEWYF�DPOQIfe�æS�R �9��� \�^}�ngöV�# bf`AX�gT^ ��`AXc�Xa`6ô� ° H©a)H;y]TdIx{hFED_O^IxaUWYkPk_O¤±&F ° HbWYcdcxk_D�{ZWYF�DPOQI=F�O�ÉvIxO¤±&DPIVy]OQBE�-W¤FED_O^IxasWYKrOQTdFÄF ° Hb�liÄâ kPDPÉQH;�-WYIMTVy�W^{hFETdB�HJBJ�^�(OMwdHZk"�{JWYcxWQKdD_kPD_F�DPHJaJ�VH8FE{Qeºáà�·Ò»H½�¾Àµ-¶�µ-Ä.B'�0o�-�-~6�!��"�.B'k.�0H241�56.n7G;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' IdD_F�D�WYkPD_XJHÌF ° HuwVB�DP­QHJBÄWYI|w=WQk_kxD_IvF�HJB�I|WYkxa)F�BETx{hFETdBEHJaJe$� ° H;y]TdIx{hFED_O^I-B�HZF�TdBEIxas��D_y F ° H�cdB�OV{ZHJwVTdBEH±UW^aÌa)Tx{J{8H©azy]TdkPkPLQ�V�n��OYF ° HZBE±�DPa�HQeºáà�·Ò»H½�¾9ºá´åÈÊÃ[Á.B'�0o�-�-~6�!��"�s-*(5)/$%32�1�56.n76;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;{8kPO^a�HbF ° H��liÄâäwdB�DP­QHJBJeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H�OQcrHZBnW¤F�DPOQI9D�aÌc|HJB)y]O^B��(HJw9a�Tx{Z{ZHJaEazy]TdkPkPLGÎd�E�bDGy$F ° H�ÉQHZLMKrO^WQBEw1D_I3IdOQF;D_Ixa)FEWQk_kPHJwfeºáà�·Ò»H½�¾Àµ-¶íÃ[Ä�îo´ ´TÁïÉ.B'�0o�-�-~6�!��"�.B'�/n0�:!*!*(%(7j241�56.B7G;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ��HZF�TdBEI�D_y$F ° H�HJ­QHZIvF;wVHJKdTdRQR^HZB�D�a�WQ{8F�TxWQk_kPL�DPIxazFnWYkPk_H©wqeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H��=OVwVTxk_H�D�a�DPIxazFnWYkPk_H©wkÎq��OYF ° HZBE±�DPa�HQeºáà�·Ò»H½�¾9Ã��íÈ��÷µ(¶1�åÈ1�56.n7Ê�(�-~6�!�!").B'�/n0�:�*!*(%(7E241�5�.n7G;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ isBED_IvFÌF ° H��liÄâäDPIVy]OQBE�-W¤F�DPOQI|alBEH8FEB�DP­QH©w1KML-F ° H�wVBED_­^HZB©e

È �

Page 32: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

�æSa� �9��� %�cebTcX�^}~��n�_^&cH`AX�gT^}%� ° H©a)Huy]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxaÌWQk_kPO¤±ßF�O=RQH8F^Z¤a�H8FUcxWYBnWY�(H8FEHZBUWYKrOQTVFUF ° H��liÄâ�y]B�HB�vTdHZIx{ZL�WYIxw�DGFnalKrH ° W�­vDPOQB©e�� ° HukPO¤± kPHZ­QHJk��TxazF;KrH�DPIdDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH©w9±�DGF ° F ° H �(�-~)�!��").B'�.�0H2�; y]TdIx{8F�DPOQI3KrH8y]OQBEH�Txa�D_IdR�aE{ZWQk_DPIdR�y]TdIvF�DPOQIxWQk_D_F�DPHJaJeºáà�·Ò»H½�¾uÉuëâÃf¾Àµ(¶Òµ(Ä.B'�0o�-�-~6�!��"+>!@�l�").�'k.�0H2�1�5).n7);PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' IdD_F�D�WYkPD_XJHjF ° HlwVBED_­^HZBpWQIxw�WYkPkQDPIvF�HJB�IxWQk^a)F�BETx{hFETdBEHJaJep� ° Hjy]TdI|{hF�DPOQI@B�HZF�TdBEIxaqF ° HÌ�lilâ¾D�wVHZIvF�D_y]LQHJBDGy$F ° W¤F;cdBEHJa�HZIvF;«�� � {JWYcxWQKdD_kPD_F�DPHJaJ�M�E��OYF ° HZBE±�D�a)H^eºáà�·Ò»H½�¾uÉuëâÃf¾9º£´�È9ÃeÁ.B'�0o�-�-~6�!��"+>!@�l�"�s$*(5)/$%E241�56.B7G;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;{8kPO^a�HbF ° H��liÄâäwdB�DP­QHJBJeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· �j�=DGy�F ° H�OQcrHZBnW¤F�DPOQI9D�aÌc|HJB)y]O^B��(HJw9a�Tx{Z{ZHJaEazy]TdkPkPLGÎd�E�bDGy$F ° H�wVB�DP­QHJB�D_I9IdOQF;D_Ixa)FEWQk_kPHJwfeºáà�·Ò»H½�¾uÉuëâÃf¾Àµ(¶ÆòÄ�îo´h´TÁïÉ.B'�0o�-�-~6�!��"+>!@�l�").�'�/n0�:�*(*-%(732�1�5).�76;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ��HZF�TdBEI�D_y$F ° H�«�� � wVB�DP­QHJB�DPa�W^{hFETxWYkPk_L1D_Ixa)FEWQk_kPHJwfeÍ ·^¡©¦p¢¤ ã�d¿dÁ¦~· ��� ° H@y]TdIx{hFED_O^I/BEH8F�TxB�Ixa;F ° H-�liÄâëDPwVHJIvF�D_y]LQHZBuDGyÄF ° WYFucdBEHJa�HZIvFu«�� � {ZWQcxWYKxD_kPDGFED_H©aZ�|�n��OYF ° HZB��±�DPa�HQeºáà�·Ò»H½�¾9ÂoÁÅÄʾu´ î�Ä�ÁÅ¶íº ÿ.B'�0o�-�-~6�!��"+,�%-0)Ó!"(*(:-0�%$'Gs�|H2�1�56.�76;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ��HZF�TdBEI1F ° H�­¤WYkPTdH�OYy~F ° H�k�W¤FEHZIx{ZL-F�DP�(H�IdHZH©wVHJw�FEO({ ° WYIdR^HbKrH8Fz±UHZHJI1Fz±UO=y]B�HB�vTdHZIx{ZD_H©aZeºáà�·Ò»H½�¾9ÂoÁÅÄʾuÇ µ-¶ú¾���¿9Á*�À·�ÁÅ¶íº ÿ��º�àá·Ò»H½²¾oÂ9ÁïÄʾuÇ î9¹í¾���¿9Á��u·oÁï¶íº ÿ.B'�0o�-�-~6�!��"+,�%-0)"BtP.B'6"-i(&�%� -r�%$'�s�|j241�5�.n7G;NM.B'�0o�-�-~6�!��"+,�%-0)"BtG:-¢)"-i(&�%� -r�%$'�s�|j241�5�.n7G;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ };BEH�Txa�HJw1F�O-OQKdFEWYDPI9�=DPIMTd�@Tx�ãWYI|w1�-Wn�VDP�@Td��WYkPk_O¤±UHJw�y]B�HB�vTdHZIx{ZD_H©aZeºáà�·Ò»H½�¾9ÂoÁÅÄʾ9º£·o¿Æ¾���¿9Á*�À·�ÁÅ¶íº ÿ.B'�0o�-�-~6�!��"+,�%-0)"�sBr�&)"-i(&�%� -r�%$'�s�|j241�5�.n7G;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ��HZF�TdBEI1F ° H�­¤WYkPTdH�OYy~F ° H�W^{hFETxWYk y]BEH��vTdHJIx{8L�OQy~F ° H�cdBEOV{8HJaEa�OQB©eºáà�·Ò»H½�¾9ÃeÁïÄʾ���¿9Á*�u·oÁï¶Æº ÿ.B'�0o�-�-~6�!��"�/$%-0)"-i-&�%I -r)%+'Gsn|E2�.B'!0À0�:$&!,�%-0yD�r('�/�.�,('�%(7¸.B'�0�&�%!*(:-0�.+5+'k;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ��HZF�TdBEI

È ®

Page 33: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ºáà�·Ò»H½�¾9ÂoÁÅÄʾ���¿9Á*�u·oÁï¶Æºáµ$Á�Ã.B'�0o�-�-~6�!��"�/$%-0)"-i-&�%I -r)%+'Gsn|E2�.B'!0o8+i-&�%I 6/�;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ��HZF�TdBEIºáà�·Ò»H½�¾9Ã��íÈ�� ¾���¿9Á��u·oÁï¶íº�µ$Á�Ã.B'�0o�-�-~6�!��"�/�z)5${6"$i(&�%I -r�%+'�sB|H2�sBz�:$&o8�v!r�i(iG;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ��HZF�TdBEI

ÈQÈ

Page 34: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ñ òôó4õ�ö�÷ðø ¡

¦ § � ¢ � �*£ � û/¤ ¨ �[°ÿû¸®²ûo³

�~OÕWYkPkPO¤± {ZOQ�(�@TdIxDP{JW¤F�DPOQI�WQ�=O^IdRÕwVD_Ò HZBEHZIvF�{8O^�(cdTVF�HJBEaJ� � e �uWde ��e (epcdBEO¤­MDPwVH©a�W � H8Fz±UOQBEÉCofDPKdBnWYBEL/DP�=cxk_HZ��(HZIvFED_IdR(F ° H�â�«ui'Z ' i»a)FEW^{nÉ�OQI3WYI3�jF ° HZBEIdHZF;IdH8Fz±UOQBEÉ e$� ° H�kPDPKdBEWQB�L-D�aÌOQBER^WQIdDPXZHJw1D_I9F ° B�HJH�kPW�L^HZBna��•

k_O¤±Ì� kPHZ­QHJkqwVB�DP­QHJB��~F ° DPa�k�W�LQHJBÌDPa ° WQBEwd±UWQB�H�wVHZcrHZI|wVHZIvFJ�|a)DPIx{8H�D_F;D_IvFEHZBnWQ{hFna̱�DGF ° F ° H�IdHZFz±lO^B�É�{JWYBnwkΕ

H8F ° HZBEIdH8FbkPW�L^HZBB�UF ° D�abkPW�L^HZBuWQk_kPO¤±;a�F ° H=TdcdcrHZB�kPW�L^HZB�F�O�a�HZI|wÕWYI|w\B�H©{8HJD_­^H�H8F ° HZBEIdH8Fby]BnWY�(HJaJe ' F�D�a�IdOQFD_IvFEHZIxwVH©w�FEO�K|HÌTxa�HJw�KML@W�T|a)HJBjcdB�O^RQBnWY�3��KdTVFjOQIxk_L�KML�F ° H;{8OVwVHÌDP�=cxk_HJ�=HJIvF�DPIdRbF ° HÌIdHZFz±lO^B�É�cdBEOYFEOV{8OQk�Ε

° DPR ° � k_HJ­QHJkqkPW�L^HZBB�pF ° DPa�kPW�L^HZBÌDP�=cxk_HJ�=HJIvFEaÌF ° H�IdH8Fz±UOQBEÉÕ[ ' ilg�WYI|w1F ° H�F�BnWYI|a)crOQB�F�[�â�«uilg;cdB�OQF�OV{8O^kPaJe ' FcdBEO¤­vD�wVH©ajF ° HuDPIvF�HZB�y�WQ{ZH;Txa�HJw1KvL-W@Txa)HJBlcxB�O^RQBnWY�ëF�O�W^{Z{ZHJaEajF ° HuIdHZFz±lO^B�É�F ° B�O^TdR ° F ° H�â�«ui&cdBEOYFEOV{8OQk"e� ° H=kPO¤±Ì�"kPHZ­^HZk~wdB�DP­QHJB�D�a�DP�(cdk_HJ�(HZIvF�H©w/DPIÕOQBnwVHJB;F�O9BEHJa�c|H©{hF�F ° H(a)LVa)F�HZ� BEHJWQkG�"F�DP�(H@BEH��vTdDPB�HJ�=HJIvFEa@[ÂW�­QO^DPwVDPIdRTdIxcdB�H©wVD�{hFEWQKdkPH�wVHJkPW�LVa�D_Iða�HZI|wVD_IxR8Z�BEHJ{ZHZDP­MD_IdR/y]BEWQ�=H©aEg8eC� ° D�a=B�H©a)TxkGF=DPa=WQ{ ° DPHZ­^HJwáKML�a)O^k_­MDPIdR/Fz±UOÕwVD_Ò HZBEHZIvFcdBEOQKxk_HJ�(a��fF ° H�DPIvF�HJB�BETdcVF ° WQIxwVkPD_IxR�[]DPI-F ° H�B�H©{8HZDP­QH�c ° WQa�H©g�WQIxw=F ° H��@TVFETxWYk|H�d{8kPTxa�D_O^I=IxHZHJwdHJw=y]OQBlWQ{Z{ZHJaEa)DPIdRF ° H�IdH8Fz±UOQBEÉ�{ZWQBEw�[]DPI9F ° H�FEBEWQIxa��=D�aEa)DPOQI�c ° WQa�H©g8e� ° H��xBnazF�cdBEOQKdkPHZ�4D�a�a)O^k_­^HJw�KML�Txa�D_IdR�W � bÑ���FEWQa�É�F�O ° WQIxwVkPHÄF ° HlIxH8Fz±UOQBEÉb{JWYBnw�DPI^FEHZBEB�TxcVFEa��fOQI�W;y]BnWY�(HWQB�BED_­¤WQkÂ�VW�FEW^a)É ° WYIxwVkPDPIdR=F ° H�BEHJ{8HJcVF�DPOQI9D�a�WQ{hFED_­¤WYF�HJwfe � Tx{ ° W@FnWQa�É�D�aÌRQTxWQBEWQI^FEHZH©w�WYkPOQIdR=±�D_F ° WYkPk F ° H�OQF ° HJBFnWQa�ÉMaUDPI�F ° H�a)LVa)F�HZ�3�vF ° TxaÌD_F�{ZWYIxIdOYF$mzHZO^cxWYBnwVDPXZH;F ° HZDPB;aE{ ° HJwVTxkPWQKdD_kPD_FzLQe � D_I|{8H�W@�(DPIdDP�@Td� DPIvF�HJBEWQB�BED_­¤WQkdF�DP�(Hy]O^B;F ° H@y]BnWY�(HJau{ZWQIdIdOYFuK|H�cdB�H©wVD�{hF�H©wq�|F ° H�B�H©{8HZDP­MD_IxR-FEW^a)É3{ZWQIdIdOYFuK|H(W�a�c|O^BEW^wVDP{1[ ��}u�;«�g�FnWQa�ÉGÎ|F ° HZBEH8y]OQBEHF ° H=FEWQa�É3Txa�HJabW � bÑ��¥�;�$} � ¦�;�áb«��ÄoÄ�rWQIxw/±UH ° W�­QH@T|a)H©wÕW9�lO^Ixa)FEWYIvF�SÌWYIxwV±�D�wMF °�� HJB�­^HZB�[ �US � g�FEOa�HZBE­QHbDGF©e� ° H�a�HJ{8O^Ixw-cdBEOQKxk_HJ� {JWYI�KrH�a)O^k_­^HJw-Txa�DPIdR�Fz±UO�wVD_Ò HZBEHZIvFU�(HZF ° OVwdaJej� ° H��|BEa)FU�(HZF ° OVw1W^wVOQcdFEaUW@a ° WYBEHJw�(HZ�(O^B�L�cdBEOQRQBnWY�(�(DPIdR\cxWYBnWQwdD_R^�_�=W\FnWQa�ÉC±�DPk_kPDPIdR/FEO\F�BnWYIxa��(DGF=DPa�WYkPk_O¤±UHJw�FEOÕWQ{J{8H©a�a�F ° H�IdH8Fz±UOQBEÉC{JWYBnwkÎ��TVF�TxWQk_kPL»H�d{8kPTxa�D_­^HÕWQ{J{8H©a�a�HJa�WQB�HÕRQTxWQBEWQI^FEHZH©w&KML a�HZ�-WYc ° OQBEHJaJeï� ° DPa�a)O^k_TdF�DPOQI D�a1­^HZBEL&a�D_�(cdkPHCWQIxw»F ° HDPIvF�BEOMwdTx{8H©wðO¤­^HZB ° HJW^w�DPa(­^HZBEL�k_O¤±�e»� ° H\a�HJ{8O^Ixwða�OQTxkGFED_O^I&D�a(KxWQa�HJwðOQI&F ° H\TdF�DPk_DPXJWYF�DPOQIßOYybWáa�HZBE­QHJB@FnWQa�ÉwVHJ­QOQF�HJwbFEO;a)HJIxwby]BnWY�(HJapOQIbF ° HlIdH8Fz±UOQBEÉ;O^I�K|H ° WYk_yVOYyVOYF ° HZBpFEWQa�ÉVaZep�ÄWQ{ ° FnWQa�É�crO^a)FEafD_FEafy]BEWQ�(HJaqDPI�W��-WYDPk_KrO��q�± ° HJIx{8HbF ° Hba�HZI|wVHZBUFEW^a)É-cxDP{nÉValF ° HJ� Tdcfes}UFUF ° Hb�(O^�=HJIvFJ�VOQIxk_L(F ° H��|BEa)F;a)O^k_TVFED_O^I�D�aÌD_�(cdkPHZ�(HZIvFEHJwq�VKdTdFÌDPIO^BEwVHJBUF�O-cdBEO¤­MDPwVH�W=RQOMOVw�wdHZRQBEHZH�OQyP�xH��MDPKdDPk_D_FzLQ�xK|OQF ° WYcdcxB�OvWQ{ ° H©aı�DPk_kpK|H�a�TdcdcrOQB�F�H©w�W^a�a)OMOQI3WQaÌcrO^aEa�D_KdkPHQe� ° H��(O^a)F9wVD_Ò Txa)H©w ° DPR ° HZB9k_HJ­QHZkbcdBEOYFEOM{ZOQk�a ° W�­QH/KrHZHJI�DP�=cxk_HJ�=HJIvF�HJw6TdcrOQI F ° HáH8F ° HZBEIdH8F9k_HJ­QHJkÂe ' IO^BEwVHJBjF�O�T|a)H�F ° HZ� ±�D_F ° DPI�W � e ��Wxe ��e (eQWQcdcdkPDP{JW¤FED_O^If�YF ° H 7(&�.�1�%-&G/-Ý+r�7-�k.B�[Þ�z �xk_H^�v{ZOQIvFEWQD_IxD_IdR�F ° H�y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI|acdBEOYFEOYFzLMcrHJa�WYI|w�F ° H�wdW¤FnW(azFEB�Tx{8F�TdBEHJaJ� ° W^aUF�O(K|H�DPIx{Zk_TxwdHJw9D_I9F ° H�WYcdcxk_D�{ZWYF�DPOQI9cdB�O^RQBnWY�3e}ua$W��xBnazFja)F�HZcp�¤F ° HÌIdHZFz±lO^B�É�wVBEDP­QHZBna ° W�­QHÄF�ObK|HÌDPIdDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH©wqe�� ° DPa$D�a�wVOQIdHUKML�F ° H ')%-0)"�.B'k.�0H2�; cdBED_�(D_F�DP­QHF ° W¤FsBEH��vTdDPB�H©a$F ° H��-W^{ ° D_IxH$¤ a ' iáW^wdwVBEHJaEaZe$}�ytFEHZBsDPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_X©W¤F�DPOQIp�¤F ° H�cxB�O^RQBnWY� ° W^a$F�O�KdDPIxw=DGFna)HJkGyrF�O�WbcrOQB�FsKMLW=a)OV{nÉ^H8Fb[�D_I9â ��' �h¤ aUy�WQa ° D_O^I|gÄKvL(F ° H r�7-�6"+vk.�'�7j2�; cdBED_�(D_F�DP­QH^e�};ytF�HJB�±ÌWYBnwdaJ�^D_F�DPaUcrO^aEa)DPKdkPH�HZD ° F�HJBlFEO�BEHJ{ZHZDP­QHcxW^{nÉQHZFEaUKML1Txa�D_IxR r�7-�6"$&�%�sn1�i(&�5Bt[2�; �¤OQBÌFEO(a�HZI|w1F ° HZ�ãKML�Txa�D_IdR r�7-�6"�/+%$'�7(0�532�; e

¶�ÁïÄq¾uµ-¶�µ-Ä

È �

Page 35: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

1�56.n7u')%-0)").�'k.�0H2�=( !�)"$�)�+>( �J98�tA;Ë ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FjDPajWQI�DPIvF�HJB)y�W^{8HUy]TdIx{8F�DPOQI=Txa)H©w�y]OQBj{ZWQk_kPD_IxRuF ° H�wVD_ÒrHJB�HJI^Fsk�W�LQHJBEa~DPIdDGFEDPWQk_DPXZDPIdRby]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxaJe�� ° Ht cxWQBEWQ�=HZF�HJBUa�c|H©{8D��xHJaUF ° H�cdBEOYFEOM{ZOQk�asF ° W¤F�WQB�HbRQO^D_IxR@FEO=KrH�WQ{8F�DP­�WYF�H©w�WQk_O^IdR�±�D_F ° F ° H�cxWYBnWY�(H8FEHZBnasFEOK|H-c|WQaEa)H©w\F�O3F ° HZDPB�DPIdDGFEDPWQk_DPXZDPIdR3y]Tx{ZIvF�DPOQIxaJe-� ° H-cdBEHJwVH��xIdHJw ')%-0�"+v):)/$% ­¤WQk_TdH^�fD_yUTxa�HJwáW^a '�%-0)").B'�.�0cxWYBnWY�(HZF�HZB©�l{JWYTxa�HJa=F ° H/HZF ° HJB�IdHZF�k_HJ­QHJk�F�O�KrHÕa�OQkPHZkPL¾D_IvFEDPWQk_DPXZH©w&KML&Txa)DPIdR¾Wá��TVF�H��ßa�HZ�-WYc ° OQBEH�y]O^BHZIVy]O^BE{ZD_IxR��@TVFETxWYk$H�d{Zk_Txa�DPOQIfe��/OQBEHZO¤­QHJBJ�dF ° H '�%-0)"�/$%$0(r�7-�k.��y2ßt²Då:(7!7-&�; �(W^{8BEO�D�a�wVH��xIdHJw/F�O1a�HZkPHJ{8FF ° H(â�«ui'Z ' i6cdBEOYFEOV{8OQk�a�a)FEW^{nÉ3±�DGF ° kPOM{JWYk ' i6W^wdwVBEHJaEa :(7!7(& �rH�VcdBEHJaEa�HJw\DPICa)F�BED_IxR�y]OQBE�-W¤F©e�� ° H@FnWQa�ÉTxa�HJw=F�O ° WYIxwVkPH;IdHZFz±lO^B�É�{ZWYBnw=D_IvFEHZBEB�TdcdFEa ° WQasW � bÑ��¥�;�$} � ¦�;�áb«��Äo/OQKVFnWYDPIdHJw=DPIdDGFEDPWQk_DPXZDPIdR@a�Tx{ °W=�=OVwVHJkf±�D_F ° F ° H©a)H�WQB�R^Td�(HZIvFEa��/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�:$r)*+0)"�t�5$7�%!*A2ßtP;PM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"+{Gs+%-0j2ßteDïØ��!�!�6;NM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"+��%$&�.n5(732ßt[D��!�(�!�-�6;NM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"BtG%$0H2�t²DïØ��(�!�6;PM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"(:+��%-&G.+5$7G.-sN2ßtP;PM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"�/�|6/n0�%�t�2ßtP;NM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"+'�5$#�.+*!*P2ßtP;NMÏ ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·.B'�0Êt�:6.B'H2�.B'�0�:$&!,GsAD s�z�:-&Æ8!8$:-&!,(1!1�56.n76;p =! !�)"+�)�$>! �Ját w�')%-0)"nv):)/$%jMs�z):-&o0�:�*$#)"Bt)|�.B�):(7(7(&���ä!���jMÞ!Þ!Þ/n0!&GsB��|H2�0�:!*$#)"Bt6|G.��):$7!7-&yDïÐ!ØBè!çyÞ4�!�(äyÞ4Ö!�yÞßÕ�é�Ð-;kM')%-0)"�/$%-0(r�7$�k.B�y2ßt[D�0�:�*$#)"Bt)|�.B�):(7(7(&�;PM')%-0)"�.B'k.�0H24�+tA;PMÞ!Þ!Þµ-àq¾oÃ[Ä�¿o»HîoÉ�Éo¿.B'�0â.��6"�/n&!0��!:(7!7(&j2�s�z):-&o8!/�0!&yDá���)"$K(>!>!?¸8�.��k;Ë ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' Fj{8OQIM­^HZB�FEapF ° H ' iáWQwdwVBEHJaEaJ��{ZOQIvFEWQD_IxHJw�DPI�F ° H /n0!& a)F�BEDPIdRuc|WYBnWY�(H8FEHZB©�©DPIvF�O ����"$K!>!>!? y]O^B��-W¤F©e� ° H�BEHJa�Tdk_FlD�aUB�HZF�TdBEIdHJw�D_I1F ° Hb­¤WYBEDPWQKdk_H�c|O^D_IvF�H©w�KML .B� e$� ° Huy]TdIx{8F�DPOQI�B�HZF�TdBEIxa �(?-~� DGyfF ° H�O^c|HJBEWYF�DPOQI° WQaÌKrHZHJI\a)Tx{J{8H©azy]Tdk"� I!K�J!l- OQF ° HJB�±�D�a)H^e·ÒÉoàq¾q죵-¶¸É.B'�0Êr�7-�6"+vk.�'�7j2�~�>(�)"$K!>!>(?�8+:jDá���)"$K!>(>!?â8�vk.B'�7�*).(/n0G;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�KdDPIxwdaÌF ° H�B�H©{8HZDP­MD_IxR�cdBEOQR^BEWQ�åOQI1F ° H�a�c|H©{8D��xHJw3âu«�i»crOQB�FJes}4a)OV{nÉ^H8FÌDPa;{ZB�H©W¤FEHJw1WQIxw�DGFnaDPwdHZIvF�D��xHZB�D�a�BEH8F�TxB�IdH©wqe(�\OQBEHZO¤­^HZBuF ° H ° OvazF�WQwxwVB�H©a�a�HJa�a�c|H©{8D��xHJwÕF ° B�O^TdR ° F ° H vk.B'�7�*).(/n0 c|WYBnWY�(H8FEHZBWYBEH(k_OvWQwVH©wÕDPIvF�O9F ° H�}u��i4FEWQKdkPHQe�� ° H-crOQB�F�DPa�D�wVHJI^FED��|HJw�KML/F ° H : cxWYBnWY�(HZF�HZB�± ° DP{ ° DPa@{8OQ�(crO^a�HJwOYy$F ° HT�xHZk�wda;I|WY�(HJw /-"(:-7!7(& � ° W�­MD_IxR �B�)"$K!>!>(? FzLMcrHQ�rWYIxw /-"+��5-&!0 � ° W�­MD_IxR �)�$?!> FzLMcrHQeÌ� ° H /-"+��5-&!0cxWYBnWY�(HZF�HZB(D�a(F ° H/�(O^a)F��=H©WYIdDPIdRQy]Tdk�a�D_Ix{ZH\DGF1a�crHJ{8D��xH©a(F ° HÕc|O^B)F-F ° H3y]TdIx{8F�DPOQI KdDPIxwda(FEOxe ÑdTdB�F ° HJBwVH8FnWYDPkPab{ZWQI\K|H�y]OQTxIxw\DPIÕWYIML3â �;' � �-WYIMTxWQkÂeb� ° H@crO^aEa)DPKdDPk_D_FzL3OYyÄa�c|H©{8D_y]LMD_IdR�F ° H ° O^a)FEa;F ° WYFb±�DPkPk~KrHWQ{J{8HJaEa�HJwá[tF ° B�O^TdR ° F ° H v�.B'�7�*).-/n0 c|WYBnWY�(H8FEHZBhgh�xcrHZBE�(DGFna;FEO�W^wdw/}��;i FEWQKdkPH@HZIvFEB�DPHJa�D_I\F ° H=IdH8Fz±UOQBEÉD_IxDGFEDPWQk_DPXJWYF�DPOQI=c ° WQa�HQe ' I=F ° D�aj±ÌW�LQ��F ° HÌF�DP�=DPIdR�DP�=cxB�H©wVDP{8FEWQKdD_kPD_FzL�D_IvFEB�OVwVTx{ZHJw�KML�}��;iá{JWYI=K|H�BEHJwdTx{8H©wqe� ° D�apcrO^aEa)DPKdDPk_D_FzL�{ZWYI@K|HUwVDPaE{ZWQBEwdHJw�KML�{ ° O^a�D_IxR;W =-~)J(J ­¤WYkPTdHsy]O^BpF ° H vk.B'�7�*).(/n0 cxWYBnWY�(HZF�HZB©e3�F ° HZBE±�DPa�Ha)T|{ ° W�cxWQBEWQ�=HZF�HJB ° WQa;F�O�K|H=W�crOQDPI^FEHZB�F�O�W =$~)J!J F�HZBE�(D_I|W¤F�H©w ���)"+K!>!>!? WYBEBnW�LQe�}�au±lH�a�WQDPw\H©WYBEk_DPHZB©�F ° H�BEH8FETdBEIdHJw9a)OV{nÉ^H8FÌDPwVHJIvF�D��xHZB�{JWYI9K|H�y]H©w9D_IvF�O=F ° H r�7$�6"�/$%$'�7(0�5E2�; cdBED_�(D_F�DP­QH^e

È �

Page 36: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

Ï ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·1�56.n7¸8Ê0!¢G/$%�/!/�.+5$'!0�:)/n#H241�56.B7o8+:-&!,�;Êp~�>!�)"$K(>!>!?Ò*(5�s$:�*EM���)"$K!>(>!?9v6*F��ä��HM.B'�0Æ/$5)sn#HMÝ�8Ê�-z)%Ê�)%-&�.+5-7G.(s¼0!¢6/$%)/!/�.n5$'�0�:)/�#yD�r(�)5$' .�0G/�sn&�%(:-0�.+5$'yD8-ÝÝ�8�s�&�%!:-0�%�/u:Æ/+5)sn#�%-09v�%(i�5-&�%$'�0�%-&�.B'�, 8-ÝÝ�8Ê0-z)%â.B'�iG.B'�.�0�%Òsn|6s-*(%90!|(�k.-s$:�*Ê5(i�:�*!* 8-ÝÝ�8q��%-&�.+5(76.(s¼0�:)/�#G/ 8-Ý*(5)s$:�*jÞa/-"+�)5$&!0ÊwúØ��!ç!�EMïÝ�8�*-5)s$:�*u�)5$&!0Æ8-ÝÝ�8¸�B0â*-5!:(76/u0(z)%�%-0-zâ:-7!7(&�%)/(/q5(iÒ0-z)%Êz)5)/n0G/ 8-ÝÝ�8Ê0-z)%90�:)/n#o{k.$*(*¸s+5�t!t)r!'�.(s$:-0�%¼{k.�0(z 8-ÝÝ�8¸.�'�0�590(z)%9K!?!��0�:+v6*(% 8-Ý.B�6"�/n0(&��!:(7!7-&H2�Ð!Ø�è(çHÞ4�-�!äHÞ4Ö(�HÞ Õ!é�ÐkD v6*);PMÝ�8Ê0�%-&+tA.B'�:-0�%)/�vk.B'�7�*).(/�0�v!|�=-~�J!J 8-Ý8P2!2�>(�)�$?!>¸8�;B�(v6*F�ا�G;¼w�=-~)J!JHM/$5)sn#Òwor�7-�6"+v�.B'�7j2���*(5)s$:�*3D}v)*);PMÞ!Þ!ÞÔ

È �

Page 37: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

·ÒÉoàq¾oÃeÁï¶�ÉÒļÈ.B'�0Êr�7-�6"�/$%+'�7(0�5E2�.B'�0�/AD£sBz):-&Æ8�v!r�ijD�.B'�0o'!v�|!0�%)/ADæ~�>!��"$K!>!>!?�8n0�56;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FÄa�HZIxwdaÄWYI-â�«ui¾cxW^{nÉQH8F©�Y±�D_F ° a�D_XJH '(v�|!0�%)/ �¤± ° O^a�H�K|OVwVL�DPajcrOQDPIvF�H©w(KvL v!r�i F�O@WQI-WQwdwVBEHJaEaa)crHJ{ZD��|HJw¾KML 0�5 e¾� ° H9kPW^azF(cxWQBEWQ�=HZF�HJB ° W^a ~�>!�)"$K(>!>!? FzLMcrH9WQIxw¾D�wVHJI^FED��|HZB(HZD_F ° HJB=F ° H\wVH©azFED_IxWYF�DPOQI' i WQwdwdB�H©a�aÌO^B�F ° H@c|O^B)F@[Âa)HJH r�7$�6"+vk.B'�7 y]O^B�y]TdB�F ° HJB;D_Idy]OQBE�(WYF�DPOQI3OQI ~�>!�)"+K!>!>!? ghe ' I\OQBnwVHZBÌFEO�a)HJIxw\WcxWQ{nÉ^H8F;W=k_OV{JWYkpa�OV{nÉQH8F ° W^aUF�O-KrH@{8BEHJWYF�H©wq�VKML�{ZWQk_kPDPIdR=F ° H r�7-�6"+v�.B'�7j2�; cdBEDP�=D_F�DP­QH-ÎdD_FEa�D�wVHZIvFED��xHJB�a ° WYkPkK|H�c|WQaEa)H©w1KML-F ° H / cxWQBEWQ�=HZF�HJBJeÏ ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·1�56.n7â8q0!¢G/$%�/!/�.+5$'!0�:)/n#H241�5).n798$:$&!,�;Êp.�'�0Æ/$5)sn#yM~�>!�)"$K!>(>!?Ò*(5)s+:�*ED�0�5jMÞ(Þ!ÞÝ�8Ò/+5)sn#�%-0âs�&�%!:-0�.n5$'Æ8-ÝÞ(Þ!Þi!5-&x2�M!M�;Êp Þ!Þ!ÞÝ�8u��&�%$��:-&�%)/¼0-z)%o7�%)/n0�.�'):-0�.+5+'�:(7!7-&�%)/!/o8-Ý0�5yÞ�/-"+�)5-&(0owúØB�!ç!�jM.B�6"�/n0!&��-K!7!7(&H2�Ð(Ø��(éyÞ��HÞ4�jÞ�Ø!Ð�D��j2�0!5yÞa/$"-:-7!7$&�;!;NMr�7-�)"�/$%$'�7-0�5E2�/$5�sn#HDTtP/n,yDåtP/�,)*(%$'�Dæ�!0�56;PMÞ!Þ!Þ0�:)/�#)"(%$'�7)sn|Gs-*(%32�;NMÔÔ·ÒÉoàq¾u¿ÊÁ�º ë/��¿oÈÀÇ.B'�0Êr�7-�6"$&�%�sn1�i(&�5Bt[2�.B'�0o/ADás�z):$&í8Bv!r�iHDæ~�>(�)"$K!>!>(?¸8+i(&�5BtA;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FjB�H©{8HJD_­^HJa�W�â�«ui�cxWQ{nÉ^H8F�y]B�O^�äF ° H;a)OV{nÉQHZF$D�wVHJI^FED��|HJw=KML / ÎYF ° H�cxWQ{nÉ^H8F�K|OVwVL�DPaj{ZOQcdDPHJw=DPIvF�OF ° H=KdTVÒ HZB�crOQDPIvF�HJwÕKML v(r�i ÎrF ° H(a�HZIxwVHJBbW^wdwVBEHJaEa�[Â{8O^�=crO^a�HJw/OYysF ° H�c|WYDPBucrOQB�F)� ' ijWQwdwVBEHJaEangÌDPa�{ZOQcdDPHJwD_IvFEO�F ° H�­¤WYBED�WYKdkPH(c|O^D_IvF�H©w�KvL i(&�5�t e�� ° H-cdBEDP�=D_F�DP­QH(BEH8FETdB�I|a�F ° H-IMTd��K|HJB�OYyUKML^FEHJa�{ZOQ�(crO^a�D_IdR9F ° HcxWQ{nÉ^H8F©eÏ ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·

È Ù

Page 38: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

�!K�l-m�&!¢6/$%)/!/�.n5$'�0�:)/�#H2�;áp.B'�0Æ/$5)s�#yM~�>!�)"+K!>!>!?Ò*-5)s$:�*ED_i-&�5�t²MÝ�8u�(z)%9')5$'Ò&�%!:!*)×�0�.tG%q&!¢G/$%�/!/�.+5$'!0�:)/n# 8-ÝÝ�8�sn&�%!:$0�%)/q:o&�%)s$%6.B1�.B'�,¸/+5)sn#�%-0Ò:+'�7 8-ÝÝ�8Ê%$'�0�%$&G/q:$' .B'�iG.B'�.�0�%o*(5(5$��{):6.�0�.�'�,â8-ÝÝ�8qi�5-&Ò0(z)%â.B'�s+5�tA.B'�,q�):)sn#�%$0G/ 8-ÝÞ!Þ!ÞÝ�8u>(r�&�.�'�,Æ.B'k.�0G.+:�*).��!:-0�.+5$'q0(z)% 8-ÝÝ�8�/$5)sn#�%-0Æ.(/Òsn&�%!:-0�%(7 8-ÝÞ!Þ!Þi�5-&x2�M!M;9p Þ(Þ!Þr�7-�6"$&�%�sn1�i(&�5Bt[2�/$5�sn#HDÅ.B'$tP/�,yD���i(&�5BtA;PMÝ�8Êi-&�5�tús$5$'�0�:6.B'�/¼0-z)%Æ/+%$'�7�%-&Ò:-7!7(&�%)/(/98-ÝÞ(Þ!Þ0�:)/n#)"(%+'�76sn|Gs$*(%E2�;kMÔÔ·ÒÉoàq¾q¶ÆÈuÄ�µ��}ÿ.B'�0Êr�7-�6"+')5$0�.ni(|H2�.B'�0�/AD¼.�'�0H2�8+i6;N2�.B'�0o*(%$'�D�O��(�! â8�v!r�ijDÅ1�56.n7â8��k;!;Ë ·MÞZ¢¤¨]½$¡J¨Â£| �Ì F ° H-IdOQF�D_y]LvDPIdR9y]TdIx{8F�DPOQI i D�a�WQaEa)OV{ZDPWYF�HJwÕ±�DGF ° F ° H / a�OV{nÉQH8F©e�A ° HZI�W9cxWQ{nÉ^H8F�WQwdwVBEHJaEa�HJw\FEOF ° H1c|O^B)F�F ° H�a�OV{nÉQHZF�DPa@K|O^TdIxw�F�O�WYBEB�DP­QH©aZ�~a)Tx{ ° W\y]TdIx{hFED_O^I�DPa@D_IM­^OQÉQH©wqe\â;crOQI�D_FEa@D_IM­QOV{JW¤F�DPOQIp�pF ° Hy]TdIx{8F�DPOQI�BEHJ{ZHZDP­QHJajW^aÄWQB�R^Td�(HZIvFEasW�crOQDPIvF�HJBsF�O�F ° HuB�H©{8HZDP­QH©w=cxWQ{nÉ^H8F�[ v!r�i gh�QF ° HucxWQ{nÉ^H8FÄa�D_XJH@[ *(%$' gh�^WQIxwW3c|O^D_IvFEHZB@a�c|H©{8D��xHJw�WQk_O^IdR\±�D_F ° F ° H r�7$�6"+')5-0G.ni(|H2�; {JWYkPk�[ � ghe\� ° H1IdOYFEDGy]LMDPIdR3y]TdIx{8F�DPOQI¾D�a�H�VH©{8TVFEHJw±�DGF ° DPI�F ° H�{8O^IvF�H�MF�OYy$F ° H�B�H©{8HZDP­MD_IxR@FnWQa�ÉGÎMF ° HZBEH8y]O^B�H^�VDGF�a ° O^TdkPw�IdOQF�{ZOQIxa�Td�(H�F�OMO(�@T|{ ° FED_�(HQeÏ ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·GÌ

È ×

Page 39: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

.B'�0 z�&(0(�6"$&�%�sn1�i-r!'H2�.B'�0Ê*(%$'yD_O!�!�! Æ8�v�D_1�56.�7Æ8B�k;p /n0!&(rGsn0o�!?!�!��"(l- �l!l)�$�$=�8!/AM/n0!&(rGsn0o�!?!�!��"$�!>!?¸8Bz�MÞ!Þ!ÞÝ�8u=�5-0�.�i(|�.B'�,9i-r!'�sn0G.+5$'9r�/+%(7�i�5-&�&�%)s$%).�1�.B'�,�8-ÝÝ�8À�):)sn#�%-0G/ui(&�5Bt :â/$%)/(/�.+5$'�*-%-1�%�*q��&�5$0�5)s$5�*o8-ÝÞ!Þ!ÞÝ�8À�ú.-/o:9�)56.B'!0�%-&o0�5o0(z)%o7�%)/(sn&�.B��0�5-&o5(i 8-ÝÝ�8u0(z)%â/$%)/!/!.+5$'Æ.B'!1�5�*$1�%-7¸.B'�0(z)%90!&�:$'G/�tA.(/!/!.+5$'¸8$Ý/9wo��MÝ�8u0(z)%o&�%)s$%).�1�%(7q��:)sn#�%-0Æ.-/Òs+5$�k.+%(7Æ.B'!0�5o:���&G.�1�:-0�%�8-ÝÝ�8Àv!r�i!i!%-&9v)%�*(5+'�,�.B'�,Ê0�5�0-z)%¸/$%)/!/�.n5$' 8-Ýzâwx2�/n0(&(r�sn09�(?!�!�)"$�(>!?â8�;��H2/�×��+v+��/�×��$&�%�s�1�798�.B'�/n0�:+'�s$%�"-76.tX�G;PMt�%�tPsB��|H24z�D�v�D *(%$'k;PMÞ!Þ!Þ&�%-0(r!&('��jMÔ Þ!Þ!Þ1�56.n7 z!&!0(�6"$&�%)sn1H2�/�0!&(r�sB0u�(?!�!�)"(l$ �l!l6�$�+=�8!/AD_1�5).n7ø2�8+iG;N241�56.n7G;(;p r�7$�6"+')5-0G.ni(|H2�/!×���/$5�sn#HD}z�&!0(�)"$&�%)sn1!i-r!'�DÀ2�1�56.�7¸8�;(/�;PM/�ר�+')5-0�.�i(|(�):-&ntÒwÒiHM/�ר�(:)sn0�.B1�%Êw��!?!�!�)"+?��(@���=HMÔ Þ!Þ!Þ}ácdBEOQR^BEWQ�(�=HJBrF ° WYFp±UWQIvFEarF�O�D_�(cdkPHZ�(HZIvFpWÌIdHJ±�F�BnWYIxa�c|O^B)F^Z�IdHZFz±lO^B�ÉÌkPHZ­^HZkQa)FEW^{nÉ�wVD_ÒrHJB�HJI^Fpy]B�O^�6â�«ui'Z ' iIdHJHJwda;F�O1wdD_BEHJ{8F�kPL9W^{Z{8H©a�a�F ° H��jF ° HJB�IxH8Fba�HZBE­MDP{ZHJaJeU� ° DPau{ZWYI\KrH@wVO^IdH�Txa�DPIdR-F ° H@�jF ° HZBEIdH8FbkPW�L^HZB©�dWQ{J{8HJaEa�D_KdkPHF ° B�O^TdR ° F ° H@�zHZF ° e ° � ° HJWQwdHZB[�xkPHQe' I9OQBnwVHZBUFEO-B�H©{8HZDP­QHb�jF ° HZBEIdH8F�y]BnWY�(H©aZ�VW({ZWQk_kPKxWQ{nÉ(y]TxIx{hFED_O^I ° WQaUF�O(KrH�WQaEa)OV{ZDPWYF�HJw�F�O-W�y]BEWQ�(HuFzLMcrH�[tF ° Hy]BnWY�(HuFzLvcrH�DPa�Wh�xHJkPw1OYy$W@y]BnWY�(H©g�$H©WQ{ ° F�DP�=HbF ° W¤F;W@y]BEWQ�=HbOYy~F ° H�a�c|H©{8D��xHJw�FzLMc|H�±�DPk_kfWQB�BED_­^HQ�^F ° H�{JWYkPk_KxW^{nÉy]TdI|{hF�DPOQIá±�DPk_kjKrH�{ZWQk_kPHJwfe=} {ZWQk_kPKxW^{nÉ/{ZWYICK|H-KrOQTxIxw/FEO\W1y]BnWY�(H=FzLMc|H(Txa�DPIdR9F ° H %-0(z)"�/$%-0!��%!:(7�%-& k_DPKdBnWYBEL{JWYkPkÂe' I�OQBnwVHZBpF�O;FEBEWQIxa��=D_F��jF ° HJB�IxH8F$y]BEWQ�=H©aZ�¤W�F�BnWYIxa��(DPaEa�D_O^I�KdTVÒ HZB��@Txa)F~KrHÌWYkPk_OV{ZWYF�H©w�WYIxwT�xkPk_H©wk�qF ° H ° H©WQwVHJB{JWYI=K|H[�xkPkPHJw=Txa�D_IdR %$0(z6"�/$%$0!��%!:(7!%-&H2�; �Z± ° D_kPHÌF ° H�K|OVwVL���Txa)FsK|H�H��Mcxk_D�{8D_F�kPLT�xkPkPHJw(W¤ytFEHZBjOQKdFEWYDPIdDPIdR�Wbc|O^D_IvF�HJBFEO-DGF�F ° B�O^TdR ° %-0-z6"$,�%-0(I!>(Oy2�; ef}UF�F ° D�a�c|O^D_IvF�F ° H�y]BEWQ�(H�{JWYI9K|H�a�HZIvF�Txa�D_IxR %-0-z6"�/$%$'�7(�!m!�H2�; e�~BEWQIxa��=D�aEa)DPOQI/KxTVÒrHJBEa�{JWYI�K|H-WYkPkPOM{JW¤FEHJw/T|a)DPIdR�F ° H ')%-0-v!r�i!i �(OVwVTdkPH$�bF ° DPa��(OVwVTdkPH\[]TxaEWYKxk_H=D_I|{8kPTxwVDPIdRF ° H��)IdHZF�KdTVÒ�e ° � ° H©WQwVHJBH�xkPH©glcrHZBE�(DGFnasFEO��-WYI|WYRQHuc|OMO^kPalOYypcxB�HZ� WQk_kPOV{ZW¤FEHJw(KdTdÒrHJBEaJ�MD_I�OQBnwVHZBÄF�O=�=DPIdDP�(D_XJH�F ° HTdIxcdB�H©wVD�{hFEWQKdDPk_D_FzL�wVTxHuFEO�wVLMIxWY�(D�{�WYkPk_OV{ZWYF�DPOQIfe¶�ÁïÄ�ì¼·/���ï¾Àµ-¶�µ-Ä

1�56.n7u')%-0(v!r�i!i�").B'�.�0H2�=! (�-O(~!I!Io8�')%-0(vyD�O��!�! o'!v!r�i!i6/AD��6�+?!>ov!r�i!i!76.tA;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FÌD_IdD_F�D�WYkPDPXZHJaÌW�c|OMO^kf{8OQ�(crO^a�HJw-OQy '!v!r�i!i)/ KdTVÒ HZBnaJ�VHJWQ{ ° OYypF ° HZ� ° W�­QH v(r�i!i!7G.Ft a)DPXZH^ej� ° Hc|OMO^kqDPa�D�wVHJI^FED��|HJw9KML-F ° H ')%-0(v wVHJaE{8BEDPcVF�O^BJe

È Ë

Page 40: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

¶�ÁïÄ�ì¼·/���ï¾9ÂoÁÅÄ1�56.n7Ò8�')%-0(v(r�i!i�"$,�%-0H2�=! (�-O(~!I!Io8�')%-0(vyD�O��!�! Òi�*(:$,�;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�B�HZF�TdBEIxa�W9crOQDPI^FEHZBbF�O3F ° H}�xBnazF�y]BEHZH(KdTVÒ HZB�DPICF ° H-crOMOQkjD�wVHZIvF�D��xH©wCKML '�%-0(v e=� ° H i�*(:-,cxWYBnWY�(HZF�HZB©�V± ° D�{ ° {ZWQI3W^a�a�Td�(H�­¤WYkPTdHJa O�J��-�(m OQB =��$=)"+O�J��-�(m �^DPIxwVD�{ZWYF�H©a�± ° H8F ° HZB�F ° H@OQcrHZBnW¤F�DPOQI9D�a�WKdkPOM{nÉMDPIdR3OQB�IdO^IV�"Kxk_OV{nÉMD_IxR3WQk_kPOV{ZWYF�DPOQIfe ' y�W�IxOQIV� KdkPOM{nÉMDPIdR ')%$0(v!r�i!i�"$,�%-0H2�; DPa�crHZB�y]OQBE�(HJwC± ° HZI�F ° Hc|OMO^kfwVOMHJaÌIdOQF�{8OQIvFnWYDPI9WQIvL�y]B�HJHbKxTVÒrHJBJ�|W � â�o~oác|O^D_IvF�HJB�DPaÌBEH8FETdBEIdHJwqe¶�ÁïÄ�ì¼·/���ï¾À¿9Áï´TÁïî�ÃeÁ1�56.n7u')%-0(v!r�i!i�"$&�%!*(%!:)/$%324=! -�(O(~�I(I�8B')%-0(v�D�1�56.n7â8�v!r�i(iG;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F��-WYBEÉMaUF ° H�KdTVÒ HZB�crOQDPIvF�H©w�KML v!r�i!i W^aUy]B�HJHbDPI9F ° H ')%-0(v c|OMO^kÂeÁïÄ�� ¾uµ-¶�µ-Ä1�56.n79%-0(z6").�'k.�0H2�.�'�0¼t�5-7�%jD��!K�l$m)"$�)�$>( �JÒ8�tP;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FÌD_IdD_F�D�WYkPDPXZHJaUF ° H��jF ° HZBEIdH8F�k�W�LQHZB©�vD_I9OQBnwVHZBlF�O=FEBEWQIxa)�(D_FUO^BÌB�H©{8HZDP­QHuH8F ° HZBEIdH8FÌy]BnWY�(HJaJe ' ypF ° H�jF ° HZBEIdH8F;k�W�LQHJB ° WQa�WYkPBEHJWQwdL-K|HJHZI3D_IxDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH©wq�dD_F�wVOMHJaÌIdOQF ° DPIdRxe

�ÄWQ{ ° IdHZFz±lO^B�É1k_HJ­QHZkpcdB�OQF�OV{8O^k F ° WYF�IdHJHJwdaÌFEO�WQ{J{8HJaEaÌF ° H�IdH8Fz±UOQBEÉ1{JWYBnw���Txa)F�cxWQaEaUF ° B�O^TdR ° F ° H��jF ° �HZBEIdH8F;k�W�LQHJBJ�M± ° D�{ ° �@Txa)F�KrH�D_IxDGFEDPWQk_DPXZH©w�KrH8y]O^B�H�BEHJ{ZHZDP­MD_IdR(O^B;a)HJIxwVDPIdR�WYIMLvF ° DPIdR|eÄ� ° H��jF ° HZBEIdH8FukPW�L^HZB±�D_kPkpa�HJWQBE{ ° y]OQB;W(a)Txcdc|O^B)FEHJw�IdH8Fz±UOQBEÉ�{ZWQBEwf�VHZIxWQKdk_H�D_F�WYIxw9DPIdD_FEWYkPDPXZH�a)O^�(HbDPIvF�HJB�IxWQkfazFEB�T|{hF�TxB�H©aZe}UF�F ° HÕ�(OQ�(HZIvF©�ÌF ° H tG5(7�% cxWQBEWQ�(H8F�HJB�D�a�IdOQF1Txa�HJwq�;DPI»F ° H/y]TVFETdB�HÕDGF9±�D_kPkuKrH/Txa�HJwßFEO&a�HZkPHJ{8F�WYIOQcrHZBnW¤FED_IdR��(OVwVH�[]��TVF�T|WYkxH��d{8kPTxa)DPOQI=OQI-a�HZIxw(O^c|HJBEWYF�DPOQI�F ° BEOQTxR ° W�wVHJwVD�{ZWYF�H©w-a)HJB�­^HZB$FEW^a)É�OQB�F ° B�O^TdR °�@TVFEH�VHJanghe� ° D�aÌk_DPKdBnWYBEL-y]TdIx{8F�DPOQI3DPa�{JWYkPk_H©w1KML ')%$0)").B'k.B0H2�; DPI9F ° H�a)FEWQIxwdWQBEw�â�«ui'Z ' i {ZOQI��xR^TdBnW¤F�DPOQIpe� ° H�FnWQa�É1�(OVwVHZk~Txa)H©w9y]OQB�F ° H�FnWQa�É�F ° W¤F ° WQIxwVkPHJa;F ° H�IxH8Fz±UOQBEÉ1{ZWQBEw9DPI^FEHZBEB�TxcVFEa;{JWYI\KrH�cxW^a�a�HJw9±�D_F °F ° H���cxWYBnWY�(HZF�HZB©e ' ysD_FbD�a � â�o~os�qW � bÑ��¥�;�$} � ¦�;�áb«��ÄoðOQKVFnWYDPIdHJw/D_IdD_F�D�WYkPDPXZDPIdR�a�Tx{ ° W��(OVwVHJk±�DGF ° F ° H©a)H�WYBERQTx�=HJIvFEa̱�DPk_kqKrH�Txa�HJwk�/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�:$r)*+0)"�t�5$7�%!*A2ßtP;PM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"+{Gs+%-0j2ßteDïØ��!�!�6;NM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"+��%$&�.n5(732ßt[D��!�(�!�-�6;NM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"BtG%$0H2�t²DïØ��(�!�6;PM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"(:+��%-&G.+5$7G.-sN2ßtP;PM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"�/�|6/n0�%�t�2ßtP;NM/$5-i(0)"$0�:�/n#)"-7�%-i�"+'�5$#�.+*!*P2ßtP;NM

�¸ÄÀÈÀ¶íê© ¶�ÄÀÈ��ÆÃ�6�$?!>qz�0�5$'�/N24�6�$?!>uz)5)/n0G;PM�6�$?!>q'�0�5$z�/N24�6�$?!>u')%-0�;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° H©a)H�Fz±UO-TVFED_kPDGFzL9y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI|au{ZOQIM­QHJB)F�W-A�b�;« y]B�O^��F ° H ° O^a)F;y]OQBE�-W¤F;FEO-F ° H�IdH8Fuy]OQBE�-W¤F[ z�0�5$'G/ glWYIxw�­MDP{ZH8� ­QHJBEaEW1[ '!0�5$z�/ gheÁïÄ�� ¾oÂ9ÁïÄ�îoÉ�Éo¿9Á�Ã�Ã1�56.n79%-0(z6"$,�%-0!K�7!7-&�%)/!/P24 (�!��"$K!>(>(?�8+%-0(zk;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�B�HZF�TdBEIxaUF ° H�IdH8F�{JWYBnw1�sF ° HJB�IdHZF�WQwdwdB�H©a�aUDPI�F ° H !�!��"$K!>!>!? a)F�BETx{hFETdBEHbcrOQDPIvF�H©w�KML %-0-z e

�^�

Page 41: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ÁïÄ�� ¾oÃ[Ä�¿�»jîoÉ�Éo¿1�56.n79%-0(z6"�/�0!&��!:(7(7(&H2�s�z�:$&o8$:(7!7jDá/�0!&(r�sn0o (�!�)"$K!>(>!?¸8+76/!;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F={ZOQIM­QHJB)Fna@WQI¾�jF ° HZBEIdH8F-WQwdwdB�H©a�a@y]B�O^�F ° H9azFEB�DPIdR/y]O^B��-WYF9[5���!�k� �!�k� �!�k� �(�k� �!��� �!�I�zgbFEO/F ° HKML^FEH�[ !�!��"$K!>!>!? g�y]OQBE�-W¤FJe � ° H :-7!7 a)F�BEDPIdR�{8OQIvFnWYDPIxa=F ° H/W^wdwVBEHJaEa=D_IßF�H��MF-y]OQBE�(WYFJ�U± ° DPk_H 76/ D�a�Wc|O^D_IvFEHZBÌF�O=F ° H !�(�)"$K!>!>(? a)F�BETx{hFETdBEHb± ° HZBEHuF ° H�OQTdF�cdTVF;D�aÌcdk�WQ{ZHJwqeÁïÄ�� ¾oÃeÁïÄ�à ¿9ÈuÄÀÈʺuÈÀ´.B'�0�%$0(z6"�/$%$0!�!&�5-0�5)s$5�*32��)�$?->q0!|-�)%jD�1�56.�7x28n&�%)sn1G;N2�1�56.�7�8+i-&�:�t�%6;(;Ë ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FlD�alTxa)H©w(F�O=a)crHJ{ZDGy]L(F ° H�{ZWYkPkPKxWQ{nÉ@y]TdIx{hFED_O^I &�%)sn1 FEO@KrHb{JWYkPk_H©w(± ° HZI9W�y]BnWY�(H;OYypFzLvcrH 0!|(�)%DPabBEHJ{ZHZDP­QHJwfe ' FbBEH8FETdB�I|a �!?-~� DPICF ° H-{ZW^a)H�OYyla�Tx{J{8HJaEaJ� I(K�J�l- OQF ° HJB�±�D�a�HQe�A ° HJIÕF ° H��sF ° HJB�IdHZF�kPW�L^HZB±�D_kPkp{JWYkPk F ° H &�%)sn1 {ZWYkPkPKxWQ{nÉ �MDGF;±�DPkPkfcxWQaEalF�O(F ° H�y]TdIx{8F�DPOQI\W=c|O^D_IvF�HJBÌF�O(F ° H�B�H©{8HJD_­^HJw-y]BnWY�(H^e

� ° H�{ZWQk_kPKxWQ{nÉ�y]TdIx{hFED_O^I3B�TdI|aÌD_I9F ° H�{8OQIvFEH�MF�OYypF ° H�wVBED_­^HZBUFEW^a)É �da�HZBE­QH©w1KML1W��US � e�ÄWQ{ °�° DPR ° � k_HJ­QHJk|cdBEOYFEOV{8OQk ��TxazFÌTxa�H�F ° D�aÌk_DPKdBnWYBEL({JWYkPkrF�O(B�HJRQD�azFEHZBUDGFna)HJkGy~D_I9OQBnwVHZBlF�O(cdBEOV{8H©a�alD_I|{8OQ�(DPIdRcxWQ{nÉ^H8FnaZe

Ï ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·1�56.n7 .��6"�/$%-&(1�%-&)"$&�%)sn1H2�1�5).n798��!#!0�;p ����"$�! !K!>( !?¸8�.B�(z�7HMÞ!Þ(Þ

Ý�8q�(zk.-/Òs+:�*!*+v):�sn#â.(/�.B'�1�5$#�%(7q{!z�%$'¸:$'ú�B�Ò�):�sn#�%-0Æ.(/u&�%�s$%6.�1�%-7¸8-Ý.B�(z�7�w]2��B�)"$�! !K(>! !?�8!;+%-0(z6"+,�%-0!I!>-Oy24��#!0G;NMÞ!Þ(ÞÔ Þ!Þ!Þ1�56.n7Æ.B�)").B'k.�0j2�s�z):-&Ò8-*(5)s+:�*$K�7!7-&�;p .B'!0 .NMÝ�8��B'k.B0�.+:�*).[��%)/9�B�í8$ÝÞ!Þ(ÞÝ�8q?�%-,G.(/n0�%-&6/¼0(z)%Ê��&�5$0�5)s$5�*À0�5�0-z)%�%-0(z)%-&-')%-0Ò*(:$|�%-&Æ8-Ý%-0-z6"�/$%-0(�!&�5-0�5�s$5�*32� !�(�)"��B�)"n�!�(�! HD.B��"�/$%$&(1�%-&�"$&�%�s�1G;PMÞ!Þ(ÞÔ

ÁïÄ�� ¾oÃeÁïÄ��ÒÁïîoÉoÁÅ¿1�56.n7Ò8$%-0(z6"�/$%-0!��%(:(7�%-&H241�56.B7�8�vyDÅ (�!�)"$K!>(>!?o7�%)/�0yD��6�$?!>�0!|-�)%6;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' Fy�|k_k�alF ° H ° HJW^wVHZBUOYyqF ° H�y]BnWY�(Huc|O^D_IvF�H©w-KML v ±�DGF ° F ° HbwVH©azFED_I|W¤F�DPOQI�WQwdwVBEHJaEa 7�%)/n0 WQIxw(F ° Hy]BEWQ�(HuFzLMcrH 0!|-�)% e ' F�WYk�a)O=B�HZF�TdBEIxa�W=crOQDPI^FEHZBÌFEO(F ° H�KrOVwVL1OQypF ° H�H8F ° HZBEIdH8F�y]BnWY�(HQeÁïÄ�� ¾oÂ9ÁïÄ��åÉ�ì1�56.n7Ò8$%-0(z6"+,�%-0!I!>-Oy2�1�56.�7o8B�k;

�x�

Page 42: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

Ë ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ N H8F�Ñ$D_BnazF�«uWYFEW�SlLvFEHQe ' FbBEH8FETdB�I|a�W�crOQDPIvF�HJB�FEO�F ° H�KrOVwVL3OYyjF ° H@y]BnWY�(H@crOQDPIvF�H©w\KML�F ° H �cxWYBnWY�(HZF�HZB©eÁïÄ�� ¾oÃeÁﶸÉoà�þ¸Ä.B'�0�%$0(z6"�/$%+'�7(�!#!0j2�1�56.n798��yD¼.B'!0â*-%$'k;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FÄFEBEWQIxa��=D_FEaÄF ° Hu�jF ° HZBEIdHZFly]BnWY�(H�crOQDPIvF�H©w�KML � � ° W�­vDPIdR�kPHZIxR ° F *(%$' e$� ° HuwVH©azFED_IxWYF�DPOQI1WQIxwF ° H�y]BnWY�(HbFzLMc|H���Txa)FÌKrH�cdBEHZ­MDPOQTxa�k_L�a�crHJ{8D��xH©w�T|a)DPIdR %-0(z6"�/$%-0!��%(:(7�%-& eÏ ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·1�56.n7 :$&(�6"�/$%+'�7(?�%I $r)%)/n0E2�.�'�0�.!;p K!?(�)"$�!m!�â8B��#!0yM !�(�)"$K!>!>(?Êv�&�5!:-76s$:)/n0HD�'!r6*!*-:(7(7(&HM

%-0-z6"�/n0!&��-K�7!7(&j2�Ð�I!IyÑ I(IeÑßI(IeÑ�I!I�Ñ I(I�Ñ I-INÐkD��-v!&�5-:(76s+:�/�0�;kM%-0-z6"�/n0!&��-K�7!7(&j2�Ð��!�jÑ4�(�yÑ��(�yÑ �!�HÑ4�(�HÑ4�-��ÐkD��-'(r6*-*(:(7(7-&G;PM%-0-z6"�/$%-0(��%!:(7�%$&H2a:-&$�!O(r�i(ijD�v(&�5(:(7)s+:)/B0yD4 (�(��"$K-?!�)"+�(�(�! 6;PM��#(0�w]2�K!?!��"$�!m!�¸8!;+%-0(z6"+,�%-0!I!>-Oy2a:-&$�!O!r�i(i6;PM��#(0�×��+z�0(|(�)%qw�z�0�5$'G/P2�K!?!��"$ !�!�)"+�(�!�- �;PM��#(0�×��+��0(|(�)%qw�z�0�5$'G/P2�K!?!��")���)"$�(�(�! 6;PM��#(0�×��+z6*-%$'�wÆ/�.���%!5-ij2� !�!��"$K!>!>!?G;NM��#(0�×��+�6*-%$'�wÆ/�.���%!5-ij2����)"+K!>!>!?�;NM��#(0�×��(5$��%-&�:-0�.n5$'9woz�0�5+'�/P2�K!?(�)"$?! )C�~� �l$�G;NM/$%$0! !0(z�K!7!7(&H24�!#!0�×��!/�z�:jD t)|! -0(z!K�7(7-&�;kM/$%$0! !0(z�K!7!7(&H24�!#!0�×��n0(z�:jD '(r6*-*(:-7!7-&G;PM/$%$0��B��K�7(7(&H24��#(0�×���/(.B�yD�t)|G�B�(K�7(7(&G;NM/$%$0��B��K�7(7(&H24��#(0�×��$06.B�yD�:$&-���!:$v)*(%F��.��HÞF.B��;NM%-0-z6"�/$%$'�7(�!#!0H2�:-&(�!O-r�i(iHDF/!.��(%!5-ij24K(?!��"$�!m(�G;(;PMÔÁïÄ�� ¾oºá´�È9Ã[Á.B'�0�%$0(z6"�s-*-5)/$%E2�1�56.n7G;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;{8kPO^a�HJalF ° H��jF ° HJB�IxH8F;cdBEOYFEOM{ZOQk"e ' y�D_F;DPaÌIdOQF�H�VcdkPDP{ZDGFEk_L1{JWYkPk_H©w1KML-F ° H�Txa�HZB©�MDGF;D�a�WYTVFEOQ�-W¤F��DP{JWYkPk_L1H�VHJ{ZTVF�H©w�F ° B�O^TdR ° /n|G/$"(:-0�%-¢G.�0 e

�v®

Page 43: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ñ òôó4õ�ö�÷ðø «

¦ § � � ¬ ­ û6�]®¬±�®9���²« � �¡±Ì�ª�\¤

' I3WYkPkqiU�UaUF ° HZBEHuD�a�W@BEHJWQkG�"F�DP�(Hb{Zk_OV{nÉ/[�±�DGF ° W�BEHJa�OQkPTVF�DPOQI�OYyÄ��a�HJ{8O^IxwxgsF ° WYF;{ZWYI9KrHbBEHJW^w�O^BU±�BED_F)F�HJIfej� ° D�a{Zk_OV{nÉ�Txa)T|WYkPk_L ° WQa�W/wVBEDGytF=OYy;WYKrOQTVF=a)O^�=H�a�HJ{ZOQIxwxa�DPIð®¤� ° O^TdBnaZe3� ° H�y]O^k_kPO¤±�DPIdR3y]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxa�[tF ° W¤F={JWYI�KrHy]O^TdIxw�D_IvF�O &!0GsEÞ�z gÄ{ZWYI�K|H�T|a)H©w-F�O-a�H8F^Z�RQHZFU­¤WQk_TdH©a�ÎdWQk_k ­¤WYkPTdH©a�WYBEHucxW^a�a�HJw1Txa�D_IdR(W /�0!&(r�sn0�&!06s-"$0�.tG% F ° WYF{ZOQIvFEWQD_IxaÌ­¤WQB�D�WYKdkPHJaly]O^B;a)H©{8OQI|wdaZ�V�(DPIMTVF�H©aZ� ° OQTdBnaZ�VwdW�LVaJ�V�(OQIvF ° a�WQIxw�LQHJWQBEaJeÂoÁïÄq¾u¿�ļº9¾uÄ�µ-Ç Á.B'�09,�%-0)"$&!06s-"$0�.tG%E2�/n0!&-rGsn0À&!0Gs$"$0�.t�%�8n0�.t�%);PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° HbWQ{hFETxWYk|F�DP�(HuD�alB�H©WQw=y]BEOQ� F ° H��U�� � BEHJWQkG�"F�DP�(Hu{Zk_OV{nÉ(WYIxw1±�B�D_F)FEHZI�DPIvF�O�F ° H�azFEB�Tx{8F�TdBEHc|O^D_IvFEHJw9KML 0�.tG% e�� ° H�y]TdIx{8F�DPOQI3BEH8F�TxB�IxaÌXJHZBEO�O^I9a�Tx{J{8HJaEaJ�VOYF ° HZB�­¤WYkPTdHJaÌO^I3HZBEB�O^BJeÃ[ÁïÄq¾u¿�ļºÊ¾qÄ µ(Ç Á.B'�0¸/+%-0)"$&!06s-"$0�.tG%E2�/n0!&-rGsn0À&!0Gs$"$0�.t�%�8n0�.t�%);PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° H(­¤WYkPTdHJa�{ZOQIvFEWQD_IdH©wÕDPICF ° H-a)F�BETx{hFETdB�H(crOQDPIvF�HJwCKML 0�.t�% WQB�H({8O^IM­QHZB�F�H©w/DPI�a�HJ{ZOQIxwxabWQIxw±�B�D_F)FEHZI�DPIvF�O3F ° H9�U�� � B�H©WYk_�ÂFED_�(H�{Zk_OV{nÉ�Î$F ° H-y]TxIx{hFED_O^I�B�HZF�TdBEIxa�XJHZBEO\OQI�a)T|{Z{8H©a�aJ�pOQF ° HJB�­¤WYkPTdHJa@OQIHZBEB�O^BJe¿�ÄÀºÊ¾qÄ µ(Ç ÁË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ D_F;DPa�W(wdWYFEW(azFEB�T|{hF�TxB�H�{8O^IvFEWYDPIdDPIdR=F ° H�y]O^k_kPO¤±�DPIdRh�|HZk�wda��¡J¼��(Þ©·M§ �sa�HJ{ZOQIxwdaJ�My]BEOQ����F�O1�QË�ΡJ¼��(¼¾¨Â  �~�(D_IMTVFEHJaJ�My]B�O^�ã��F�O��YË)ΡJ¼��(¶$£|¦~¢ � ° OQTdBnaJ�^y]BEOQ����F�O�® È Î¡J¼��(¼¾¥$¿^à �swdW�L^�My]B�O^����F�O È �-ΡJ¼��(¼¾£r  �j�=O^IvF ° �My]BEOQ����FEO3�©®�ΡJ¼��=Ãr·v¿d¢ ��LQH©WYB©�VDPa�WQI�DPIvF�HZR^HZB�IMTd��K|HJB�[]IdO¦��®+ ïcxB�O^Kdk_HJ��gFΡJ¼��=ç-¥$¿Qà �swdW�L-OQy~F ° H�±lHJHZÉ �My]BEOQ���bF�O ٠ΡJ¼��=Ãf¥$¿Qà �swdW�L1OYypF ° H�LQH©WYB©�My]B�O^���bF�O È �v��ΡJ¼��(¨ÂÞJ¥$ÞZ¡ �s�=DGyjkPHZR^WQk ° OQTdB©�q��DGyja�OQk�WYB ° OQTxB�[]IdOQF;Txa)H©w9LQH8FhgFÎ

� È

Page 44: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ñ òôó4õ�ö�÷ðø ¯

¦ § � ­ ��þÿ�ÿü ¨ �[°ÿû¸®²ûo³

' y�W � OQTdIxwxSlk�WQa)F�HJBJ�©�3a)O^TdIxwá{ZWQBEwáD�a@W�­¤WYDPk�WYKdkPHQ� � e �uWde ��e (e~WYkPkPO¤±;a�F�OÕaEWY�(cdkPH1WQIxwácdk�W�LCa�OQTdIxwxa�KMLCT|a)DPIdRF ° H�y]TxIx{hFED_O^IxaUcdB�O¤­MD�wVHJw(KML=F ° Hba�OQTdI|w-k_DPKdBnWYBELr°©ej� ° HukPDPKdBEWQB�L({8TxB�BEHZIvF�kPL(a)Tdcxc|O^B)FnaÄHJDGF ° HZBÌcdBEOQR^BEWQ� OQBU«u�Õ}{ZOQIvF�BEOQkPk_H©w1aEWY�(cdkPD_IxR(WQI3cdkPW�LMDPIdRx�VW^{Z{8O^BEwdD_IdR�F�O(�-crO^aEa)DPKdkPH�OQcrHZBnW¤F�DPIdR=�(OMwdHJa��•

i ' 4�(OVwVH-Ε

«u�Õ}�� �;W�±��(OVwVH$Ε

«u�Õ}�� «�O^TdKdkPH8� KdTVÒ HZBED_IdR(�(OVwVH$Ε

«u�Õ}�� � HZk_yt�"KxTVÒrHJB�DPIdR-�(OVwVHQeA�OQBEÉMD_IdR�TdIxwVHJB�i ' �(OVwVHQ�fa�OQTdI|wda�{ZWYIÕK|H-aEWY�(cdkPHJwÕWQIxw/cxkPW�L^HJw\O^Idk_L3±�D_F ° ×�KdD_F�iU�U��ef� ° H�y]BEH��vTdHZI|{8HwVHJc|HJIxwda�O^I9F ° H ° WQBEwd±UWQB�H�a)crHZH©wdaÌKdTVFb{ZWYIxIdOYF�DPI3WQIML1{ZW^a)H�O¤­QHJBE{ZOQ�(H@�©�� ° XQes� ° D�a��(OVwVH�DPa;B�H©a)HJB�­^HJw-y]O^BF ° H�cdTdBEH�{8k�WQaEa)D�{ZWQk ° WYBnw�BEHJWQkG�"F�DP�(H�WQcdcdBEO^W^{ ° ± ° D�{ ° BEH8y]T|a)H©aUF ° H�TxaEWYR^HuOQy�«b�/}ä{ZOQIvF�BEOQkPk_H©w ' Z-�e� ° HÌ«b�/}�� �;W�±ð�(OVwVHUTxa�HJaj«b�/}»{8OQIvFEB�O^k_kPHZB~F�O�a�WQ�(cdk_HÌWYI|w@cdk�W�L�wVDPB�H©{hFEk_L�O^I�Wu�=HJ�(OQBEL�KdTVÒ HZB©eju±�DPIdRFEO-F�H©{ ° IdD�{ZWYk~cdBEOQKdkPHZ�-a�BEHZk�W¤FEHJw�F�O-F ° H�a)F�BETx{8F�TdBEH�OYy�F ° H�iU� «b�/} {ZOQIvF�BEOQkPk_HJBJ�MF ° H@KxTVÒrHJB�¤ a�a�DPXZH@{JWYI3K|H�IdOKdDPRQR^HZBUF ° WYI\�Y�( (eM� ° DPa��(OVwVH�D�aUF ° H�O^IdHbF ° WYF;�(D_IdDP�(D_XJHJaÌF ° H�«b�/}4OQcrHZBnW¤FED_O^Ixa�¤MDP�(cxWQ{8F;OQI/�liÄâ�e� ° H�«b�/}6«uOQTxKdk_HZ� SUTVÒ HZBEDPIdR��(OVwVHbTxa�HJaUWYI1DPIvF�HJB�IxWQk|KxTVÒrHJBÌD_I�OQBnwVHZBlF�O�O¤­QHZBn{8O^�(H�F ° H��Y�^É(k_DP�(DGFnW¤F�DPOQIpe� ° H�D_IvFEHZBEIxWYk~KdTVÒ HZBbDPaba)cxk_D_FuDPIvF�O�Fz±UO�cxWQB)Fna��̱ ° DPkPH�F ° H�«b�/}ïFEBEWQIVy]HZBna�wxW¤FEW-F�O1O^IdH ° WYk_yz�rWQIÕWQwM� ° OV{�FnWQa�É�(O¤­QH©auwxW¤FEW�KrH8Fz±UHZHZIÕF ° H-a�HJ{ZOQIxw ° WYk_ylWYI|wÕW�Txa)HJB)� cdBEO¤­MDPwVH©w3H�MF�HJB�I|WYk��(HZ�(OQBEL3B�HJRQDPOQIfe ' ICF ° D�ab±UW�L^�qDGF�D�acrO^aEa)DPKdkPHby]OQB;W(Txa�HZBÌFEO=±UOQBEÉ-OQI3aEWY�(cdkPHJaÌ�@T|{ ° KxD_R^RQHZBUF ° WYI3�Y�( (�VcxW�LMD_IdR�F ° H�y]HZH�OYyjW ° DPR ° HJBu�liÄâ4k_OvWQw�±Ye� ° H9«u�Õ}�� � HZk_yt� SUTVÒ HZBEDPIdRÕ�(OVwVH3WYkPk_O¤±;a�F ° H�Txa)HJB@FEOCwVDPBEHJ{hFEk_L ° WQIxwVkPH�F ° H�DPIvF�HJB�IxWQkÄKdTdÒrHJBJe�� ° H�Txa)HJBa�c|H©{8D��xHJabW-y]TxIx{hFED_O^I/F�O�K|H(WQ{8F�DP­¤W¤F�H©w\HZ­^HZBEL1FED_�(H@F ° H(«u�Õ}ë{ZOQIvF�BEOQkPk_HJB ° W^a��xIxDPa ° HJw\F�BnWYIxa)y]HZBEB�DPIdR1wxW¤FEW1OQIO^IdH ° WYk_y�OYy;F ° H3D_IvFEHZBEIxWYkÌKdTdLvÒ HZB©e ' I¾F ° DPa(�(OVwVH^�jF ° H3Txa�HZB-{JWYI¾O^KVFEWQD_IðF ° H\wdWYFEW/± ° D_kPH9F ° HJL¾WYBEH1KrHZDPIdRaEWY�(cdkPHJwkÎvF ° HbF�DP�=Hbk�WYR@KrH8Fz±UHZHJI�aEWY�(cdkPD_IxR�WYI|w1wdWYFEW@wdHZkPD_­^HZBEL=D�alF ° TxaUBEHJwVTx{ZHJwqe � Tx{ ° W�y]H©W¤FETdB�Hu�-WYÉQH©asF ° D�a±UOQBEÉMD_IdR=�(OVwVH�D_IvFEHZBEHJa)F�DPIdR@y]O^B�B�H©WYk_�ÂFED_�(H�WYcxcdk_D�{ZWYF�DPOQIxaJe' IxwdHZcrHZIxwVHJIvF�kPL OYy�F ° H�{ ° O^a�HZI ±UOQBEÉMD_IdRð�=OVwVH^�uWQI�OQcrHZBnW¤FED_O^I {ZWQI�KrHCHJDGF ° HZB\a�LvI|{ ° B�O^IdOQT|a-OQB3WQa�LMIV�{ ° BEOQIxOQTxaJe\}�a�LvI|{ ° B�O^IdOQT|a�OQcrHZBnW¤FED_O^I�cxB�O¤­MD�wVHJa�F ° H�FnWQa�ÉCDPIM­QO^ÉvDPIdR3F ° H1O^c|HJBEWYF�DPOQI�±�D_F ° W/a�LMIx{ ° BEOQIdDPXZDPIdRcrOQDPIvF;k_OV{ZWYF�H©w�WYF;DGFnaÌHZIxwVDPIdR|e' I3OQBnwVHJBÌF�O�Txa�H�F ° H@a)O^TdIxw9kPD_KdBnWYBEL-y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI|aZ�xF ° Hö�|k_H©a 7(&G.�1�%-&G/$Ý�/$5$r!'�7�Þßz WQIxw 7-&�.�1�%-&6/-Ý-7nt�:HÞßz �@Txa)FKrH�DPIx{Zk_TxwdHJwqeá� ° H�y]OQBE�=HJB�{ZOQIvFEWQD_Ixa@F ° H1cdBEOYFEOYFzLMc|H©a�OQy;F ° H9wVHJ{ZkPWQB�H©wáy]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxaJ��F ° H�k�W¤F�F�HZB=D�a@IdH©{8H©a�aEWYBELKrHJ{JWYTxa�HbF ° H�a�OQTdI|w�kPDPKdBEWQB�L-T|a)H©a�«u�/}@e� ° H �xBnazF�a)F�HZc1F�O=K|H�crHZB�y]OQBE�(HJw-D�aUD_IdD_F�D�WYkPDPXZDPIdR@F ° H�WYTxwdD_O=wVB�DP­QHJBEalKML(F ° H /$5$r('�7�").B'�.�0 y]TxIx{hFED_O^Ifes� ° HZIp�D_y$O^IdH�±�D�a ° H©aUF�O-±UOQBEÉ-D_I\«b�/}�� �;W�±6�=OVwVH^�dD_F;DPa�IxHJ{8H©a�aEWYBEL(F�O-WQk_kPOV{ZW¤FEH�W��(HJ�=O^B�L1KdTVÒ HZB�WQIxw�WQk_DPRQI9D_F�KML

²=³�´[µ µ ¶=·^¸"¹ º_»U·[¹ º+¸"¼[¶�½"»U´[·[¾@¿[¹ÁÀw½"¸"¶ÂµÃ=ÄFÅƽR½Ç´[È�È�»Uµ]¸"¶=¾�É�¸Ç¼[¶�Ê»�¾[¶�»wË8¸"¼[¶�¹ÆÅÆ¿[µ"Àwµ º@ÅƽR¾[ÅƵ ¶ÂÊ(¸Ç¹ º@ÅÆ·[¼[¶Âµ Å ¸Ç¶Â¾@Ë̵ »UÍ�¸"¼[¶ÎÏÀwµ ¸"ÅÆÐ�Ñ�Ò Ñ�Ò ÓÔ ¶Âµ"·[¶Â¹ÕÒÆÒÆÒÖQ× ¼[ÅƽiÅƽiȨ»U½Ç½"ÅÆ¿[¹Æ¶�»U·[¹ º�Å ËY¸"¼[¶È[µ"»w¸"¶ÂÊ(¸Ç¶Â¾ Í+»�¾[¶NÅƽi´[½Ç¶Â¾IÒ

�Q�

Page 45: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

{JWYkPk_DPIdR 7nt�:!"$,�%-0(��:-,�%E2�; []DPICF ° H(B�HJ�-WYDPIdD_IxR��(OVwVHJa�IxO9c|WYB�F�D�{8Tdk�WYB�WYkPDPRQId�(HZIvF�DPa�BEH��vTdDPBEHJw\y]O^BbF ° H-KdTdÒrHJBng8e' yÌF ° H1«u�Õ}�� � HZk_yt�"KxTVÒrHJB�DPIdR\�(OVwVH�D�a�{ ° Ova)HJIf�fF ° H�cdBEOQR^BEWQ�=�(HJB ° WQabF�OÕcdB�O^c|HJB�kPLÕa�H8F�F ° H-y]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxa�F�O\KrH{JWYkPk_H©wÕHJ­QHZBEL3F�DP�(H(F ° H�«b�/}ú�xIxDPa ° HJa�±lO^B�ÉMDPIdR1O^ICO^IdH ° WYk_yUOQyÄF ° H-D_IvFEHZBEIxWYkjKdTdÒrHJB�Î~F ° D�a�{JWYI�K|H-wVO^IdH-KML{JWYkPk_DPIdR�F ° H /$5$r!'�7�"�/$%-0!i-r!'y2�; cdBEDP�=D_F�DP­QH^e$}uala�OMOQI�W^ajF ° HJa�H;OQcrHZBnW¤FED_O^Ixa ° W�­^H;K|HJHZI�crHZB�y]OQBE�(HJwq�va�WQ�(cdk_DPIdR�O^Bcdk�W�LMD_IxR({JWYI9K|H��-W^wVHbF ° BEOQTdR ° /$5$r!'�7�"�/$:�t)�)*(%E2�; WYI|w /$5$r!'�7�"+�6*(:$|H2�; �YBEHJa�c|H©{hF�DP­QHJk_L^eà Èu·�¶�É ¾Àµ-¶�µ-Ä1�56.n7Ò/$5$r!'�7�").B'k.�0j24�6�$?!>À&�:+{!v!r�i6/!.���%jD��6�$?!>�0�.(s�#�;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F@DPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_XJHJa�F ° H�WQTxwVDPO/wVB�DP­QHJB�KMLCWQk_kPOV{ZW¤FED_IxR3F ° H�DPIvF�HJB�IxWQksKdTVÒ HZB@y]OQB@F ° H1«b�/};� «uOQTdKxk_HZ�KdTVÒ HZBED_IxR9WQIxwÕ«b�/}�� � HJkGyt� SUTVÒrHJB�DPIdR9�(OMwdHJaJe@� ° H &�:${!v!r�i)/�.���% cxWQBEWQ�=HZF�HJBb{ZOQIvFEWQD_Ixa�F ° H=wVDP�(HZIxa�DPOQIOYy�F ° DPa�KdTVÒ HZB©e��;DPR ° HJB�­¤WYkPTdHJa�B�H©wVTx{ZH�F ° H(�liÄâïkPO^W^w\WYIxw\WQB�H�F ° T|a�WQwd­vD�a�HJw3± ° HJI\Txa)DPIdR-F ° H�«b�/};�«�O^TdKdkPH8� KdTVÒ HZBED_IxR¾�(OMwdHQe opO¤±lHJB-­�WQk_TxHJaJ��OQI F ° HC{ZOQIvF�BnWYBELQ�Ì{ZWQI K|HCTxa)H©w»F�O&a ° O^B)FEHZI»F ° HÕk�W¤FEHZIx{ZLK|HZFz±lHJHZI9a�WQ�=cxk_DPIdR(WYIxw�wdW¤FnW�wVHJk_DP­QHJB�DPIdR9[]cxWQB)FEDP{ZTdkPWQB�kPL-± ° HJI1Txa�D_IxR=«b�/}�� � HJkGyt� KdTVÒ HZBED_IxRvghes� ° H 0�.(sn#cxWYBnWY�(HZF�HZB${8O^I^FnWYDPIxapF ° HÌ­¤WYkPTdHÄOQydF ° HÌa�LVazFEHZ� F�D�{nÉ�ÎYD_FEa�{8O^B�BEHJ{8F�IdH©a�apDPa~y]TdIxwxWY�(HZIvFEWQkvy]OQB$F ° HUi ' ß�(OVwVH^eà Èu·�¶�É ¾Àµ-¶B��È1�56.n7Ò/$5$r!'�7�").B'�i�532�1�56.n76;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�OQTVFEcdTVFna�OQI9F ° H�aE{8BEHZHJI9a�OQ�(H�DPIVy]OQBE�-W¤F�DPOQI3{8O^Ix{8HJB�IxD_IdR�F ° H�a)O^TdIxwd{JWYBnw1WYI|w1F ° H�wVBED_­^HZBnaZeà Èu·�¶�É ¾9ÃeÁïÄ��å·�¶1�56.n7Ò/$5$r!'�7�"�/$%-0�i$r!'y2�.B'!0ú28�.B'�i-r('k;N24O��(�! Ò8�&�:${!v!r�i!iG;PD.B'!0]28$5$r�0�i$r!'k;N24O!�!�! �8n&�:${!v(r�i!iG;!;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FÄa�c|H©{8D��xHJa$F ° HÌy]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxa�FEO�K|H;{JWYkPk_H©w@± ° HZI=F ° H;«b�/}Ê�xIxDPa ° HJas±lO^B�ÉMDPIdRuO^I�O^IdHÌOYyrF ° HÌFz±UOD_IvFEHZBEIxWYk~KdTVÒ HZBB¤ a ° WYkP­QH©a;± ° HJIÕTxa�DPIdR1«b�/}�� � HZk_yt� SlTdÒrHJB�DPIdR9�=OVwVH^eu� ° H@y]TdIx{8F�DPOQIÕcrOQDPIvF�H©w\KML .�'�i-r!'DPa�Txa)H©w�± ° HZIácrHZB�y]OQBE�=DPIdR\aEWY�(cdkPD_IdR3O^c|HJBEWYF�DPOQIxaJ�f± ° HJB�H©WQa 5$r�0!i-r!' DPa�Txa)H©wCy]OQB�cdk�W�LMD_IxR9O^c|HJBEWYF�DPOQIxaJeSUOYF ° y]TdIx{hFED_O^IxabB�H©{8HJD_­^H@W1crOQDPIvF�HJB�FEO�F ° H ° WQkGyt� KdTVÒ HZB�IdOQFb{ZTdB�BEHZIvFEk_L\WQ{8F�H©w\TdcrOQIÕKML9F ° H=«b�/} [tF ° H° WYk_yt� KdTVÒ HZB�a)DPXZH©auWQB�H�HB�vTxWYkpF�O9OQIdH ° WYk_yÄOYyjF ° H /$5$r!'�7�").B'k.�0j2�; cxWQBEWQ�=HZF�HJBng�WQIxw ° W�­^H�F�O�B�HZF�TdBEIÕ�1DGyF ° HÌO^c|HJBEWYF�DPOQI ° WQa$IdOYFjL^H8FjK|HJHZI �xIdD�a ° HJwq�d�ÌD_y|D_FsDPa�R^OQDPIdR;FEO��xIdD�a ° D_I�F ° H�IdH�MFs«u�Õ}ß{ZLV{8kPHQ�QWQIxw=®�D_yrD_F�xIdD�a ° HJa�DP�(�=H©wVD�W¤F�HJk_L^eÄ}UF)FEHZIvF�DPOQI\a ° OQTxkPw9KrH�cxWYD�w�F�O(F ° H�y�WQ{8F�F ° WYF;F ° H©a)H�y]TxIx{hFED_O^Ixa;WYBEH�c|HJB�DPOVwVD�{ZWYkPkPL{ZWQk_kPHJw=±�D_F ° Wby]BEH��vTdHJIx{8L=H��vTxWQkVF�O�F ° H;O^c|HJBEWYF�DPOQIN¤ a$y]B�HB�vTdHZIx{ZL=wdD_­MD�wVHJw(KML�F ° H ° WYk_yt�"KdTdÒrHJB�¤ asa�D_XJH$Î^F ° TxaJ�F ° HJL�a ° OQTxkPw�K|H�­^HZBEL�a ° OQB�FÌDPI3OQBnwVHZBÌIdOQF�F�O(O¤­QHJB�kPO^W^w(F ° H�a)LVa)F�HZ�3eÏ ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·GÌ

�v�

Page 46: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

.B'�0¸5)/!s-"$i-r!'y24O!�!�! �8�vk;p .B'�0í.PM.B'�0Æ/�r$tíw¸�EMO��!�! Æ8���MÝ�8ÊK(1�%-&�:-,�%)/¼0(z)%91�:!*+r)%)/À&�%(:(7�i(&�5�tâ0(z)%Êv!r�i!i�%-&â8-ÝÝ�8o:+'�79{�&�.�0�%�/À0(z)%9&�%)/�r)*$0Ò5$'â:Ò�(K-O /�z�:-&�%(7 8-ÝÝ�8q{�.�0(z¸:�0�:)/n# 8-Ýi�5-&x2�.qw¸�jM£.e�ø24O-~�I!I!>��B�BØÆØ$;PM¼.�ü!üG;/�r$tíü!w9v+�a.��jM/�r$t Ý-wx24O(~�I!I(>����BØâØ-;PM�âwÆs$:$v6"+&�%)/$%-&(1�%E2�s!s!;PM8��âwx24O��(�! �;9/�r$t[Ms$:$v6"+�(r�0+t�%)/N2�s!sAD}�k;PM&�%-0(r�&-'��jMÔ Þ!Þ!Þ1�56.n7â8�.+5�"$0�:)/n#H2�1�56.n7Ò8+:-&!,�;p .�'�0�¢yDï|HMO!�!�! Æ8���MO!�!�! o�):-,�%9w¸�jMsBz):-&Æ/n0!&�� ä!�I�HM/Bz)5-&!0Æ.B'!0Ò0�:�*$#yD�/�.$*-%$'�s$%)s+5$r!'�0yMÝ�8q�-zk.(/u0�:)/n#�&�%(:(76/u0(z)%91�:�*nr)%q�!r�0¸5$'Ò0(z)%��(K(O�v�|í8-ÝÝ�8q0-z)%Æ/+%�*-iG×Bv(r�i!i�%-&G.B'�,ui-r!'�s�0�.+5$' 8-ÝÝ�8Ò/+%-0G/u0(z)%â/$%�*-i6×Bv!r�i!i!%-&�.B'�,ui-r('�sn0�.+5+' 8-Ý/+5$r!'�7�"�/$%-0�i-r('y2a5)/-s-"�.B'�i$r!'HDÅ×�Ø-;PMÝ�8Ò/�0�:-&!0G/À0-z)%Æ/+:�t)�6*).�'�,�5$�)%$&�:-0�.+5+' 8-Ý/+5$r!'�7�"�/$:�t)�6*-%E2�=-~�J!JjDæ�!�!�!�(�jDÅ�jD_>!�!K)"(�$� ù����-��ÖWù��!�(I-~�=�;PMs(sÊwís$:$v6"�sn&�%!:-0�%E2�Ð�5)/(s$"�sn:$vNÐkD�/�.[��%!5(ij2�O��!�! �;ND�ç6;NMi!5-&x2�M!M�;ÊpÝ�8Ê&�%!:(76/q:$'�7o�!&�5)s!s$%�/!/$%)/98$ÝÝ�8Ê0-z)%o�(K(O�û/À1�:�*+r)% 8$ÝÞ!Þ!Þ0�:)/n#)"-%$'�76sn|6s-*(%E2�;NMÔ&�%-0(r�&('��EM Ô

à Èu·�¶�É ¾9Ã[îoÇ à�´TÁ1�56.n7Ò/$5$r!'�7�"�/$:�t)�)*(%E24O��(�( o8�v!r�ijDÅ>-�6�$?!>â/��G/AD_>(�6�$?!>¸*(%+'�D�O��!�! o0�;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FÄaEWY�(cdkPHJa *(%$' KMLvF�H©ajD_I(F ° H v!r�i KdTVÒ HZBUW¤FjF ° H�y]BEH��vTdHZI|{8L@OQy /��G/ a�WQ�(cdk_H©a�c|HJBla�HJ{ZOQIxw=±�D_F °F ° H��(OVwVH�H�VcdBEHJaEa�HJw�KvL 0 es� ° H�kPWYF)F�HJB;{ZWQI9KrH�WQaEa�D_R^IdHJw1OQIdH�OYy$F ° H�y]OQkPk_O¤±�DPIdR({8OQI|azFnWYIvFEa��

���$�!"(�$� O^c|HJBEWYF�HJa;Txa)DPIdR-i ' ï�(OVwVH$�UWQa�aEWYD�w�H©WYBEk_DPHZB©�dDPI9F ° D�a;�(OVwVH�­¤WYkPTdHJa�y]OQB /���/ ° DPR ° HZBÌF ° WYI�©�Q�Q�^�=�(WQÉQH�IdO�a�HZI|a)H^eÌ�/OQBEHZO¤­QHJBJ�vy]O^B�F ° H=a�WQ�(cdk_DPIdR�WQIxw3cdk�W�LvDPIdR=F�O ° WYcdcrHZI\±�D_F ° F ° H@{ZOQBEB�H©{hFFED_�(DPIdRx� D_FuD�a;IdH©{8HJaEaEWYBEL�F ° W¤F�F ° H�WQTxwVDPO1wVBED_­^HZB;KrH@DPIdD_F�D�WYkPD_XJHJw\±�D_F ° F ° H 0G.(sn# c|WYBnWY�(H8FEHZB�a�H8F;FEOF ° H�a)LVa)F�HJ� F�D�{nÉ�H��McxB�H©a�a�HJw1D_I3�(DP{ZB�Ova)H©{8O^Ixwda�[�a�HZH /$5$r('�7�").B'�.�0H2�; y]O^B��=O^B�H�wVHZFEWQD_k�aEg8e�^�

Page 47: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

>!�!K)"(�$� OQcrHZBnW¤FEHJa$Txa�D_IxRbO^IdHUOYyxF ° H;«b�/}ß�=OVwVH©a�[tF ° H;wVH8y�WQTdk_F�D�aj«b�/}�� «�O^TdKdkPH8� SUTVÒrHJB�DPIdRMghe�� ° HDPIvF�HZBEIxWQkqKdTVÒ HZB�a�D_XJH�DPa;a�crHJ{8D��xH©w1DPI /+5$r!'�7�"�.B'k.�0 e•

���(��Ö OQcrHZBnW¤F�H©aUTxa)DPIdR-×=KdD_F;iU�U� y]OQBE�(WYF�[]D_F;DPaUF ° H�wVH8y�WQTdk_Fnghe ' FÌD�aÌF ° H�OQIdkPL�crO^aEa)DPKdkPHuy]O^B��-WYFÌDPIi ' ï�(OVwVHQe•

���(�NØB� O^c|HJBEWYF�H©alT|a)DPIdR\�J��KdD_F;iU�U�y]OQBE�-W¤F©e�� ° DPa�{ ° O^DP{ZH�DPaÌ�(HJWQIdDPIdRQkPHJaEaÌD_I3i ' ä�(OMwdHQe•

l-�!=��-� a�LvI|{ ° B�O^IdOQT|asOQcrHZBnW¤FED_O^IN�pD_FÌDPaUIdH©{8HJaEaEWYBEL@FEO�{ZWQk_k /$5$r('�7�"+{):).�0H2�; W¤ytFEHZB /+5$r!'�7�"�/$:�t)�)*(%E2�; e•

K�l-�!=!�(� W^a)LMIx{ ° BEOQIxOQTxalOQcrHZBnW¤FED_O^Ife•

�!�!I-~�= OQcrHZBnW¤F�H©aj±�D_F ° «b�/}�� � HZk_yt� KdTVÒ HZBED_IdR@�=OVwVH-ÎMDGFÄ�-WQÉQHJaÄa)HJIxa)H�O^IdkPL@D_y >!�(K)"!�$� ° W^ajK|HJHZI�a�H8FJe•

=)�+O(~�I!I O^c|HJBEWYF�HJaUDPI\«u�/};� ��W�±Ì� �\OVwVH-ÎVDGF;�-WQÉQHJaÌa�HZIxa�H�OQIdkPL�D_y >!�(K)"!�$� ° WQaÌKrHZHJI3a�H8F©eÏ ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·GÌO��!�! ov!r�i!i'���-¢(I!I!I!I!I8�HM�Ý�8uv(r�i!i�%-&�i!5-& /+:�t)�6*).�'�,¸8-Ý1�56.n7ut�:).B'y2�;p /n|G/-"�.B'k.�0H24�G/�;PM#�%-|(v)").B'k.�0j2�=-~)J!J6;NMs-*(%!:$&H2�;PM

/$5$r!'�7�").B'k.B0H2a�-¢!Õ��(�!�3D��G�n�(m�;PM/$5$r!'�7�").B'�i!5E2�;PMs���&�.�'�0�ij2�Ð�?�%)s$5-&!76.B'(,eÞ(Þ!ÞÐ$;PM/$5$r!'�7�"�/$:�t��6*(%E24v(r�i!iED�Õ(Õ��!�!�jDÅ�$¢�Ö-I!I!I(IyD�>!�!K)"(�$� ùæ�!�(��Ö ù�l$�!=��(��;NMÞ!Þ!ÞÔ

à Èu·�¶�É ¾Àà�´ îÅÿ1�56.n7Ò/$5$r!'�7�"+�6*(:-|j24O��!�! o8�v(r�i!iHD�>(�)�$?!>Æ/���/AD_>(�)�$?!>�*(%$'yD_O!�!�! �0�;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FÌcdkPW�LVa *(%$' KMLvF�H©aUFEWQÉQHZI1y]B�O^� F ° H v KdTdÒrHJB;W¤FUF ° Hby]BEH��vTdHZI|{8L-OYy /���/ a�WQ�=cxk_H©aÄcrHZB;a�HJ{ZOQIxw±�DGF ° F ° H@�=OVwVH@H�VcdBEHJaEa)H©w�KML 0 eÌ}ua�y�WQB�WQaÌF ° H�­¤WYkPTdH©a;OYy 0 WYBEH�{8O^Ix{8HJB�IdH©wq�VF ° H@BEHJW^wVHZB;{JWYI3B�HZy]HZB�FEO/$5+r!'�7�"�/+:�t)�6*(% eÉÒÇ îƾ9ÂoÁïÄ à�î9ÂoÁO��!�! �8+7nt�:�"+,�%-0(�):$,�%E2�>(�)�+?!>o8+7G.FtA;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FUWQk_kPOV{ZWYF�HJaÄW�KdTVÒ HZB ° W�­MDPIdR@a�D_XJH 7G.Ft �dF�F�DPIdR�y]O^BÄTxa�H�DPI1«b�/}�O^c|HJBEWYF�DPOQIxaJe � Tx{ ° W�T|a�WQRQH�D�ac|Ova�a�DPKdk_H@OQIdkPL3DGysF ° H@KxTVÒrHJBbwdOvH©a�IxOYFb{ZOQIvFEWQD_I\KMLvF�H©a�± ° O^a�H�WQwxwVB�H©a�a�wVDGÒ HZBnauD_IÕF ° H=�\O^a)F � DPRQIxD��|{JWYIvFSUDGFnaZeÕ� ° H1KrHJa)F�±ÌW�L/F�O�WQ{ ° DPHZ­^H(F ° D�a@y]HJW¤FETdBEH1D�a�F�O�WYkPk_OV{JW¤F�H1KdTVÒ HZBna@a�D_XJHJw�kPHJaEa�F ° WYIð�Q�- �azFnWYB�F�DPIdRy]B�O^�åWQwdwVBEHJaEa�HJa ° W�­vDPIdR�F ° H�o � SßH��vTxWQkxFEO��xe�� ° DPapmzOQK�DPalc|HJB)y]O^B��(H©w-KML 7�t�:�"$,�%$0(�):-,�% e ' F�a ° OQTdk�w-KrHIdOYFEHJw/F ° WYF�a�Tx{ ° W1y]HJWYF�TdBEH=DPabIdH©{8HJaEaEWYBEL�O^Idk_L\T|a)DPIdR3«u�/};� ��W�±Ì� �\OVwVH^�fa)DPIx{ZH@F ° H�KxTVÒrHJB�WYkPk_OV{ZWYF�DPOQIDPa�WYTVFEOQ�-W¤FEDP{JWYkPk_L�c|HJB)y]O^B��(HJw9KML /+5$r!'�7�"�.B'k.�0 ± ° HZI\Txa�DPIdR�«u�Õ}�� «�O^TdKdkPH8� SlTdÒrHJB�DPIdR�WYI|w\«u�/};� � HZk_yt�SUTVy]HZBED_IxR=�(OVwVH©aZeÏ ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·

� Ù

Page 48: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

1�56.n7ut�:).B'y2�1�5).n7G;p O��(�! Æ8���M.B'!0 .NMÝ�8q��5$'�.�0�5-&G/£0(z)%90�.t�%¸/n0�5�*(%$'ov�|Ò0(z)%9>!�(K 8-ÝÝ�8q0�5o0(z)%o�(�-~¸7-r!&�.B'�,Ò: Ø��om(z��â/$:�t)�)*).B'�,â8-Ý/n|6/-").B'k.B0H2��G/�;NM#�%$|(v6").B'�.�0H2�=-~�J!JG;PMÞ!Þ(Þs-*-%!:-&H2�;NM�¸w�7�t�:�"$,�%$0(�):-,�%32a�-¢!I!I(I(I�;kM/$5+r!'�7�").�'k.�0H2a�$¢��!�!�3D��G�n�(m�;PM/$5+r!'�7�").�'�i�5E2�;NMi�5$&]2�.Êw��jM£.���Ö!�jM£.nü!üG;sB��&�.B'�0!ij2�Ðn"GÐ$;PMs��!&�.B'�0�iE2�Ð�&�%(i�"$0�.t6%yÑ(Ù!iÒÐkDæt6|!&G.niG;PMs��!&�.B'�0�iE2�Ð~�'6*-5!:(7�%$7o/�|G/n0�%�t�ÑÚÙ!ikÐkD�*(5(:(7j2��+t)|!&�.niG;(;PMs��!&�.B'�0�iE2�Ð�>!�!Kq?�%)s$5$&�7G.B'�,�Þ!Þ!Þ�Ð-;NM/$5+r!'�7�"�/+:�t)�6*(%324��DïØ��!�!�(�jDÅ�-¢!I!I(I!IyD�>!�!K�"!�$� ùå���(��Ö ùå=)�+O(~�I(I�;PMÞ!Þ(Þ

à Èu·�¶�É ¾T� î9µ-Ä1�56.n7Ò/$5$r!'�7�"+{):6.�0j2�1�56.n76;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' FfD�a F ° Hla)LMIx{ ° BEOQIxD_X©W¤F�DPOQIucdBED_�(D_F�DP­QHjy]O^Bfa)LMIx{ ° BEOQIxOQTxa O^c|HJBEWYF�DPOQIxaJef� ° H�FEW^a)Éb{ZWQk_kPD_IxR /$5+r!'�7�"+{�:6.�0H2�;KdkPOM{nÉVaÌD_FEa�HZk_yjTdIvF�DPkqF ° H�a)LMIx{ ° BEOQIxOQTxaUOQcrHZBnW¤FED_O^I1D�a[�xIdD�a ° HJwqeU� ° H�{ZWQk_kfF�O(F ° DPaÌy]TxIx{hFED_O^I\DPa��-WQIxwdW¤FEOQBELy]OQB9a)LMIx{ ° BEOQIxOQTxa(O^c|HJBEWYF�DPOQIxaJe uI»F ° HCOYF ° HZB ° WYIxwq��T|a)DPIdR�F ° H/y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI�D_I {ZOQI¤mzTdI|{hF�DPOQI�±�DGF ° WYIWQa�LMIx{ ° BEOQIdO^TxaÄO^c|HJBEWYF�DPOQI�DPa;WQI�HJB�BEOQB©eÏ ¹f¿d¼�½�Á�·

Þ!Þ!Þ/$5$r!'�7�"�/$:�t��6*(%E24v(r�i!iED�Õ(Õ��!�!�jDÅ�$¢�Ö-I!I!I(IyD�>!�!K)"(�$� ùæ�!�(��Ö ù�l$�!=��(��;NMÞ!Þ!ÞÝ�8À{):6.�06/ur('�0�.$*q0(z�%â/+:�t)�6*).�'�,o0�%-&+tP.B'):-0�.n5$'¸8-Ý/$5$r!'�7�"+{):6.B0H2�;PMÞ!Þ!Þ

�^×

Page 49: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ñ òôó4õ�ö�÷ðø ùeÛ

¦ § � � ���ÿ�»� ±Ì� ¨ �[°ÿû�® û9³

� ° H(O^TVF�cdTdF�OQICF ° H-aE{8BEHZHZICD_I�FEH�MF��=OVwVH(D�a�a)Txcdc|O^B)FEHJwCKMLÕW9RQBEOQTdcCOYyÄy]TxIx{hFED_O^IxabF ° WYF@WQ{8FbO^IÕF ° H-± ° OQkPHaE{8BEHZHJI�WYIxw-�(OVwVD_y]LQ�MHJW^{ ° F�DP�(HQ�vF ° Hb{8TdBna�OQBB¤ ajcrO^a�D_F�DPOQIfe � DPIx{8Hba)Tx{ ° y]TdIx{hFED_O^IxaUWYBEH;IdOYFlB�HJHZIvF�BnWYIvFJ�QF ° HJL(�@Txa)FKrH�Txa�HJw9D_I3��TVF�TxWQkqH�d{8kPTxa�D_O^Ife' I�OQBnwVHZB~F�ObTxa�HÄF ° HÌk_DPKdBnWYBELuy]O^BjwVDPa�cdk�W�LMD_IdRuOQI@F ° H�aE{8BEHZHZIp�JF ° H� s$5+'�/EÞßz �3�xkPHÌ�@Txa)F�K|HÌDPIx{8kPTxwVH©wqe$� ° DPaA�xkPH{ZOQIvFEWQD_IxaqF ° Hj­¤WYkPTdH©a y]OQBqF ° HsTxaEWYKxk_Hs{ZOQkPOQBna ± ° O^a�Hsa)LM��K|O^k_D�{$IxWY�(HJapWYBEHjk_D�azFEHJwbKrHZkPO¤±ö� O�J(K��(myD�O�J$~� yDÅL(?! ( !=yD�(�!K!=HDÅ?( !>yD_�!K�L( (=!�!KyDæO!?)�+��=yD_L-?!K!�yD_JG��L(�!��L(?(K!�yD�JG��L(�!�(O�J+~� yD�J6�nL(�!��L-?! ! !=yDæJG�nL(�(���(�!K!=HD�JG�nL-�!�!?! !>HDJG�nL(�(�!�!K�L( (=!�!KyD��! �J!J��+��D������B�! e�~±lOÌR^k_O^KxWYkYBEHJW^wM� OQIdkPL�­¤WYBEDPWQKdk_H©a s$5$'G/-"�s$5�*nr$t)'�/ WQIxw s+5$'�/-"$&�5${�/ {8O^I^FnWYDPIbF ° HsIMTd��K|HJBfOYyVaE{8BEHZHZI�{ZOQkPTd�(IxaWQIxw(F ° H�IMTd�@KrHZBlOYypaE{8BEHZHJI=BEO¤±;aJ�QBEHJa�c|H©{hF�DP­QHJk_L^e$� ° HZL-{ZWQI-K|HuTxa)H©w(F�O@±�B�D_F�HbWYcdcdkPD�{ZW¤FED_O^Ixa�F ° W¤FÌWYBEH;D_I|wVD_crHZId�wVHJIvF�y]B�O^�åF ° H�aE{8BEHZHJI9wdD_�(HZI|a)DPOQIxaJeºáà�·�ÄÀº��hº�à�·�ÄÀÃ_�hº�à�¿Êµ(¶�Ä��1�56.n7Òs��!r�0GsN2�s�z):-&Òs�;PM1�56.n7Òs��!r�0G/N2�s�z):-&Ò8!/�;PM.B'�0¸sB��&�.B'�0!ij2�s�z):$&�8+int)0yD�Þ!Þ!Þ ;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ s��!r!0Gs � s�r!��06/ WYIxw s���&�.B'!0�i WQB�H�T|a)H©w3F�O�cxB�DPIvFuOQI3F ° H�aE{8BEHZHJI/W�{ ° WQBEW^{hF�HJBJ�|W�azFEB�DPIdR|�|O^BuWy]OQBE�-W¤F)FEHJwáa)F�BED_IdR|�pBEHJa�c|H©{hFED_­^HZkPLQe ' I�F ° H�k�W¤F)FEHZB@{JWQa�HQ�pF ° H1a)FEWQIxwdWQBEw�� ' Z$ y]O^B��-WYF)F�DPIdR/{ZOQIM­QHJI^FED_O^IxaWYBEHuT|a)H©wqea ¿d¢� $¨� $àAÌ a�D_I|{8H�F ° HJa�H�y]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxaÄ�(OMwdDGy]L=F ° H�{8TdBna�OQBscrO^a�DGFED_O^If�YF ° HZL(WYBEH�IdOQFÄB�HJHZIvF�BnWYIvF©�^WYI|w(�@Txa)FÄKrH;Txa�HJwD_I\W=�@TdF�TxWQk_kPL�H�d{Zk_Txa�DP­QHby�WQa ° DPOQIfeàá·�ÄÀºÊ¾À¹9ÿ�� à�·�ÄÀÃf¾u¹9ÿ�� à�¿Êµ(¶�Ä��ï¾À¹9ÿ��TÂ9ÁïÄÀºÊ¾À¹9ÿ1�56.n7u�!r�0Gs-"+¢!|H2�.B'!0Ê¢yD�.�'�0o|yDs�z�:-&Ò:-0!0!&HDs�z):-&�s�;1�56.n7u�!r�0G/-"+¢!|H2�.B'!0Ê¢yD�.�'�0o|yDs�z�:-&Ò:-0!0!&HDs�z):-&�8!/�;.B'�0Ê�!&�.B'�0�i�"$¢!|H2�.�'�0Ê¢yD.B'�0o|yDsBz):-&Ò:-0!0(&yDs�z):$&¸8+int60HD�Þ!Þ!ÞF;s�z):-&Ê,�%-0Gs-"+¢!|H2�.B'!0Ê¢yD�.�'�0o|yDs�z�:-&â8$:-0!0(&yDs�z):$&¸8!s�;Ë ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° H©a)H�y]TxIx{hFED_O^Ixa�WYBEH@a)DP�(D_k�WYB�F�O1F ° H=cdBEHZ­MD_O^Txa�k_L3wVH�|IdHJw\O^IdHJa�ÎrF ° H�OQIdkPL\wVD_ÒrHJB�HJIx{8H�DPa�F ° WYFa)DPIx{ZH@F ° HZL�¤ B�H=B�HJHZIvF�BnWYIvF�{ZWYICK|H=Txa�HJwC{8OQI|{8TdBEB�HJIvF�kPL9KML\��TdkGFED_cxk_H=FEW^a)ÉVa([tF ° H=OYF ° HZBnab{JWYIdIxOYF�K|H=Txa�HJwy]OQBUF ° DPa�cxTdB�crO^a�HbK|H©{ZWYT|a)HbF ° HZL��(OVwVD_y]L-F ° H�{ZTdBna)O^B�¤ ala)FEWYF�H�ghe ,�%-06s-"$¢!| D�aÌTxa�HJw1F�O(BEHJWQw�F ° H�{ ° WQBE{JW¤FEHZBWYIxw�D_FEa;WYF)F�BEDPKdTVF�H�WYF;W=a�crHJ{8D��|{�crO^a�DGFED_O^I�O^I1F ° H�aE{8BEHZHZIpe

�^Ë

Page 50: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

º£´TÁïî9¿\� ¾9º£´TÁïî9¿\�Tà º�¿9Èu´h´p��¾oÃ�º�¿oÈÀ´ ´1�56.n7o"�s-*(%!:$&H2�s�z):$&�sADsBz):-&Ò:-0!0(&yD�.B'�0Ê¢NØkD�.B'!0o|NØkD�.B'!0o¢��jD�.B'!0o|��6;1�56.n7Òs-*(%!:-&j2�1�56.n76;1�56.n7o"�/!sn&�5!*!*32�s�z�:-&o:-0(0!&yD�.B'!09¢NØkD�.�'�0o|NØkD�.�'�0o¢��jD�.�'�0o|��6;1�56.n7Ò/!sn&�5�*(*32�1�56.�7G;Ë ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ F ° H s-*-%!:-& WYI|w /(sn&�5�*!* y]TdIx{hFED_O^Ixa@WQB�H-T|a)H©wÕy]O^B�{Zk_H©WYBED_IdR9F ° H1aE{8BEHZHZI�WQIxwCy]OQB�aE{8BEOQkPkPD_IdR3D_FTdcM±UWQBEwxaZep� ° HZL�WYBEHÄKxW^a)H©w�OQI�F ° H "�s$*(%!:-&H2�; WYIxw "�/!sn&�5�*(*32�; y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI|apTxa�HJw�y]OQB�{8kPHJWQB�DPIdR;O^B$aE{8BEOQkPk_DPIdRW�±�DPIxwVO¤± [ÂwVH�xIxHJw/KML ¢NØkD_|NØkDÅ¢��jD_|�� g;KML��|k_kPD_IxR1F ° H�WQB�H©W-±�DGF ° :-0!0!& {ZOQkPOQBuWQIxwq� DPI/F ° H={JWQa�H�OYy"�s$*(%!:-& �^±�D_F ° { ° WQBEW^{hF�HJB s WQa̱UHZkPkÂeÃ[ÁïÄq¾qî9ºáÄ�µ+ë�Á¼¾Àà�î9ÂoÁÜ��ÃeÁïÄʾ¼ë�µ�ò·�îo´�¾uà}îoÂ9ÁÜ�ÂoÁïÄq¾qî9ºáÄ�µ+ë�Á¼¾Àà�î9ÂoÁÜ��Â9ÁïÄʾ¼ë�µ�Ã[·�îo´�¾Àà�î9ÂoÁ1�56.n7Ò/$%-0)"(:�sn0�.�1�%!"+�):-,�%32�.B'(0u�):$,�%6;1�56.n7Ò/$%-0)"$1G.(/�r):�*("+�):-,�%32�.B'(0u�):$,�%6;.B'�09,�%-0)"(:)s�0�.�1�%�"n�):-,�%E241�56.B7G;.B'�09,�%-0)"$1�.-/�r):�*!"n�):-,�%E241�56.B7G;Ë ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° Hu­vD�wVHJO�{ZWQBEwxas±UOQBEÉvDPIdR�DPI�FEH�MFÌ�=OVwVHuTxa�H�F ° H�� N } ° WYBnwV±ÌWYBEH�aE{ ° HZ�(HQe ' I�F ° D�aUaE{ ° HJ�=H^�HZ­^HZBEL/a�{ZB�HJHZI�OM{J{8TdcxD_H©a��^�Q�^�1KMLvF�H©a-[�×^�9{ZOQkPTd�(Ixaf��®^��B�O¤±;a�ÎpH©WQ{ ° c|Ova)D_F�DPOQI�DPa@WQaEa)OV{8D�W¤FEHJwÕ±�DGF ° Fz±UOKML^FEHJaJ�lO^IdH9y]OQB�{ZOMwdDGy]LMDPIdR�F ° H/{ ° WQBEW^{hFEHZB-WYIxwßWYIxOYF ° HZB=y]OQB1{ZOVwVDGy]LMDPIdR�F ° H/{ZOQkPOQBhghe � ° H3­MDPwdHZO�{ZWQBEw�(HZ�(OQBEL3DPabDPICR^HZIdHJBEWQk~KdDPRQR^HZB©�rF ° HJB�HZy]OQBEH@�@TxkGFED_cdkPH-a�{ZB�HJHZI/c|WYRQH©au{JWYICK|H(Txa�HJwCa)DP�@Tdk_FEWQIdHZO^Txa�k_L^e�� ° H{8TdBEBEHZIvF�kPL(­vD�a�TxWYkPD_XJHJw�aE{8BEHZHJI�D�aU{JWYkPk_H©w(F ° H 1�.(/�r�:�*u�):-,�% �v± ° HJB�H©WQaÄF ° H�a�{ZB�HJHZI-F ° HbOQTVFEcdTVF�DPaUwVDPB�H©{hFEHJwF�O�DPab{ZWQk_kPHJw9F ° H :)sn0�.�1�%q�):-,�% e;� ° H�{ZDGFEHJw\y]TxIx{hFED_O^IxauWQB�H@HJaEa)HJI^FEDPWQk_kPL9Txa)H©w3y]OQB ° WYI|wVk_DPIdR|� WYFbW-R^D_­^HZID_I|azFnWYIvFJ�^F ° Hu­MDPa�TxWYk|cxWYR^H;OQBsF ° HbWQ{hFED_­^H;cxWQRQHQe � â N�N � � � ' � �MD_yqF ° HbWQ{8F�DP­QH;cxWQRQH;O^BjF ° H�­MDPa�TxWQkxcxWQRQHWYBEH��(OMwdD��xH©wq�dF ° HZL3a ° OQTdk�w3KrH�B�H©azFEOQBEHJw1F�O-F ° H�O^B�DPRQDPIxWYks[Â�^gÌ­¤WQk_TdH@OQI3H�VD_F�Î|F ° H@aEWY�(H�D�a�FEB�TdH�y]OQB�F ° H{8TdBna�OQB©eàá´hîoº�ÁÜ�öºá·o¿�à ȼ¿\�hºá·o¿�Ã�ÈÀ¿Æ¾Àµ(¶1�åÈ1�56.n7u�6*(:)s$%32�.B'�09¢HD¼.B'!0Ò|G;1�56.n7Òs�r�&G/$5$&H2�.B'�0Ò/n0�:-&(0)"�/!s$:+'6*).B')%EDï.B'!0¸%+'�7�"�/!s+:$'6*).B'�%6;1�56.n7Òs�r�&G/$5$&)").B'�i!5E2�.B'�0o8n¢HD¼.B'!0í8�|�;Ë ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° H©a)H1y]TdIx{hFED_O^Ixa(WYBEH1Txa�HJw¾y]OQB ° WYI|wVk_DPIdRCF ° H3{8TxBEa�OQB©e��/OQBEH�a�c|H©{8D��|{ZWQk_kPLQ� �6*(:)s$% a�H8FEa�F ° H{8TdBna�OQBÌc|Ova)D_F�DPOQIá[ ¢ K|HJk_O^IdR^alFEO(F ° H�BnWYIdR^Hb�xeZeJe Ù Ëx� | F�O��xeZeZen®¤�Mgheº£·o¿�Ã�ÈÀ¿Æ¾uì¼´�Èuìe�hºá·o¿�Ã�ÈÀ¿Æ¾9òÄ�É��Tºá·�¿Òà ÈÀ¿â¾oÈ����1�56.n7Òs�r�&G/$5$&)"+v6*(5+vy2�1�56.�76;1�56.n7Òs�r�&G/$5$&)"�/n0�7E2�1�56.n76;1�56.n7Òs�r�&G/$5$&)"(5(i!iE2�1�56.n76;Ë ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° H©a)H;�-W^{8BEO^aÄ{JWYkPkxF ° H s�r�&G/$5$&H2�; y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI�F�O�a�H8FUF ° Hu{8TxBEa�OQBUa ° WQc|H;F�O@KrH�W�KdDPR@BEHJ{8FEWYIxRQkPHQ�F ° H�a)FEWQIxwdWQBEw1TdIxwVHJBEaE{8O^B�H^�vO^B�D_IM­MD�a)DPKdkPHQe

�Y�

Page 51: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ñ òôó4õ�ö�÷ðø ùïù

¦ § � k �²±Ì� ® ��®Ý� � « � � �

� e ��Wxe ��e (elcdB�O¤­MD�wVHJa-W¾KdTdDPkGF��"DPI Ñ$D_kPH � LVa)F�HJ�²F ° W¤F�{ZTdBEB�HJI^FEk_Lßa)Txcdc|O^B)Fnaæ��WQBEw «uD�a)É»«�BEDP­QHZBna-WYI|w ÑV}j���J�cxWQB)FEDGFED_O^IxaJe' yÌLQO^TáWQB�H(Txa�DPIdR3F ° H�«f � H���F�HJIxwVHZBh�åF�O\BETdI�F ° H�WYcdcdkPD�{ZW¤FED_O^If�pL^OQTá{ZWQI�T|a)H�a�OQ�(H�{ZWQk_kPKxW^{nÉ\F�O3F ° H«ö � �+�d®d�;DPI^FEHZBEB�TxcVFJ�vF�O=±�BEDGFEH[Z�BEHJW^w-a)O^�(H�KMLvF�HJaly]BEOQ� F ° H �|k_H©a)LVa)F�HZ�p°¤e�� ° HJa�H;y]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxaÌwVDPBEHJ{hFEk_L-DPIvF�HJBEW^{hF±�D_F ° F ° H�TdIxwVHJB�kPLMD_IdR�«f � �$WQIxw¾{ZWQI¾IdOQF�KrH1Txa�HJw�± ° HZI�F ° H9a�LVazFEHZ� D�a@DPI¾cdBEOYFEHJ{hFEHJw��(OVwVH^e ' I¾cxWQB)FEDP{8�Tdk�WYB©��LQO^T¾{ZWYI�O^IdkPLCTxa�H-F ° HJa�H�y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI|a@DPIvF�O\F ° H�� ��É^HZBEIdHZkÇ��B�HJRQD�azFEHZB���k_HJ­QHJkPa§� ��[ÂgUy]TxIx{hFED_O^IðWYIxwáDPI�F ° H�Ìâ � of�s�u�Äo�;}uÑ��Ì�Ä� ���H� ' �4H�VDGF�y]TxIx{hFED_O^IxaZe' I�F ° H�{JWQa�HbOQy~HJB�BEOQBnaZ�MW =$~)J!J OQBÌXJHZBEO�­¤WYkPTdH�D�aÌB�HZF�TdBEIdHJwNÎ >��(l�"-i�%$&!&�5-&H2�; {ZWYI�K|H�T|a)H©w�FEO=R^H8FÌF ° H�«ö �HJB�BEOQBb{8OVwVH$ÎfF ° H ° H©WQwVHJB��xkPH �(*!*!Ý).+ç(Ö!��Ý$¢�×�7�5)/EÞßzr� ��TxazF�KrH�DPIx{8kPTxwVH©w/FEO�T|a)H�F ° H©a)H�y]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxaJe@} BETdIdIdDPIdR[�±lH ° O^c|H�gU±lHJk_kfwdOM{ZTd�(HZIvF�H©w9H�dWY�(cdkPH�{ZWYI9KrH�y]OQTdI3DPI1F ° H 7�%Bt�5)/-Ý-7!5)/+i6/ wVDPBEHJ{hFEOQBELQeÉâÈÊÃö¾��åȼà�Áï¶>)�(l�"+I��nJ( �8n>)�(l!"-i�5$�)%+'y2�s�z):$&Ò8�'�:�t�%jD s�z�:-&â8�t�5(7!%6;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�O^c|HJIxa;W��xkPH@WQIxw3B�HZF�TdBEIxa;W(crOQDPIvF�HJB�F�O1Wå�xk_H�azFEB�Tx{8F�TdBEHQeÌ� ° H '):�t�% cxWQBEWQ�=HZF�HJB;{8OQIvFnWYDPIxaF ° H(IxWQ�(H-OYyÄF ° H}�xkPH(F�O3K|H-O^c|HJIdHJwfe(� ° H t�5(7�% cxWYBnWY�(HZF�HZB�{ZOQIvFEWQD_Ixa�W3a)F�BED_IdR9± ° Ova)H(­¤WYkPTdH-{ZWQICKrHOQIdHuOYyqF ° H�y]O^k_kPO¤±�DPIdR�{ZOQIxa)FEWQI^Fna����zB=�;F�O�B�H©WQwq���)±'�;F�O@±�BED_F�HQ�VWQIxwz�)B�±'��F�O=BEHJWQw-WQIxw�±�BED_F�HQe ' I-F ° H�{ZWQa�HOYyÌHZBEB�O^BJ� =$~)J!J D�a�BEH8F�TxB�IdH©wkÎ�OYF ° HZBE±�DPa�H(F ° H�B�HZF�TdBEIdH©wC­¤WQk_TdH�{JWYIáKrH�Txa�HJwáWQa�k�WQa)F�cxWQBEWQ�=HZF�HJB�D_IáF ° Hy]TdIx{8F�DPOQIxa�kPD�azFEHJw�K|HJk_O¤±�eÉâÈÊÃö¾��åºá´�È9ÃeÁ1�56.n7q>)�(l�"-i)s-*(5)/$%32�>)�(l�"+IG�nJ$ Ò8+i6;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F;{8kPO^a�HJaUF ° H�a)crHJ{ZD��|HJw��xkPH�WQIxw9B�HJk_H©WQa�HJaÌWYkPkfWYkPkPOM{JW¤FEHJw9«f � B�H©a)O^TdBn{8HJaJeÉâÈÊÃö¾���¿9ÁïîoÉ>(�6�$?(>9>)�(l�"$i(&�%!:(7E2�1�56.n798�v(r�iHD_>(�6�$?(>â/�.���%jD_>(�)�$?!>9'!r$t[DÅ>��(l�"$I���J( ¸8+iG;NMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' F�B�H©WQwda '!r+t O^KVmzHJ{8FEauOYy /�.[��% KMLvF�HJauy]BEOQ� �xkPH i WYIxwÕcdkPW^{8H�F ° HJ��DPI�W�KdTVÒ HZB�crOQDPI^FEHJwCKMLv!r�i e-� ° D�aby]TdIx{8F�DPOQI�BEH8F�TxB�IxabF ° H�WQ{8F�TxWQkjIMTd�@KrHZB�OQyUKMLvF�H©a�B�H©WQwÕy]B�O^��F ° H��|k_H/[�DGF�{JWYI�K|H-kPHJaEabF ° WYI

num ∗ sizeKMLvF�H©aEg8eFÞrHZBEO(DPaÌBEH8FETdB�IxHJw�DGyjWYI9HZBEB�O^BÌOM{J{8TdBnaÌOQB�v�oXߨà=áÂâwàÁãäÌv�D�aUy]OQTdI|wqe

² × ¼[¶Â½"¶@Ê=Àw¹Æ¹Æ¿�ÀwÊÇЧ½'Àwµ"¶�´[½"¶ÂË5´[¹Xå�¼[¶Â·æº^»U´æ¾[»U·Iç ¸`¼�À=è^¶@Àw·^ºæÈ�Àwµ]¸"Å ¸ÇÅÆ»U·¦¸"¼�Àé¸`ÊQÀw·æ¿�¶�µ ¶=Àw¾¦¿�ºz¸"¼[¶+ê�¹Æ¶Â½"º§½"¸"¶=Í¥ÒÆÒÆÒ@Ë5»UµF¶(ë�ÀwÍ+È[¹Æ¶å�¼[¶Â·_µ ´[·[·[ÅÆ·[ì@í¨Ò Î6À�Ò î�Ò Ô Ò[ÀwÈ[È�¹ÆÅÆÊQÀé¸"ÅÆ»U·[½iË̵ »UÍeÀ`ï�ð × ÑUñFê�¹Æ¶Â½"º§½"¸"¶=Í¥ò

�V�

Page 52: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ÉâÈÊÃö¾��æ�÷¿9µ(Ä Á>(�6�$?(>9>)�(l�"$i-{�&�.�0�%E2�1�56.�7o8Bv!r�iHD4>-�6�$?!>Ò/�.���%jD�>(�6�$?!>u'!r$t²D�>)�(l�"$IG�nJ( �8niG;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ' Fl±�BED_F�HJa '!r+t OQKdmzHJ{hFnasOQy /�.��!% KML^FEHJaÄD_IvF�Oh�xkPH i ej«uWYFEW�WQB�H;cxDP{nÉ^HJw=y]BEOQ� F ° HuKdTVÒ HZBUc|O^D_IvFEHJwKML v!r�i e$� ° D�a�y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI-BEH8FETdBEIxa�F ° H�WQ{8F�TxWQkdIMTd�@KrHZBsOQyqKvLvFEHJaj±�BEDGF�F�HJI/[]D_Fl{ZWQI=KrH;kPHJaEa�F ° WYI

num∗sizeKML^FEHJanghe`ÞrHJB�O=D�aÌB�HZF�TdBEIdHJw�D_y�WQI9HJB�BEOQBUOV{Z{ZTdBEaJeÉâÈÊÃö¾ÀÁÅ¿9¿9ÈÀ¿r!'�/�.B,(')%(7À>)�(l�"-%-&!&�5-&j2�1�56.n76;PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ ��HZF�TdBEIxaUF ° H�HZBEB�O^BU{ZOMwdH�OYypF ° H�k�W¤F�H©azF >)�(l�"$¢(¢!¢ y]TdIx{8F�DPOQIfe

�Q®

Page 53: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ñ òôó4õ�ö�÷ðø ù�¥

¦ § � ­ý��® ­�� § �Ü� ¨ �[°ÿû�® û9³

� ° HUkPD_KdBnWYBEL�WYkPk_O¤±¾WQcdcdkPDP{JW¤FED_O^IxafFEO�a�W�­^HsTdc�F�O=�J��aE{8BEHZHJI@a�IxWYcxa ° OQF~FEO��xkPHQe�SUH8y]O^B�HÄF ° HURQBnWYKdKxD_IdRuDPa$IdH©{8H©a�aEWYBELFEO=WQk_kPOV{ZW¤FEH;F ° Hu�(HJ�=O^B�L=y]O^BUW=a)I|WYcxa ° OYFUa)kPOYF�WYIxwæ�xkPHJaU{ZWYI�K|H�{8BEHJWYF�H©w-OQIdkPL-W¤FUF ° HbHZI|w�OYy~H�VHJ{ZTVF�DPOQI�± ° HZIF ° H�a)LVa)F�HJ� B�HZF�TdBEI3D_I9BEHJWYkq�(OVwVH^eò¶�î9àÀÃ��íÈuÄq¾oÂ9ÁïÄÀÃ[´�ÈuÄ1�56.n7Ò8!/�'):$�G/�z)5-0)"+,�%-0G/-*-5$0H2.B'�0¼'!v!r�i(iHD�.B'�0o{�¢yDá.B'!0Ò{�|HD£.�'�0ov�|�%)/���%-&(�k.�¢�%�*);PMË ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° D�a�y]TdIx{hFED_O^IßWQk_kPOV{ZWYF�H�F ° H3�(HZ�(OQBELáy]OQB-W�a)I|WYcxa ° OYF(OYyuRQDP­QHZIßwVDP�=HJIxa�D_O^IxaZeß� ° H '(v!r�i!icxWYBnWY�(HZF�HZBÌDPIxwVD�{ZWYF�H�± ° D�{ ° a)kPOYF;��TxazF;KrH�WYkPkPOM{JW¤FEHJwqe {�¢ WQIxw {!| WYBEHb±�D�wMF ° WYIxw ° HZDPR ° F;OQy~F ° H�a�{ZB�HJHZIB�H©a)O^k_TdF�DPOQI1± ° D_kPH v�|(0�%)/��)%$&(�k.�¢�%!* DPaÌF ° H�wVHZcdF ° OYy~F ° H�aE{8BEHZHJIfeò¶�î9àÀÃ��íÈuÄq¾���¿ÊÁÅÁ�Ã[´åÈuÄ1�56.n7Ò/�'):$��/Bz)5-0)"-i-&�%!%)/-*-5$0H2.B'�0¼'!v!r�i(iG;Ë ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° D�asy]TxIx{hFED_O^I-y]B�HJH;F ° H��(HZ�(O^B�L(BEHJa�HZBE­QHJw�y]O^BsF ° Hba�k_OQFÄDPIxwVD�{ZW¤FEHJw1KvL�F ° H '!v!r�i(i cxWYBnWY�(HZF�HZB©eò¶�î9àÀÃ��íÈuÄq¾oÂ9¿oîoì1�56.n7Ò/�'):$��/Bz)5-0)"$,(&�:$vy2�.�'!0¼'!v!r�i(iG;Ë ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° D�aÌy]TdIx{8F�DPOQI/R^H8FuW-a�IxWQc\OYy�F ° H@­vD�wVHJO-�=HJ�(OQBEL�WYI|w\{8OQcML�DGFbD_Ixa�D�wVH�F ° H@a)kPOYF�a�crHJ{8D��xH©w\KMLF ° H '!v!r�i!i c|WYBnWY�(H8FEHZB©eò¶�î9àÀÃ��íÈuÄq¾oÃ[î�ë�Á_àÀÂoÇ.B'�0¸/B'):$��/�z�5-0)"�/$:$1�%$��,+te2�.B'(0u'!v(r�i!iHD s�z�:-&â8+i-'):Bt�%6;Ë ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° D�aly]TdIx{hFED_O^I9aEW�­QH�F ° H�aE{8BEHZHJI�a�IxWYcxa ° OQFUaEW�­QHJw1D_I|a)D�wVHuF ° H�IMKdTVÒÕa�k_OQFlFEO-W@i N � RQBEHZLVaE{ZWQk_H�xkPHQes� ° H��xkPHZIxWQ�(H�cxWQaEa)H©w�FEO=F ° H�y]TdI|{hF�DPOQI3Txa�DPIdR=F ° H�y]IxWQ�(H�cxWYBnWY�(H8FEHZB©eò¶�î9àÀÃ��íÈuÄq¾oÃ[î�ë�Á_à�à�Ç.B'�0¸/B'):$��/�z�5-0)"�/$:$1�%$�!�$te2�.B'(0u'!v(r�i!iHD s�z�:-&â8+i-'):Bt�%6;Ë ·MÞJ§Q¢�¨�½~¡©¨�£r yÌ � ° D�aly]TdIx{hFED_O^I\a�W�­^H;F ° H�aE{8BEHZHJI�a�IxWYc|a ° OQFÌaEW�­QH©w-DPIxa)D�wVHbF ° HbIMKdTdÒÕa)kPOYFÌF�O(W=isiÄ� {8O^k_O^By�|k_H^e� ° H��xkPHZIxWQ�=H�c|WQaEa)H©w�FEO�F ° H�y]TdIx{8F�DPOQI3Txa�D_IxR�F ° H�y]IxWQ�=H�c|WYBnWY�(H8FEHZB©e

� È

Page 54: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

ú �ÿüÊ�ã©

�;{Zk_H©WYB�[Âgh�x�Q��;aE{8BEOQkPk"["gh�x�Q�SÌ���Ì�b®Q���;{Zk_Ova)Hv[Âgh�d®Q×SÌ���Ì�b®Q����DPIdD_F©[Âg8�x®Y×{Zk_H©WYB�[Âgh�x�Q�{ZcdB�DPIvF)y)["gh�x�vË�liÄâb®Y�r�;{8kPO^a�H^[Âg8� È ��liÄâb®Y�r�;«�� � �;{Zk_Ova)Hv[Âg8� È ®�liÄâb®Y�r�;«�� � ��DPIdD_F©["gh� È ®�liÄâb®Y�r�;«�� � ��DPIxa)FEWQk_H©wf[Âg8� È ®�liÄâb®Y�r��RQH8F��;{8TdB��Ìy]BEH��vTdHZI|{8Lq[Âg8� È ®�liÄâb®Y�r��RQH8F��Ìy]B�HB�vTdHZIx{ZD_H©aJ["gh� ÈQÈ�liÄâb®Y�r��RQH8F���kPWYF�HJIx{8Lq[Âg8� È ®�liÄâb®Y�r��RQH8F����-Wn�R�Ìy]B�HB�vTdHZIx{ZLq[Âgh� È ®�liÄâb®Y�r��RQH8F����(D_Ii�Ìy]BEH��vTdHJIx{8Lq["gh� È ®�liÄâb®Y�r��D_IdD_F©["gh� È ��liÄâb®Y�r��D_Ixa)FEWQk_H©wf[Âg8� È ��liÄâb®Y�r�;a)HZF§�Ìy]BEH��vTdHZI|{8Lq[Âg8� È ®�liÄâb®Y�r�;a ° O¤± �Ìy]BEH��vTdHJIx{8DPHJa©[Âg8� ÈQÈ�liÄâb®Y�r�;a ° O¤±�DPIVy]Or[Âgh� È �{ZcdTVFE{^[Âg8�x�^Ë{ZcdTVFEa©[Âg8�x�vË{ZTdBEa�OQB�[Âg8�x�Y�{ZTdBEa�OQB���KdkPOQKp["gh�d�Y�{ZTdBEa�OQB���DPIVy]O|["gh�d�Y�{ZTdBEa�OQB���OYÒj[Âg8�d�Y�{ZTdBEa�OQB��;a)FEwf["gh�d�Y�wV�-Wr��RQH8FEcxWYR^H^["gh�V� Ù«ö � ��HZBEBEOQB�[Âgh�d�^®«ö � �Ìy�{8kPO^a�H^["gh�|�d�«ö � �Ìy]OQcrHZI~[Âgh�r�V�«ö � �Ìy]BEHJWQwp[Âgh�r�V�«ö � �Ìy]±�BEDGFEH^[Âg8�|�Q®HZF ° �;{Zk_Ova)Hv[Âgh�V�M®HZF ° ��R^H8FE}�wxwVB�H©a�a©[Âg8�V�^�HZF ° ��R^H8FEÑ�«bS�[Âgh�x�x�HZF ° ��DPIdD_F©[Âg8�x�v�HZF ° �;a�HZIxwdisÉvF©[Âg8�x�M®HZF ° �;a�H8Fa�;HJW^wVHZB�[Âg8�V�x�

HZF ° �;a�H8FEisBEOYF�OV{ZOQk [Âgh�V�|�HZF ° �;a)F�Bh®YW^wdwVB�[Âg8�v�|��Ä�uSÌâ N ®Q���;{8kPO^a�H^["gh� �J��Ä�uSÌâ N ®Q����DPIdDGF�[Âg8�f�J��Ä�uSÌâ N ®Q����DPIxazFnWYkPk_H©wf[Âg8�q�J�Ñ�S�®Y�r�;{8kPO^a�H^["gh�V®¤�Ñ�S�®Y�r��D_IxDGF�[Âgh�x®Y�y]Kr®Y����O^c|HJIp[Âg8�x®¤�Ñ�S�®Y�r�;a)HZF��(OVwVH^["gh�d®¤�R^H8F��;WQ{hFED_­^H���cxWQRQHv[Âgh�V�Y�R^H8F���B)Fn{¨�ÌF�DP�(H^["gh�V� ÈR^H8F���­vD�a�TxWYkÇ��cxWYR^H^["gh�V�Y�R^H8Fn{¨�[�VLq[Âgh�V�vËR^B4�R��KrO��f[Âgh�d®Q�R^B4�R�;{ZD_Bn{8kPH^["gh�V®Y�R^B4�R�;{Zk_H©WYB�[Âgh�V®Q�R^B4�R�;wVD�aE{Q[Âg8�d® ÙR^B4�R��R^H8F�DP�-WYR^H^[Âg8�M®Q�R^B4�R��R^H8F�cxD��VHZk [Âg8�d®Q�R^B4�R��kPD_IxH^[Âg8�d®Y�R^B4�R��cdkPOYF�[Âg8�V®^�R^B4�R��cdTdF�DP�(WQRQHv[Âgh�d®^�R^B4�R��BEHJ{8F©[Âg8�d®Y�R^B4�R�ÌFEH�MF©["gh�d®Y�° FEOQIxa©[Âg8�V�^�'�� iÄâ��;®Q����DPIdD_F©[Âg8�xËDPci�;a)F�Bh®YW^wdwVB�[Âgh� È �D�ah�lHZIvF�BnWYk�SUTVF)FEOQIp["gh�q�J×D�aEofH8ytFnSUTVF)FEOQIp["gh�f�©×D�aE��D_R ° FESUTVF)FEOQIp["gh�q�©×Ü +��®Y�r�;{8kPO^a�H^["gh�V®Q®Ü +��®Y�r��D_IxDGF�[Âgh�d®^®Ü +��®Y�r��D_I|azFnWYkPk_H©wf[Âg8�M®^®mzO¤L��;wVD�aEWYKdkPH^["gh�d®Q®mzO¤L���HJIxWYKdkPH^["gh�d®Q®mzO¤L���R^H8FEa)FEWYF�Txa©[Âg8�d®Q®mzO¤L��;a�H8FnazFnW¤F�T|aJ["gh�d®Q® ���ó���s�b���xazFEB�T|{hF�TxB�H^�q�Z�

�¤�

Page 55: shark.sssup.itshark.sssup.it/distrib/docs/ver1.5.1/vol2.pdf* +-,/./+10324265879. :;58@? ACBEDGFFHJI9KML N DPOQBERQDPO=SUTVFFEWYXJXZO\[]R^D_O^BR^D_OV`baaEaTdcfe DGFhg

�����S�®Y���;{Zk_Ova)Hv[Âg8�r�^� �����S�®Y����DPIdD_F©["gh�f�^� �����S�®Y����DPIxa)FEWQk_kPHJwf["gh�q�^�É^HZLMKi�;wVHZyÂ�;{hF�BEk]�b[Âgh�q��®É^HZLMKi�;wVHZyÂ���(WQcp[Âg8�q�©®É^HZLMKi�;wVHZyÂ�ÌFEWQa�Éq[Âg8�q�©®É^HZLMKi�;wVHZy�WYTdk_F§��cxWQB��\["gh�q�©®É^HZLMKi�;wVD�a�WQKdkPH^[Âg8�q�Z�É^HZLMKi��HZI|WYKdkPH^["gh�q�Z�É^HZLMKi��RQHZF§���-WYc~[Âgh� �J�É^HZLMKi��RQHZFE{ ° ["gh�q��®É^HZLMKi��RQHZFE{ ° WQB©["gh� �©®É^HZLMKi��RQHZFE{ZOMwdH^[Âg8�q�©®É^HZLMKi� ° OMOQÉq["gh�q� ÈÉ^HZLMKi�;a�H8F§���-WQcp[Âg8�q�Z�kPD_IMT��d{©®Y����BEHZR^DPa)F�HJB§���(OVwVTdkPH^["gh� Ù��bâ � �l®Q���;{8kPO^a�H^["gh�q�����bâ � �l®Q����DPIdDGF�[Âg8�f�©���bâ � �l®Q����DPIxazFnWYkPk_H©wf[Âg8�q�©��(OQT|a)H��;wVH8yÂ�ÌFnWQa�É ["gh�q�©��(OQT|a)H��;wVH8y�WQTdkGF���cxWYBE�\[Âg8�q�©��(OQT|a)H��;wVDPaEWYKxk_Hv[Âgh�q� Ù�(OQT|a)H���HZIxWQKdk_Hv[Âg8�q� Ù��bâ � �����s�b���|a)F�BETx{hFETdBEHQ�q�J×�(OQT|a)H���RQH8FEk_DP�(DGFnaJ["gh�q� Ù�(OQT|a)H���RQH8FnazFnW¤FETxaJ["gh�q� Ù�(OQT|a)H���RQH8F�F ° BEHJa ° O^kPwf["gh� � Ù�(OQT|a)H���RQB��V{ZTdBna)O^B©["gh�r�JË�(OQT|a)H���RQB��Va ° WQc|Hv[Âgh� �©Ë�(OQT|a)H�� ° OMOQÉq[Âg8�q� Ù�(OQT|a)H���OYÒj[Âgh�x®d��(OQT|a)H���OQIp["gh�x®V��(OQT|a)H��;a)HZF�kPD_�(D_FEa©[Âgh�p� Ù�(OQT|a)H��;a)HZFEa)FEW¤FETxa©[Âgh�q� Ù�(OQT|a)H��;a)HZF)F ° B�H©a ° O^kPwp[Âgh�q� Ù�(OQT|a)H��ÌF4�MFE{ZTdBEa�OQB�[Âg8� �JË�(OQT|a)H��ÌF4�MFEa ° WYcrH^["gh�q�©Ë�(OQT|a)H©wVH8yÂ�;wVHZyÂ�ÌF ° BEHJa ° O^kPwf["gh�q�©��(OQT|a)H©wVH8yÂ�;wVHZyÂ�[�d�x[Âg8�q�J��(OQT|a)H©wVH8yÂ�;wVHZyÂ�[�V�(W+�f[Âgh�q�©��(OQT|a)H©wVH8yÂ�;wVHZyÂ�[�V�=DPIp["gh�f�©��(OQT|a)H©wVH8yÂ�;wVHZyÂ��LV�x[Âg8�q�J��(OQT|a)H©wVH8yÂ�;wVHZyÂ��LM�(W+�f[Âgh�q�©��(OQT|a)H©wVH8yÂ�;wVHZyÂ��LM�=DPIp["gh�f�©��(OQT|a)H©wVH8yÂ�;wVHZyÂ��XJ�|[Âgh�q�©�IdHZF§��DPIdD_F©[Âg8� È �IdHZF�KdTdÒ6��R^H8F©["gh�|�^�IdHZF�KdTdÒ6��DPIdD_F©[Âg8� È ËIdHZF�KdTdÒ6��BEHZkPHJW^a)Hv[Âgh�V�v�

IvFEO ° a©[Âg8�V�^�cxkPW^{8H^["gh�x�Q�cxB�DPIvF)yÂ�[�VLq[Âgh�V�vËcxTVFE{��[�MLq["gh�V�^ËcxTVFEa§�[�VL ["gh�V�vËBERQKp�J�x["gh�d®Q������H�;� ' �\���dazFEB�TVF�F�TdBnWd�V� Èa�H8F��;WQ{8F�DP­QH���c|WYRQHv[Âg8�M�Q�a�H8F���B)Fn{¨�ÌFED_�(H^["gh�V� Èa�H8F���­MDPa�TxWYkÇ��cxWQRQH^["gh�V�Y�a�IxWQcxa ° OYF§�Ìy]BEHZH©a)kPOYF�[Âg8�V� Èa�IxWQcxa ° OYF§��R^H8Fna)kPOYF�[Âgh�d� Èa�IxWQcxa ° OYF§��R^BEWQKp[Âg8�M� Èa�IxWQcxa ° OYF§�;aEW�­QHJcdRQ�\["gh�V� Èa�IxWQcxa ° OYF§�;aEW�­QHJcdcd�\[Âg8�M� Èa�OQTxIxwR��DPIVy]O|["gh�V�v�a�OQTxIxwR��DPIdDGF�[Âg8�V�v�a�OQTxIxwR��cdk�W�Lq[Âgh�M� Ùa�OQTxIxwR�;aEWY�(cdkPH^[Âg8�M�^�a�OQTxIxwR�;a�H8F)y]TxIp[Âg8�V�v�a�OQTxIxwR��±ÌWYD_F©[Âg8�M�^×� is�Ä}� �®Q���;{Zk_Ova)Hv[Âgh�d® È� is�Ä}� �®Q����DPIdD_F©[Âg8�|® È� is�Ä}� �®Q����DPIxa)FEWYkPkPHJwf["gh�x® Èa�crHJWYÉ^HZB����@TVFEH^["gh�d® Èa�crHJWYÉ^HZB��;a)O^TdIxwf["gh�V® ÈT|wVci��KdDPIxwf["gh� È �T|wVci��IdOQF�D_y]L ["gh� È ×T|wVci��BEHJ{8­vy]BEOQ�\[Âg8� È ÙT|wVci�;a�HZIxwMFEO|["gh� È Ù� ' «��[b«��s��®Y�r��D_OV{hFEk"["gh�|®QË� ' «��[b«��s��®Y�r��OQcrHZIp["gh�|®Q×

�Q�