le legs de machiavel à la gestion publique

8/2/2019 Le legs de Machiavel la gestion publique

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_mu}mIlpmrlapigladm

`mz ZjimljmzA`hilizprapiumz

Dm oiml jghh}l jghhm hail iluiziodm,Dm dmnz `m Hajbiaumd da nmzpigl v}odiq}m

Jda}`m _gjbmp

_z}h

Dm halanmhmlp v}odij a p `ghil var da q}pm `m dmijimljm mp lg}z daizzm zalzrvglzm a} q}mzpiglz glàhmlpadmz `m dpbiq}m, Jmp arpijdm mlpml` hglprmr q}m da vml(zm `m Hajbiaumd vm}p lg}z avvgrpmr }lm jgljmvpigl mp `mz g}pidz q}alp da halirm `mng}umrlmr }lm zgjip q}i zglp 1) ml dinlm aumj dmz vd}z rjmlpz avvgrpz `m da rmjbmrjbml ugd}pigllizhm ilzpip}pigllmd$ mp ?) avvrgvri da vrizm `m `jizigl jghvdmm, Dm oimljghh}l$ jgljmvp jmlprad `m da vmlzm `m Hajbiaumd$ avvarap jghhm kg}alp dm rdm `}lmhail iluiziodm q}i r`}ip dmz jgpz `m pralzajpigl$ mp da jdm `m ugpm `}lm vmlzm z}r da nmz(pigl `mz aairmz v}odiq}mz, Jmppm aladyzm mzp idd}zprm var }lm p}`m jghvarapium `m `m}vrgkmpz ilrazpr}jp}rm m praumrzm mz Advmz;AdvPralzipml Z}izzm mp da diaizgl Dygl P}rilmlprm da Eraljm mp dIpadim, Gl jgljd}p z}r }lm vrgvgzipigl `m hizm kg}r `} vrgnrahhm `mrmjbmrjbm ml halanmhmlp v}odij vmrhmppalp `m jglk}n}mr mmjpiuip "dnipihip `mz ilz)mp mijimljm àlz da hizm ml }urm,

_mharq}mz dilpmlpigl `mz vrapijimlz

Dmz pbgrimz mp a}prmz rgrhmz nlradmz `m da nmzpigl v}odiq}m glp pg}kg}rz p `ghilmz

var da rmjbmrjbm `m dmijimljm$ pmddm }lm q}pm `} Zailp Nraad, Km zg}pimlz q}m jmz rgrhmzlglp vaz pml} dm}rz vrghmzzmz mp lg}z daizzmlp zalz rvglzm a} q}mzpiglz glàhmlpa(dmz `m dpbiq}m ; oiml airm dmz jbgzmz lm vmrhmp vaz `m rvgl`rm da q}mzpigl `mz airmdmz ogllmz jbgzmz, Da vriljivadm raizgl jmda mzp }lm vrggl`m hvrizm q}alp da lap}rmhhm `} vrgjmzz}z `m jbalnmhmlp ml jg}rz$ q}i rml` ilavvrgvri pg}p pyvm `m zgd}pigl}liumrzmddm, ]l pmd jbalnmhmlp mzp ilpmruml} dvgq}m `m da _mlaizzaljm mp Hajbiaumdlg}z a dn} }lm uizigl mba}zpium `m da agl `m ìrinmr àlz }l hgl`m ml ugd}piglmp iljmrpail, Jmp arpijdm vrzmlpm ml q}gi jglzizpm dbripanm hjgll} `m Hajbiaumd mpavvdiq}m zgl mlzminlmhmlp daladyzm `m `m} nral`z vrgkmpz ìlrazpr}jp}rmz v}odiq}mz,Id jgljd}p z}r jm q}i `gip prm hiz kg}r àlz dm vrgnrahhm `m rmjbmrjbm ml halanmhmlp

v}odij vg}r airm ajm a} ìz `m lgprm vgq}m$ q}i minmlp }l rmpg}r a} zg}rjmz `m davbidgzgvbim vgdipiq}m jdazziq}m,

Jda}`m _gjbmp mzp Vrgmzzm}r dIlzpip}p m Halanmhmlp v}odij$ ]liumrzip Va}d J{allm Ai(HarzmiddmIII mp jbarn `m hizzigl vg}r da rmjbmrjbm a}vrz `} @irmjpm}r nlrad `m d.INV@M$ Variz EraljmJgvyrinbp ?662 IIZA ( Ugd >0":); =?9==:


2/26

=:6 _mu}m Ilpmrlapigladm `mz Zjimljmz A`hilizprapiumz >0":)

Hgpz jdz; Mpbiq}m$ vbidgzgvbim vgdipiq}m$ Hajbiaumd$ umrp}z jiuiq}mz$ uirp$ LVH$vrgnrahhm m rmjbmrjbm

jm lmzp vaz dilprp ilìui`}md$ haiz dm oiml nlrad q}i aip da nral`m}r `mz jipz,Dm oiml nlrad lmzp jmrpailmhmlp gozmru q}m àlz dmz rv}odiq}mz,

Hajbiaumd$ @izjg}rz$ II$ ?

Da nmzpigl v}odiq}m mzp `ghilm `mv}iz }lm uilnpailm àllmz var }lm pmlàljm halanriadizpm jgll}m zg}z dm lgh `m lg}uma} halanmhmlp v}odij "LHV),Kavvmddm halanriadizhm di`m zmdgl daq}mddm dmz vrgodhmz a}q}mdz mzp jglrglpmda nmzpigl v}odiq}m vm}umlp prm rzgd}z var da hizm ml }urm `}l mlzmhodm `g}pidzmp `m pmjbliq}mz$ q}i rmnrg}vmlp `mz g}pidz zpalàr` q}i glp aip dm}rz vrm}umz mp q}izglp jmlzz grhmr }l lg}uma} varaìnhm ml a`hilizprapigl v}odiq}m mp `gllmr

laizzaljm `mz vrapiq}mz `m ogllm ng}umrlaljm }liumrzmddmz "Nr}mliln$ 1992),Dm LHV a aip `} uim} halanmhmlp v}odij $ dpap ~oriml$ za opm lgirm

"@rmjbzdmr$ ?66=)$ hhm zi dmz `m} jg}ralpz glp ml jghh}l ddhmlp dm vd}z jripi(q}$ }lm lm}pradip aigdgniq}m gl`m z}r }lm zvarapigl mlprm dmz aipz mp dmz uadm}rz"Zpra}zz$ 1925), Gl d ajj}zm `m jg}vmr d a`hilizprapigl v}odiq}m `m zmz rajilmz uipadmzml vbidgzgvbim vgdipiq}m "Nr}mliln$ 1992), D g dm LHV zjarpm uraihmlp } hg`dm~oriml$ jmzp dm rdm `m dpap ml palp q}m vriljivad ajidipm}r `m zgd}piglz a} lg}(uma} vrgodhmz `m da hglìadizapigl$ `} jbalnmhmlp pmjblgdgniq}m$ `m dugd}pigl`hgnravbiq}m mp `m da hmlajm mluirgllmhmlpadm "@rmjbzdmr$ ?66=), @alz dmzvrip

`} LHV$ dpap vmr` zgl rdm àrjbipmjpm a} zmruijm `} oiml jghh}l,Dm LHV mzp dm rz}dpap ilad }l vrgjmzz}z q}i a za zg}rjm alz dm umdgvvmhmlp

`m djglghim lgjdazziq}m avrz da Zmjgl`m N}mrrm hglìadm mp q}i uizm mzzml(pimddmhmlp jglprmjarrmr dm jgljmvp `pap vrgui`mljm$ jm q}i a aog}pi }l rmkmp `mda`hilizprapigl v}odiq}m jdazziq}m, Dmz lgpiglz ` ilprp v}odij mp `m oiml jgh(h}l glp mzz}y dmz jripiq}mz `mz a}pm}rz avvarpmlalp djgdm `mz jbgi v}odijz$`m djglghim lgjdazziq}m mp `m dilìui`}adizhm hpbg`gdgniq}m$ hhm zi }lmhilgrip à}pm}rz glp jripiq} da zvarapigl `mz aipz mp `mz uadm}rz, @}lm varp$ dmLHV la vaz rzgd} da q}mzpigl mzzmlpimddm q}i jglzpip}m da zm}dm jarajprizpiq}m rmddm

`} LHV vrgvrm dmlzmhodm g}pidz q}id rmjghhalàip$ da`hilizprapigl dmjprgliq}m"@}ldmauy al` ad,$ ?66=)$ mp à}prm varp$ jm zgi(ìzalp jbalnmhmlp `m varaìnhmgl` z}r `mz iljipalpz ilaljimrz ilìui`}mdz lg}z daizzm zalz rvglzm a} q}mzpiglzglàhmlpadmz `m dpbiq}m mp `m dilpnrip `m da ng}umrlaljm,

Km zg}pimlz q}m jmz q}mzpiglz rmzpmz zalz rvglzm minmlp }l rmpg}r a}zg}rjmz q}alp da ìrmjpigl `}lm ilzpip}pigl v}odiq}m mp q}m d gl prg}um oma}jg}v`m rvglzmz àlz da vmlzm `m Hajbiaumd q}i vmrhmp `m jghvrml`rm lmppmhmlphim} dm hgl`m hg`mrlm jghvdmm,

Km jghhmljmrai var mvdiq}mr da vmlzm `m Hajbiaumd mp jm q}mddm vm}p

avvgrpmr da jghvrbmlzigl `mz vrgodhmz ajp}mdz `m da`hilizprapigl v}odiq}m,Km vrzmlpmrai mlz}ipm dmz ìz a}q}mdz dm halanmhmlp v}odij mzp jglrglpa}kg}r`b}i àlz da pralzipigl umrz da prgizihm rugd}pigl il`}zprimddm$ mp dmz dimlzq}m dgl vm}p paodir mlprm dbripanm `m Hajbiaumd mp dmz pbgrimz ilzpip}pigllmddmz mpugd}pigllizpmz jglpmhvgrailmz, Prgizihmhmlp$ kmahilmrai jghhmlp }l hghmlphajbiaudiml vm}p avvaraprm àlz dm halanmhmlp v}odij$ vmrhmppalp `paodir}lm jgrrdapigl mlprm ùmdgvvmhmlp ilzpip}pigllmd mp vrizm vrapiq}m `m `jizigl


3/26

v}odiq}m ml zip}apiglz jghvdmmz, Q}aprihmhmlp$ k avvdiq}mrai jm hg`dm dala(dyzm `.}lm p}`m `m jaz àlz dm `ghailm `mz vrizmz `m `jiziglz jghvdmmz ; dmvrgkmp ìlrazpr}jp}rm mrrguiairm `m praumrzm `mz Advmz, Vg}r pmrhilmr$ km jgljd}raiz}r da ljmzzip àjp}adizmr dm vrgnrahhm `m rmjbmrjbm ml halanmhmlp v}odij,

A, Dbripanm `m Hajbiaumd,

Jghhm dm zg}dinlm Jda}`m Dmgrp "19>?)$ jghvrml`rm Hajbiaumd rmuimlp prauaiddmr z}rd ilpmrvrpapigl `m di`m q}id zm aizaip `m da agl `glp zmz jripz zmraimlp ilpmrvrpz$ailzi q}m m da agl glp zmz jripz glp p ilpmrvrpz, Gl lm vm}p vaz dirm Hajbiaumdzalz augir dmzvrip zmz ilpmrvrpapiglz z}d}rm}zmz vazzmz, Id y a$ jghhm dilìq}mDmg Zpra}zz$ }lm dmjp}rm mgpriq}m "ajidmhmlp jghvrbmlziodm vg}r dm jghh}l `mzhgrpmdz) `m Hajbiaumd mp }lm dmjp}rm zgpriq}m$ q}i ljmzzipm }lm ilpmrvrpapigl,

Km hilprmzzmrai iji mzzmlpimddmhmlp jm q}i lm aip a}j}l `g}pm àlz da vmlzm `mHajbiaumd zmdgl dpap `m darp `m da rmjbmrjbm ml jm `ghailm,

Hajbiaumd ug}daip jghvrml`rm jghhmlp hailpmlir }l pap rv}odijail vriuid(nialp dm oiml jghh}l, Dm oiml jghh}l lmzp vaz }l jgljmvp }pidiparizpm$ pmd q}mjghvriz var `mz lgpiglz hg`mrlmz jghhm dmz zmruijmz ìlprp nlrad $ haizda jglìpigl hgradm mp vgdipiq}m `m da uim v}odiq}m, Hajbiaumd zm ugyaip jghhm }lvrj}rzm}r `m da vmlzm vgdipiq}m mp$ àlz }l jglpmpm mprhmhmlp jghvdmm$jghhm dm glàpm}r `} rpaodizzmhmlp `} vg}ugir `m da raizgl b}hailm àlz dil(pmrvrpapigl `}l rmd iljmrpail "@izjg}rz$ I),

Vg}r Hajbiaumd$ dmz bghhmz lm zglp li oglz$ li ha}uaiz ; idz azvirmlp da zj}ripmp da radizapigl vmrzgllmddm$ `mz gokmjpiz q}i lm vm}umlp prm appmilpz q}m vard}ligl `m pg}z, Dm zm}d ilprp lap}rmd mzp dm oiml vriu dilprp v}odij$ g} oimljghh}l$ da rmz v}odija$ mzp }lm jglzpr}jpigl vgdipiq}m, Jmppm jglzpr}jpigl uarimzmdgl q}id mizpm }l glàpm}r$ rmvrzmlp var da in}rm `} Vriljm q}m Hajbiaumd`jrip `m agl iàdm àlz Da uim `m Jazpr}jjig Jazprajali $ zmdglq}m dm rnihmvgdipiq}m mzp }lm hglarjbim g} }lm rv}odiq}m q}i opip dmz ilzpip}piglz vmrhmp(palp a} oiml jghh}l `mizpmr ( g} zmdgl q}id mizpm }l dma`mr vgdipiq}m q}i anirajghhm }l rmglàpm}r dgrzq}m da rv}odiq}m mp dm vm}vdm zm zmrglp jgrrghv}z

mp lm vg}rrglp vd}z mizpmr, Dmz baoip}`mz q}i jglzizpmlp prm ogl lm zglp vazlap}rmddmz$ haiz giumlp prm jrmz var mz ilzpip}piglz ilzpa}rmz var }l glàpm}r,Hajbiaumd a`hiraip `mz glàpm}rz pmdz q}m Dyj}rn}m$ q}i a avvgrp Zvarpm `mzilzpip}piglz `m q}adip mp zpaodmz, Haiz id a a}zzi aip ddgnm `m da glàpigl `m darv}odiq}m _ghm$ q}i a p jrm vaz vaz var dmz d}ppmz mlprm dmz lgodmz vapri(jimlz mp da vdom "@izjg}rz$ I UI),

Hajbiaumd lg}z ìp q}m dgl vm}p ilzpip}mr }lm ogllm zgjip var da uirp1 `}ìrinmalp haiz q}m jmda z}vvgzm dm varpanm `m uadm}rz jiuiq}mz var dm vm}vdm"@izjg}rz$ I ( RII), Dmz ilzpip}piglz zglp ljmzzairmz vg}r `}q}mr a} uadm}rz jiuiq}mzmp vg}r da vg}rz}ipm `m diàd `m da ogllm zgjip dgrzq}m jmz uadm}rz lm zglp vd}z

1 Uirp lmzp vaz pra`}iziodm$ jar dm pmrhm mzp jghvgz m uir"grjm) mp uirp}z "umrp} jiuiq}m), Hajbiaumd`lip da uirp jghhm dmlzmhodm `m jarajprizpiq}mz vmrzgllmddmz q}}l zg}umrail `gip vgzz`mral àzz}rmr zgl rnlm dm vd}z dglnpmhvz vgzziodm mp àppmil`rm ailzi da nral`m}r, Da haprizm `}`mzpil$ dm jg}ranm mp dappajbmhmlp a} oiml jghh}l zglp dmz ajpm}rz q}i pmrhilmlp da uirp `}lvriljm dgrzq}id mzp jglrglp da grp}la$ q}id `jrip jghhm }lm mhhm$ }lm grjm q}}l vriljmhripalp vm}p jg}rpizmr$ a`g}jir mp jglprdmr vrmzq}m il`lihmlp,,

_gjbmp Dm dmnz `m Hajbiaumd da nmzpigl v}odiq}m =:1


4/26

=:? _mu}m Ilpmrlapigladm `mz Zjimljmz A`hilizprapiumz >0":)

vrzmlpmz àlz dmzvrip `} ìrinmalp mp `} vm}vdm, Dm Vm}vdm "vgvgdg) lmizpmq}ml palp q}mlzmhodm ilzpr}ip z}r dm vdal vgdipiq}m zg}z da ìrmjpigl `}l Vriljm$}l bghhm dilpmddinmljm rarm q}i a da}pgrip ljmzzairm da vg}rz}ipm `} oimljghh}l$ hgpium var da umrp} hgradm$ hhm zi "mp jmzp d dbripanm `m Hajbiaumd

dm vd}z zg}umlp had ilpmrvrp) id mzp vg}zz var zgl `zir ngzpm lap}rmd ìlzjrirmza ndgirm àlz dbizpgirm,

Jmppm pmlzigl mlprm dm vm}vdm mp dm irinmalp "dm Vriljm) mzp a} jmlprm m da vmlzm`m Hajbiaumd, Mddm lm vdai`m vaz vg}r }lm pbgrim jglzpip}pigllmddm `m da rv}odiq}mv}izq}mddm lm raizgllm vaz ml pmrhmz ìlzpip}piglz grhmddmz, Id a zmrui }lm rv}(odiq}m aiodm$ Edgrmljm$ q}i paip jmlzm prm dbripirm `m da rv}odiq}m rghailmmp jglzi`raip jmppm aiodmzzm jghhm }l vrgodhm `m jarajprm ; da javajip `m davmpipm mp hgymllm og}rnmgizim òapprm jgddmjpiumhmlp `mz aairmz v}odiq}mz mp airm hmrnmr `mz ìrinmalpz "Bizpgirm `m Edgrmljm), Dm oiml jghh}l mzp dm oiml

`} nral` lghorm$ jar zi jpaip dm oiml `} vmpip lghorm$ id zm r`}iraip dilprp `}Vriljm mp `m zmz jg}rpizalz,

Vg}r rz}hmr ; dm oiml jghh}l rz}dpm `}lm barhglim vrjairm mlprm dm oiml`m da h}dpip}`m mp dm oiml `mz nral`z "Zpra}zz 19=2; ?>1), Jmppm barhglim lmvm}p prm radizm q}m àlz }lm rv}odiq}m oiml gr`gllm "omlm grìlapa)$gl`m z}r }lm ilpmrajpigl `ylahiq}m mlprm dmz ilzpip}piglz mp dmz jipgymlz, @alzzgl Bizpgirm `m Edgrmljm$ Hajbiaumd gvvgzm jdairmhmlp dmz p}h}dpmz q}i zglpavvar}z _ghm mp Edgrmljm ; Edgrmljm$ dilzpaoidip vgdipiq}m auaip vg}r grinilm dad}ppm mlprm ajpiglz `m da jdazzm ìrinmalpm$ q}i hmlaimlp }l jbagz zalz dimlz aumj

dmz jgldipz `m jdazzm rmdz, _ghm$ ml rmualjbm$ dmz jgldipz vgdipiq}mz rmdpaimlpdmz jgldipz `m jdazzm rmdz q}i zglp ljmzzairmz da uipadip `}lm rv}odiq}m, Hadnrzgl gozmzzigl vg}r da zpaoidip vgdipiq}m$ Hajbiaumd jrgyaip àlz dmz vgzzioidipzjrapiumz `mz jgldipz mlprm dmz jdazzmz$ q}id jglzi`raip jghhm }lm jarajprizpiq}mihh}aodm `m da uim vgdipiq}m rv}odijailm "Or}`lmy$ 1920), Jm jgldip a p ilzpip}(piglladiz _ghm aumj da jrapigl `mz Prio}lz$ q}i glp aip }lm vdajm da varpimvgv}dairm } ng}umrlmhmlp q}i zmzp aurm oliq}m vg}r da uin}m}r mp da zpaoidip`m da rv}odiq}m "@izjg}rz 1,0,1)?, Hajbiaumd mzp azzm{ raìjad$ palp vg}r lgprm vg(q}m q}m vg}r da Edgrmljm `} RUIm zijdm;

Km vrpml`z q}m jm} q}i jglàhlmlp dmz prg}odmz aùml}z mlprm dmz lgodmz mp davdom odhmlp jm q}i }p da ja}zm vrmhirm `m da diomrp `m _ghm ; idz ajjgr`mlp vd}zìhvgrpaljm a} r}hm}rz mp a} jriz q}m ja}zaimlp `m pmdz prg}odmz q}a} bm}rm}mmpz q}m jm}(ji mlnml`raimlp, Idz lm jglzi`rmlp vaz dm aip q}m$ àlz pg}p Mpap$ id y a`m} grimlpapiglz ìrmlpmz$ jmddm `} vm}vdm mp jmddm `mz nral`z$ mp q}m pg}pmz dmz dgizaugraodmz da diomrp vrgj`mlp `m dm}r gvvgzipigl, "@izjg}rz$ 1,0,1, 195)

Jmppm i`m a p jdairmhmlp hilihizm$ g} vazzm zg}z zidmljm$ àlz dm ja`rm `mdilpmrvrpapigl `ghilalpm `m dmlzminlmhmlp `m Hajbiaumd$ q}i zmzp dihip a} Vriljmmp a r`}ip zgl ilpmrvrpapigl }l hal}md `m jylizhm àlz darp `} ng}umrlmhmlp,

Id jgluimlp `m nar`mr dmzvrip q}m Dm Vriljm a p jrip avrz dmz @izjg}rz$ q}i glpjdairmhmlp ddgnm `} rnihm rv}odijail, Jghhm dm `hglprm jdairmhmlp Dmg Zpra}zz"19=2; ?2?)$ d}l `mz jripiq}mz dmz vd}z k}ìjim} `m Hajbiaumd$ zmz `m} g}uranmz dmzvd}z d}z Dm Vriljm mp Dmz @izjg}rz zglp rv}odijailz$ hhm zi$ àlz Dm Vriljm$

? , g}prm q}idz `gllrmlp dm}r varp da`hilizprapigl vgv}dairm$ idz }rmlp jrz vg}r nar`mr dadiomrp `m _ghm @izjg}rz$ I( IU 19>


5/26

id zmhodm anir jghhm }l jglzmiddmr `mz pyralz:, Gl vm}p jglzi`rmr Dm Vriljm jghhm}l mpraip mz @izjg}rz jglzajr }lm zip}apigl vgdipiq}m mz vd}z z}opidmz$ dgrzq}}lmlg}umddm vriljiva}p `gip prm ìm zalz augir ajq}iz a}j}lm dnipihip var dbizpgirmmp da praìpigl "[arca mp Hlizzimr$ ?661;:?), Jghhm dilìq}m Jazzirmr "1905; 1=:)$

Dm Vriljm lmzp li hgrad$ li ihhgrad ; dg}uranm `jrip dmz jbgzmz pmddmz q}mddmz zglp,Hajbiaumd um}p q}m dm vg}ugir zgip mjajm, Jmvmlàlp$ jghhm dm zg}dinlm Dmgrp"1925; ?6?)$ Jazzirmr lm dip vaz Hajbiaumd jghhm Hajbiaumd dizaip Pipm(Dium g} Arizpgpm ;id vrpml` augir }lm uizigl ihvarpiadm mp ilpmhvgrmddm `m za vmlzm mp jgljd}p q}mHajbiaumd ilumlpm dpap jghhm palp il`vmlàlp `m pg}pm jglzi`rapigl rmdinim}zmmp hpavbyziq}m, Jmppm jgljd}zigl zmra dgrinilm `m da dmjp}rm `m Hajbiaumd var DmgZpra}zz0,

da z}ipm `mz praua} vrj}rzm}rz `m Emdi Nidomrp "1920)$ djgdm `m Jahori`nm"Balz Oargl$ K,N, Vgjgjc$ Q}mlpil Zcillmr$ Vbidiv Vmppip `} jp alndgvbglm (

Ha}rijig Uirgdi `} jp ipadiml ( mp Kmal Eaoiml Zvip{ `} jp ralaiz) a jdairmhmlpzip} dm rv}odijalizhm `m Hajbiaumd àlz da dinlm `m db}halizhm jiuiq}m `m da_mlaizzaljm$ oaz z}r da praìpigl arizpgpdijimllm pmddm q}m rm`jg}umrpm a} prmjmlpg"Or}lmppg Dapili$ Kmal `m Uipmrom$ Harzidm `m Va`g}m$ Pbghaz `.Aq}il,)=, @a}prmz"Haylgr$ ?66?$ HjJgrhijc$ ?66:$ ?66>) rmvrgjbmlp dilpmrvrpapigl `m djgdm `mJahori`nm `m hilihizmr da ìhmlzigl varpijivapium mp jglpmzpapairm `} rv}odija(lizhm `m Hajbiaumd ml da vrzmlpalp jghhm vd}z vrgjbm `m da diomrp lnapium Ìzaab Omrdil "1996) q}m `m da diomrp vgzipium rv}odijailm$ mp `m lm vaz airm

: Km lmlprmrai vaz àlz dm vrzmlp arpijdm àlz da ìzj}zzigl z}r Hajbiaumd varpizal `} had g} lgl,Id vrjglizm dm rmjg}rz `mz hgymlz ha}uaiz vg}r vrzmrumr dpap$ jmzp((ìrm$ àlz zgl mzvrip$vg}r vrzmrumr `mz ilzpip}piglz q}i zglp jmddmz `} oiml jghh}l$ g} vg}r dm rpaodir dgrzq}id a pjgrrghv}, Hajbiaumd jglzi`raip ml vrmlalp vg}r mmhvdm Vimrg Zg`mrili$ q}i paip dm `mrlimrìrinmalp "aiodm) `m da rv}odiq}m egrmlpilm$ q}i la vaz gz rmjg}rir a} ha}uaiz hgymlz vg}rvrzmrumr dm oiml jghh}l mp a jgl`}ip da rv}odiq}m za vmrpm q}}l Vriljm lm `gip vaz bzipmr rmjg}rir `mz hgymlz bglgraodmhmlp ha}uaiz dgrzq}id zanip `m za}umr da rv}odiq}m mp `m"rm)jrmr `mz ilzpip}piglz rv}odijailmz$ hhm zi ml anizzalp ailzi$ dm Vriljm rmjbmrjbm za vrgvrm ndgirm,Dmg Zpra}zz$ q}i vrzmlpm Hajbiaumd jghhm dm vrmhimr augir aoal`gll da vbidgzgvbim jdazziq}mmp jghhm }l vrgmzzm}r `} had $ àlz zmz Vmlzmz z}r Hajbiaumd$ rmjgllap da jglpil}ip `mza vmlzm aumj da vbidgzgvbim jdazziq}m haiz rmnrmppm daoal`gl `}lm jgljmvpigl z}rb}hailm `mda agl `glp dBghhm `gip uiurm, Za vbidgzgvbim jglzpr}ip oaz haiz zgdi m $ aumj vg}r zyhogdm dbghhm alihad var gvvgzipigl dbghhm ìm} "19=2; ?95), Zpra}zz jglzi rm q}m$ hadnr jm q}iaip `m Hajbiaumd }l bghhm `m da _mlaizzaljm$ za jgljmvpigl `m dbghhm dm rml` hg`mrlm, Km lmvarpanm vaz zgl ilpmrvrpapigl jar kmzpihm q}m dilpmlpigl m Hajbiaumd paip m jgljidimr da vbidgzgvbimvgdipiq}m jdazziq}m mp da jg}umrpm } vg}ugir m da zjimljm mp m da pmjbliq}m vg}r pralzgrhmr dpap`m lap}rm, Km z}iz ml ajjgr` aumj jm q}m ìp Vgjgjc z}r dm diml aumj da jgljmvpigl `m da diomrp ÌzaiabOmrdil$ zaugir q}m dm hghmlp hajbiauddiml mzp dm vgilp pg}rlalp mlprm di`m m diomrp vgzipium di`mrv}odijailm mp jmddm `m diomrp lnapium di`m dioradm ($ haiz q}m dm rmd jarp àlz dìjapigl`} `rgip lap}rmd hg`mrlm mp `} `rgip lap}rmd jdazziq}m mzp jmd}i q}i zvarm Hajbiaumd mp Bgoomz q}imzp$ avrz Nigualli Ogpmrg "1=29) jghhm vrm glàpm}r mp dm urai vbidgzgvbm `m da raizgl `pap"Vgjgjc$ ?66:), Kiljdilm z}iurm dilpmrvrpapigl m Jda}`m Dmgrp$ zmdgl q}i$ alz }l jgrvz vgdipiq}m$ dmvm}vdm `mz `vgzz`z mzp }l hmiddm}r narìml `m da k}zpijm mp `m di`m `m da Ogllm zgjip q}m dmzvbidgzgvbmz "jghhm dm vmlzaip Vdapgl) palp `gll q}id vrgpmzpm g} zm rugdpm jglzpahhmlp jglprmdgr`rm irinmalp, Jm oap jgljmrlm da q}mzpigl m zaugir jghhmlp airm ajm a} vrgodhm pbgdgnijg(vgdipiq}m$ jm q}i zgrp } ja`rm } vrzmlp arpijdm "Daomddm$ ?665),

0 Jazzirmr a z}vmruiz da pbzm `m Dmg Zpra}zz= Ha}ri{ig Uirgdi "?666) ugq}m jmppm i`m `m agl varpij}dirmhmlp jdairm àlz za oignravbim `m

Hajbiaumd ; Hajbiaumd la kahaiz vmlz q}m da l k}zpim dmz hgymlz g} q}}l jbm `pap a dm`rgip `m airm jm q}i mzp ilpmrìp a} a}prmz$ ") id mzpihaip ml rmualjbm q}m dgrzq}m q}mdq}}l mzp

_gjbmp Dm dmnz `m Hajbiaumd da nmzpigl v}odiq}m =::


6/26


da irmljm aumj da lgpigl m hgjrapim rmvrzmlpapium, Id mzp prz jdair q}m da hg(jrapim hg`mrlm jglpmhvgrailm$ `jripm àlz dmz Em`mradizp Vavmrz$ mzp a} alpivg`mz`m da praìpigl rv}odijailm jdazziq}m `m varpijivapigl ìrmjpm `} vm}vdm àlz dmzaairmz v}odiq}mz ; dm vm}vdm `gip varpijivmr$ haiz ilìrmjpmhmlp zm}dmhmlp mp vm}

zg}umlp$ var dm oiaiz `dmjpiglz mp `m gljpiglz `m k}r àlz }lm `hgjrapim gl`mz}r `mz `rgipz ilìui`}mdz mp }l mzvrip jghhmrjiad "Valndm$ 1925 ; =95),

Ml pg}p pap `m ja}zm$ id lm aip a}j}l `g}pm q}m dillguapigl `m Hajbiaumdmzp$ àvrz Q}mlpil Zcillmr "1996$ ?661)$ da jrapigl `} uiumrm vgdipijg, @alz davbidgzgvbim vgdipiq}m arizpgpdijimllm$ da umrp} mzp da il z}vrhm `m dbghhm q}idappmil`ra var dajpiuip jiuiq}m$ dm uiumrm jiuidm, Dm uiumrm vgdipijg hajbiaudiml lmzpvaz }l gokmjpi pbiq}m ml zgi haiz }l hgyml `m `ml`rm da diomrp jiuiq}m mp dmzh}dpivdmz gokmjpiz `mz ilìui`}z ail `m hailpmlir da zpaoidip `m dpap àlz }lmvrig`m prg}odm augraodm a} `jdil `}lm rv}odiq}m,5

@alz dm jglpmpm `}l hgl`m ml ugd}pigl$ dmz gozmruapm}rz vgdipiq}mz glp p`zavvgilpz$ ajpalp `m dm}r iljavajip vrugir dm jg}rz `mz ulmhmlpz "dmpprm Umppgri$ 69,60,1=1:), Dg}iz RII$ dm _gi `m Eraljm$ a jbg} àlz za pmlpapium ipadimllmjar uijpihm `m diljmrpip}`m, Ml jglzq}mljm$ da vgdipiq}m a omzgil `}lm vrapiq}mvrgmzzigllmddm q}i vg}rra zaàvpmr diljmrpip}`m ; da vgdipiq}m `muimlp }l arpm`mddg zpapg `glp Hajbiaumd `jdarm q}id zanizzaip `m zgl }liq}m hpimr ($ }lmvrgmzzigl grnalizm$ zihidairm dgrnalizapigl dgrmlpilm `mz pizzmral`z `m da dailm$darpm `mdda dala "dmpprm Umppgri$ 16,1?,1=1:), @alz dm rv}odijalizhm `m Hajbiaumd$dpap mizpm ml palp q}m il ml zgi$ haiz id zm hailpimlp nrjm da diomrp jiuidm mp

da varpijivapigl ajpium `} vm}vdm ; id y a jdairmhmlp }lm jg(ugd}pigl mlprm da zgdiìp`m dpap mp dajpiuip jiuiq}m$ dm uiumrm vgdipijg,

A, 1, Uirp$ egrp}la$ jgrr}vpig ; dm hghmlp hajbiaudiml

Hajbiaumd `lip prgiz jgljmvpz q}i jdairmlp dmz vriljivmz `m oazm `m da nmzpigl `mzaairmz v}odiq}mz ; da grp}la$ g} diljmrpip}`m$ da uirp$ g} daddialjm `m da umrp} jiuiq}m mp`m da grjm ljmzzairm vg}r hailpmlir mp avvdiq}mr }l zyzphm vgdipiq}m$ mp da jgrr}vpig$q}i mzp da ìzvaripigl `mz uadm}rz jiuiq}mz ajm diljmrpip}`m `m da grp}la, @alz dmzvrip`m Hajbiaumd$ da jgrr}vpig la vaz da zinlijapigl }pidiparizpm hg`mrlm " zaugir }lm

jgrr}vpigl haprimddm q}i mlpraum da grhapigl mp dm rmzvmjp `mz jglprapz)$ haiz `zinlmda vmrpm `mz uadm}rz jiuiq}mz q}i rmjglzpr}izmlp ml vmrhalmljm diàd `} oiml jghh}lajm a} azza}pz m da grp}la, Da Egrp}la mzp }lm hmlajm vmrhalmlpm vg}r dq}idiorm`m da rv}odiq}m, Daumlir m da rv}odiq}m mzp pmrhil var da uipadip `m da uim vgdipiq}m$da uipa ajpiua$ mp var dm varpanm `m uadm}rz jiuiq}mz varhi dmz jipgymlz,

Vd}z dmz uadm}rz jiuiq}mz zglp grpmz$ hgilz dmz jgpz `m pralzajpigl diz da hizmml }urm `mz ilzpip}piglz zglp dmuz, Jghhm dilìq}m Vgjgjc "?66:)$ id y a$ àlzdugd}pigl mz zgjipz$ mz hghmlpz hajbiaudimlz q}i zglp da r}ligl m jmz prgizjglìpiglz da uirp `} ìrinmalp$ dm varpanm `m uadm}rz jiuiq}mz varhi dmz jipgymlz$

`pmrhil appmil`rm }l nral` gokmjpi diormr }l vm}vdm$ gl`mr }l pap$ airm avvdiq}mr da dgi mpilzpaddmr da vai d g rnlmlp dalarjbim mp dm mzvgpizhm ($ adgrz id lm gip vaz augir vm}r prm jglzi rjghhm jr}md g} hizraodm$ haiz id `gip zihvdmhmlp airm jm q}id a}p vg}r appmil`rm jmp gokmjpi,

5 Dm uiumrm vgdipijg mzp }lm grhm varpij}dirm `grnalizapigl vgdipiq}m q}i mjd}p da pyrallim mp dmrnlm `mzvgpiq}m mp mzp iljghvapiodm aumj da `ghilapigl `m dMpap var q}i q}m jm zgip; dgrzq}}ljipgyml g} }l varpi varuimlp `ghilmr dmz dgiz mp dmz hanizprapz$ gl lm vm}p vd}z vardmr `mrv}odiq}m, "Uirgdi$ 199?)


7/26

q}i aip q}m dmz umrp}z zm rmlgrjmlp dmz }lmz dmz a}prmz$ mp da javajip `m airm ajm da jgrr}vpig mp q}i vmrhmppmlp da rv}odiq}m `mizpmr mp$ `m aip$ ànir jghhm}lm nralìzzmlp mp `jdilmlp ml gljpigl `m dm}r avpip}`m airm ajm a} azza}pz`m da grp}la$ zgip davpip}`m `mz uadm}rz jiuiq}mz rzizpmr da jgrr}vpig, D g

Hajbiaumd a illgu$ jmzp ml dioralp da uirp ml ajpigl `m dpbiq}m jbrpimllm, Mzpumrp}m}zm dajpigl q}i gljpigllm; dpbiq}m `gip vriuidnimr da il$ dm oiml jghh}l mpprm ìzzgjim `mz hgymlz, Za jgljmvpigl `m da uirp z.ilzvirm `m da hmpiz "ilp}ipigl)nrmjq}m mp `m davbrglmziz$ da zanmzzm vrapiq}m g} da vr}`mljm$ "Naiddm(Licgìhgump Hlizzimr$ ?665; ?59), Zmdgl Hajbiaumd$ }l ìrinmalp mzp avpm za gljpigldgrzq}id mzp javaodm `m airm uarimr za jgl`}ipm mlprm dm oiml mp dm had zmdgl jmq}ihvgzmlp da jbaljm mp dmz jirjglzpaljmz "Vgjgjc$ ?66:), Dm vriljm mzp `gp `muirp dilzpar `} n}mrrimr q}i mzp `gp `m hmpiz ;idz zaumlp pg}z `m} jghhmlp airmpg}rlmr dmz jirjglzpaljmz dm}r aualpanm,

A, ?, Dm dma`mr rv}odijail umrp}m} mp dm vm}vdm `mz jipgymlz

Hajbiaumd lgljm dmz vriljiva} praipz m jarajprm } dma`mr rv}odijail ; aualp pg}pmjbgzm$ jmzp }l arjbipmjpm, Dmz glàpiglz `m dpap `giumlp prm zgdi`mz$ palp àlz dm`ghailm ilzpip}pigllmd q}m alz dm ghailm vbyziq}m$ mp mljg}ranmr dm jghvgrpmhmlpumrp}m} ; Hajbiaumd rmjghhal`m `m jglzpr}irm `mz oarranmz mp `mz jala} al `md}ppmr jglprm dmz ilglàpiglz mp dm}rz rauanmz, @m}ihmhmlp$ id zaip jgljmugir `mzilzpip}piglz aàvpmz da j}dp}rm `mz jipgymlz zalz zm vgzmr da q}mzpigl `m da grhm`} hmiddm}r rnihm vgdipiq}m, Zgl zg}ji$ jmzp dm jglpml} `mz ilzpip}piglz$ mp lgl dm}r

grhm jghhm jpaip dm jaz jbm{ dmz jdazziq}mz, Prgizihmhmlp$ jmzp }l h`mjil ;id lm zm jglpmlpm vaz `m zginlmr$ haiz id vruimlp a}zzi mp z}rpg}p da jgrr}vpigl mlaàvpalp dmz ilzpip}piglz, Id `gip alpijivmr darrium `m da ha}uaizm grp}la `m halirm rmlgrjmr za uirp, Dm ìanlgzpij mzp vrgvrm jbaq}m zip}apigl mp a} jirjglzpaljmz$al `m ajidipmr dmz javajipz aàvpapiumz `mz ilzpip}piglz,

Ail ùipmr da jglzpip}pigl ìlprpz ajq}iz$ dm ìrinmalp `gip prm izz} `} vm}vdm$zmdgl dmmhvdm q}m Hajbiaumd gllm alz Da uim `m Jazpr}jjig Jazprajali"1=?6)$ mpid gip y augir rgpapigl varhi dmz zmruipm}rz m d pap ail q}idiormr dm oiml jghh}l }vmpip lghorm mp jmd}i `} nral` lghorm nrjm d ajpiuip jiuiq}m ìrmjpm, Id lm zg}baipm

vaz opir }l rnihm varaip `barhglim zgjiadm$ haiz jglzi`rm q}m da d}ppm mlprm dmzjdazzmz zgjiadmz mp dmz ilprpz ìumrnmlpz mzp lgrhadm mp phginlm `}lm uim jiuiq}majpium$ q}i vmrhmp a} oiml jghh}l `} nral` lghorm `m prighvbmr z}r dilprpvriu `mz v}izzalpz "Naiddm(Licgìhgu mp Hlizzimr$ ?665; ?>0), Ml pmhvz lgrhad$ dmzjgldipz zglp ljmzzairmz mp glp varpim `} uiumrm vgdipijg, Idz lm hmlajmlp vaz dpap$haiz dm rmlgrjmlp$ v}izq}a}j}lm rv}odiq}m lm vm}p mizpmr zalz vazziglz mp dm}rmvrmzzigl grnalizm, Dm rmlg}umddmhmlp `m da umrp} jiuiq}m var dm oiaiz `mz jgldipzvrg`}ip }l q}idiorm `ylahiq}m ìrmlp `}l gr`rm vriljimr ihvgz,

Gl lm vm}p ml a}j}lm halirm ajj}zmr raizgllaodmhmlp `m `zgr`rm }lm rv}(odiq}m g dgl ugip palp `m uaiddaljm, Dmz oglz mmhvdmz vrguimllmlp `m da ogllm`}japigl$ da ogllm `}japigl `mz ogllmz dgiz$ dmz ogllmz dgiz `mz prg}odmz$ q}}lnral` lghorm jglàhlm pgrp, Q}ijglq}m$ ml mmp$ mahilm appmlpiumhmlp dm}rizz}m lm vm}p prg}umr q}idz glp mlnml`r `mz midz g} `mz uigdmljmz vrk}ìjiaodmza} oiml jghh}l$ haiz a} jglprairm dmz dgiz mp dmz ilzpip}piglz }pidmz da diomrp v}odiq}m "@izjg}rz$ I$ 0)

_gjbmp Dm dmnz `m Hajbiaumd da nmzpigl v}odiq}m =:=


8/26


Ml pmrhmz jglpmhvgrailz$ dm rv}odijalizhm `m Hajbiaumd avvarpimlp jdairmhmlp jm q}m Zir Izaab Omrdil avvmddm "`m agl lnapium) da diomrp vgzipium $ var gvvg(zipigl da diomrp lnapium `} jg}ralp diorad `mv}iz Bgoomz mp z}rpg}p `mv}izDgjcm ; da diomrp jglzizpm uipmr pg}p gozpajdm da diomrp ilìui`}mddm `m da varp

`m dpap, Da diomrp vgzipium$ ml rmualjbm$ mzp da javajip àjpigl `m dilìui`} vg}rvrg`}irm `mz `rgipz z}okmjpiz mp jgddmjpiz, Id y a }l diml mlprm oiml jghh}l mp diomrpvmrzgllmddm$ jghhm dm hglprm Zcillmr "199?)$ jm q}i ìrmljim Hajbiaumd `m Kgbl_a~dz$ `glp da Pbgrim `m da K}zpijm lm pimlp jghvpm q}m `mz `rgipz ilìui`}mdz mprmkmppm dgrnalizapigl `m da jggvrapigl mp `m da uim jiuiq}m$ dmz jglzi`ralp jghhm}l ar`ma} mjmzzi vg}r dpap,

A, :, Da `ylahiq}m `} jbalnmhmlp

Dillguapigl da vd}z ui`mlpm `m Hajbiaumd jgljmrlm jmvmlàlp dilpnrapigl `}jbalnmhmlp àlz da `ylahiq}m `m da uim rv}odijailm ; da rv}odiq}m varaipm"rmv}oodija vmrmppa) mzp javaodm m hgìmr zmz ilzpip}piglz dgrzq}mddm mzp jglrglpm `mz h}papiglz vmrp}roaprijmz, Dmz dgiz vmr`mlp `m dm}r mjajip mp `giumlp prm r(ilzpip}mz$ umlp}mddmhmlp$ ml jaz `m jrizm hakm}rm$ ml aizalp avvmd }l ìjpapm}rvrguizgirm "jmzp((ìrm }l lg}uma} Vriljm aizalp gjm `m vrm glàpm}r) jghhmda aip da rv}odiq}m rghailm al `m rpaodir dmz ilzpip}piglz rv}odijailmz,

Gl vm}p dirm Hajbiaumd jghhm }l vbidgzgvbm vgdipiq}m hhm zid zm jglzi`raipàualpanm jghhm }l vrapijiml q}m jghhm }l vbidgzgvbm> ( q}i mlpmlàip jgljidimrdbripanm `m da vbidgzgvbim jdazziq}m "dazvirapigl arizpgpdijimllm mp zgjrapiq}m da

uim ogllm$ da k}zpijm mp da ogllm zgjip rnim var `m ogllmz dgiz) mp dmijajipàlz dm hgl`m ml ugd}pigl mp anip `m da _mlaizzaljm ipadimllm mp `} ò}p `}lmrm il`}zprimddm mljdmljbm var dillguapigl pmjblgdgniq}m$ mp da il `m diàd jdazziq}m`}l hgl`m zpaodm, Jghhm dm zg}dinlm Mrij Ugmnmdil "1992)$ dIpadim a jgll} `m lgh(orm} prg}odmz dvgq}m `m Hajbiaumd ; dmvalzigl `mz Hglngdz umrz dGjji`mlp mpdiluazigl ralaizm ml 1090, palp a} jmlprm `m da uim ilpmddmjp}mddm `m dvgq}m$ dIpadimla vaz p javaodm `m jghvrml`rm da zip}apigl, Id lpaip vd}z vgzziodm `m hailpmlir dauizigl `}lm ugd}pigl dilairm `m dBizpgirm zmdgl dm hg`dm a}n}zpiliml, Hajbiaumd zmpg}rlm umrz dbizpgirm rghailm jar id mzp jglzjimlp m jm halq}m mijajip$ mp jbmrjbm

jdairmr dm jarajprm lgl dilairm m dBizpgirm$ dm vrgodhm mz jyjdmz$ dmz vrig`mz mjrgizzaljm mp `m `jdil q}m Ugmnmdil avvmddm dm jg}rz `m dBizpgirm lapigladm "dmzpbgrijimlz ugd}pigllizpmz ajp}mdz avvmddmraimlp jmda }l vblghlm `m `vmlàl(jm `m zmlpimr ( Lmdzgl mp îlpmr 192?), Jm aizalp$ Hajbiaumd alpijivm da zvj}dapiglz}r dmz jyjdmz bizpgriq}mz$ dmz jgrzimp rijgzi`m Uijg$ M`~ar` Hmymr$ Zvmlndmr$ Pgylommmp$ ihvdijipmhmlp$ `m Ugmnmdil d}i(hhm "Hg}daciz$ ?66=),

Da vbidgzgvbim vgdipiq}m jdazziq}m$ zmdgl da pbgrim Arizpgpdijimllm$ rmkmpaip dillg(uapigl mp dm jbalnmhmlp$ ml zm oazalp z}r dm vrz}vvgz q}m da uim ml zgjip paip}l km} zghhm l}ddm mp q}m davva}urizzmhmlp `}lm varpim `m da zgjip paip }l

iljglulimlp godin `m da jrapigl `m rijbmzzm, Hajbiaumd a ilprg`}ip dm jbalnmhmlp

> Hajbiaumd a jghhmlj jrirm avrz 1=1?$ dgrzq}id a ` rmlgljmr za jbarnm avrz dm rmpg}r `mzHìjiz, @alz }lm dmpprm zgl ahi Umppgri "69,60,1=1:)$ id mvdiq}m q}m$ var da nrjm `m da grp}la$da zm}dm hapirm q}id haprizaip paip darp `m dpap "Arpm `mddg zpapg) mp id lm ug}daip vaz ìzj}pmr `}oiml$ `m da k}zpijm mp `m da jglìpigl b}hailm il aozprajpg$ haiz vrg`}irm }lm p}`m vd}z vrapiq}mz}r dmz rmdapiglz mlprm dmz jipgymlz mp dpap$ ailzi q}mlprm dmz papz


9/26

mp da p}ro}dmljm àlz dm vrgkmp zgjrapiq}m `m jglzpr}jpigl `}lm ogllm zgjip, Dmzjgldipz mp danipapigl vgdipiq}mz zglp ljmzzairmz vg}r airm ajm diljmrpip}`m mp a}jbalnmhmlp, Dmz uadm}rz jiuiq}mz$ varpanmz palp var dm vm}vdm q}m dmz ìrinmalpz$ailzi q}m da q}adip `m da uim jiuiq}m zglp da hail iluiziodm q}i vm}p vmrhmpprm a}

zyzphm `m prg}umr zgl q}idiorm mp `m rpaodir za rzidimljm q}al` id mzp jglrglp diljmrpip}`m,

O, Q}md mzp dilprp a}kg}r`b}i `mz mlzminlmhmlpz `m Hajbiaumd 7

Dbripanm m Hajbiaumd a p org}idd var di`gdgnim } hajbiaudizhm avvar}m aumj dmzn}mrrmz m rmdiniglz, Jmppm i`gdgnim la riml ugir aumj dmz uripaodmz praua} m Hajbiaumdq}i$ jghhm dilìq}m Dmgrp$ zmhodmlp prm da uijpihm `}lm vgq}m g dmz eahhmz `mdilpgdraljm rmdinim}zm jglz}hmlp pg}z dmz praua} m remigl mp rjdahmlp mz jmrpip}`mz

gl`mz z}r da gi "Dmgrp$ 1925 I), Da jglzpr}jpigl `m jmppm i`gdgnim jghhmljm aumjIllgjmlp Nmlpiddmp mp zgl alpi(Hajbiaumd 2$ q}i aip `} hazzajrm `m daZailp Oarpbdmhy`mz B}n}mlgpz var dmz Hìjiz$ dgrzq}idz ìrinmaimlp da jg}r `} _gya}hm `m Eraljm$dbripanm `m Hajbiaumd, @} jp japbgdiq}m$ Nigualli Ogpmrg9 a jglàhl daoal`gl varHajbiaumd m dpbiq}m jbrpimllm alz za remigl z}r dmz g}pidz m d.ajpigl vgdipiq}m$ pg}pml palp dm uripaodm pbgrijiml `m da raizgl `pap$ q}id gvvgzm da pbgrim `m Ogìl z}rda zg}umrailmp, Dm _gi Erm`mrij II m Vr}zzm a jrip zgl vrgvrm alpi(Hajbiaumd $ aumj }lmvrajm m Ugdpairm$ al m hglprmr q}}l Vriljm vg}uaip prm }l ogl vriljm zid }pidizaip dmzhgymlz avvrgvriz jm q}i$ àlz jm jaz$ zmhodm urai,

Da vgzipigl dioradm hg`mrlm vrgjdaha aumj Hglpmzq}im}$ q}m mlil$ gl zmzpòarrazz `m Hajbiaumd $ aizalp ddgnm `} jghhmrjm jghhm hgyml vd}z vajii(q}m `m opir `m ogllmz ilzpip}piglz$ jar dm jghhmrjm rmkmppm dmz vazziglz vgdipiq}mz mpz}vvgzm `mz varpmlairmz na}16, Bgoomz zmzp gvvgz da jgljmvpigl rv}odijailm`m da diomrp ml mzpihalp q}m da uadm}r jiuiq}m lmizpaip vaz jbm{ dBghhm ml `mbgrz`m dgoizzaljm dpap, Hhm zi Bgoomz paip }l pbgrijiml `mz umrp}z zgjiadmz mpairhaip q}m dm}r hailpiml paip ilìzvmlzaodm da vrzmruapigl `m da vai$ id ug}daip

2 @izjg}rz `pap z}r dmz hgymlz `m oiml ng}umrlmr mp hailpmlir ml ogllm vai }l _gya}hmg} a}prm vriljiva}p,,,Jglprm Lijgdaz Hajbiaumd$ egrmlpil$ "1=>5) var Illgjmlp Nmlpiddmp, Dm diurm`m Nmlpiddmp jgllapra }l nral` lghorm `m rihvrmzziglz k}zq} da l `} RUII zijdm$ `gllalplaizzaljm a} pmrhmz vkgrapiz hajbiaudizhm mp hajbiaudiml ,

9 Nigualli Ogpmrg$ 1=29$ @mdda raniglm ì zpapg, Id jgluimlp `m lgpmr q}m dmvrmzzigl raniglm ìzpapg lavvarap kahaiz alz dmz g}uranmz m Hajbiaumd, Ogpmrg umdgvvm }lm jgljmvpigl m dpapmlpirmhmlp gl`m z}r }lm lgpigl `m vg}ugir$ q}m Ogpmrg gvvgzm mvdijipmhmlp da lgpigl `mzg}umrailmp `m Ogìl "1=>5) mp q}i zm rvalàip varpg}p ml M}rgvm, Ogpmrg vrgvgzm }l hg`dmvgdipiq}m paodizzalp }l diml mlprm daladyzm hajbiaudillm `mz jgleipz m vg}ugirz mp }lm p}`m`mz jglìpiglz rnizzalp dm ùmdgvvmhmlp jglghiq}m `mz papz, Jghhm dilìq}m Zmlmddarp"1929)$ Ogpmrg mzp ml aip hajbiaudiml zmdgl da zinlijapigl `gllm a} pmrhm var Nmlpiddmp$haiz jdairmhmlp alpihajbiaudiml palp gll q}m Hajbiaumd jglzi`rm dilprp vmrzgllmd jghhm

}lm zg}rjm m jgleip, Ogpmrg muaip jgljidimr m} minmljmz jglpraìjpgirmz ; da ljmzzip }l papv}izzalp$ haiz vaz il`vmlàlp `m da v}izzaljm `m dndizm, Ml jglzq}mljm$ da zm}dm grjm aodmmzp jmddm `m dil`}zprim mp Ogpmrg avvarap jghhm }l vrj}rzm}r `m da vmlzm dioradm$ gvvgz a}hmrjalpidizhm vrjgliz var Ogìl, Ogpmrg `gllm laizzaljm }lm jgljmvpigl `m da raizgl `papalpihajbiaudimllm mp alpi(zg}umrailm "@mzjml`rm$ ?66:)

16 Gl a jghhmlj zm n}rir `} hajbiaudizhm ") mp id mzp bm}rm} q}m vmlàlp q}m dm}rzvazziglz dm}r ilzvirmlp da vmlzm `prm hjbalpz$ idz glp vg}rpalp ilprp lm vaz dprm Hglpmzq}im}$ DMzvrip `mz Dgiz $ RRI$ ?6,

_gjbmp Dm dmnz `m Hajbiaumd da nmzpigl v}odiq}m =:>


10/26


dmz aljrmr àlz }lm zjimljm `m da umrp} mp `} uijm "Zcillmr$ 1995), Ml palp q}m r}ip`m da raizgl$ jmppm zjimljm$ jglrglpm dilprp mp dinlgraljm$ a vm} `m jbaljmz`prm mlpml`}m, Id r`}ip dm òap `hgjrapiq}m darp `m ddgq}mljm$ q}i z}ip vg}rz`}irm da h}dpip}`m$ mp rmkmppm dmlzmhodm `m da vrig`m `m da rugd}pigl alndaizm$ da

jglzi`ralp jghhm riml `m hgilz q}}lm vgq}m ìlzalip "Zcillmr$ 1995), Jmppmugd}pigl mzp ajbmum var Dgjcm$ q}i paodip q}m d ilprp ilìui`}md `} vrgvripairm mzpdm hmiddm}r hgyml `m rnir da uim v}odiq}m ; da q}mzpigl vgdipiq}m mzp rmhvdajm var daq}mzpigl `m da vrgvrip àlz da lg}umddm vbidgzgvbim vgdipiq}m hg`mrlm,

Da _mlaizzaljm a hiz il da uizigl zjgdazpiq}m zmdgl daq}mddm dajpigl b}hailmmzp rnim var }l gr`rm jgzhiq}m mp a dior dajpiuip b}hailm vg}r g}urir da ugim }lm jglghim gl`m z}r dillguapigl, Mrlzp Jazzirmr "1905; 1?9(1::) jglzi`rm q}mHajbiaumd a p}ì dmz hg}umhmlpz vgdipiq}mz àlz dm hhm mzvrip q}m Nadidm$ }lzijdm vd}z par`$ dmz dgiz `m da nrauip$ mp q}id a p dm vrmhimr rghvrm aumj da uizigl

zjgdazpiq}m `}l hgl`m ihh}aodm mp varumlir jghvrml`rm dm rdm `m dpap àlz}l hgl`m jbalnmalp,

Jmvmlàlp$ jghhm dilìq}mlp lghorm `m jripiq}mz `m da hg`mrlip "Dmg Zpra}zz$Ballab Arml`p$ Mrij Ugmnmdil$ _ayhgl` Argl)$ drm pmjblgdgniq}m hg`mrlm a`gll laizzaljm `m lg}umddmz jrgyaljmz àlz dmz dgiz `m da lap}rm$ gl`mz z}rda pmjbliq}m$ jghhm jmddmz vrgmzzmz var dmz vgzipiuizpmz mp dmz jglghizpmz jdazzi(q}mz$ jghhm A}n}zpm Jghpm vg}r q}i dgozmruapigl a `ghil dihanilapigl mpda `prlm ( Kmal(Oavpizpm Zay11 v}iz îdrm`g Varmpg, Darp `m da vgdipiq}m$ jghhmdlgljm jrhmlp Dmg Zpra}zz$ mzp r`}ip }lm ilpmrvrpapigl `mz dgiz `m da lap}rm ;

da q}mzpigl vgdipiq}m rmdapium a} q}gi 7 `} oiml jghh}l `muimlp iljd}zm àlz daq}mzpigl `} jghhmlp 7 `m da vbidgzgvbim vgdipiq}m hg`mrlm$ hmppalp ailzi `mjp da q}mzpigl vgdipiq}m,

O, 1, Nrmr dillguapigl$ diljmrpip}`m mp dmz r}vp}rmz

Dmz a}pm}rz lg(zjb}hvmprimlz$ gvvgzz a} jg}ralp `m djglghim lgjdazziq}m$hmppmlp dajjmlp z}r da lap}rm m da pmjblgdgnim$ q}idz lm jglzi`rmlp vaz jghhm }lmhallm `} jimd$ haiz jghhm }l vrgjmzz}z `m pralzgrhapigl ndgoadm mp zgjiadm ;

Ml jglzq}mljm$ `}lm halirm vd}z nlradm$ dm jbalnmhmlp pmjblgdgniq}m uimlp `}

zyzphm jglghiq}m mp zgjiad mp lmzp vaz zihvdmhmlp }lm aàvpapigl a} pralzgrha(piglz z}zjipmz var `mz ja}zmz mprim}rmz jm zyzphm, Dmz zgjipz glp$ ml à}prmz pmr(hmz$ dm}r hgp ìrm z}r dihvajp `m dugd}pigl pmjblgdgniq}m, @g dihvgrpaljm `m dua(d}apigl pmjblgdgniq}m vg}r dm jbgi vgdipiq}m airm, "Ermmhal mp Zgmpm$ 199>;0?9),

Darrium `}lm prgizihm rugd}pigl il`}zprimddm rml`mlp dmz mlzminlmhmlpz `m davbidgzgvbim vgdipiq}m jdazziq}m varpij}dirmhmlp vmrpilmlpz ml zg}dmualp da q}mzpiglzgjrapiq}m `m da ogllm zgjip ; `m q}mddm halirm }lm lg}umddm pmjblgdgnim zmruira(p(mddm g} lgl dm oiml jghh}l$ mp `m q}mddm halirm ua(p(mddm anir$ var dm vrgjmzz}z `m`mzpr}jpigl jraprijm zjb}hvmpriml$ z}r da jgrr}vpigl `mz ilzpip}piglz zgjiadmz mp `mda uim jiuiq}m 7

11 Da halirm glp dmz jbgzmz zglp mp `glp dmz jbgzmz arriumlp$ jglzpip}m jm q}gl avvmddm da lap}rm`mz jbgzmz3 mp dgozmruapigl majpm `m da lap}rm `mz jbgzmz mzp d}liq}m gl`mhmlp `m pg}pmurip, ") Djglghim vgdipiq}m mzp paodim z}r `mz gl`mhmlpz iloraldaodmz$ `} hghmlpq}m dmz vriljivmz q}i d}i zmrumlp `m oazm zglp `mz ``}jpiglz ring}rm}zmz `m aipz nlra}iljglpmzpaodmz, Kmal(Oavpizpm Zay$ Praip `jglghim vgdipiq}m$ 126:


11/26

Dmz jdazziq}mz zauaimlp q}id mizpaip }l diml mlprm dm jbalnmhmlp vgdipiq}m g} zgjiadmp dm jbalnmhmlp pmjblgdgniq}m, Dm vrgnrz pmjbliq}m hmlaaip dq}idiorm zgjigvg(dipiq}m `m da zgjip, Jmzp da raizgl vg}r daq}mddm id rmq}mrraip }lm zprijpm z}vmruiziglhgradm mp vgdipiq}m mz ilumlpiglz ; da jip ogllm mp zanm ji`mra q}mddmz ilumlpiglz

zglp }pidizmr mp dmzq}mddmz zglp z}vvrihmr "Zpra}zz$ 19>2;192),Gl vm}p jglzi`rmr q}m dilpmlpigl `m Hajbiaumd paip `m jghoilmr dmz uadm}rz

jdazziq}mz mp dmz jglìpiglz `m ùmdgvvmhmlp `} hgl`m hg`mrlm jbalnmalpmp iljmrpail ($ kmpalp dmz oazmz `}lm uizigl ugd}pigllizpm `} vrgjmzz}z `m ùmdgv(vmhmlp, Var dm oiaiz `m da grp}la ;

da jgrr}vpigl mzp pg}kg}rz }l vrgjmzz}z irrumrziodm$ zmlz }liq}m$ q}i aip varpim `m dah}paoidip mp `m dmlprgvim `mz aairmz pmrrmzprmz3 dq}idiorm `} z}okmjpi mp `} rapigllmdvm}p prm hailpml} g} vm}p zm `daormr$ mp id lmizpm vaz `m prgizihm vgzzioidip, "Vgjgjc$ ?66:;?11),

dgvvgz$ da uadm}r jiuiq}m vm}p vrg`}irm `m da ln}mlprgvim mp da uirp a }ljarajprm zyzphiq}m ; da uirp `} vm}vdm mzp vd}z q}m da zghhm `m da uirp `mzilìui`}z mp da uirp `m pg}z `vml` `m da uirp `m jbaj}l mp `m dmlzmhodm, ]lmrv}odiq}m mzp him} hhm `m vrg`}irm da uirp q}}lm hglarjbim palp `gllq}id y a vd}z ilpmrajpiglz mlprm dmz jipgymlz nrjm a} ajpiuipz jiuidmz mp hidipairmz1?,Vg}r ìrm dmz jbgzmz ml pmrhmz zjb}hvmprimlz$ da grp}la vm}p prm rmvrzmlpmjghhm }l vrgjmzz}z `m `mzpr}jpigl `mzpr}jpium$ palìz q}m da uirp mzp }l vrgjmz(z}z `m jglzpr}jpigl jraprijm 3 `m da jglrglpapigl `mz `m} rz}dpm dm vrgjmzz}z `m

`mzpr}jpigl jraprijm$ q}i mzp dm hghmlp hajbiaudiml "in}rm 1),Jghhm lg}z dm ravvmddm _milmrp "?66>;>:)$ jmz ilpmrajpiglz mlprm jipgymlz zglp a}zzi`mz ilpmrajpiglz mlprm ajpiuipz jglghiq}mz jraprijmz `m zylmrnimz$ `jripmz$ `z dmhidim} `} prmjmlpg$ var da}pm}r mp bghhm `pap dgrmlpil Or}lmppg Dapili "1??6(90)$jghhm id oml jghh}lm, Da jrapigl `m rijbmzzm avvarap jghhm }l vrgjmzz}z zgjiadmp jgddmjpi$ pg}p ml hmppalp dajjmlp z}r dm rdm `m dilìui`}, Dm oiml jghh}l mp dm rdm`m dilìui`} ilzpr}ip `muml} jipgyml zglp dmz `m} vidimrz `m da _mlaizzaljm, Prgiz(jmlpzalz avrz Dapili$ Hajbiaumd mvdiq}m q}m dm vrgjmzz}z m jgrr}vpigl jghhmljm dgrzq}mdilìui`} vmr` zgl a}pglghim mp lmzp vd}z ml hmz}rm anir ml palp q}m jipgyml ajpi mpq}m dm vg}ugir `} nral` lghorm `muimlp dm vg}ugir `} vmpip lghorm,

Ml zghhm$ Hajbiaumd avvarap jghhm }l vmlzm}r vgdipiq}m àlz }l hgl`m mlugd}pigl g$ zmdgl dmvrmzzigl Àdmal`rm Cgyr "1992)$ db}halip zmzp ba}zzmvrgnrmzziumhmlp `m dpap `m zvmjpapm}r jmd}i `m vrgvripairm mp `m haprm `m dalap}rm , Id mzp jglpmhvgrail `m Dglar` `m Uilji$ q}i avvarap jghhm dm vrmhimrvmlzm}r `m dillguapigl praumrz zgl jgljmvp `m ìzmnlg q}i vmrhmp dbghhm`m jgljmugir `mz arpmajpz q}i uglp a}(`md `m da rmvrg`}jpigl `m d}liumrz vbyzi(q}m vmrjmvpiodm var lgprm mzvrip haiz q}i zglp da vrgkmjpigl `m zgl ihanilapigl1:,

1?

Hajbiaumd jglpmzpaip dmjajip `mz prg}vmz hmrjmlairmz }lm gozmzzigl q}m dgl rmprg}um àlzpg}z zmz g}uranmz ($ jghhm ml auaimlp dbaoip}`m dmz uiddmz ipadimllmz$ mp vdaiàip ml aum}r `}lmarhm `m jipgymlz$ q}id k}nmaip jghhm dmz zm}dmz arhmz vrgvrmz vgzziodmz,

1: Dm ìzmnlg mzp `}lm mjmddmljm pmddm q}id lm aip vaz q}m hglprmr dmz }urmz `m da lap}rm$ haizq}id ml vrg`}ip `mz grhmz illihmlp vd}z uarimz, Id z}rvazzm da lap}rm varjm q}m dmz grhmzdhmlpairmz `m da lap}rm zglp dihipmz$ palìz q}m dmz }urmz q}m did minm `mz hailz `mdbghhm zglp iddihipmz,$ Dglar` `m Uilji$ jip var Kmal(Dg}iz dm Hginlm "?66>), Dm ìzmnlg a`gll laizzaljm a} hgp alndaiz `mzinl ,

_gjbmp Dm dmnz `m Hajbiaumd da nmzpigl v}odiq}m =:9


12/26

=06 _mu}m Ilpmrlapigladm `mz Zjimljmz A`hilizprapiumz >0":)

Jmppm javajip dhmrumiddmhmlp mzp jarajprizpiq}m `} hgl`m `m da _mlaizzaljmmp gl da rmprg}um a} o}p } Ormum Prappapg "151:) Alpglig Zmrra$ q}i da jglzi`rmjghhm dgrinilm `m da vbidgzgvbim mp `m da urip q}m dgl ml arrium jgllaprmvar jm oiaiz 10, Hajbiaumd mzp }l vmlzm}r `}l hgl`m vgdipiq}m g dm Vriljm vm}pjgljmugir " `mzinl $ ml alndaiz) daumlir m da lapigl mp jbalnmr za mzpilm "Naiddm(Licgìhgu mp Hlizzimr$ ?665),

Ein}rm 1 ; Da jgljmvpigl hajbiaudimllm `m dq}idiorm ilzpip}pigllmd

Dmz hghmlpz hajbiaudimlzlm zglp vaz vmrhalmlpz mp Illgua{iglm$ rillgua{iglm

dmz zgjipz vrgnrmzzmlp mp`jdilmlp zmdgl dm}r javajip

rzizpmr a} azza}pz`m da grp}lm

Jglzpr}jpigl Jgrr}vpig @mzpr}jpigl

jraprijm `mzpr}jpium

O, ?, Dmz ilzpip}piglz ; }l vrgjmzz}z ugd}pigllizpm

Ml jglzq}mljm$ dmz ilzpip}piglz q}i `lizzmlp dm rdm mp da vgzzioidip `} oimljghh}l `giumlp ugd}mr jar dm jarajprm `mz jipgymlz pml` zm jgrrghvrm ajm da grp}la, Hajbiaumd ilprg`}ip }lm ìzpiljpigl mlprm dillgua{iglm$ dm vrgjmzz}zààvpapigl mz ilzpip}piglz$ mp da rillgua{iglm$ dgrzq}m dmz ilzpip}piglz zglp muml}mzjgrrghv}mz "Naiddm (Licgìhgu mp Hlizzimr$ ?665; ?>0),

Gl rmprg}um `mz zihidaripz aumj jmppm avvrgjbm àlz dmz `mrlimrz praua} `m

@g}ndazz Lgrpb "?66=)$ q}i a rmlglj za vgzipigl lgjdazziq}m ilipiadm vg}r ilirdmz ilzpip}piglz jghhm `mz rndmz `} km} q}i vmrhmppmlp dm ùmdgvvmhmlp mp dajrgizzaljm, Lgrpb q}i rmlg}umddm da praìpigl `m djglghim ilzpip}pigllmddm gl`mvar Umodml mp Jghhglz ilzizpm z}r da ìrmljm mlprm dmz ilzpip}piglz grhmddmz"q}m d.gl vm}p jbalnmr } kg}r a} dml`mhail) mp dmz ilzpip}piglz ilgrhmddmz$ q}i zglpdmz jrgyaljmz$ dmz baoip}`mz mp dmz jghvgrpmhmlpz$ q}i jglzpip}mlp ndgoadmhmlp dmzuadm}rz jiuiq}mz, @alz da vbidgzgvbim zjgdazpiq}m$ da grhm `m dilzpip}pigl `pmrhilmdm gl`, Hajbiaumd ilumrzm dm diml mlprm dmz ilzpip}piglz grhmddmz mp dm gl`$ zaugirdpap$ zmz jipgymlz mp dm}r jarajprm ml à}prmz pmrhmz$ dmz ilzpip}piglz ilgrhmddmz,

Egrp}lauirp

Hghmlp

hajbiaudiml

10 Dhmrumiddmhmlp a pg}kg}rz p }lm zg}rjm `m nral` oiml, Jar jmzp dhmrumiddmhmlp q}izpih}dm dm zir m jgllaizzaljm q}i mzp ill jbm{ pg}pm vmrzgllm 3 jmzp dhmrumiddmhmlp q}i mldum`m dmzvrip dm ugidm q}m dinlgraljm rmjg}urm 3 jmzp dhmrumiddmhmlp q}i iljipm dmzvrip rmjbmrjbmr dmzja}zmz mp avvrml`rm dmz mmpz q}mddmz vrg`}izmlp, Jm pyvm `m jgllaizzaljm jglzpip}aip dgrinilm`m da vbidgzgvbim$ mp da urip q}m dgl ml arrium jgllaprm var jm oiaiz , Dhmrumiddmhmlp aipvarpim `m da rm`jg}umrpm `mz jdazziq}mz v}izq}id avvarap àlz dmPbmpmpm `m Vdapgl z}r darp `mda jgllaizzaljm,


13/26

Hajbiaumd zilzjrip alz }lm pbzm arizpgpdijimllm zmdgl daq}mddm i d mizpm mz grhmzh}dpivdmz mjmddmljm ilzpip}pigllmddm q}i vml`mlp m da lap}rm m da jip, Jghhmdilìq}m Lgrpb ml `mz pmrhmz jglpmhvgrailz$ id mzp zalz gokmp `m ug}dgir ìlir`mz ilzpip}piglz grhmddmz varaipmz zi mddmz lm zm gl`mlp vaz z}r dmz ilzpip}piglz

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Lgrpb ìlip da `ylahiq}m ilzpip}pigllmddm jglrglpm }l hgl`m lgl mrng(

ìq}m, @alz dbyvgpbzm vgzipiuizpm lgjdazziq}m$ dm hgl`m mzp mrngìq}m15 mp pg}p aip vruiziodm var }lm avvrgjbm zjimlpiiq}m, @alz }l hgl`m lgl mrngìq}m$ davriljivadm jghvpmljm `muimlp davvrmlpizzanm aàvpapi opizzalp `m lg}umddmzilzpip}piglz ilgrhmddmz q}i zglp }l jgl`mlz `m jgllaizzaljmz mp `m jrgyaljmzlg}umddmz, Id jgluimlp m zg}dinlmr jmppm jglumrnmljm mlprm dmz jgljmvpz jglpmhvg(rail mp jdazziq}m `m da `ylahiq}m ilzpip}pigllmddm ; da lgl(mrngìjip mp da grp}la$dmlprgvim ilzpip}pigllmddm mp da jgrr}vpig$ mp dm omzgil àvvrmlpizzanm aàvpapiilzpip}pigllmd jgddmjpi ml palp q}ahdigrapigl `m da uirp hajbiaudimllm,

J, Dm hghmlp hajbiaudiml àlz da nmzpigl v}odiq}m

Djglghim lgjdazziq}m jglzi`rm da pmjblgdgnim jghhm }l anmlp mgnlm q}iihvgzm zgl ar`ma} a} prauaiddm}rz mp da zgjip z}r da oazm m da vgzipigl vgzipiuizpmzmdgl daq}mddm id mizpm `mz dgiz `m da lap}rm$ a}q}mddmz `giumlp goir dmz rmzvglzaodmzvgdipiq}mz$ jghhm dm vrgvgzm Kmal(Oavpizpm Zay "126:), @alz dm jaz `mz aljimllmzjglghimz zgjiadizpmz$ da pmjblgdgnim paip a}zzi }l anmlp mgnlm goizzalp `mzdgiz `m dbizpgirm mp `mzpil `gllmr laizzaljm }l hgl`m lg}uma}, @alz dmz `m}jaz$ dm vrgjmzz}z zgjiad ml`gnlm `m jbalnmhmlp lmzp vaz vriz ml jghvpm$ jm

q}i mlpralm djbmj `} zmjgl` mp dilmjajip àlz dm vrmhimr, Jghhm dilìq}mlp1= Jmppm agl `glp dmz ilzpip}piglz grhmddmz mp ilgrhmddmz ilpmranizzmlp a nadmhmlp p ugq}m

var Limp{zjbm ; dmz gviliglz jbalnmlp àogr` mp dmz ilzpip}piglz grhmddmz vm}umlp z}iurm aumjdilmrpim ; Dm rmlumrzmhmlp `mz ilzpip}piglz lm z}ip vaz ihhìapmhmlp dm rmlumrzmhmlp `mzgviliglz3 a} dim} m jmda dmz lg}umddmz gviliglz uiumlp vmlàlp dglnpmhvz alz da haizgl zmrpmmp pralnmhmlp vm} ahidirm m dm}rz vr`jmzzm}rz mp zm vrzmrumlp hhm$ jar mddmz glp omzgilml q}mdq}m zgrpm `}l aori "jip àlz _milmrp$ ?66>;1?>)

15 "1) ]l zyzphm mzp mrngìq}m dgrzq}}lm zq}mljm g} }l jbalpiddgl azzm{ nral` mzp rmvrzmlpapi`m dmlzmhodm "jghhm ml jm q}i jgljmrlm }l varahprm zpapizpiq}m) 3 "?) jm q}i ihvdiq}m g} mzpdi da vrgoaoidip q}m pg}p pap ua zm rmvrzmlpmr$ ml varpij}dimr ml jaz àozmljm `m vrgoaoidip

`m da rmvrg`}jpigl `}l Mpap, ]lm jgddmjpigl `m zyzphmz grhm }l mlzmhodm mrngìq}m dgrzq}mdmz hg`mz `m jghvgrpmhmlp vrzmlpz àlz d}l `m jmz zyzphmz rmzzmhodmlp vargiz zmzjghvgrpmhmlpz à}prmz vrig`mz pmhvgrmddmz mp dgrzq}m dm jghvgrpmhmlp `}l a}prm zyzphmjbgizi a} bazar` mzp nadmhmlp zihidairm a} vrmhimr zyzphm, Id lmzp vaz ljmzzairm àugir `mzvmrgrhaljmz i`mlpiq}mz$ haiz zm}dmhmlp `mz hgymllmz zihidairmz ml pmhvz mp ml lghorm, @alz}lm vgv}dapigl mrngìq}m$ pg}p ilìui`} mzp rmvrzmlpapi `m dmlzmhodm `m da vgv}dapigl, Dmzjarajprizpiq}mz glàhmlpadmz `m jmp ilìui`} zglp mzzmlpimddmhmlp i`mlpiq}mz jmddmz `m pg}pa}prm hmhorm `} nrg}vm "Vriljivia Jyomrlmpija mo)

_gjbmp Dm dmnz `m Hajbiaumd da nmzpigl v}odiq}m =01


14/26

=0? _mu}m Ilpmrlapigladm `mz Zjimljmz A`hilizprapiumz >0":)

Ermmhal mp Zgmpm "199>; 0?9) ; dm `zmljbalpmhmlp pmjblgdgniq}m a ajjghvanldm `zmljbalpmhmlp vgdipiq}m , Daulmhmlp `m da prgizihm rugd}pigl il`}zprimddmminm vd}z m oap vgdipiq}m$ }lm uim jiuiq}m vd}z ilpmlzm z}r mz q}mzpiglz pmddmz q}mda vgdd}pigl$ da pralzgrhapigl zgjiadm$ da vrizm `m rizq}mz$ duad}apigl pmjblgdgniq}m

ml palp q}ilzpip}pigl uizalp azz}rmr da jgbzigl zgjiadm mp dm umdgvvmhmlp }raodm$àlz d}zanm `m da pmjblgdgnim,

Dm lg}uma} halanmhmlp v}odij$ dm jglzmlz}z `m âzbilnpgl$ dm jglzmlz}z `mOr}mddmz$ dmz vriljivmz `m ogllm ng}umrlaljm `m dGJ@M uizmlp ìlir `mzvriljivmz }liumrzmdz ml hapirm `m nmzpigl `m dpap$ zalz pmlir jghvpm `m zgl rdmvgdipiq}m mp ilzpip}pigllmd mp ml hmppalp dajjmlp mzzmlpimddmhmlp z}r zgl mijimljmgrnalizapigllmddm "Ba(Kggl Jbaln ?66>$ _gjbmp ?66>$ _milmrp ?66>$ @rmjbzdmr ?665),Da pmlpapigl gvvgzmr jmz m} gokmjpiz "da vg}rz}ipm } oiml jghh}l mp dmijimljmàlz da nmzpigl `m dpap) lg}z jgl`}iraip àlz dm vinm `} rgi vbidgzgvbm$ jmzp((ìrm

dm vbidgzgvbm zalz a}j}lm ild}mljm z}r dm jg}rz `m dBizpgirm `}lm varp$ mp$ à}prmvarp$ zm rmvgzmr }liq}mhmlp z}r `mz pmjbliq}mz halanriadmz pmd q}m vrgvgz var dmLHV, Jmzp vrjizhmlp jm q}m Hajbiaumd ug}daip uipmr dgrzq}id a jrip Dm Vriljm ; id mzpvgzziodm `}pidizmr `mz hgymlz mijimlpz vg}r zmruir mijajmhmlp dm oiml jghh}l,

Vrapiq}mhmlp$ dm LHV$ ml r`}izalp da vgdipiq}m a} halanmhmlp$ mzp d idd}zprapigl`}lm jgljmvpigl nlradm hg`mrlm q}i mzp azjilm var dm grhiàodm vg}ugir `mda pmjblgdgnim q}i daizzm da vgdipiq}m djarp, Id mzp dm rmdmp `m da vbidgzgvbim vgdi(piq}m hg`mrlm$ q}i vrpml` augir rzgd} dm vrgodhm pbgdgnijg(vgdipiq}m1> nrjm }lm varaipm jghvrbmlzigl `m da lap}rm var da raizgl b}hailm, Jmppm avvrgjbm

vgzipiuizpm vrpml` augir `jg}umrp dmz dgiz `m da lap}rm, Var jglzq}mlp$ dm vg}ugir`m dbghhm lmzp vaz jmd}i m zgl mzvrip$ haiz }l jmrpail gr`rm lap}rmd$ q}id zaniz(zm `mz dgiz `m d Bizpgirm $ `} Harjb g} `m da hglìadizapigl jglghiq}m mlpalp q}m pmrrm vrghizm, Jmppm uizigl mzp da lnapigl `m d bripanm `m da _mlaizzaljm$q}i a dior dmzvrip b}hail mp za jrapiuip `m pg}p gr`rm jgzhiq}m vr`pmrhil,

@mz jbmrjbm}rz `m rrmljm vdai`mlp$ aumj da hgrp `} LHV mp za ugdglp `mairm `m dpap ~oriml }lm opm lgirm$ vg}r }lm rmlaizzaljm `m dpap vgdipiq}m mpvg}r da ìlipigl `}lm jgljmvpigl lg(~orimllm "Vgddipp mp Og}jcamrp$ ?660),Daljimllm jgljmvpigl ~orimllm zm glàip z}r da zvarapigl `mz pmjbliq}mz

halanriadmz mp `mz uadm}rz$ jm q}i a `gll laizzaljm `m v}izzalpmz zpr}jp}rmzo}rma}jrapiq}mz, Aumj d.hmrnmljm `m da zgjip `m d.ilgrhapigl$ dmz zpr}jp}rmzv}odiq}mz vm}umlp augir }l rmpg}r z}r dmz rz}dpapz `m dm}rz ajpiglz$ dmz gl`mhmlpz`m da nmzpigl v}odiq}m ~orimllm vm}umlp prm ahdigrz mp }l diml vm}p prmpaodi mlprm da nmzpigl v}odiq}m q}gpiìmllm mp dmz q}mzpiglz pbiq}mz,

Dm hghmlp hajbiaudiml àlz da nmzpigl v}odiq}m a}kg}r`b}i vm}p prm rmvr(zmlp jghhm }l zyzphm prgiz liuma} "in}rm ?) ;1) Dmvrmhimr liuma} mzp dm hghmlp m da jrgizzaljm ilzpip}pigllmddm$ dgrzq}m dmz vrmzglàpm}rz ìmlp dmz oazmz `m da zgjip, Dm glàpm}r "dm Vriljm $ ml dalnanm

hajbiaudiml) anip `m `m} halirmz ; id jrm `mz ilzpip}piglz grhmddmz q}i iljipmlpdmz nmlz zm jghvgrpmr ml ajjgr` aumj dm oiml jghh}l$ haiz z}rpg}p$ id jrm

1> Dm vrgodhm pbgdgnijg(vgdipiq}m mzp da pmlzigl mlprm dm `rgip rud mp dm `rgip vgzipi jgl} var daraizgl b}hailm, Vg}r Dmg Zpra}zz$ gl vm}p did d}zprmr var da pmlzigl mlprm Apblmz "dm `rgip vgzipi) mpKr}zadmh "dm `rgip rud), Jmppm pmlzigl zg}dum ml vmrhalmljm da q}mzpigl glpgdgniq}m `mz lz`m dajpigl vgdipiq}m mp mzp$ var lap}rm$ ihvgzziodm rzg}`rm, Vg}r }lm vrzmlpapigl jghvdpm$ ugirPaln}ay "?66:)


15/26

`mz baoip}`mz umrp}m}zmz varhi dmz bghhmz ml q}pm m zj}rip mp m vrgzvrip$ }lgokmjpi q}i lm vm}p prm appmilp q}m nrjm dm}r }ligl mp dm}r jggvrapigl, Lg}z auglzu} q} grnalizmr da uim jiuiq}m mp vgdipiq}m ihvdiq}alp dmlzmhodm `mz jipgymlz mzp }lmjglìpigl ljmzzairm vg}r jrmr }lm zylmrnim mlprm dmz ajpiuipz jglghiq}mz ; id zanip

`}l oiml jghh}l palp gll q}id gip prm varpan vg}r vg}ugir prm avvrji, Dmzbghhmz$ q}i lm zglp a} varp li oglz li ha}uaiz$ muimllmlp }l vm}vdm m jipgymlz,Dm vrgodhm$ vg}r dm Vriljm$ mzp `m nrmr da pralzipigl umrz da rv}odiq}m ml jg}ralpdm rizq}m `m zm pralzgrhmr ml pyral, Jmlp(jilq}alpm alz avrz Hajbiaumd$ dbghhm`pap Umip D}`~in ugl Zmjcml`gr "15?5 ( 95) zmzp ilzvir `m dmmhvdm `mz uiddmzlmrdalàizmz vg}r `lir }lm vgdipiq}m ilzpip}pigllmddm vmrhmppalp dAddmhanlm `mzil`}zpriadizmr, Id mzp dgrinilm `}lm praìpigl g dm Vriljm paip baoidip ng}umrlmr`z dgrz q}id paip ml jbarnm `m hg`mrlizmr dm vayz$ haiz jm aizalp$ id jraip `mzjglìpiglz vg}r q}m dm Vriljm mp dmz ilzpip}piglz gàdmz `muimllmlp gozgdpmz ;

]lm vriljiva}p vrgzvrm vgrpaip ml mddm dmz nmrhmz `m za vrgvrm `mzpr}jpigl mp dalaizzaljm `m da `hgjrapim "_milmrp$ ?66>;??=),?) Dm `m}ihm liuma} praipm `m da `ylahiq}m ilzpip}pigllmddm mp da rzidimljmilzpip}pigllmddm, @mz ilzpip}piglz grhmddmz zglp jrmz mp da zgjip uip zg}z dpap m rgip,Dmz ilzpip}piglz grhmddmz ugd}mlp varadddmhmlp a} ilzpip}piglz ilgrhmddmz q}m zglp dmzuadm}rz jiuiq}mz$ gl`mz z}r dm vaprigpizhm mp da ugdglp zprapniq}m `prm }lm lapigl,Jmp q}idiorm mzp dm hghmlp hajbiaudiml$ dgrzq}}lm rv}odiq}m vm}p mizpmr haiz mzpzalz jmzzm jglrglpm da hmlajm `m da grp}la$ q}i vm}p mlpralmr da jgrr}vpigl g}rmlgrjmr dmz umrp}z jiuiq}mz ml gljpigl `m da uirp varpanm `} Vriljm mp `} vm}vdm

"n}rm 1), Vd}z }lm zgjip zg}urm mp zm ùmdgvvm$ vd}z mddm zmvgzm da grp}la,Jm òap a p a} jmlprm `m da glàpigl `mz papz(]liz$ jghhm didd}zprm Vgjgjc a}praumrz `} òap mlprm Admal`mr Bahidpgl mp Kmmrzgl, Bahidpgl paip dm vmlzm}r mpdajpm}r `m dpap `rad ahrijail$ `gp `}l vg}ugir grp$ ìlzpip}piglz zgdi`mz "Oalq}mlapigladm$ `mppm v}odiq}m) mp `}lm vgdipiq}m il`}zprimddm azzgjialp ilpmrumlpiglz `m dpapmp vrgpmjpigllizhm$ dilzpar m dAlndmpmrrm dvgq}m m zgl mvalzigl, Kmmrzgl paipappajb$ ml palp q}m rv}odijail jdazziq}m$ diàd `m umrp} haiz ugyaip za vrzmruapiglvar }lm zgjip anrairm vd}pp q}m var dmvalzigl jghhmrjiadm$ jar id ugyaip }lmjglpil}ip mlprm dajpiuip jglghiq}m mp da grp}la, @}l jp$ Kmmrzgl rmvrzmlpaip

diàd }lm zgjip anrairm zpaodm$ javaodm aozgromr dm jghhmrjm$ m da}prm$ Bahidpglrmvrzmlpaip }lm zgjip jghhmrjiadm ml mvalzigl$ aumj dm rizq}m m mumlir }l mhvirmgl` z}r }lm zgjip jgrrghv}m$ a} vgilp `m pghomr zg}z dm vg}ugir `}l ihhmlzmjghvdmm hidiparg(il`}zprimd $ `jrip jmlp(jilq}alpm alz vd}z par` var Mizmlbg~mr àlzzgl ìzjg}rz àìm} "Vgjgjc$ ?66:;=0:),

Jm òap mzp vmrhalmlp àlz dmz zgjipz ml mvalzigl$ z}rpg}p dgrzq}mddmzjgllaizzmlp mz jbalnmhmlpz m varaìnhm pmjblgdgniq}m$ jghhm dm hglprmlpErmmhal mp Dg}a "?661) ailzi q}m Jardgpa Vmrm{ "?66?)$ q}i `pr}izmlp dm jglzmlz}zzgjiad vr`ghilalp a}pg}r `}q}md dm oiml jghh}l mzp opi,

:) Dm prgizihm liuma} mzp dm zyzphm `jizigllmd, Dmz `jiziglz `m vgdipiq}mv}odiq}m zglp vrizmz ml gljpigl `mz jgllaizzaljmz `glp ìzvgzmlp dmz rmzvglzaodmzvgdipiq}mz$ jm q}m Kgmd Hgcyr "?66:) avvmddm da jgllaizzaljm }pidm $ jmzp((ìrm dmzjgllaizzaljmz da giz pbgriq}mz mp mhviriq}mz$ y jghvriz dm zyzphm `m jrgyaljmzvr`ghilalp, Da jizigl vrml`rm ilpmruimlp alz }lm zip}apigl g dm jghvgrpmhmlp`} zyzphm mzp zgip mrngìq}m$ zgip lgl mrngìq}m, Dbyvgpbzm mrngìq}m ap ilprg`}ipm àlz da vrizm `m `jizigl v}odiq}m var @g}ndazz Lgrpb "?66=) mp

_gjbmp Dm dmnz `m Hajbiaumd da nmzpigl v}odiq}m =0:


16/26


Kajq}mz Zavir "?66=), Zjbhapiq}mhmlp gl vm}p irm q}m alz }l zyzphm mrngìq}m$dmz hpbg`mz `pmrhilizpmz "arormz `mz ja}zmz$ zpapizpiq}mz$ mpj,) vm}umlp vrg`}irm}lm ogllm `jizigl, Jmzp nlradmhmlp dm jaz dgrzq}gl zm zip}m àlz dm hhmvaraìnhm pmjblg(jglghiq}m$ pmd q}m `li var Jbriz Ermmhal mp Jardgpa Vmrm{,

Jmvmlàlp$ ml jaz `m jbalnmhmlp `m varaìnhm$ dmz jgllaizzaljmz alprim}rmz lmzglp vd}z grjhmlp avvrgvrimz$ palp gll q}m dm jghvgrpmhmlp } zyzphm lmzpvd}z vruiziodm, Jghvrml`rm dm jghvgrpmhmlp `}l zyzphm lgl mrngìq}m rmuimlp ajj`mr mz vriljivmz zg}z(kajmlpz q}i vm}umlp airm varpim }l zyzphm m zyzphmzvd}z uazpmz `glp dm jghvgrpmhmlp mzp mrngìq}m, Dmz zyzphmz ilzpip}pigllmdz zglpdmz rndmz `} km} q}i vm}umlp r`}irm diljmrpip}`m dgrzq}m dm zyzphm aip ajm `mzvrgodhmz mp mz zip}apiglz k jgll}z, Da pbzm mzzmlpimddm m Lgrpb "?66=;15>) mzpq}m dmz vrgjmzz}z ugd}pigllizpmz zglp lgl mrngìq}mz mp q}m da javajip airm ajm da lg}uma}p mzp ilìzvmlzaodm da jrapigl ìlzpip}piglz mjajmz,

J, 1, Vrml`rm `m ogllmz `jiziglz àlz }l hgl`m iljmrpail

Ml jglzq}mljm$ dm zyzphm `m vrizm `m `jizigl vm}p prm jglrglp prgizzip}apiglz ;

Vrmhirmhmlp$ dugd}pigl mz jgllaizzaljmz jglrglpm dgvvgzipigl } zyzphmml vdajm `m jrgyaljmz varpanmz mp `mz ilprpz ajq}iz `} vmpip lghorm ml jbarnm,Jmda vm}p jgl`}irm jm q}m _milmrp avvmddm }lm `jizigl valndgzzimllm12 $ jmzp((ìrm }lm zgrpm `m jghvgrpmhmlp a}pizpm q}i rmkmppm da radip vg}r jglzmrumr davr`ghilaljm `}lm pbgrim gozgdpm "vg}r a}palp q}mddm aip kahaiz p uraim),

Dmz `m} a}prmz zip}apiglz uarimlp zmdgl dm `mnr ìljmrpip}`m mp zi dm zyzphm a}l jghvgrpmhmlp mrngìq}m g} lgl, Gl vm}p i`mlpiimr aumj Lgrpb jilq liuma}ìljmrpip}`m "Lgrpb$ ?66=;1>)$ varhi dmzq}mdz dmz prgiz vrmhimrz rmdumlp àhdig(rapiglz iljrhmlpadmz q}i jgrrmzvgl`rm dillgua{iglm hajbiaudiml ; ahdigrmr dmpraipmhmlp `m dilgrhapigl nrjm a} zpgjc `m jgllaizzaljmz mizpalp vm}p r`}irmdiljmrpip}`m, }l liuma} ìljmrpip}`m z}vrim}r$ id jgluimlp `m rmlgrjmr dm zpgjc `mjgllaizzaljm }pidm àlz dm ja`rm `m da hhm zpr}jp}rm ilzpip}pigllmddm, }l liuma}mljgrm z}vrim}r$ da zpr}jp}rm ilzpip}pigllmddm `gip prm rmu}m, Jm vrgjmzz}z `ji(zigllmd ba}pm iljmrpip}`m mjd}p dmz `jiziglz zpalàrìzmz mp ihvdiq}m q}m dmz

`jiziglz zgimlp vrizmz ml gljpigl mz jirjglzpaljmz mp lgl ml gljpigl a vrigri19$mddmz glp avvmd da zanmzzm vrapiq}m `} dma`mr$ davbrglmziz?6,

12 Dm @r Valndgzz mzp vrzmlp àlz Jalì`m `m Ugdpairm jghhm dbghhm q}i a pg}kg}rz da ogllmmvdijapigl m da raizgl vg}r daq}mddm dm virm zm vrg`}ip 3 za jgljd}zigl mzp pg}kg}rz da hhm ; pg}pmzp vg}r dm him} àlz dm hmiddm}r `mz hgl`mz $ jar id jrgip q}m jm q}i zm vazzm goip da dgi`m da lap}rm mp q}id lmizpm vaz à}prm jbgi vgzziodm, Dmz appip}`mz valndgzzimllmz zglp jmddmza`gvpmz var dmz i`gdgn}mz q}i rmkmppmlp da radip mp za jghvdmip mp um}dmlp avvdiq}mr `mzrmh`mz }liumrzmdz jbaq}m zip}apigl

19 Jmppm izpiljpigl mlprm dmz a vrigrimp da gjprilm mz jirjglzpaljmz paip a} jmlprm m da vbidgzgvbim

vgdipiq}m `m Jbardmz `m Na}ddm$ q}m dgl vm}p jglzi`rmr jghhm }l arjbpyvm `} dma`mrhajbiaudiml a} uilnpihm zijdm?6 Davbrglmziz mzp da javajip rejbir a} jghhmlp mp a} q}gi `m jm q}m dgl `gip airm vg}r

jbalnmr dmz jbgzmz$ mp ml varpij}dimr `m jbalnmr lgz uimz ml him}, Arizpgpm ìp q}m da vbrglmzizlmzp vaz zihvdmhmlp }lm avpip}`m$ jmvmlàlp$ jar mddm jghvrml` lgl zm}dmhmlp davpip}`m `ji`mr m da agl appmil`rm }l gokmjpi gll$ haiz a}zzi davpip}`m rejbir mp pmrhilmrdgokmjpi zg}baip$ jm q}i lmzp kahaiz `gll$ haiz vazzm var }lm remigl mp }l jbgi pbiq}m,Gl vm}p pra`}irm dm pmrhm vbrglmziz var da vr}`mljm q}m dgl ajq}imrp `m dmvrimljm ;


17/26

Da prgizihm zip}apigl mzp jmddm g diljmrpip}`m mzp raìjadm mp q}i rml` dm zpgjcmizpalp `m jgllaizzaljmz$ dmz rg}pilmz$ dmz jrgyaljmz mp dmz vrapiq}mz a`hilizprapiumzilavvrgvrimz da vrizm `m `jizigl, Lg}z zghhmz àlz dm jaz `m da rillgua{igllm`m Hajbiaumd g$ zi dmz jrgyaljmz glàhmlpadmz mz zyzphmz ilzpip}pigllmdz lm zglp

vaz rmu}mz$ idz vmr`rglp dm}r umrp} mp lm zmrglp vd}z ml hmz}rm m rzizpmr a} appaq}mz`m da grp}la, Jm vrgjmzz}z minm mz oapz v}odijz "q}m Hajbiaumd avvmddm p}h}d(pmz )$ m da hgjrapim irmjpm$ m da vrizm `m rizq}mz mp mz jiziglz illgualpmz, ]lm`jizigl pbiq}m mzp pg}kg}rz }lm vrizm `m rizq}m, Zvilg{a a ilprg`}ip da ìzpiljpiglmlprm da hgradm$ q}i ilip jm q}i mzp oiml g} had ml palp q}m rndm jghh}lm a`hizmàlz }lm zgjip$ mp dpbiq}m q}i praipm `m jm q}i mzp ogl g} ha}uaiz a} rmnar` `}lmzip}apigl varpij}dirm, Gl rmprg}um nadmhmlp jmppm ìzpiljpigl àlz dihvrapi jap(ngriq}m `m Calp " Q}m z}iz(km jmlz airm ml gljpigl `mz rndmz ihvrapiumz 7 ) mpdihvrapi byvgpbpiq}m " Q}m `giz(km airm vg}r appmil`rm }l gokmjpi dnipihm 7 ),

Dpbiq}m vazzm var da zanmzzm vgdipiq}m mp dilpmddinmljm vrapiq}m,Zgip dm vrgjmzz}z mzp hiz ml }urm aumj z}jjz mp rmlgrjm dmz baoip}`mz umr(

p}m}zmz varhi dmz jipgymlz$ zgip id jbg}m ml jralp `mz `zgr`rmz g} `mz ajpiglzlgl pbiq}mz q}i ajjrgizzmlp dmlprgvim ndgoadm mp rml` dm zyzphm iljavaodm `mairm ajm diljmrpip}`m, Jm vblghlm ua rmlgrjmr da jgrr}vpigl mp hmpprm mlàlnmr da rv}odiq}m, Vg}r rmvrml`rm dmz pmrhmz `m Lgrpb$ vd}z djbmj `m da rui(zigl `mz jrgyaljmz glàhmlpadmz `mz ilzpip}piglz mzp nral`$ vd}z dmz rizq}mz zglpihvgrpalpz `m pghomr àlz `mz jrgyaljmz irrapigllmddmz z}zjmvpiodmz `m jgl`}irma} pgpadiparizhm$ g} `} hgilz a} `jdil "var m,$ jgdgnizhm raìjad$ azjilapigl vg}r

da `jrgizzaljm $ j}dp}rm `} larjizzizhm?1$ mpj,),

Ein}rm ? ; Dm hghmlp hajbiaudiml àlz da nmzpigl v}odiq}m

Jm q}m lg}z auglz ìp mzp àiddm}rz jglrh var jm aip q}m dmz km}lmz nmlz vm}umlp `mumlirnghprmz g} hapbhapijimlz g} zaualpz àlz dmz ìzjivdilmz `m jm nmlrm$ adgrz q}gl la`hmpvaz jghh}lhmlp q}id v}izzm mizpmr `m km}lm bghhm vr}`mlp, Da ja}zm ml mzp q}m da vr}`mljma ravvgrp a}zzi a} aipz varpij}dimrz$ q}i lm lg}z `muimllmlp ahidimrz q}m var dmvrimljm$ `glp}l km}lm bghhm mzp pg}kg}rz `vg}ru} "jar jmzp grjm `m pmhvz q}m dmvrimljm zajq}imrp) "pbiq}m Lijghaq}m 110? a),

?1 Km aiz add}zigl dg}uranm vglyhm hakm}r `m Jbrizpgvbmr Dazjb "1922) q}i `jrip daoal`gl vardbghhm hg`mrlm `m pg}p pyvm ìàd,

_gjbmp Dm dmnz `m Hajbiaumd da nmzpigl v}odiq}m =0=

Zyzphm m vrizm m

`jizigl

Da ogllm jizigl`vml` m da q}adip

`m da oazm

`m jgllaizzaljm


18/26


@, Da umrp}$ da egrp}la mp dmz vriljivmz hajbiaudimlz ml ajpigl ;èilipigl `m dilerazpr}jp}rm avvrgvrim vg}r praumrzmr dmz Advmz??

Dm vrgjmzz}z `jizigllmd avvdiq} àlz da jglzpr}jpigl `m dilrazpr}jp}rm mrrguiairm

`m praumrzm `mz Advmz$ q}i jgljmrlm da Eraljm$ da Z}izzm mp dIpadim$ mzp }l mmhvdm przjglpmhvgrail `m vriljivmz hajbiaudimlz ml ajpigl,Jmz vrgkmpz ìlrazpr}jp}rmz zglp `mz vrgkmpz pmjbliq}mz jghvdmmz$ pmdz q}m ìliz

var Hiddmr mp Dmzzar` "?666) ; idz zglp }liq}mz$ lgl(rmvrg`}jpiodm$ jm zglp `m vrgpgpyvmzmp idz glp }lm ilji`mljm dgln pmrhm$ aumj `m lghorm}zmz jglzq}mljmz vgdipiq}mz$jglghiq}mz mp zgjiadmz, Id zanip `m vrgkmpz dglnz "a} hgilz = alz vg}r da vdaliija(pigl$ = alz vg}r dmz p}`mz `m aizaoidip mp = a}prmz allmz vg}r da jglzpr}jpigl$ haizdmlzmhodm `} vrgkmp$ `m da `jizigl vgdipiq}m da radizapigl pmjbliq}m$ vm}p vrml`rmk}zq} =6 alz) q}i ljmzzipmlp }l mlnanmhmlp z}r vd}zim}rz jmllimz, Dpap aip gijm

àrjbipmjpm mp mzp$ oiml zr$ dm vriljivad ajpm}r àlz da vrizm `m `jizigl v}odiq}m `mnmzpigl `mz rzma} v}odijz "q}idz zgimlp mvdgipz var `mz gvrapm}rz vriuz g} lgl),Jghhmlp uad}mr zi da `jizigl a p vrizm a} rmnar` `} oiml jghh}l 7

Prgiz jg}jbmz `jizigllmddmz varpijivmlp da vrizm `m `jizigl ;

1, Dm liuma} ilzpip}pigllmd$ a} liuma} `m dpap$ ìlip dmz nral`mz grimlpapiglz zprapni(q}mz ml gljpigl `}l vdal q}i vm}p `}rmr k}zq} ?6 "Eraljm) g} :6 alz "Z}izzm),

?, Dm liuma} grnalizapigllmd$ jmzp((ìrm dm nmzpigllairm `m vrgkmp mp dgvrapm}rv}odij q}i zglp jbarnz ùad}mr dmz azvmjpz pmjblijg(jglghiq}mz z}r da oazmìlìjapm}rz pmdz q}m da uadm}r lmppm ajp}mddm,

:, Dmz jipgymlz mp pg}pmz dmz a}prmzvarpimz vrmlalpmz q}i uad}mrglp dmz jglzq}ml(jmz zgjiadmz, Jm nrg}vm jghvrml` }l nral` lghorm àjpm}rz v}odijz mp ua daljmr`mz òapz v}odijz mp }l nral` lghorm àjpiuipz jiuiq}mz, @mz japazprgvbmzjghhm jmddm `} p}llmd `} Hglp Odalj glp vrgugq} da jglzpip}pigl `gvvgzalpz jmz vrgkmpz$ q}i zglp zg}vgllz `prm jg}rpm u}m mp `m lm vaz pmlir jghvpm `mda zj}rip mp `mz q}mzpiglz mluirgllmhmlpadmz a} vrgip `} vriljivad gvrapm}r,Dmz ilnlim}rz lm zglp vaz grhz vg}r vrml`rm `mz `jiziglz àlz }l mluirgl(

lmhmlp anip jghhm jmd}i(d ; idz zglp grhz vg}r prg}umr da hmid dm}rm zgd}pigl ml gljpigl `m varahprmz pmjbliq}mz mp ilaljimrz mp idz jglzi`rmlp dmz a}prmzpyvmz `m jriprmz jghhm irrapigllmdz , Ml rmualjbm$ dmz varpijivalpz a} òapzv}odijz zglp mzzmlpimddmhmlp `mz gvvgzalpz mp `mz ajpiuizpmz$ q}i lm zglp vaz dnipi(hmz vg}r rmvrzmlpmr dm nral` lghorm, Dmz d}z mp dmz lgpaodmz dgja} jglzi`rmlpq}m dmz òapz v}odijz jghvrghmppmlp dm}r dnipihip rmvrzmlpmr dm vm}vdm àlz}l jglpmpm `m `hgjrapim rmvrzmlpapium mp vm}umlp ug}dgir dmz r`}irm }lm jghh}lijapigl zmlz }liq}m$ q}i lm daizzm a}j}lm vdajm a} òap,

@alz dmz prgiz vayz$ dmz appip}`mz dnar` `m da `hgjrapim ìrmjpm zglp przìrmlpmz ; ml Z}izzm$ jmzp da oazm `m da uim jiuiq}m, Ml Eraljm$ dpap mzp `mv}izdglnpmhvz jglzi`r jghhm }l arjbipmjpm "dil`}zpriadizapigl `m da Eraljm vmlàlp

dmz prmlpm ndgrim}zmz $ dmz jmlpradmz l}jdairmz$ dm PNU$ mpj,) mp id mzp a}kg}r`b}ijglzjimlp `m dihvgrpaljm `} òap v}odij ml palp q}m hgyml `m dnipihmr

?? Jmppm p}`m m jaz a p vrvarm dgrz m da vrmhirm zmzzigl } Jyjdm m da jizigl v}odiq}m grnalizm djgdm Lapigladm À`hilizprapigl$ Variz$ ml k}il ?66>, Km rmhmrjim Hijbmd Omn}mdil$Jglzmiddmr a} papz "Vardmhmlp z}izzm)$ mp Harim(Dylm Hma}$ "_mzvglzaodm `m da Hizzigl `mzAdvmz ml jbarnm `m duad}apigl `} pralzvgrp ralaiz z}r dArj advi)$ vg}r dm}r jglprio}pigl,


19/26

dmz vrgkmpz$ ùipmr da jglpmzpapigl mp$ ml jaz `m vrgkmpz prz jghvdmmz$ `m airmavvaraprm `m lg}umddmz gvpiglz, Haiz dm zaugir(airm mzp rmdapiumhmlp lg}uma} mp`gip prm ahdigr, Ml Ipadim$ dpap mzp aiodm mp dm vayz jgllap `mz p}h}dpmz q}ilm zglp vaz jm} a}q}mdz Hajbiaumd zglnmaip vg}r hailpmlir }lm rv}odiq}m?:,

Z}r dm vdal pmjblgdgniq}m$ dm jbmhil `m mr mzp rmdapiumhmlp lm}prm ml jm q}ijgljmrlm dm pralzvgrp `m harjbalìzmz mp dm rizq}m `gozgdmzjmljm pmjblgdgniq}mmzp rmdapiumhmlp aiodm ; ml jglzq}mljm$ dmz aroipranmz ila} zmrglp rml`}z z}r daoazm `}lm uad}apigl `mz azvmjpz jiuiq}mz `} vrgkmp,

@m} vrgkmpz `m jm pyvm zglp ml jg}rz ; dm vrgkmp z}izzm AdvPralzip$ q}i uizm jglzpr}irm }lm arjbipmjp}rm ndgoadm `m pralzvgrp mrrguiairm ml Z}izzm$ q}i zmraiprmdim a} rzma} `m zmz vayz ugizilz$ mp da diaizgl Dygl(P}ril,

@alz dm vrgkmp z}izzm$ `m} nral`mz q}mzpiglz zglp vrzmlpmz àlz dm òap,Jbaj}lm `mz varpimz vrmlalpmz `gip jglprio}mr a} ilaljmhmlp `} vrgkmp ; da jgddmj(

piuip dgjadm dgrzq}mddm `mhal`m `mz ìzvgzipiglz varpij}dirmz$ dmz }pidizapm}rz mp dmzrzi`mlpz "ml jm q}i jgljmrlm dmz mmpz mpmrlmz lnapiz g} vgzipiz), Da q}mzpigl davd}z ìijidm jglzizpm zalz `g}pm rmugir dm hg`dm jglghiq}m `} pralzvgrp$ palp`gll q}m dm pralzvgrp rg}pimr mzp vd}z jglghiq}m q}m dm pralzvgrp mrrguiairm ; dmvrgkmp gip jrmr mz hgymlz mljg}ranmr dmz pralzmrpz ilpmrhgà}$ ml jbarnmalpdmz harjbalìzmz z}r `mz prailz vd}pp q}m àlz `mz jahiglz,

Da Z}izzm mzp }l jaz varpij}dimr palp `gll q}mddm mzp da giz da vaprim `m da`hgjrapim irmjpm mp q}mddm zm zip}m a} jrgizmhmlp mz jbmhilz m mr mp mz ugimzrg}pirmz praumrzalp dmz Advmz, Z}r da oazm `m dmvrimljm `} p}llmd Zp(Ngpbar`$

ilalj var dAddmhanlm mp dIpadim z}r da oazm `}l praip$ da Z}izzm a `ji` `m hail(pmlir za zg}umrailmp z}r dm praij ml ilalalp dm p}llmd mddm(hhm mp ml zg}hmppalpdmz praipz ilpmrlapigla} `mz rrml`}hz, Dmlkm}$ vg}r da Z}izzm$ mzp ùipmr q}m`mz jahiglz `m 06 pgllmz lm praumrzmlp dm vayz mp `m vazzmr a} pralzvgrp ilpmrhg(àd var jglpmlm}rz$ uipalp ailzi dm pralzvgrp var jahiglz, Darjbipmjp}rm `m jm vrgkmprmq}mrraip }lm uizigl m}rgvmllm ndgoadm `} rzma}$ `glp dgokmjpi zprapniq}m `mvmrhmpprm da praumrzm `mz Advmz ml ì bm}rmz, Dm vrgkmp ndgoad$ AdvPralzip$ a pa`gvp var rrml`}h ml 199?$ a} pmrhm `}lm `}rm jahvanlm hmlm var dmdgooy `mz jahigllm}rz, D}lm `mz vrmhirmz nral`mz radizapiglz `m jm vrgkmp mzp

dm p}llmd Dpzjbomrn "?66>)$ q}i vmrhmppra da pralzipigl `m 126 666 jahiglz "z}r1$? hiddiglz) var al `} pralzvgrp rg}pimr a} pralzvgrp mrrguiairm,

Jm aizalp$ dmz Z}izzmz glp `ji` `m ;

( ilaljmr dm vrgkmp ail `m jglzmrumr dil`vmlàljm lapigladm ailzi q}m dm jglprdmz}r dm vrgodhm `} praij,

( jgljmugir }l rzma} lapiglad ndgoad ilpmrjgllmjp aumj à}prmz rzma} m}rg(vmlz, Z}r dm vdal lapiglad$ da Z}izzm a rmkmp da zgd}pigl `} PNU "jghvpm pml} `mda paiddm `} vayz) mp gvp vg}r }l _M_ lapiglad $ q}i vmrhmp jbaj}l `m vrml(`rm }l prail ilpmr}roail zalz `mugir uriimr dmz bgrairmz "::6 prailz var kg}r mlprmDa}zallm mp Nmlum), Z}r dm vdal ndgoad$ mddm a `ji` `m ilaljmr dmz ilumzpizzm(hmlpz dpralnmr ail `prm jgllmjpm a} rzma} nral`m uipmzzm m}rgvmlz"}l mmhvdm palp dmpmlzigl `} PNU `m Hajgl Nmlum),

?: Z}r dm `jdil `} uiumrm vgdipijg ml Ipadim$ ugir dm ìadgn}m mlprm Lgomrpg Ogooig mp Ha}ri{ig Uirgdi"?665),

_gjbmp Dm dmnz `m Hajbiaumd da nmzpigl v}odiq}m =0>


20/26


Dm òap v}odij$ da `hgjrapim ìrmjpm mp dmz vrgkmpz ndgoa} àrjbipmjp}rm glp`gll laizzaljm `m lghorm}zmz illguapiglz a} liuma} dgjad$ jghhm da z}vvrmz(zigl `mz h}rz alpior}ip$ dillguapigl àlz dm haprimd mrrguiairm mp dahdigrapigl `mzjgrrmzvglàljmz dgjadmz vg}r dmz vazzanmrz, piprm `m jghvaraizgl$ dm lg}uma}

PNU ralaiz mlprm Variz mp Zprazog}rn paip `vg}ru} `m zjlarig ndgoad `m jm pyvmmp$ hhm zi da dinlm a vmrhiz àhdigrmr da diaizgl mlprm Variz mp Zprazog}rn$ dmzdiaizglz dgjadmz zm zglp aurmz `m hgilz ogllm q}adip palp `gll q}m pg}z dmzmgrpz `muaimlp zm jgljmlprmr z}r dm PNU,

@} jp ipadiml ml rmualjbm$ dm vrgkmp Dygl(P}ril la vaz p ìzj}p mp a òg}(jb z}r `mz hm}pmz$ aumj =6 666 halimzpalpz gvvgzz a} vrgkmp ìdalp àlzdmz r}mz `m P}ril mp }l hg}umhmlp `m romddigl àlz dmlzmhodm `} Uad ì Z}{a,Daljiml hilizprm rmzvglzaodm "D}larì) paip }l ilnlim}r `vg}ru} `mvrimljm`m ìadgn}m àlz da jgljmvpigl `m nral`z vrgkmpz mp zgl idz paip vrgvripairm `}lm

mlprmvrizm `m vmrjmhmlp `m p}llmdz, Hhm dmz vrprmz vrjbaimlp jglprm dm vrgkmpàlz dmz ndizmz ! Jm jgldip ìlprpz mlprm dilprp vriu mp dilprp v}odij mzp did(d}zprapigl varaipm `m da jgrr}vpig `m Hajbiaumd, Dm hg}umhmlp `} Uad ì Z}{a mzp}l hg}umhmlp pyviq}mhmlp lgp il hy oajcyar` "vaz `m a jbm{ hgi)$ q}i mzpdm rz}dpap `m dihvgzzioidip$ praumrz }l òap v}odij oiml grnaliz$ `m jgljidimr dmoiml jghh}l dgjad `mz baoipalpz mp dm oiml jghh}l ndgoad `} nral` lghorm a}liuma} lapiglad àlz za ndgoadip,

Dm ng}umrlmhmlp ipadiml a ` rmhmpprm dm vrgkmp z}r dmz raidz ml grnalizalp }lvrgjmzz}z `m ìzj}zzigl aumj zmz gvvgzalpz$ q}i zmzp `rg}d jbaq}m zmhailm

`mv}iz da il ?66= mp a mahil 0 gvpiglz "uad}apigl `} praij vazzanmrz mp `mharjbalìzmz$ praj mp q}mzpiglz mluirgllmhmlpadmz) mp a jgli dalihapigl `}òap }l hìapm}r il`vmlàlp baoip} jm pyvm `m vrgjmzz}z jgddmjpiz, Dmvgilp `m u}m `mz aùmrzairmz }p `z dgrz v}odi "q}mdq}m jbgzm q}i mzp pg}kg}rzihvmlzaodm àlz dm vrgjmzz}z ralaiz$ q}i mzp km}lm$ mp pg}kg}rz jglzi`r jghhm}lm hmlajm vg}r da `hgjrapim rmvrzmlpapium mp jglil `mz vgilpz zmjglàirmz$ugirm jghhm }l ìzvgzipi `m hizm ml zjlm ), Hhm zi dm vrgkmp la vaz vrgugq}`hm}pmz ml Eraljm dm mmòajc `m jm q}i zm vazzm ml Ipadim "mp q}i a mlpral }lrmpar` `m `m} alz a} hgilz)$ a ahml dmz a}pgripz ralaizmz rmzvglzaodmz `m da

vdaliijapigl rmahilmr dm vrgkmp ail ìlpnrmr dmz q}mzpiglz zg}dmumz var dmòap ipadiml,Dgrzq}gl mahilm da agl `glp jmz òapz zglp grnalizz ml Z}izzm$ ml Eraljm

mp ml Ipadim àlz da nmzpigl `mz vrgkmpz pmjbliq}mz "q}i zglp zihidairmz$ vg}r dmz(zmlpimd)$ gl jglzpapm dmz aiodmzzmz `m davvrgjbm `mzjmlàlpm pmjblgjrapiq}m mp dmrnlm `mz zgi(ìzalp mvmrpz$ iljavaodmz `m airm ajm a} azza}pz `m da grp}la mp da ljmzzip `m rpaodir dmz vriljivmz rv}odijailz `m Hajbiaumd$ zaugir rmlgrjmrda}pglghim `} vm}vdm mp dilzpr}irm$ mp pml`rm dm uiumrm vgdipijg rv}odijail vg}rvrg`}irm `mz `jiziglz auizmz mp dnipihmz àlz dmz vrgkmpz jghvdmmz,

M, Ahdigrmr dm vrgnrahhm `m rmjbmrjbm ml nmzpigl v}odiq}m 7

Hajbiaumd a p dm vrmhimr vbidgzgvbm vgdipiq}m ìrm q}id lm vm}p y augir `m zgjipzpaodm ml daozmljm `m òapz mp `m jgleipz$ q}i jglzpip}mlp }l hgyml `m `ylahizmrdmz ilzpip}piglz alz }l hgl`m g}umrp$ g dmz zgjipz ugd}mlp palìz q}mddmz mlprmlp`m vd}z ml vd}z àlz }lm vgq}m `m rml`mhmlpz jrgizzalpz zg}rjmz ìljmrpip}`m,


21/26

Id a jghvriz q}m ajm }l hgl`m iljmrpail$ dillguapigl ilzpip}pigllmddm mzp }lmpjbm mzzmlpimddm haiz rizq}m, Zgip dm Vriljm lm jghvrml` vaz dm omzgil ìllguapiglmp vmr` za javajip vrìrm àlz }l hgl`m ml ugd}pigl$ zgip id zm hmp d}i(hhm mlàlnmr palp `gll q}id ua hjglpmlpmr `mz ilprpz ajq}iz zalz gopmlir dm zg}piml

ihhìap `m jm} q}i uglp olijimr `m jmz illguapiglz, Ml jglzq}mljm$ dm Vriljmlm `gip vaz ihhìapmhmlp rudmr zmz ilpmlpiglz haiz `gip anir aumj r}zm, Da umrp}jiuiq}m$ dm uiumrm vgdipijg$ mzp dm vgilp jd vg}r zpih}dmr dugd}pigl ilzpip}pigllmddm,@alz lgprm p}`m `m jaz$ gl zm rml` jghvpm q}md vgilp dm lgl(rmzvmjp `} vrgjmz(z}z `m òap v}odij a z}zjip `mz baoip}`mz lgl umrp}m}zmz q}i glp vrgugq} `mz p}h}dpmz lgl umrp}m} q}i glp mlpral da jgrr}vpigl `} vrgkmp mp zgl ilmijajip,Hajbiaumd zm zg}jiaip `m dmijajip mp `m dmijimljm$ haiz id vdaaip da vrmhirm aualpda zmjgl`m, Dmijajip paip da rv}odiq}m mp dm rnlm `m da uirp g dmz jipgymlzanizzaimlp vg}r hailpmlir mp ahdigrmr dmz uadm}rz jiuiq}mz, Dmijimljm jglzizpaip

jglzi`rmr dbghhm rmd "y jghvriz zgl ngzhm mp zmz uijmz) mp da rzgd}pigl mz vrg(odhmz } hgl`m rmd, Dillguapigl m Hajbiaumd jglzizpaip rmjbmrjbmr mz hgymlzvranhapiq}mz "y jghvriz bglgraodmhmlp ihhgra} $ jmzp da raizgl vg}r daq}mddm ida p had ilpmrvrp) `m ùmdgvvmr dm oiml jghh}l,

Jmp bripanm zmzp mzpghv aumj da praìpigl dioradm `m Bgoomz mp Dgjcm$ q}ilauaimlp vaz jglialjm alz da javajip mz bghhmz `diormr m agl jgddmjpiumz}r dmz q}mzpiglz `} oiml jghh}l$ mp q}i hmppaimlp dajjmlp mzzmlpimddmhmlp z}r dmoiml vriu$ aizalp `} oiml jghh}l da zihvdm zghhm `m jmd}i(ji mp$ ml jglzq}ml(jm$ r`}izalp dm rdm `m dpap }l rdm `m jgmrjipigl "Zcillmr$ 1995$ ?662),

Da nmzpigl v}odiq}m zmzp k}zq} vrzmlp mzzmlpimddmhmlp zg}jim `m d mi(jimljm àlz dmz grnalizapiglz$ }l vblghlm q}i mzp `muml} dm Zailp Nraad `mpg}z dmz a`hilizprapm}rz v}odijz àlz dm hgl`m alndg(zagl$ jghhm dm hglprmjdairmhmlp Erm` Pbghvzgl àlz za rmu}m avvrgglìm `m djglghim vgdipiq}m `mda`hilizprapigl v}odiq}m "?665), Da vrmhirm vgq}m a p dm varaìnhm ~oriml$gl` z}r da zvarapigl mlprm dmz aipz mp dmz uadm}rz$ q}i paip da pralzvgzipigl àlzdm hgl`m a`hilizprapi `m da rmjbmrjbm `jglghimz `jbmddm q}i jarajprizaip dmhg`m `m vrg`}jpigl `m da `m}ihm rugd}pigl il`}zprimddm, Mddm a mlz}ipm ` airmajm da oaizzm `mijimljm `mz grnalizapiglz ilpnrmz umrpijadmhmlp aumj darri(

um `m da prgizihm rugd}pigl il`}zprimddm, Ml jglzq}mljm$ àlz dm jglpmpm `mzallmz 1926 mp `m dgmlzium jglprm d pap vrgui`mljm$ d jglghim lgjdazziq}m mzp`muml}m da ugim godinapgirm z}iurm àlz da q}pm `} Zailp Nraad `m dmijimljm,Lghorm m jbmrjbm}rz glp aoglàhhmlp jrip jm q}i laddaip vaz alz djglghimlgjdazziq}m mp dm aip q}mddm lm vmrhmp vaz `m airm ajm a} hgl`m rmd$ zanizzalp`}lm jglghim `m paodma} lgir , Dmz pbgrimz `mz jbgi v}odijz q}i zglp daoazm `m da lg}umddm pmlàljm àlz da`hilizprapigl v}odiq}m um}dmlp jglzpr}irm `mzhg`dmz varaipz haiz mddmz jglpil}mlp prm zg}hizmz `mz rizq}mz hgra} ,Vg}r ìrm dmz jbgzmz ìrmjpmhmlp ; dmz pbgrimz `mz jbgi v}odijz "mp dmz a}prmz)

zglp(mddmz varuml}mz `mz rz}dpapz a}prmz q}}lm hg`dizapigl$ nrjm `lgrhmzjbaa}ànmz hapbhapiq}mz$ `m jm q}m Hajbiaumd aladyzaip jghhm palp dmzjglzq}mljmz `m da jgrr}vpig$ jmzp((ìrm da agl glp dmz ilprpz vriuz javp}rmlpdpap ml daozmljm `m uirp 7

Jghhm da ìp Pbghvzgl$ da dgniq}m jglghiq}m lm rmpimlp a}j}l a}prm oimlq}m dmijimljm$ a}j}l a}prm had q}m dilmijimljm "?665;0), Id mzp a}kg}r`b}i rmda(piumhmlp jdair q}m da vgzipigl halanriadm lg}z ìp jghhmlp oiml airm dmz jbgzmz

_gjbmp Dm dmnz `m Hajbiaumd da nmzpigl v}odiq}m =09


22/26

==6 _mu}m Ilpmrlapigladm `mz Zjimljmz A`hilizprapiumz >0":)

haiz vaz jghhmlp airm dmz ogllmz jbgzmz mp q}m lg}z `muglz a}zzi lg}z zg}jimr$mzzmlpimddmhmlp$ `mijajip mp `m vmrpilmljm,

Dmz pmjbliq}mz halanriadmz zglp oiml zr `}lm ihvgrpaljm mzzmlpimddm, Dm`mrlimr `mz jglghizpmz jdazziq}mz$ Kgbl Zp}arp Hidd$ lpaip vaz varpij}dirmhmlp

mlpbg}ziazpm q}alp da lg}umddm vgzipigl aizalp `} harjb dm hgpm}r `m dug(d}pigl ilzpip}pigllmddm, Id lm aip a}j}l `g}pm q}m da vrmhirm rugd}pigl il`}z(primddm ml Alndmpmrrm }p dm r}ip `}lm vgdipiq}m hmrjalpidizpm r}zzim gl`m z}r}l rdm ajpi `m dpap "vgdipiq}m izjadm$ ilumzpizzmhmlpz àlz da Harilm$ vgdipiq}mil`}zprimddm)$ jghhm jmda a p `hglpr `m agl jgluailjalpm var `mz bizpgrimlz`m djglghim jghhm Vaprijc GOriml "1992), Jmda zmzp lalhgilz pra`}ip$ dail `} RUIIIm zijdm$ var }lm o}rma}jrapizapigl `m dpap jghhm q}grnalizapigl,Jghhm dilìq}m Zjb}hvmpmr "192=) àlz zgl Bizpgirm `m daladyzm jglghiq}m"192:$ II; ?:0(?:=)$ a}j}l a`hilizprapm}r zrim} la}raip vrpml`} q}m$ ml jm q}i

jgljmrlm dpap `m da`hilizprapigl oripalliq}m$ z}ohmrnm var dmz zilj}rmz$ pg}pmilpmlpigl `m rn}dmr djglghim var dilpmrumlpigl `m dpap a}raip v} zm pra`}irm vara}prm jbgzm q}}l jbmj, Jmzp da raizgl vg}r daq}mddm Zp}arp Hidd a jmzz `m praipmr`m da rgrhm `m dpap mp a ili var ajjmvpmr dm daizzmr(airm nlrad, Jmvmlàlp$jghhm dm rmharq}m Zjb}hvmpmr$ Zp}arp(Hidd a rm}z `m pralzgrhmr }l k}nmhmlpml rmjghhalàpigl ; jmz ìij}dpz paimlp ilz}rhglpaodmz jmppm vgq}m$ haizlm vg}uaimlp dnipihmr }lm hglghalim alpi(pap,

Dmz pmjbliq}mz hg`mrlmz `m nmzpigl$ ml varpij}dimr dmz zyzphmz ìlgrhapigl$vmrhmppmlp `m jgljmugir `mz zpr}jp}rmz dmiodmz mp aàvpapiumz mp `m ìzvgzmr

ìlgrhapiglz zpapizpiq}mz z}r dmz rz}dpapz mp dmz vrg`}ipz ail `m `gllmr }l rmpg}rìlgrhapiglz dajpm}r v}odij z}r jm q}id radizm mmjpiumhmlp mp `m vmrhmpprmailzi }lm hmiddm}rm addgjapigl `mz rmzzg}rjmz$ }lm ò}rma}jrapizapigl mp }l rmlgr(jmhmlp m da}pglghim mz gljpigllairmz var dm oiaiz }l avvrmlpizzanm ml g}odmog}jdm "zmdgl da ìlipigl `m Arnyryz mp Zjbl$ 19>2), Ml rmlàlp dmz grnalizapiglzvidgpaodmz$ dmz pmjbliq}mz halanriadmz lg}z vmrhmppmlp ì`mlpiimr dmz jghvrghizvgdipiq}mz ljmzzairmz "_gjbmp$ ?66>),

Jmzp vrjizhmlp d q}m dm LHV rapm za jiodm, Ml aizalp `m da`hilizprapiglv}odiq}m$ d g id a p ihvdalp$ }lm o}rma}jrapim dioradm $ vg}r rmvrml`rm da

ìlipigl `m @aui` Nia}q}m$ id zmzp gjadiz vriljivadmhmlp z}r dmz vrg`}ipz$ dmzzpih}dalpz ilaljimrz$ da `jmlpradizapigl mp a jglzi`r dmz pmjblgdgnimz `m dilgr(hapigl jghhm }lm hallm mgnlm pghom `} jimd mp lgl jghhm }l hgyml `mpralzgrhmr dmz o}rma}jrapimz `m agl ml`gnlm "_gjbmp$ ?66>), Pbghvzgl ug(q}m diljavajip `m da nmzpigl v}odiq}m hmpprm ml }urm jmppm ugd}pigl ;

da dgniq}m `m dilpnrapigl bgri{glpadm lmzp vaz prz oiml li ùmdgvvm li jghvrizm$ml varpim varjm q}m dmz p}ìalpz ml nmzpigl lm zm rml`mlp vaz pgpadmhmlp jghvpm `mda ljmzzip `m rmvmlzmr dm vrgodhm `m jggr`gllapigl `mz ajpiuipz dgrzq}m dmz jgpzìlgrhapigl zglp oaz g} zgrnalizmr ail `m jrmr `m da uadm}r uia `mz vrgjmzz}z

varadddmz, Dmz jglghizpmz `mz grnalizapiglz glp p pg}p varpij}dirmhmlp vm} mljdilz rmvmlzmr dmz `gjprilmz rm}mz, "?665;00),

Eairm mlprmr da`hilizprapigl v}odiq}m àlz drm l}hriq}m$ ml rmualjbm$ ljmz(zipm `mlprmr àlz }lm ng}umrlaljm `m drm l}hriq}m$ am z}r `mz pbhmzpmdz q}m d.ilpnrapigl `mz vrgjmzz}z$ dmz zyzphmz oazz z}r dmz omzgilz$ dilnlimrimmp dmz jbalnmhmlpz l}hriq}mz "@}ldmauy al` ad, ?66=), Jmzp }lm vmrzvmjpium


23/26

pyviq}mhmlp hajbiaudimllm$ àlz daq}mddm dm ng}umrlmhmlp mzp dior `m pg}pmjgljmvpigl `pmrhilizpm mp anip jghhm }l arjbipmjpm$ ml pmlalp jghvpm aualp pg}p`mz gokmjpiz `m dajpigl v}odiq}m$ `} oiml jghh}l$ `m dmijajip var dm oiaiz `mdmijimljm grnalizapigllmddm "mp lgl dm jglprairm)$ mp `m dahdigrapigl `m da uirp

jiuiq}m àlz dm `ghailm `m d a`hilizprapigl v}odiq}m var dm rmlgrjmhmlp `m da}pg(lghim `mz gljpigllairmz$ mp ml aizalp `m da`hilizprapigl v}odiq}m }l japadyzm}r`mz ilipiapiumz vriumz jglumrnmalp umrz }lm zprapnim ndgoadm,

Ml jgljd}zigl$ id jgluimlp `m zm vgzmr da q}mzpigl z}iualpm ; jghhmlp ilprg`}irmdpbiq}m mp dmz uadm}rz jiuiq}mz$ da lgpigl m oiml jghh}l$ alz da nmzpigl v}odiq}mml palp q}m ìzjivdilm aja`hiq}m 7 Ihrm Dacapgz "1926) a ùmdgvv da lgpigl `m vrgnrahhm `m rmjbmrjbm jmlpr z}r }lm byvgpbzm glàhmlpadm$ q}i mzp dgrinilm }lm jrgyaljm$ mlpg}rm `}lm jmilp}rm `byvgpbzmz vrgpmjprijmz q}i zglpug}mz prm adziimz $ a} zmlz vgvvriml `} pmrhm, Id q}adiim dmz vrgnrahhmz

`m rmjbmrjbm q}i lm varuimllmlp vd}z prm vrìjpiz mp vrg`}irm `m lg}umddmzjgllaizzaljmz$ `m vrgnrahhmz `nlrmzjmlpz , Dilprp nralìzzalp vg}rdpbiq}m àlz da rmjbmrjbm z}r da nmzpigl v}odiq}m vmrhmp `m him} jghvrml`rm dmjarajprm `nlrmzjmlp `} vrgnrahhm `m rmjbmrjbm gl` z}r dm halanria(dizhm, Erm` Pbghvzgl zg}dinlm dugd}pigl `m da nmzpigl v}odiq}m umrz djglghimlgjdazziq}m mp zgl iljavajip airm ajm a} hgl`m rmd mz vrgodhmz q}gpiìmlz`m da`hilizprapigl v}odiq}m, Jghhm dilìq}m _milmrp "?666)$ djglghim lgjdazzi(q}m a `nlr vg}r airm `mddm(hhm zgl vrgvrm gokmp `m rmjbmrjbm ( EraljizOajgl izaip da hhm jbgzm vrgvgz m da mrlirm vrig`m m da zjgdazpiq}m mp a

aip }l pg}r jghvdmp q}i da jgl`}ip `m da zjgdazpiq}m da zjgdazpiq}m hapbhapiq}m$mp vmr`} za javajip vrmzjrivpium,

Zi dgl varuimlp `hdmr dmz q}mzpiglz halanriadmz mp grnalizapigllmddmz "oimlairm dmz jbgzmz) `mz q}mzpiglz vgdipiq}mz "airm ogllmz dmz jbgzmz)$ dmz pmjblgdgnimzhalanriadmz vm}umlp lg}z ai`mr rmumlir a} gokmjpiz glàhmlpa} `m dajpiglv}odiq}m$ i`mlpiiz var dmz b}halizpmz m da _mlaizzaljm ( lgpahhmlp Hajbiaumd$ dmvd}z ilzpr}jpi mp dm vd}z had jghvriz ; dm oiml jghh}l$ da umrp} jiuiq}m mp dm omzgilvmrhalmlp ùgd}pigl ilzpip}pigllmddm,

Ml jglzq}mljm$ lg}z `muriglz grh}dmr lgprm vrgnrahhm `m rmjbmrjbm ml

nmzpigl v}odiq}m a}pg}r `}lm byvgpbzm glàhmlpadm ; Zalz vbidgzgvbimvgdipiq}m$ da nmzpigl v}odiq}m mzp aum}ndm$ da vbidgzgvbim vgdipiq}m zalz da nmzpiglv}odiq}m mzp ihv}izzalpm , Jm vrgnrahhm `muraip uizmr aogr`mr `mz q}mzpiglzpmddmz q}m q}mzp(jm q}}lm ogllm jizigl v}odiq}m 7 $ q}mddmz zglp dmz lg}umd(dmz javajipz zprapniq}mz q}m `giumlp vgzz`mr dmz nmzpigllairmz v}odijz vg}r airmajm jmppm ilpnrapigl `mz uadm}rz jiuiq}mz àlz da nmzpigl v}odiq}m 7 $ jgh(hmlp mljg}ranmr dugd}pigl ilzpip}pigllmddm dgrzq}gl mzp jglrglp `mz jbalnm(hmlpz vmrp}roapm}rz àlz dmluirgllmhmlp 7 , Da nmzpigl v}odiq}m mlprmraip ailzi}l vrgjmzz}z àhdigrapigl vmrhalmlpm kg}alp dm rdm `m hail iluiziodm jbarnm

`m da rzgd}pigl `mz vrgodhmz vrapiq}mz àlz dmz aairmz v}odiq}mz$ vmrhmppalpda rmzpa}rapigl `} vg}ugir `m da vgdipiq}m mp `m dahg}r `} oiml jghh}l jghhmjglìpigl hhm dmizpmljm `m jmppm jbgzm q}mzp da zgjip ?0,

?0 Pra`}jpigl dippradm m dalndaiz pbm dgum g pbm jghhgl ngg` az pbm umry jglìpigl g mizpmljmg z}jb pbiln az zgjimpy$ q}i mzp }lm add}zigl da ahm}zm vbrazm `m Harnarmp Pbapjbmr pbmrmiz lg z}jb pbiln z}jb az zgjimpy "L@P)

_gjbmp Dm dmnz `m Hajbiaumd da nmzpigl v}odiq}m ==1


24/26

==? _mu}m Ilpmrlapigladm `mz Zjimljmz A`hilizprapiumz >0":)

_ermljmz

Agci$ Hazabicg$ ?661 Pg~ar` a jghvarapium Ilzpip}piglad Aladyziz $ HIP Vrmzz$ HAOgoig$ Lgrompg mp Ha}ri{igl Uirgdi$ "?665) @iadgn}m a}pg}r `m da _v}odiq}m$ Vrmzzmz ]liumrzipairmz

`m _mllmz$ _mllmz,Ogpmrg$ Nigualli "1=29'19=5) Pbm _mazgl g Zpapm "Lm~ Bauml; Yadm ]liumrzipy Vrmzz),Or}`lmy$ Cmlp H, 1920$ Hajbiaumddi gl Zgjiad Jdazz al` Jdazz Jgldijpz Vgdipijad Pbmgry1920 1?3 =6>@mzjml`rm$ _ghail "?66:) _aizgl `Mpap$ v}izzalpjm mp jglghim, Dm hmrjalpidizhm `m Nigualli

Ogpmrg _mu}m `m hpavbyziq}m mp `m hgradm$ ?66:': (:9@rmjbzdmr$ ^gdnaln Pbm _m(Mhmrnmljm g ^momrial V}odij A`hilizprapigl apmr pbm Eadd g Lm~

V}odij Halanmhmlp; Pbm Jmlprad al` Mazpmrl M}rgvmal Vmrzvmjpium$ Bad`}zc}dp}}r$ ?66=$ ugd 5$vv, 90(162,

@rmjbzdmr$ ^gdnaln Pbm _izm al` @mhizm g pbm Lm~ V}odij Halanmhmlp$ vgzp(a}pizpij mjglg(hijz rmuim~$ izz}m lg, ::$ 10 Zmvpmhomr ?66=$ vv, 1>( ?2$ bppv;''~~~,vamjgl,lmp'VAM_muim~'izz}m::'@rmjbzdmr::,bph

@rmjbzdmr$ ^gdnaln ?661$ Ngg` al` Oa` Ngumrlhmlp; Ahorgnnig Dgrml{mppiz Ermzjgmz il pbm ZimlaPg~l Badd az Hizzigl Zpapmhmlp gr V}odij A`hilizprapigl Pgày, @izj}zzigl vavmrl ?6$ GvmlZgjimpy Ilzpip}pm$ O}àvmzp

Ermmhal$ Jbriz al` Zgmpm$ D}j$ "199>) Pbm Mjglghijz g Il`}zpriad Illguapigl HIP Vrmzz MìpiglNaiddm(Licgìhgu$ Harim mp Hlizzimr$ Pbimrry "?665)$ Dmjp}rmz `m Hajbiaumd $ mddivzmz$ VarizNia}q}m @aui`$ "?660) Da o}rma}jrapim dioradm$ Lg}umddm nmzpigl v}odiq}m mp rn}dapigl grnaliza(

pigllmddm $ D.Barhappal$ VarizNidomrp$ Emdi "1920) Hajbiaumddi al` N}ijjiarìli; Vgdipijz al` Bizpgry il Zipmmlpb(Jmlp}ry Edgrmljm

Lm~ m`,$ ^,^ Lgrpgl$ irzp m` 1950$ Vriljmpgl ]liumrzipy VrmzzNr}mliln$ Nmrlg`, 1992, Grinil al` Pbmgrmpijad Oaziz g pbm Lm~ V}odijHalanmhmlp, IVHL

Jglmrmljm vavmr$ bppv;''~~~,ilv}ha,lmp'rmzmarjb'vavmrz'zadmh'nmrlg`,`gj,Cgyr$ Admal`rm$ "1922) @} hgl`m jdgz d]liumrz ilili$ Naddihar`$ VarizDacapgz$ Ihrm "19>2), Pbm Hmpbg`gdgny g Zjimlpiij _mzmarjb Vrgnrahhmz; Vbidgzgvbijad Vavmrz

Ugd}hm 1, Jahori`nm; Jahori`nm ]liumrzipy VrmzzDaomddm$ Niddmz "1925)$ Jal pbm vrgodmh g pbm pbmgdgnijad vgdipijad om rmzgdum`7 Dmg Zpra}zzz al`

Jda}`m Dmgrp Pbmziz Mdmuml$ 19253 2>3 5:Dacapgz$ Ihrm "1926) Pbm Hmpbg`gdgny g Zjimlpiij _mzmarjb Vrgnrahhmz Jahori`nmDal`mz$ @aui`$ ?666 _ijbmzzm mp va}urmp `mz lapiglz ; vg}rq}gi jmrpailz zglp rijbmz$ vg}rq}gi

jmrpailz zglp va}urmz $ pra`, Adoil Hijbmd$ VarizDazjb$ Jbrizpgvbmr$ ?666$ Da j}dp}rm `} larjizzizhm$ da uim ahrijailm }l nm `m `jdil `mz mzv(

raljmz $ pra`, M`, Jdihapz$ Jazpmdla}(dm(Dm{Dm Hginlm$ Kmal(Dg}iz$ "?66>) Pbm Ilpmddinmljm g Jghvdmipy$ jglmrmljm$ Eaj}dpy g Vzyjbgdgny

al` M`}japiglad Zjimljmz g pbm ]liumrzipy g Dizogl$ gl 1=pb Emor}ary$ ?66>$zzig ' m`}japigladzjimljmz kg}rlad lg, 0 zmv'`mj 6>

Hajbiaumd$ Lijjgdaz; Id y a oma}jg}v `m pra`}jpiglz jglpmlalp oma}jg}v ìlpmrvrpapiglz, Vg}rdm pmpm ralaiz$ da}pm}r a }pidiz dm prauaid rmharq}aodm `m Eraljiz Omj$ Jgddmjpigl Og}q}ilz$Edahharigl$ Variz,

Haylgr$ Kgbl "?66?) Algpbmr Ilzpr}hmlpad _mv}odijal Avvrgajb7 M}rgvmal Kg}rlad g VgdipijadPbmgry?66?3 13 >1

Hiddmr$ _,$ Dmzzar`$ @,$ "?661)$ Pbm halanmhmlp g pbm darnm mlnilmmriln vrgkmjpz$ HIP Vrmzz

Hg}daciz$ Apbalazigz$ ?66=$ Dmg Zpra}zz al` Mrij Ugmnmdil gl Hajbiaumddi$ M}rgvmal Kg}rlad gMjglghij pbmgry$ ?66=$ 0(??9

HjJghijc$ Kgbl V, Hajbiaumddiz Vgdipijad Priadz al` pbm Ermm ay g Dim$ Vgdipijad Pbmgry; AlIlpmrlapiglad Kg}rlad g Vgdipijad Vbidgzgvby:=$ lg, 0 "A}n}zp ?66>) :2=(011, Hajbiaumddi anailzp_mv}odijalizh; Gl pbm Jahori`nm Zjbggdz N}ijjiarìlial Hghmlpz$ Vgdipijad Pbmgry:1$ lg, ="Gjpgomr ?66:) 51=(50:,


25/26

Lgrpb$ @g}ndazz$ ?66=$ ]l`mrzpalìln pbm Vrgjmzz g Mjglghij Jbalnm $ Vriljmpgl ]liumrzipyVrmzz

G Oriml$ Vaprijc$ 1992 Ilzmvaraodm Jgllmiglz; Pra`m Mjglghy$ Eizjad Zpapm al` pbm Mvalzigl gMhvirm$ 1522(121= il V, Harzbadd "m`)$ Ggr` Bizpgry g pbm Oripizb Mhvirm$ ugd, ? "G]V 1992

Valndm$ Pbghaz$ "1925) Pbm m`mradizp vavmrz uizigl g jiuij bmadpb al` pbm praìpigl g}p g ~bijbpbap uizigl mhmrnmz $ Vgdipijad _mzmarjb Q}arpmrdyVmppip$ Vbidiv$ ?660 _v}odijalizhm$ }lm pbgrim `m da diomrp mp `} ng}umrlmhmlp$ L_E Naddihar`$

VarizVgddipp$ J,$mp Og}jcamrp$ N, "?666$ lm~ mìpigl ?660), V}odij halanmhmlp rmgrh; Al ilpmrlapiglad

jghvarizgl, Ggr $ ]C$ Ggr` ]liumrzipy Vrmzz,Vgjgjc$ K,N,A$ 19>= "zmjgl` mìpigl ?66:)$ Pbm Hajbiaumddial Hghmlp$ Edgrmlpilm Vgdipijad Pbg}nbp

al` pbm Apdalpij _mv}odijal Praìpigl $ Vriljmpgl ]liumrzipy Vrmzz$ LK_milmrp$ Mric$ ?666$ E}dd jirjdm; mjglghijz rgh zjbgdazpijizh pbrg}nb illguapigl al` oajc ilpg hapb(

mhapijad zjbgdazpijizh Kg}rlad g Mjglghij Zp}ìmz$ Ugd, ?> Lg, 0'=$ ?666_milmrp$ Mric$ ?66> Bg~ _ijb Jg}lprimz Ngp _ijb al` ^by Vggr Jg}lprimz Zpay Vggr$ Jglzpaodm$

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