le choix de l'entreprise. comment la france peut s'inspirer de l'allemagne

7/27/2019 Le choix de l'entreprise. Comment la France peut s'inspirer de l'Allemagne

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DCQ EFPCQ @C DGEQPGPSP

Mvrgcr ?>


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Ar ce


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DCQ EFPCQ @C DGEQPGPSPMvrgcr ?>


4/44

Gestgtut `c dcetrcprgsc, ?>


5/44

1Dcs eftcs `c dGestgtut Mvrgcr ?>

?. dlstruaturcmgeleagrc`cscetrc^rgscs, tldfe`labgddcce mrleac,mfrac`cmrl^^cce lddciljec........................................................................................................................................................... ?=

AFEADSQGFE .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11

OGODGFJ_L^BGC ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1=


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3Dcs eftcs `c dGestgtut Mvrgcr ?>>2-?>>7, lvca sfe afetrcafup sur dl zfec curf, l igs

ce duigrc dpugscicet `cs if`dcs afefigqucs mfe`s sur dl afesfi-

iltgfe ct dce`cttcicet ct sfudgje dl alplagt `c rsgstleac lux abfas `cacux qug rcpfslgcet sur dl afiptgtgvgt `cs cetrcprgscs. Qg dl Mrleac pcut

trc adlssc `les ue jrfupc afiprcelet dcs tlts-Segs fu dc _fyluic Seg >> dl afiptgtgvgt `c sfe if`dc àfefigc cetrc-

prcecurgldc.

Sec foscrvltgfe sur dfejuc prgf`c pcrict `c icttrc ce duigrc dcs alrlatrgstgqucs

mfeagrcs `cs strltjgcs afefigqucs afiplrcs pfursugvgcs plr dl Mrleac ct dLddciljec.

DLddciljec sc `gstgejuc plr dc rdc acetrld `vfdu dcetrcprgsc afiic dgcu `laauiudl-

tgfe `c rgabcssc ct `c sfagldgsltgfe 8 ce Mrleac, dc rdc `cs cetrcprgscs, afiic uegts

lutfefics `c prfùatgfe `c rgabcssc ct `c afestruatgfe `c dgces sfaglux, cst vfu dlpfrtgfe afejruc. Ce tcrics dlpg`lgrcs, fe pcut afesg`rcr quc dcs cetrcprgscs sfet

lu scrvgac `c dtlt ct `c scs fokcatgms prfprcs ce Mrleac ct quc dtlt cst lu scrvgac

`c dafefigc ct `c dl sfagt ce Lddciljec.

Pfutcs dcs `feecs foscrvcs sfudgjecet ac afetrlstc ; pfg`s `cs `pcescs puodgqucs

ce prfpfrtgfe ù ^GO, egvclu rcdltgm ct losfdu `cs prdvcicets fodgjltfgrcs sur dce-

sciodc ù ^GO, lmmcatltgfe rcdltgvc `c dl ablrjc sur dcs ieljcs ct sur dcs cetrcprgscs.


8/44

=

Dc abfgx `c dcetrcprgsc. Afiicet dl Mrleac pcut sgespgrcr `c dLddciljec

D f dLddciljec vcgddc ilgetcegr dcs jlges `c prfùatgvgt `les dcs cetrcprgscs

pfur mlvfrgscr ue prfacssus `laauiudltgfe eleagrc ct `c ilgetgce `c dcipdfg, dl

Mrleac afescrvc uec dgjec `latgfe dcs trlesmrlet dtlt qug ce lssurc dl rc`gstrgou-tgfe sur `cs olscs adgcetdgstcs tfus dcs tgtudlgrcs `c rcetcs sur ue if`dc, acrtcs

ìfarltgs, qug ecst pls sles rlppcdcr dLeagce _jgic. Dl Mrleac rcstc laarfabc

lu rdc acetrld `cs pfdgtgqucs afefigqucs sur ue if`dc afdocrtgstc ct hcyesgce.

Cddc rcstc vgssc lux `fjics scdfe dcsqucds dlaarfgsscicet `cs `pcescs puodgqucs

mlvfrgsc dl arfgssleac ct dcur rùatgfe dl peldgsc. Lvca ue rlgsfeecicet qulsgicet

gevcrsc, dLddciljec, qug sfus dc pfg`s `c duegmgaltgfe l ` afeslarcr `cs cmmfrts

afdfsslux ce mlvcur `cs efuvclux de`cr, ct l vu dc pfg`s `cs `pcescs puodgqucs ct

`c dce`cttcicet lujicetcr ce prfpfrtgfe ù ^GO, scst lttlabc `cpugs dc òut `cs

leecs ?>>> gevcrscr dl tce`leac, ce vuc `c rcstlurcr uec afiptgtgvgt ildicecdfrs `c dl pblsc pra`cetc.

Dl afiplrlgsfe `cs `cux strltjgcs lofutgt `cs afeadusgfes sles lppcd. D f

dLddciljec cetrctgcet ct `vcdfppc uec olsc prfùatgvc sfdg`c ct cxpfrtltrgac, dl Mrleac

foscrvc gipugssletc dc `prgsscicet `c sfe tgssu prfùatgm, afiiceacr plr sl

olsc geùstrgcddc.

Lu ofut ù afiptc, gd cxgstc lukfur`bug ue jrle` alrtcicet cetrc dcs `cux plys,

pfurtlet vfus afevcrjcr pfur prscrvcr dcur dcl`crsbgp ce zfec curf. Fr dc rgsquc `c

`gvcrjceac `c egvclu `c vgc ct dc àdlsscicet ù rlej `c dafefigc mrlelgsc vfet

mgegr plr lifge`rgr sfe stltut pfdgtgquc. Dfoscrvltgfe sur dfejuc prgf`c ifetrc quc

rgce ecst klilgs grrvcrsgodc ct quc dcs iics aluscs prfùgscet dcs iics cmmcts.

\ule` dLddciljec iec uec pfdgtgquc mrlelgsc , cddc fotgcet dcs rsudtlts ce rlppfrt

lvca ac alp 8 qule` dl Mrleac iec uec pfdgtgquc lddcile`c , cddc fotgcet `cs rsudtlts

sgigdlgrcs acux `c sfe vfgsge rbele. Dl argsc arc dcs afe`gtgfes p`ljfjgqucs ct dl

djgtgigt pfdgtgquc pfur quc dl Mrleac iec uec pfdgtgquc `gespgrltgfe lddcile`c,

pdllet dcs cetrcprgscs lu aur `c sl strltjgc `c arfgssleac. Lprs tfut, ecst-ac plsdl icgddcurc rpfesc sl vfdfet `c prscrvcr sfe if`dc sfagld 6


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:Dcs eftcs `c dGestgtut Mvrgcr ?>>2-?>>7 sugvgc `c acddc `c dcurf (?>>7-?>


10/44

2


tgfeegsic puodga sc vcut dc aur `c sl strltjgc. @slvcu tcrrgodc ct `lutlet pdus

ciolrrlsslet quc dLddciljec, plrtcelgrc fodgj ct prgvgdjg `c dl Mrleac `les dl

afestruatgfe curfpceec, lmmgabc cs pcrmfrileacs ce iltgrc c arfgssleac, cipdfgct `c sgtultgfe mgeleagrc, qug rcpfscet qulsgicet sur ue afetrc-if`dc mrlelgs ;

afiptgtgvgt `cs cetrcprgscs mligdgldcs ct iltrgsc `cs `pcescs ct `cs `mgagts

puodgas.

Orcm, ce prltgqulet uec strltjgc afefigquc lvlet tfut mfe`c sur ue èg `c rldgt,

dl Mrleac sc rctrfuvc `les uec sgtultgfe `lppluvrgsscicet afefigquc iic sgd

scxprgic ce tcrics rcdltgms ct `c àdlsscicet pfdgtgquc. Ilgs dl argsc pcut lussg

prfùgrc `cs cmmcts sldutlgrcs. ^cu pcu, sc mlgt kfur plrig acrtlges rcspfeslodcs

mrlelgs uec prgsc `c afesagceac `c dl eacssgt `c rtlodgr uec strltjgc afefigquctfurec vcrs dl rcafestruatgfe ùec arfgssleac afiptgtgvc, acst--`grc ùe if`dc

afefigquc `fmmrc ct efe pdus `c `cile`c tgrc plr uec afesfiiltgfe cetrctceuc

plr dce`cttcicet. Ildjr acttc prgsc `c afesagceac ogcevceuc, dl Mrleac pcgec ele-

ifges sc `mlgrc `c scs vgcux ìfes. Qg dcs rcspfeslodcs mrlelgs sc rsfdvcet

lole`feecr dcs vgcgddcs duecs `c dl arfgssleac tgrc plr dl afesfiiltgfe, lrtgmgagcd-

dcicet sfutceuc plr dl `gstrgoutgfe jerldgsc `c `rfgts sfaglux, dl tcetltgfe cxgstc

`c rcefucr lvca dc iytbc tfut lussg aud `c dl pfdgtgquc geùstrgcddc1. ^furtlet dl

Mrleac, dfge `lìcttrc rsfduicet dl eacssgt `c pdlacr lu aur `c sl strltjgc

afefigquc dcs cetrcprgscs ct dcs cetrcprcecurs ac qug cst dl ad `c dl russgtc

lddcile`c sfostgec `les `cs strltjgcs qug fet abfu ablquc mfgs qucddcs fet

t prltgqucs. ^ls pdus quc dl vudjltc hcyesgceec mfeagrcicet rvrc ce Mrleac,

ifges pfur scs pcrmfrileacs afefigqucs suppfscs quc afiic uec mlfe `c

iljegmgcr dc rdc `c dtlt, dc afdocrtgsic el pls lppfrt `c rsudtlts prfolets,

dcxacptgfe `cs sgtultgfes ilgs acst dcxacptgfe qug afemgric dl rjdc f dtlt cst

dl mfgs dc prfùatcur ct dlabctcur. @s dfrs quc dc afdocrtgsic slppdgquc `cs ilr-

abs afeaurrcetgcds, gd elofutgt qu `cs rsudtlts `slstrcux fu/ct mlatgacs. Dl vrg-

tlodc mfeatgfe qugd slssgjec afesgstc mgeldcicet ifges pfursugvrc `cs fokcatgms `carfgssleac qu pdlacr dafefigc `les uec sgtultgfe `c `pce`leac djlr` `c dtlt

ct `c scs fokcatgms `c pugssleac, plr dl afestgtutgfe `c rcetcs `fet dc aft cst mgeldc-

icet suppfrt plr dc tgssu prfùatgm vfdulet ce uegvcrs afeaurrcetgcd. Ce `mgegtgvc,

dl mlfe `fet dtlt ce Mrleac afefgt mfe`licetldcicet sfe rdc afesgstc `gstrgoucr

fu/ct jlrletgr `cs rcetcs ; `cs rcetcs `c prfùatgfe lu ifyce ù afdocrtgsic geùs-

trgcd, cs rcetcs `c afesfiiltgfe plr digssgfe c rfgts sfaglux mlatgacs, lppdgalodcs

uec prfùatgfe qug ecxgstc plrtgcddcicet pls, pugsquc iltrgldgsc plr dcs `mgagts ct

1. ^bgdgppc Ljbgfe, Jgdocrt Acttc, Cdgc Afbce, Iltbgd`c Dcifgec, Argsc ct arfgssleac ; uec strltjgc pfur dl Mrleac,

_lppfrt ù Afescgd `Leldysc afefigquc e >, Dl @fauicetltgfe mrlelgsc, lrgs, ?>


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12/44


13/44

2-?>. Dcs cetrcprcecurs ct dcurs afddlofrltcurs Igtlrocgtcr

scstgicet dgs plr uec rcspfeslogdgt plrtljc. Afiic dc sfudgjec Gslocddc Ofurjcfgs,

cipdfycur ct cipdfys mfricet `s dfrs uec afiiuelut fuvrlet `rfgt lu plrtljc

`cs rgabcsscs ; sles alpgtld pls `c trlvlgd (rcspfeslogdgt `u pltrfe) sles trlvlgd pls

`c alpgtld (acddc `cs sldlrgs).2 @les ac afetcxtc, dl prgfrgt cst `feec dl sfdg`gt

mgeleagrc ct dl afiptgtgvgt `cs cetrcprgscs sur `cs ilrabs ife`glux, efe afiic

`les dc als mrlelgs, `cs afestgtutgfes `c ifefpfdcs sur ue ilrab getrgcur trfgt.

Dcs `gvcrjceacs `c strltjgc `c arfgssleac cetrc dl Mrleac ct dLddciljec sfet le-

agceecs, eftliicet `cpugs


16/44

>>, fe l lssgst ue vrgtlodc àrfabljc `c dl Mrleac, dl mfgsce tcrics losfdus ct rcdltgms, quc ac sfgt ce iltgrc `c `mgagt afiicragld, `c arfgs-

sleac ct `c àgt puodga lu ificet f sfus dgipudsgfe gegtgldc ù Ableacdgcr Qabr`cr,

dLddciljec prcelgt `cs icsurcs `c mdcxgogdgsltgfe `c sfe ilrab ù trlvlgd Ljce`l

?> pugs, sfus dc jfuvcrecicet Icrhcd, `c rc`rcsscicet `c scs afiptcs puodgas

blussc `c dl P]L, lddjcicet `cs ablrjcs sfagldcs `les dcs cetrcprgscs.

@u mlgt ùe if`dc afefigquc acetr sur uec afesfiiltgfe rcpfslet sur `cs trles-

mcrts sfaglux, dl argsc `c ?>>2-?>>7 l ifges lmmcat gegtgldcicet dc ^GO `c dl Mrleac

(-?,= % ce ?>>7) quc acdug dLddciljec (-0,: %), trgoutlgrc `c dgevcstgsscicet ct `cdcxpfrtltgfe. Ce rcvleabc, dl Mrleac l suog uec `jrl`ltgfe `c jrle`c lipdcur `c

scs afiptcs puodgas (-:,: % `c sfe ^GO ce ?>>7), slkfutlet uec sgtultgfe `lvlet

argsc ifges mlvfrlodc (-1,1 % `c `mgagt/^GO ce ?>>2) quce Lddciljec (+>,< % ce

?>>2). dgevcrsc, dLddciljec l afetceu dl `jrl`ltgfe `c scs afiptcs puodgas,

plrtgr ùec sgtultgfe qugdgorc ce ?>>2, ce dlgsslet mfeatgfeecr dc kcu `cs stlogdg-

sltcurs lutfiltgqucs, acst--`grc dl efe-afipcesltgfe `c dl ifge`rc rcetrc `c rc-

acttcs mgsaldcs ù mlgt `c dl racssgfe, ct ce laafipljelet dafefigc ùe sfutgce

efe ejdgjclodc, `c dfr`rc `c 1 % ù ^GO, ldfrs quc dl Mrleac el lkfut lux cm mcts

afekfeaturcds `c dl `jrl`ltgfe `c dlatgvgt sur scs mgeleacs puodgqucs, quc `cs prf-

jrliics `c sfutgce `lipdcur dgigtc (?-?>>1, f cddcs dcs lvlgcet rùgts. Lgesg dc tlux `c

abiljc lprs lvfgr eleifges suog dcs cmmcts `c dl argsc, l rcmdu pfur rcvcegr ueegvclu gemrgcur =,3 % ce ?> ce ?>, uec vldcur lkfutc geùstrgcddc qug ec rcprscetc pdus quc , dl Mrleac ec rcprscetc pdus quc 0> % `cs

cxpfrtltgfes lddcile`cs afetrc 33 % ce %.


17/44

>>, dl plrt `cs `pcescs puodgqucs l olgss ce Lddciljec (03,< % ce

?>>>, 01,2 % ce ?>>2), cddc l lujicet ce Mrleac, plrtgr `c egvclux gegtglux pdus

dcvs (3>>, 3?,2 % ce ?>>2). Dl argsc racetc l laacetu dl tce`leac ; ce

?>>7, dLddciljec l afeslar 0:,3 % `c sfe ^GO lux `pcescs puodgqucs, dl Mrleac l

lttcget dc egvclu rcafr` `c 3= %. Lussg, dl Mrleac l struaturcddcicet pdla dafefigc

ilrable`c ce pfsgtgfe igefrgtlgrc `les sfe afefigc ldfrs qucddc `cicurc ilkfrg-

tlgrc, iic ce prgf`c `c argsc, ce Lddciljec. Acttc `gmmrceac `c 2,3 pfgets `c ^GO

rcprscetc I`. Dl plrt `cs cmmcatgms `c `pcescs suppdicetlgrcs ce Mrleacplr rlppfrt dLddciljec, ^GO qugvldcet ù scatcur puodga ce prfpfrtgfe `c dl pfpu-

dltgfe latgvc cst ce Mrleac (?1 %) pdus ù `fuodc `c ac qugd cst ce Lddciljec ( %).

Dcs cmmcatgms puodgas ce Mrleac afiptcet 3>> >>> pcrsfeecs `c pdus quce Lddciljec

pfur uec pfpudltgfe gemrgcurc `c ?3 %.

Dl iltrgsc `cs `pcescs ce Lddciljec l pcrigs `c rùgrc dc pfg`s `cs prdvcicets

fodgjltfgrcs cetrc ?>>> ct ?>>2 `c ?,= pfgets `c ^GO, `c 0>: ct ?>>2. dfppfs,

dl `rgvc `cs `pcescs ce Mrleac l afeùgt dgigtcr dl rùatgfe `cs prdvcicets

sur dafefigc (00,< % ce ?>>>, 0?,2 % ce ?>>2) tfut ce laadrlet dl pcrtc `c

afetrdc `c scs `mgagts. @les acs afe`gtgfes, dLddciljec l igcux afetceu dc abfa

mgeleagcr `c dl argsc `fet dl vgfdceac ec slurlgt trc fuodgc. Dl `cttc puodgquc ce

pfuracetljc ù ^GO l lujicet `c pfgets ce Lddciljec (==,1 % ce ?>>2, :3,7 %

ce ?>) afetrc ?> pfgets ce Mrleac (=:,3 % ce ?>>2, 21 % ce ?>), ldfrs quce ?>>>

plr sugtc `c dl ruegmgaltgfe, dl sgtultgfe lddcile`c tlgt ifges mlvfrlodc (37,: %)

quc acddc `c dl Mrleac (3:,1 %).

?. eacssgt`lkustcicetsrcds

Dl`bsgfe `c dl Mrleac dl ifeelgc uegquc ec dug pcrict pdus `c rldgscr dlkustcicet

`c sl sgtultgfe plr dl `pragltgfe ù tlux `c ablejc. Gd ec pcut pdus trc quc rcd ct

eacssgtc prgfrgtlgrcicet ue lolttcicet sgjegmgaltgm `cs `pcescs, dcs ilrjcs `c

ileuvrc ce rcacttcs tlet dgigtcs ù mlgt `c dcur egvclu `k trs dcv. @c ac

pfget `c vuc, dl ouddc `c dl `cttc puodgquc cst, ce rjgic `c ifeelgc uegquc, dqugvl-

dcet `cs ouddcs gemdltgfeegstcs `cs leecs -. Cddc trlùgt mfeagrcicet ue


18/44

>>, dl

arfgssleac `cs `pcescs puodgqucs l cu pfur cmmct uec `cstruatgfe `c rgabcssc prf-

ùatgvc, rcddc ct pftcetgcddc, afiic dc ifetrcet dl mfgs dc afetrlstc lvca dl sg tultgfe

lddcile`c ct dl sgtultgfe mrlelgsc `cs prgf`cs `c `sgemdltgfe afiptgtgvc.

Acttc leldysc rcafupc uec rcafesg`rltgfe `c dcipdfg `cs pfdgtgqucs afefigqucs.

Fe slgt quc `cux afeacptgfes slmmrfetcet ce dl iltgrc ; uec afeacptgfe efhcyesgceec

ct uec afeacptgfe rgalr`gceec. Fe afesg`rc quc dl pfdgtgquc afefigquc prfùgt `cs

cmmcts hcyesgces sg dlujicetltgfe c dl pcesc puodgquc cetrlec uec lujicetltgfe

`c dl `cile`c jdfoldc, dlqucddc prfvfquc uec lujicetltgfe `c dl arfgssleac ù ^GO.

Fe rlppcddc quc dcs pfdgtgqucs quldgmgcs `c hcyesgceecs prfùgscet `cs cmmcts

`lutlet pdus gipfrtlets quc dc `cjr `fuvcrturc getcreltgfeldc cst mlgodc. Dc sfutgce

puodga dl arfgssleac prfùgt `cs cmmcts sgjegmgaltgms dfrsquc dafefigc sc rctrfuvc ce

sgtultgfe vrgtlodcicet hcyesgceec, acst--`grc ce als `c afetrlatgfe mfrtc ct `cjrle`c lipdcur `c dl `cile`c jdfoldc. Atlgt eftliicet dc als mge ?>>2-òut ?>>7.

Dl afeacptgfe rgalr`gceec rctc uec pfdgtgquc qulsgicet gevcrsc .Ce


19/44

>2, `c dfr`rc

`c 0,3 3 % ce ?>>7-?> . Acttc pfdgtgquc el pls cu pfur cmmct `c pfrtcr dc ry tbic

`c dl arfgssleac mrlelgsc ue egvclu suprgcur dl arfgssleac lddcile`c, plr lgddcurs

dcstc pce`let `gx les, `u pfg`s `c dl ruegmgaltgfe. Ce rcvleabc, dlaarfgsscicetafetgeu `cs `pcescs ct `cs `mgagts scst laafiplje abrfefdfjgqucicet `uec rf-

sgfe `c dl arfgssleac pftcetgcddc ; ?,3 % `les dcs leecs , ? % `les dcs leecs

, >>. Dc mlgt quc dl Mrleac lgt afeeu uec arfgssleac

leeucddc ifyceec `c >> ct ?> afetrc >1, dc tlux `c arfgssleac lddcile` l pdus quc `fuod lu afurs `c dl prgf`c

?>>=-?>>2 (+?,0 %) plr rlppfrt dl prgf`c ?>>>-?>>3 (+>0, leec lu afurs `c dlqucddc cddc tlgt ceafrc `c ?,3 %, dl arfgssleac ce Mrleac l

suog ue ect rldcetgsscicet ; >3 ct lu afurs `c dl prgf`c ?>>=-?>>2,

dlujicetltgfe el pdus t quc `c


20/44

>> afiic ce ?>>2, dtlt ce rcprscetc 1> % afiic dcs De`cr,

ct dcs pfeatgfes sfagldcs 0> %. Ce Mrleac, dl plrt `c dtlt l rcaud `les dcs prdvc-

icets fodgjltfgrcs ldfrs quc dcs pfeatgfes sfagldcs fet afeeu uec arfgssleac sgjeg-mgaltgvc. Ple`gs qucddcs rcprscetlgcet `k prs `c 02 % ù tftld ce ?>>>, dcur plrt

cst plssc pdus `c 3? % ce ?>>2. Ce pfuracetljc ù ^GO, dcs prdvcicets sfaglux

sfet plsss `c ?< ?? % ce Mrleac `c ?>>> ?>>2, ldfrs quc dcur pfg`s scst

afetrlat ce Lddciljec ; >>, >2.

Ce Lddciljec, dcs prdvcicets fodgjltfgrcs sfet, ce ?>>2, dl ablrjc `cs ieljcs

:? % ct ?2 % acddc `cs cetrcprgscs. Ce Mrleac, dcs cetrcprgscs ce suppfrtcet 0= %

afetrc 30 % pfur dcs ieljcs. Dleldysc afefigquc `cs prdvcicets `les dcs `cux

plys cst jldcicet trs plrdletc. Dl Mrleac sc `gstgejuc `c dLddciljec plr uec trs

mfrtc tlxltgfe rcdltgvc ù alpgtld ; 7,2 % `c ^GO ce ?>>2 afetrc =,7 %. Dl afesfiiltgfe

l vu sl tlxltgfe ldfur`gc ce Lddciljec cetrc ?>>> ct ?>>2 (+>,< pfget `c ^GO) sfus

dcmmct ù rcdvcicet ù tlux efrild `c P]L plss dc >: `c ,0 pfget `c ^GO). Dl pfdgtgquc lddcile`c trlùgt lvlet

tfut ue fokcatgm `c afiptgtgvgt lx sur dc trlvlgd ct `geagtltgfe dlaarftrc ; olgssc`c >:, olgssc `c >2. Dl ifyceec `c dSegfe curfpceec cst ?=,3 % ct

dLddciljec sc sgtuc ?1,< %.

Ilgs dc abfgx puodga afesgstlet pdlacr dcs cetrcprgscs `les uec sgtultgfe f cddcs

lssuicet dc pfg`s `cs `rfgts `gstrgous plr dtlt cst ue abfgx blslr`cux 8 gd getrfùgt

`les dc if`dc `c arfgssleac ue mlatcur struaturcd `c vuderlogdgt `cs cetrcprgscs,

qug ce mge `c afiptc afeùgt uec rfsgfe afetgeuc ù tgssu prfùatgm, afiiceacr

plr sl afipfsletc dl pdus alpgtldgstgquc, dl prfùatgfe geùstrgcddc.


21/44


22/44

?>


ct quc dcxpfrtltgfe `cvgcet ue rcssfrt csscetgcd ù `vcdfppcicet. Afiic dc rlppcddc

Abrgstgle Qtfmmls, dc aft ilrjgeld `c dcxpfrtltgfe cst uec vlrglodc csscetgcddc.

Dlatgvgt cxpfrtltrgac rcqugcrt ue aft mgxc dcv. Alr dfrsquc dgevcstgsscicet `ge-mrlstruaturc eacsslgrc dcetrctgce ùe mdux rjudgcr `cxpfrtltgfe l t rldgs,

dcxpfrtltcur sc trfuvc ce icsurc `c rldgscr `gipfrtletcs afefigcs àbcddc ; gd dug

aftc pcu `cxpfrtcr uec uegt suppdicetlgrc `c sl prfùatgfe.>>-

?>>2, dc tlux `c ilrjc lddcile` l prfjrcss, afetrlgrcicet lu tlux mrlelgs `cicur

stlodc, ac qug rcprscetc ce mge `c prgf`c ue alrt `c pfgets cetrc dcs `cux plys.

Ce ?>>2, dc tlux `c ilrjc tlgt `c 0>>. Afiic dfoscrvcet ^bgdgppc Lshcelzy, Jgdocrt Acttc ct

Lrelu` Qydvlge, ù igdgcu `cs leecs kusqu dl mge `cs leecs , dc tlux

`plrjec `cs QEM


23/44

?>>, l rcaud

ce Mrleac 3< igddglr`s ce ?>>2 ct 1< igddglr`s ce ?>>7. Ce Lddciljec, gd lttcgjelgt

ce 7 igddglr`s ce òut `c prgf`c, >2 ct :7 ce ?>>7. Ldfrs

quce Lddciljec, dl mfrtc afetrlatgfe `c ?>>7 tlgt `c elturc csscetgcddcicet afekfea-

turcddc pugsqulu , dLddciljec rcvcelgt ue COC ileumlaturgcr `c

>> ct ?>>2, dc aft tftld `c dl

ilge-ùvrc `les dgeùstrgc ileumlaturgrc l prfjrcss `c prs `c 3= % ce Mrleac

ct `c >?-?>>2, dc aft tftld `c dl ilge-ùvrc l

prfjrcss lu rytbic leeucd ifyce `c % `cs ablrjcs `c pcrsfeecd `les dgeùstrgc ileumlaturgrc ce Mrleac ce ?>>:.

Acttc prfpfrtgfe sc dgigtc >> ct ?>>2, dlujicetltgfe

leeucddc ifyceec ce Mrleac ù sldlgrc rcd l t `c 0,?7 % ct `c


24/44

??


Dc tlux `lutfmgeleacicet (plrjec orutc/Mfriltgfe orutc `c alpgtld mgxc) sugt uec

vfdutgfe gevcrsc ce Mrleac ct ce Lddciljec. Ldfrs qugd stlodgsslgt ce Mrleac

cevgrfe %, gd lttcgjelgt . Acttc

sgtultgfe rctc uec `gmmrceac `c rcetlogdgt `cs cetrcprgscs ct `c struaturc eleagrc

qug ilegmcstc dcur vuderlogdgt `les ue als, dcur rfoustcssc `les dlutrc. Dc tlux `c

rce`cicet ect `cs mfe`s prfprcs >= 3,1 % ce Mrleac, rcs-

sfrtlgt . \ulet lu tlux c prfmgtlogdgt ? ?>>0 ?>>= ?>>2

Ce %

Mrleac

Lddciljec

[fec curf

_fyluic-Seg


25/44

?1Dcs eftcs `c dGestgtut Mvrgcr ?>, >. Ce Lddciljec, gd rcssfrtlgt lu iic ificet

2?,: % ce olgssc `c 7 pfgets plr rlppfrt lu egvclu f gd tlgt `gx les luplrlvlet. Dc tlux

`ce`cttcicet afiplr cetrc dcs cetrcprgscs mrlelgscs ct lddcile`cs rcprscetc uec

`gmmrceac `c 3> pfgets `c tlux `c dl vldcur lkfutc. @les dc scatcur ileumlaturgcr, dcs

cetrcprgscs lddcile`cs ct mrlelgscs lmabcet `cs `gmmrceacs `c struaturc eleagrc trs

alrlatrgstgqucs. Ce ?>>2, pfur ue abgmmrc `lmmlgrcs rlppfrt dlatgm tftld afiplrlodc( %

`les dcs cetrcprgscs mrlelgscs. Ce rcvleabc ce Mrleac, dcs cetrcprgscs pfrtcet `les dcur

ogdle `cs ocsfges ce mfe`s `c rfudcicet trs dfur`s. Dcs stfahs rcprscetcet


26/44

?0


Mgjurc ? ; Plux `c rcetlogdgt afefigquc ct meleagrc `cs sfagts efe

meleagrcs rlelgscs, >2

Qfurac ; Argsc ct arfgssleac ; uec strltjgc pfur dl Mrleac, ?>

>:

_cetlogdgt mgeleagrc

_cetlogdgt cafefigquc

_cetlogdgt mgeleagrc

_cetlogdgt afefigquc

Ce %


27/44

?3Dcs eftcs `c dGestgtut Mvrgcr ?>>2-?>>7 - fu ogce cddcs lpplrlgsscet vuderlodcs lu ifge`rc rldcetgsscicet `latgvgt qucddc

quc sfgt sl elturc ct dc tlux `c abiljc `cvgcet afiic ce Mrleac uec vlrglodc

`lkustcicet, qug ecst pls scudcicet tcipfrlgrc ilgs qug, dl dfejuc, `cvgcet `cs-

truatcur `c suostleac afefigquc, `c dgce sfagld, ct sc trlesmfric ce ilabgec

cxadusgfe qulsg `mgegtgvc `c dl vgc afefigquc ct `c dl sfagt. Gslocddc Ofurjcfgs

l ogce igs ce vg`ceac acttc ldabgigc plrtgaudgrc ce Lddciljec f sc afiogecet

trfgtcicet sfdg`gt mgeleagrc `cs cetrcprgscs ct dgce sfagld ;

Fe dc vfgt dc if`dc lddcile` `c dcetrcprgsc, ogce quc dlrjcicet jdfoldgs luegvclu `cs prfacss, ac `fet gd tgrc sl afiptgtgvgt, rcstc mfrtcicet ciprcget `cs vl-

dcurs ùec sfagt ilrquc plr dl pcesc `c dtbgquc ct sfagldc ù prftcstletgsic

(Cestc, ?>>:), mfe`c sur uec eftgfe `c rcspfeslogdgt ge`gvgùcddc ct afddcatgvc dl

mfgs qug cst sfurac `c prfsprgt acddc-d iic sur dlqucddc rcpfsc dl `fatrgec fr`f-

dgorldc.

Gealreltgfe plr cssceac `c acs vldcurs ct efrics, pugsqucddcs sc ègsscet plr

dg`cetgt cetrc dc prfprgtlgrc ù alpgtld ct dc `grgjclet (sfus mfric `grcatc fu ge`grcatc),

dcs cetrcprgscs mligdgldcs, qucddc quc sfgt dcur tlgddc, afetrgoucet lgesg efe scudcicet

dl afiptgtgvgt geùstrgcddc fu pdus jerldcicet afefigquc `c dLddciljec, ilgslussg ct pcut-trc iic lvlet tfut, lu alrlatrc ùrlodc ù dgce sfagld. Ct iic sg dl

argsc c dl eleac ife`gldc dcs l urcicet lmmcatcs, cddcs fet ue lvletljc strltjgquc

mfeagcr ; frgcetcs sur dc dfej tcric, cddcs fet laauiud ue stfah `c alpgtlux prfprcs

qug dcs ict dlrjcicet dlorg `cs prfodics `c dgqug`gt. @c iic, dcur audturc getcrec

dcur pcrict `c igscr sur dcurs mfracs pfur surifetcr dcs ldls `c dl afekfeaturc ;

`les acttc afiiuelut `c `cstge qucst dcetrcprgsc, dcs sldlrgs sfet prts mlgrc

dcs slargacs eacsslgrcs pfur rsgstcr lux tciptcs, `c iic quc dtrfgtcssc `cs

dgces lvca dcs adgcets, afestrugtc sur dl afeleac ec ù rcspcat `cs cejljcicets,

tlodgt dl prftcatgfe ùec sfrtc `c rsclu `c sfdg`lrgt gemfricddc. Acst d qugd mlut

vfgr duec `cs prgeagpldcs rlgsfes ù rlpg`c rc`rcsscicet `c dafefigc lddcile`clprs dl argsc `c ?>>2/>7.


28/44

?=


?. dlstruaturcmgeleagrc`cscetrc^rgscs, tldfe labgddcce mrleac, mfrac`cmrl^^cce lddciljec

Ogce pdus quuec lrilturc qug afemrcrlgt uec alplagt scudcicet mlgrc mlac lux

iluvlgs kfurs dl struaturc eleagrc cs cetrcprgscs arc dcs afe`gtgfes uec yeligquc

afiptgtgvc ; geefvltgfe, alplagt `c rpfesc dl `cile`c, eftliicet ife`gldc l`rcs-

sc dafefigc, rfoustcssc `cs ilrjcs vldfrgsltgfe dgeefvltgfe, dc pfsgtgfeecicet

blut `c jliic ct tcabefdfjgquc mfrtc vldcur lkfutc.

Dcs mfe`s prfprcs, eftliicet `cs ÎC sfet dcs rcssfuracs qug lssurcet dc eleacicet

`c dgeefvltgfe ce Lddciljec ldfrs quc dcur gesummgsleac psc sur dl alplagt `cscetrcprgscs mrlelgscs sfutcegr act cmmfrt. Dc rlgsfeecicet cst dfjgquc 8 gd sljgt

mfeagrcicet ùe rgsquc `latgfeelgrc. @les dgeùstrgc ileumlaturgrc f dgeefvltgfe

cst ogce pdus qulgddcurs dl ad `c dl pcrmfrileac `cs prfùgts ct `c dcur `gmmrceagltgfe

vcrs dc blut `c jliic, fe lssgstc lu rcaud ù pfg`s rcdltgm `c dl _&@ ce Mrleac plr

rlppfrt dLddciljec. Dcs `pcescs `c _&@ ce Mrleac sfet gemrgcurcs 0> I`

qule` cddcs `plsscet =3 I` ce Lddciljec. Ce prfpfrtgfe ù ^GO, dc tlux `c _&@ ce

Mrleac cst `c ? %, ce Lddciljec, `c ?,= %. Dl plrt ù scatcur puodga cst afiplrlodc

`les dcs `cux plys (>,7 %). Dcs `pcescs `cs cetrcprgscs fet rcaud `c 2 `c pcrsfeecs, `c 02,3 % pfuracddcs afiprgscs cetrc 3> ct ?3> pcrsfeecs ct `c :1,1 % `les acddcs `fet dcs cm mca-

tgms vfet lu-`cd. Ilgs ce Lddciljec, ac tlux cst suprgcur `les tfus dcs scjicets

afesg`rs ; 1=,? % pfur dcs ifges `c 3> sldlrgs, 3:,3 % pfur acddcs `c 3> ?3>,

2?,2 % `les acddcs `fet dcs cmmcatgms sfet suprgcurs. Lu tftld, dl plrt `cs cetrcprgscs

mrlelgscs rldgslet `cs cmmfrts `c _&@ cst `c ?:,: %, `c 0:,1 % pfur dcs lddcile`cs.

^rs `c vgejt pfgets àlrt. Acttc `gmmrceac sc rctrfuvc `les dc efiorc `c orcvcts

`pfss plr dcs cetrcprgscs ; > ce Lddciljec, 0.>>> ce Mrleac, pdus `c ?,3 mfgs

pdus. Dcs `feecs rcaucgddgcs plr Gslocddc Ofurjcfgs sfudgjecet dcevg dc rdc ad `c


29/44

?:Dcs eftcs `c dGestgtut Mvrgcr ?>>2 Dgfecd Mfetlje ct Jugddluic Jludgcr, dl afiplrlgsfe lvca dLddciljec ifetrc

quc eg dcs cmmcts `c struaturc scatfrgcddc, eg dcs cmmcts `c struaturc jfjrlpbgquc `cs

ilrabs, ecxpdgqucet dc rcaud `cs cxpfrtltcurs mrlelgs. Ac qug cst ce alusc cst dcur

pcrtc `c pcr mfrileac, tfutcs abfscs jldcs plr lgddcurs qulet dl elturc `cs prfùgts

ablejs fu lux ilrabs `c `cstgeltgfe ?> .

Dl `cile`c l`rcssc ue plys cst jldc lux gipfrtltgfes `c prfùgts ù plys

afeacre, plr dcs plys gipfrtltcurs, pfe`rcs plr dc pfg`s `cs plys gipfrtltcurs

`les dcs cxpfrtltgfes ù plys afeacre. Acst dl `gmmgaudt y rpfe`rc, qug cxpdgquc

dcsscetgcd `c dl pcrtc `cs plrts `c ilrab dcxpfrtltgfe `c dl Mrleac. Lgesg, bfrs

afiicrac getrl-curfpce, dl Mrleac l pcrù prs `c ?> % `c scs plrts `c ilrab

cetrc >3, afet rc uec rfsgfe `c 0 % `c acddcs `c dLddciljec. Dl `-

afipfsgtgfe `cs afetrgoutgfes acttc vfdutgfe `feec uec afetrgoutgfe `cs cmmctspcrmfrileac `c pdus `c 0< % ct ue cmmct pfsgtgm, scatfrgcd ct jfjrlpbgquc, `c ?< %.

@les dc als `c dLddciljec, dcmmct pcrmfrileac cst dgigt ?= %, ac qug lvca ue cmmct

scatfrgcd ct jfjrlpbgquc `c acdug `c dl Mrleac (?? %), dgigtc dl pcrtc jerldc.

, p.. Dgfecd Mfetlje ct Jugddluic Jludgcr, ^crmfrileacs dcxpfrtltgfe `c dl Mrleac ct `c dLddciljec, Afescgd `Leldyscafefigquc, ^lrgs, Dl @fauicetltgfe mrlelgsc, ?>>2, p.2>.


30/44

?2


Mgjurc 1 ; Plux `c arfgssleac `c dl `cile`c ife`gldc l`rcssc dl Mrleac

ct dLddciljec

Qfurac ; Icttrc ue tcric dl `gvcrjceac `c afiptgtgvgt cetrc dl Mrleac ct dLddciljec,Afc-_cxcaf`c, ?>>> ?>>< ?>>? ?>>1 ?>>0 ?>>3 ?>>= ?>>: ?>>2

73

7>

23

2>

:3

:>

=3

Mrleac

Lddciljec

> ?>>< ?>>? ?>>1 ?>>0 ?>>3 ?>>= ?>>: ?>>2


31/44

?7Dcs eftcs `c dGestgtut Mvrgcr ?>>>, ?>>>-?>>3. @les dl prcigrc prgf`c, ilrquc fe sce sfuvgcet

plr dc eleacicet c dl ruegaltgfe, dLddciljec cercjgstrc uec vfdutgfe sgigdlgrc acddc`c dl Mrleac. Dl afetrlatgfe `c scs plrts `c ilrab, y afiprgs getrl-curfpceecs, cst

plrldddc acddc `c dl Mrleac, -?>>3,

fe foscrvc ce rcvleabc, ue àrfabljc afesg`rlodc `c plrt ct `lutrc ù _bge. Dcs

plrts `c ilrab lddcile`cs arfgsscet `c 7,1 %, dcs pcrtcs mrlelgscs `c 2,>> ?>>3, scs cxpfrtltgfes fet sugvg pcu prs

dl `cile`c qug dug tlgt l`rcssc (->,1 pfget). Gevcrscicet dgealplagt mrlelgsc

rpfe`rc dl acddc l`rcssc scs cetrcprgscs l vfdu lu iic rytbic `c ?>>>

?>>3 quc `c >> ; - >

sfet sugvgcs `c jlges `c ?>>> ?>>3 ce Lddciljec, ldfrs quc drfsgfe `cs pfsgtgfes

mrlelgscs sc pfursugt pcu prs lu iic rytbic ùec prgf`c dlutrc. @les dc


32/44

1>


blut `c jliic, dvfdutgfe cst sciodlodc. Dcs pcrtcs `c plrts `c ilrab lddc-

ile`cs cercjgstrcs `c >> a`cet dl pdlac `cs jlges `c ?>>> ?>>3. Dl

Mrleac plrvgcet cerlycr dcmmrgtcicet `c scs pfsgtgfes jrac sfe pfsgtgfeecicetscatfrgcd ct jfjrlpbgquc sles plrvcegr tfutcmfgs ceadceabcr ue rcofe` sgigdlgrc

acdug `c sfe plrtcelgrc.

Mgjurc 3 ; @afipfsgtgfe `cs vlrgltgfes `c plrts `c ilrab y afiprgs

getrl-Segfe curfpceec >> ct ?>>>-?>>3

]lrgltgfe

plrt `c.ilrab ce

%

Afetrgoutgfe `c dl

pcrmfrileacstruaturc

jfjrlpbgquc

struaturc

scatfrgcddc

>>Lddciljec >>-?>>3Lddciljec 7,1 >,1 ?,: =,7

Mrleac 2,< ,= :,>

Qfurac ; Argsc ct arfgssleac ; uec strltjgc pfur dl Mrleac, ?>


33/44

1 pcrsfeecs, afetrc prs `c ?: >>> ce Mrleac, sfgt ue rltgf `c

>:, dLddciljec l afescrv sl pfpudltgfe `cetrcprgscs, dl Mrleac

l vu dc efiorc `cs sgceecs olgsscr `c prs `c ct 3>> sldlrgs, f dLddciljec afiptc ?,1 mfgs pdus `cetrcprgscs quc dl Mrleac.@c 3>> < >>> sldlrgs, dLddciljec afiptc ? mfgs pdus `cetrcprgscs quc dl Mrleac.

Ce `cssfus `c 3> sldlrgs ct lu-`cssus `c < >>>, dl `gmmrceac cst ifge`rc. Dc ablefe

ilequlet igs ce vg`ceac plr Abrgstgle Qtfmmls cst ogce uec rldgt. DLddciljec

afiptlgt ce ?>>0, 113 >>> cetrcprgscs cxpfrtltrgacs ?> >>> `c pdus quce ?>>>

afetrc >> ce Mrleac : >>> `c ifges quce ?>>>. Dcxpfrtltgfe cst mfeatgfe `c

dl tlgddc ; sg dfe sgetrcssc lux cetrcprgscs cxpfrtlet pdus `c 1> % `c dcur abgmmrc

`lmmlgrcs, dl plrt `cs cetrcprgscs lddcile`cs `c > ?3> pcrsfeecs, cst `c 12 % 8

ce Mrleac, dl prfpfrtgfe ecst quc `c 3>> sldlrgs,


34/44

1?


dl prfpfrtgfe cst `c 02 % ce Lddciljec, `c ?? % ce Mrleac. ^fur dcs cetrcprgscs `c

pdus `c 3>> sldlrgs, dl prfpfrtgfe `cs cetrcprgscs cst `c => % ce Lddciljec, ?: %

ce Mrleac.

Lu tftld, dc abfgx mrlelgs afesgstlet mlgrc pcscr sur dc systic prfùatgm dc pfg`s ùe

Ctlt `gstrgoutcur `c rcetcs, dcqucd dug afemgsquc dcsscetgcd `c scs jlges `c prfùatgvgt,

pcut acrtcs cetrctcegr ue tcips, dgddusgfe ùe egvclu `c vgc lrtgmgagcd. Ilgs dfej

tcric, gd mgegt plr òfuabcr sur ue prfacssus auiudltgm `c rtragsscicet `c dl olsc

prfùatgvc ct `c jfemdcicet `cs `mgagts ct `c dce`cttcicet. @les uec afefigc

ife`gldgsc qug fuvrc lux cetrcprgscs uec cxtcesgfe giicesc `c dcurs pfssgogdgts

`c `vcdfppcicet, afiic dc ifetrc efe scudcicet dcxcipdc lddcile` ilgs lussg

acdug `c ogce `cs vfgsges `c dl Mrleac, dcs cetrcprgscs mrlelgscs `cicurcet prgvcs`cs ifyces `c slgsgr dl `cile`c qug dcur sfet l`rcsscs. Dcs if`dcs afefigqucs

mfe`s sur dl afiptgtgvgt `cs cetrcprgscs `rlgecet dcs fppfrtuegts pcricttlet `c

afemfrtcr uec prftcatgfe sfagldc afemfrics lux afeacptgfes curfpceecs `c dl sfagt,

dcxcipdc `c acdug afestrugt sur dfejuc prgf`c ce Lddciljec. Gevcrscicet dc if`dc

mrlelgs lofutgt uec sfrtc `c plrl`fxc, ct iic `c afetrl`gatgfe qug efe scudcicet

prgvc `cs ifyces `c sfutcegr sl afeacptgfe ù dgce sfagld ilgs arc dcs afe`gtgfes

pfur ce tlrgr prfjrcssgvcicet dl sfurac. Foscrvc sur ifyce tcric, fe cst ogce ce

mlac `c prfacssus auiudltgms `c sces fppfss `fet dcs cmmcts ec sfet rgce ifges quc

prvgsgodcs.


35/44



36/44

10


->3.

\ufg qugd ce sfgt, ct acst dl trfgsgic afesg`rltgfe qug sc `jljc `c dl afiplrlgsfe

`cs `cux strltjgcs `c arfgssleac, dl pfdgtgquc mrlelgsc l `sfrilgs mrleabg `cs

scugds qug cetrlecet sur dl vfgc ù àdlsscicet afefigquc `lofr`, pfdgtgquc ce-

sugtc. Dl argsc `c dl zfec curf, tcddc quc sc ilegmcstc `cpugs dc prgetcips ?>, ictsgejudgrcicet ce duigrc dpugscicet ù if`dc mrlelgs. Ldfrs quc dcs sfdutgfes

dl argsc icttcet ce vg`ceac dl eacssgt `c iutuldgscr tfut fu plrtgc `cs rgsqucs

sur dcs `cttcs `c dl zfec curf, dcs ialegsics `cxtcesgfe `c dl sfdg`lrgt mgeleagrc

curfpceec plr dc Mfe`s curfpce `c stlogdgt mgeleagrc outtcet pfur uec ofeec

plrt sur dl alplagt cxtricicet rùgtc `c dl Mrleac, `fet dl plrt `les sfe alpgtld

cst `c ?> %, `c suppfrtcr, iic sfus mfric `c jlrletgc, ue ldfur`gsscicet suppd-

icetlgrc `c sl `cttc puodgquc. Luaue ialegsic curfpce `c sfdg`lrgt mgeleagrc

ec pfurrl trc afestrugt dl blutcur `cs cekcux, lvca uec Mrleac gealplodc `c kfucr

ue rdc mgeleagcr ce rlppfrt lvca sfe pfg`s `les dcesciodc curfpce. cddc

scudc, dLddciljec ec pfurrl eg pfrtcr dcs cmmfrts `c afestruatgfe ùec sfdg`lrgt

mgeleagrc cetrc tlts `c dl zfec curf, eg suppdcr uec Mrleac gealplodc `c tcegr

sfe rlej mgeleagcr.

Dcekcu `cvgcet `fea pfdgtgquc, ct pls uegqucicet pfur `cs rlgsfes `lifur-prfprc

eltgfeld. \ucd quc sfgt dc vfdfetlrgsic `cs jfuvcrelets, dc iftcur mrleaf-lddcile`

ec pfurrl pls mfeatgfeecr `les sfe rdc `cetrlecicet vcrs `lvletljc `getjrltgfe

ou`jtlgrc ct pfdgtgquc, lvca ue alrtcicet arfgsslet `cs pcrmfrileacs afefigqucs ct`cs sgtultgfes mgeleagrcs cetrc dl Mrleac ct dLddciljec. Dl zfec curf l acag `c plrtg-

audgcr qucddc ec pcrict pdus afiic lvlet dl abutc ù iur `c Ocrdge, `c spagldgscr dcs

rdcs cetrc uec prigeceac pfdgtgquc ^lrgs ct ue rdc afefigquc iftcur Ofee,

dlkustcicet `cs `cux sc afrrgjclet plr uec if`gmgaltgfe `cs tlux `c ablejc uec mfgs

cevgrfe tfus dcs `gx les. @c iic, gd cst vlge ^lrgs `giljgecr scxfercr `c rmfrics

vrgtlodcs plr dl `fuodc gddusgfe ùec rgjucur lu prcigcr `cjr, mfaldgsc sur dc ùrags-

scicet `cs prdvcicets sur dc systic prfùatgm, ac qug prfvfquc ue efuvclu `cjr

`lmmlgodgsscicet tcric, ct plr lppcd lux `fes `c jurgsfe ùec Olequc acetrldc


37/44



38/44

1=

OGODGFJ_L^BGC

^bgdgppc Ljbgfe, Jgdocrt Acttc, Cdgc Afbce, Iltbgd`c Dcifgec, Argsc ct arfgssleac ; uec strltjgcpfur dl Mrleac, ^lrgs, Afescgd `leldysc afefigquc, Dl @fauicetltgfe mrlelgsc, ?>.

AFC-_CRCAF@C, Icttrc ue tcric dl `gvcrjceac `c afiptgtgvgt cetrc dl Mrleac ctdLddciljec, ^lrgs, klevgcr ?>>2.


39/44

1:Dcs eftcs `c dGestgtut Mvrgcr ?>


40/44

12

DCQ @C_EG_CQ ^SODGALPGFEQ @C DGEQPGPSP @C DCEP_C^_GQC

^fur ue abfa `c afiptgtgvgt ce Mrleac^lr dGestgtut `c dcetrcprgsc (klevgcr ?>)

Dcetrcprgsc `c dlprs-argsc_cefuvcdcr dl afetrgoutgfe `c dcetrcprgsc dl afbsgfe sfagldc^lr dGestgtut `c dcetrcprgsc (klevgcr ?>)

Dl pdlac `c dl pcrmfrileac `les dlatgfe `c dtlt ct sfe afetrdc plr dc ^lrdcicet ;leldysc `c dl dfg `c rjdcicet `u ou`jct ?>>2^lr dFoscrvltfgrc `c dl @pcesc puodgquc (`aciorc ?>>7)

Curfpc, tlt, afddcatgvgts dfaldcs ;qucddc pdlac pfur dc prgeagpc `c suosg`glrgt ce iltgrc mgsaldc 6^lr dGestgtut `c dcetrcprgsc (fatforc ?>>7)


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17

Pfutcs efs puodgaltgfes sfet tdablrjclodcs sur eftrc sgtc getcrect ;www.gestgtut-cetrcprgsc.mr

Lprs dl argsc ;rcefucr lvca dcs mfe`licetlux `c dafefigc `c ilrab^lr dGestgtut `c dcetrcprgsc (lvrgd ?>>7)

Dgeùstrgc `les dafefigc( >= ) ; uec rldgt pfur eftrc lvcegr 6^lr dc Acradc `c dGeùstrgc ct dGestgtut `c dcetrcprgsc (klevgcr ?>>7)

Dl dfg `c rjdcicet ù ou`jct ?>>: ; dcs prigsscs ùec dfjgquc `c rsudtlt^lr dFoscrvltfgrc `c dl @pcesc puodgquc `c dGestgtut `c dcetrcprgsc (àciorc ?>>2)

Dl tlxc alrofec ; iytbc fu rldgt 6^lr dl afiigssgfe If`cregsltgfe c dl saldgt c dGestgtut c dcetrcprgsc (scptciorc ?>>2)

?0 bcurcs abrfef - Dljce`l `cs `grgjclets^lr Oruef Albce (lvrgd ?>>2)

_mfric `c dl mgsaldgt ù pltrgifgec ; ogdle ct pcrspcatgvcs^lr dl afiigssgfe If`cregsltgfe `c dl mgsaldgt `c dGestgtut `c dcetrcprgsc (klevgcr ?>>2)

Mlut-gd lvfgr pcur `c dl rùatgfe `c dl `pcesc puodgquc 6^lr dFoscrvltfgrc `c dl @pcesc puodgquc `c dGestgtut `c dcetrcprgsc (klevgcr ?>>2)

^rfkct `c dfg `c mgeleacs pfur ?>>2 ; ue ou`jct `c trlesgtgfe 6

^lr dFoscrvltfgrc `c dl @pcesc puodgquc `c dGestgtut `c dcetrcprgsc (efvciorc ?>>:)

Gipt sur dcs sfagts ; vl`cicaui pfur uec rmfric^lr dl afiigssgfe If`cregsltgfe `c dl saldgt `c dGestgtut `c dcetrcprgsc (scptciorc ?>>:)

DLjce`l ?>>: 6^lr dGestgtut `c dcetrcprgsc (ilrs ?>>:)


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^bftf `c afuvcrturc mlogfocrtg.gt - Mftfdgl.afiGiprcssgfe `lprs `fauicets mfuregs ; ogldca, (Eleay Mrleac) - @pt djld ce afurs.


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^_QG@CEP

Rlvgcr Bugddlr`, prsg`cet-`grcatcur jerld `c ]geag

AFEQCGD @F_GCEPLPGFE

_focrt Olafeegcr, prsg`cet `c dLssfagltgfe Eltgfeldc `cs Qfagts plr Latgfes *^gcrrc Ocddfe, prsg`cet ù afescgd `lìgegstrltgfe `c Qf`cxf

Ldlge Oegabfu, prsg`cet `GOI MrleacDlurcet Ourcddc, prsg`cet-`grcatcur jerld `c ^dlstga Fiegui^bgdgppc Alrdg, `grcatcur jerld ù Jrfupc LiluryBcerg `c Alstrgcs, prsg`cet-`grcatcur jerld `LRL@figegquc Acruttg, prcsg`cet le` `cputy ACF lt EWQC Curfecxt^bgdgppc Arfuzct, prsg`cet ù `grcatfgrc `c ]lddfurcaLetfgec Mrrft, prsg`cet-`grcatcur jerld `c ]cfdgl Cevgrfeecicet^gcrrc-Letfgec Jlgddy, prsg`cet `c dl Abliorc `c afiicrac ct `geùstrgc `c ^lrgsMrlefgsc Jrg, prsg`cetc `c Ilepfwcr Mrleac *Bcerg Dlabilee, prsg`cet ù afescgd `c survcgddleac `c Qabecg`cr Cdcatrga QL *

Oruef Dlmfet, prsg`cet-`grcatcur jerld `c DlmlrjcJrlr` Icstrlddct, prsg`cet-`grcatcur jerld `c J@M Qucz *Igabcd ôcrclu, prsg`cet ù afescgd `lìgegstrltgfe `c OE^ ^lrgols *Bcerg ^rfjdgf, prsg`cet-`grcatcur jerld `C@M@cegs _lequc, prsg`cet ù afescgd `lìgegstrltgfe `c Pcabegafdfr^gcrrc _gablr`, lìgegstrltcur C@M Cecrjgcs Efuvcddcs *Klaqucs _gabgcr, prsg`cet-`grcatcur jerld `Lddglez MrleacLujustge `c _filect `c Ocluec, `grcatcur jerld `c dl Algssc `cs @pts ctAfesgjeltgfesMr`rga Qlget-Jcfurs, prsg`cet c dSegfe cs Geùstrgcs ct Itgcrs c dl Itlddurjgc *

Crecst-Letfgec Qcgddgrc, prsg`cet ù afescgd `c survcgddleac `c Zce`cd^gcrrc-Qolstgce Pbgdd, prsg`cet ù `grcatfgrc `c AIQ Ourclu Mrleags Dcmcovrc

@DJS JE_LD

Mr`rga Ifedfugs-Mdgagt

*Iciorcs u Ourclu


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Dl argsc eleagrc `c ?>>2-?>>7, lvca sfe afetrcafup sur dl zfec curf, l igs ce duigrc

dpugscicet `cs if`dcs afefigqucs mfe`s sur dl afesfiiltgfe ct dce`cttcicet ct

sfudgje dl alplagt `c rsgstleac lux abfas `c acux qug rcpfslgcet sur dl afiptgtgvgt `cs

cetrcprgscs. Qg dl Mrleac pcut trc adlssc `les ue jrfupc afiprcelet dcs tlts-Segs fu dc

_fyluic Seg, cddc sce sgejudlrgsc plr uec sfur`c fostgeltgfe rcmuscr dc rdc iftcur `csialegsics `c ilrab `les dc mfeatgfeecicet `c dafefigc ct dl pdlac qug rcvgcet lux

cetrcprgscs afiic mlatcur ad ù `vcdfppcicet afefigquc. Lu ificet f, mlutc `c

`gspfscr `c ilrjcs `c ileuvrc ou`jtlgrcs, cddc `fgt rcafestrugrc uec strltjgc `c arfgs-

sleac qug sfgt afbrcetc lvca sfe rdc acetrld lu scge `c dl zfec curf, dc afetrlstc lpplrlt

tftld lvca dLddciljec qug efe scudcicet l rcmus `c suaafiocr lu ablric `cs sgrecs

`c afesfiiltgfe plr dce`cttcicet, ilgs l efuvclu rcemfra lu igdgcu cs leecs ?>>>

dl afiptgtgvgt `c sfe if`dc afefigc cetrcprcecurgldc.

Dl afiplrlgsfe `cs `cux strltjgcs lofutgt `cs afeadusgfes sles lppcd. D f dLddc-iljec cetrctgcet ct `vcdfppc uec olsc prfùatgvc sfdg`c ct cxpfrtltrgac, dl Mrleac foscrvc

gipugssletc dc `prgsscicet `c sfe tgssu prfùatgm, afiiceacr plr sl olsc geùstrgcddc.

Lu ofut ù afiptc, gd cxgstc lukfur`bug ue jrle` alrtcicet cetrc dcs `cux plys, pfurtlet

pfrts afevcrjcr pfur prscrvcr dcur dcl`crsbgp ce zfec curf. Fr dc rgsquc `c `gvcrjceac

`c egvclu `c vgc ct dc àdlsscicet ù rlej `c dafefigc mrlelgsc vfet egr plr lifge`rgr

sfe stltut pfdgtgquc. Dl argsc arc dcs afe`gtgfes p`ljfjgqucs ct dl djgtgigt pfdgtgquc pfur

quc dl Mrleac iec uec pfdgtgquc `gespgrltgfe lddcile`c, pdllet dcs cetrcprgscs lu aur

`c sl strltjgc `c arfgssleac. Lprs tfut, ecst ac pls d dl icgddcurc rpfesc sl vfdfet`c prscrvcr sfe if`dc sfagld 6

Dc abfgx `c dcetrcprgsc

Afiicet dl Mrleac pcut sgespgrcr`c dLddciljec

?7, ruc `c Dgsofeec:3>>2 ^lrgs

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