international foundation for development alternatives fundacion internaciorial para alternativas de desarrollo fondation internationale pour un autre developpement

i fda dossier 51 EDITORIAL . N a t i o n s Unies: un nouveau d e p a r t ? (Hart N e r f i n )

LOCAL SPACE . Development of t h e r u r a l poor : t h e m i s s i n g f a c t o r

(Cm P r a k a s h & P.N. R a s t o g i ) . Ecologfa o i d e o l o g i a ? ( E s t e b a n K r o t z ) . E c o - i n d u s t r i a l i s m , h i g h - t e c h and t h e s e a r c h f o r a l t e r n a t i v e s t o

p r o g r e s s (Wolfgang Sachs ) . L z t t e r t o R i g o h e r t a MenchU (Anne Buchanan)

THIRD WORLD SPACE Un nouve l o r d r e Sud-Sud pour un nouve l o r d r e n o n d i a l (A.Ben S a l a h )

. Tomorrow's h a b i t a t (Mahdi E imandj ra )

. R e a c t i v a c i i j n , d e s a r r o l l o y deuda: una p r o p u e s t a (Osvaldo Sunke l )

GLOBAL SPACE . The f u t u r e of t h e Uni ted N a t i o n s svs tem (John E . Fnbes) . Lee lananda De S i l v a r e v i e w s M. Zammit C u t a j a r ' s TOCTLD and t h e

South-North Dia logue : The f i r s t twenty y e a r s Beyond t h e n u c l e a r h o l o c a u s t ( S u r i n d a r S u r i )

NEWS FROM THE THIRD SYSTEM . Mexico: S e l f - H e l p Network , Network of Concerned T h i r d World Lawyers l aunched . Right L i v e l i h o o d Awards t o a c t i v i s t s i n E a s t and Vast . The WAS F e l l o w s h i p and Research G r a n t s Schemes

C01lect i . f e u r o p e e n C o n s c i e n t i s a t i o n . F u t u r e s of s u p p o r t i n d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r e s (WFSF) . Canada: Chance f o r C h i l d r e n Development Fund . Denmark: Kulu

LETTERS FOOTNOTES MATERIALS R£CFi" .E FOR PUBLICATION

e x s c u t - # e c o m m i t t e e : i s r a - 1 - s a b r i d h d d i l a , ahmed ben s a i d h , q o d f r e y q u n d t l l l e k e , an mei je.", marc n e r f i n [ o r e s i d e n t ) , i q n a c y sachs, m a r i e - a n g e i ,que savane, j u a n s m a v i a ,

r o a o : '"0 s t a v e r ! h a g e n , i n g a t h o r s s o n

c o u n c i l c o - c n a i r p e r s o n s 1985-1966: a l d o a j e l ! o , r d j m k o t h a r i

p l a c e d u ~ i a r c n * , 1260 i y o n , s w i t z e ; r l a n d ; ohone 41 ( 2 3 61 3 2 3 1 ; te 'e - ' . 26840 Â ¥ f d ch

i f d a dossier 51 . j anv ie r / fevr ie r 1986 e d i t o r i a l

N A T I O N UNIES: UN NOUVEAIJ DEPART?

p a r Marc N e r f i n

'Jn ex-re?r&servant &c'ir.t de Wask^ng^on s . ~ '.";,?;{or.s I'nies p o u v a i t W- , . -fuSre se pernettre d1wpe' .er 'is r7cr.en-t ofi ;el^es-.:^ w t t s r ' a i e c t I e

4 s - W e . Pendant q'u'iv:ze jours, 3 1 'an tome derryicer, q u e l p e 5: ckzf 's F Z t c : <:Q g23grne~2q2 se sont rec,dus 2 1 fAssembL6e e c < y a l e :;a- " .*S i'ni-es pour en c62gbrer t e 40e a'v.i-xrsa~.re. Le d s 2 e r - t .?sagan 7 . . ^ z - m m n'a pas pu -'aim autrene-nf qne de yen"'." s 'adresser 3 l 'As :? ,~ - b',es !e jsur annivcrsair-s de Ifentr ';e en - J ~ X F d:3 la Charts. 2mbier.

Peauscq ont d o r s Is .sentir-.ent qua Ie r i t u e l d 'cctobre , e t no:<; ::a- . . vans tous Ie rc57z du r<?~ie" , da'zs Le s o ~ i e n de l a f c i , wait s e w . a donner au-; .'i'atio% :&-'.ss rmme m nouvecu rwa".dat. Q1.4'-.? sfu7is.=;- da "!'.W

cu I ' c n t r e de3 prsblsmes pot*I?'iques I/'r,1%'int~, de ti 'relance de La x w r i p . - rat ion 'Jcrd-Sud, de la q e s t i ~ r . du systc'me ou ds ses re:dti,.>tzs ~i-;ec 'rious, peuple,? des N ^ t i m ~ , : ' J n i z s ' , l lC ' i ' J e s t ~ ' Â ¥ ; ~ ~ c \ w l ' h m pr s^t-r. i t{y >

per .d fe 3 . e ~ on t r o i s %itis. t ' i^es po~ t@: i ses drcven<r .

Duns un donaine w e d s mats hautenent s i q r i f i ~ c a t i f un excmple a en ; h z . W d ste dor.rii. Le 2S Octott'e, Le President de Z1Asse ,~k lJe p'nara'ie, I ? ,Seeretaire yene'r'al et quelque 18 chefs d 'E ta t , de qowewier,;nt e : aut-ce:: m-inistrc.~ se son;, c n q a m , &v& ure a s s e , ~ b l J e du t i e r s s w m e , cor:vo- q u e e t cons t i M e qu ' e l t e £ta ?a'!" I e.9 'S?;ffs ' t'i.des 6 1, '!Vi'^CFF, :Fa- vazLLer 2 7 ' i " m u n i s a t i ~ n ~ m i u e r s e t l e ds tous l e s enfants ¥i ¥nod d ' i c i 1390. Chaque jour, 10 000 e^ . f in t s rezirenz st 10 $CS 'sutres dfvitv~v.y.r, i*:f-Lmes des s u i t e s de six r~a?ac!ien ( r w o ^ . e , ^.ipht<i".s, scpe\^^'r.a, . . t tuEo.C, f.vbercu%ose ev not iJ@ie) 1 ' in imin~z~. tzor . , 'i' !? ( " o h */Q 5 do l lars p"ir c n f m t , p ~ < . ~ - : - ~ t 4t:i¥f-er

s u i t e 2 la page 8 2 )

i f d a d o s s i e r 51 . j anua ry / f eb rua ry 2986 l o c a l space

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUPAL P O O R : THE f '~ ISSPiG F A C T O R *

by O m P r a k a s h & P.N. R s s t o g i I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e o f Technology I1 T P o s t O f f i c e Kanpur 208016 U.P. , I n a i a

A b s t r a c t : T h i s p a p e r endeavours t o i d e n t i f y i n f i r m i t i e s and f a i l u r e of t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a l p r o c e s s i n overcoming p o v e r t j i n a v i l l a g e of U t t a r P r a d e s h . I t shows t h a t t h e p r imary s o u r c e s of f a i l u r e l i e ir. t h e i n p l e - m e n t a t i o n machinery i t s e l f and e x p l o i t a t i o n of poor by power fu l l o c a l i n t e r e s t s . These c a u s e s i n t u r n a r e s e e n t o be r o o t e d i n a more b a s i c v a l u e f a c t o r t h a t i s m i s s i n g from t h e p r o c e s s of p lanned change , t h e s p i r i t u a l f a c t o r . Absence of t h i s f a c t o r h a s d e v i t a l i z e d and d e s e n s i - t i z e d t h e o p e r a t i o n of deve lopmenta l measures and p e r p e t u a t e d e x p l o i - t a t i o n of poor and t h e i r p o v e r t y .

D E V E L O P P E M E N T DE P A U V R E S R U R A U X : L E F A C T E U R M A N Q U A N T

Resume: Ce t a r t i c l e s e p ropose d ' i d e n t i f i e r l e s i n s u f f i s a n c e s e t l e s e c h e c s du p r o c e s s u s d e developpement t e n d a n t 2 suppr imer l a p a u v r e t e dans un v i l l a g e d e 1 ' U t t e r P radesh ( I n d e ) . I1 mont re que l e s c a u s e s p r i - m o r d i a l e s d e 1 ' 6 c h e c r e s i d e n t dans l e s mecanismes meme de mise en o e u v r e e t d a n s l ' e x p l o i t a t i o n d e s p a u v r e s p a r de p u i s s a n t s i n t e r g t s l o c a u x . Mais c e s c a u s e s elle-mEmes p r e n n e n t r a c i n e dans un f a c t e u r p l u s fonda- m e n t a l , n e g l i g e dans I e p r o c e s s u s de p l a n i f i c a t i o n , I e f a c t e u r s p i r i - t u e l . Son a b s e n c e a d e v i t a l i s e e t i n s e n s i b i l i s e I e p r o c e s s u s de deve lop- pement e t pe rpe tu f i e x p l o i t a t i o n e t p a u v r e t e .

E L D E S A R R O L L O D E L O S P O B R E S R U R A L E S : E L F A C T O R A U S E N T E

Resumen: E s t e a r t l c u l o i n t e n t a i d e n t i f i c a r l a s i n s u f i c i e n c i a s y 10s f r a - c a s o s d e l p r o c e s o d e d e s a r r o l l o cuyo o b j e t i v o e r a d e s u p r i m i r l a p o b r e z a e n un p u e b l o d e U t t a r P r a d e s h ( I n d i a ) . Pone d e m a n i f e s t o que l a s c a u s a s p r i m o r d i a l e s d e l f r a c a s o r e s i d e n en 10s mecanismos misraos d e l a a p l i c a - c i 6 n y e n l a e x p l o t a c i 6 n d e 10s p o b r e s p o r poderosos i n t e r e s e s l o c a l e s . Pero e s t a s c a u s e s s e e n r a c i n a n tambien en un f a c t o r m5s fundamenta l , d e s c u i d a d o e n e l p r o c e s o d e p l a n i f i c a c i o n , e l f a c t o r e s p i r l t u a l . Su au- s e n c i a ha d e s v i t a l i z a d o e i n s e n s i b i l i z a d o e l p r o c e s o d e d e s a r r o l l o y h a p e r p e t u a d o e x p l o i t a c i O n p o b r e z a .

>.," ? , - p - - , -,.- * w o r k reported here is part of an >^&CL ,'. Lb^.Ln,i.m, I'CF L P'"/.?! 3 4 - W ) . Data f o r t h i s study uas co7Zected over .z period of f i ve rnontks from Se?$kwe's? 1384 to daruary 1985. S r i K..?. Sazcria s e r v e d as field officer of the prefect . Thanks are due t; ard ^IT, Kanpi i9 for r i a ' k i ~ q this study y c s s i b t e .

Almost half of India's population lives below poverty line and most of it lives in rural areas. Raising income Levels of rural poor is a prime ob?ective of the nation's develc'p- ment planning.

Attempts at rural development have been in operatic;: for more than three decades. Its overall success has been unim- pressive. Villages lying in interior areas and relatively remote from urban centres have been only minimally affected by change and modernization. This study attempts to examine at a micro-level the process of development in a relatively remote village in Uttar Pradesh.

The village settinq

Village Duari lies at some forty kilometres from Kanpur City. It is located in Sarwankhera development block in Ak- barpur Tehsil of Kanpur district and is unconnected with any railway or bus station. It dces not possess any all-weather motorable road. It is approachable only throuqh a 6 kilome- tres long dirt track from the nearest highway on which pri-- vate buses ply. The village has a population of 1356 con- sisting of 229 households. More than half of the households (119) consist of scheduled and backward castes. Their popu- lation is 863. The scheduled and economically backward cast- es are divided into Bhangi ( 3 households), Chamar (2) ' Dhanuk (g), Dhobi (E), Khatik (17), (l), Kumhar ( 5 1 , Pasi (19) and Raidas (26) subcastes. Some 50% of these - households are landless. The remaining ones have marginal landholdings of one to five bighas. They as well as the landless work mainly as agricultural workers and share- croppers. Some scheduled caste households also rear pigs. Kumhars are engaged in their traditional occupation of pot- tery. Ninety percent of the households of these weaker sec- tions are indebted to rural moneylenders with rates of inte- rest varying from 5 to 10% per month. Thirteen scheduled caste households are heavily indebted; the amount of their respective debts with interest, running into a few thousands. They are caught in a 'debt trap' from which their escape through self-effort appears unlikely.

Duari also includes three hamlets situated within a radius of five kilometres from the main villaqe. This pouulation almost exclusively consists of scheduled and backward cast- es. the smallest hamlet Mannapur has a population of l53 consisting of 25 households. Of these, Nunia comprises 20 households and the remaining fiv-he hamlet of Narainpur has a population of 190 consisting of 29 house-

holds. All the households here belong to Raidas subcaste. The Man Singh Ka Purwa hamlet is the largest. Its population of 443 consists of 86 households. Of these, except for the five upper caste households (4 Thakur and 1 Bania) , the re- maining 81 are divided into scheduled and backward castes. Of the 36 scheduled caste households, and comprise 15 each and Eamhabhatta (E) account for the remaining 6. Of the 45 backward caste households, Kachchi comprises 20, Teli 23 and % 2. Duari (including its hamlets) is thus - primarily a village of poor scheduled and backward castes.

The population growth rate for the village of Duari as a whole on the basis of census data works out at 2.35% per year*.

There are no approach roads of any kind for any of the three hamlets or from one hamlet to another and the main village. One has to go over the narrow boundaries between the adjoin- ing fields to go to any hamlet. Electricity and (piped) drinking water are not available. Socio-economic profile of scheduled and backward castes in the hamlets is identical with that of the main village. Marginal landholdings, share cropping, landless agricultural and non-agricultural labour broadly characterize their occupational pattern. Both men and women work as farm labourers. During peak agricultural periods, even the children are put to work to earn a waqe income. Almost all the scheduled and backward households in the hamlets are indebted. As many as fifty-five scheduled caste households in the three hamlets are heavily indebted. Two cases of bonded labour were found in Mannapur hamlet. Their debt-bondage status is a decade old.

Daily wage rate per adult person varies from Rs.6 to 8 while children are paid Rs.5 per day. Work on daily wage basis or its variation in the form of a share in the crop for share cropping is on average available for 6 months in a year. Non-agricultural wage incomes at the rate of Rs.9 per day is also occasionally available from work in government program- mes of afforestation and road building. Rural poor also try to earn a wage income by serving as load carriers in the village market fairs (melas) held periodically. Adult male members also sometimes go to the city to work as casual la- bourers in construction worlt. Here they are able to earn a daily wage income of Rs. 14. Living in the open at construc- tion sites and eating extremely frugal meals, they are occa- sionally able to save some money.

But most of the waqe earnings of the weaker sections go to- ward debt repayment. Even then, the indebted in most cases

'* Total population of the village incLuCi,";??g its hamlets uas lib'; ccoord- ing CO i97J-7^ ~ w : s u s . T h i s f iaupd increased to 2213 in tm 13SO-v1 Zen- sus.

manage to pay only the interest on loan and not the loan itself. Even where the loan with interest has been partially or in rare cases wholly repaid, contingencies like birth, death, marriage and illness lead to a renewal of the debt syndrome. Net result is a situation of subsistent existence, occasional periods of starvation and persistent poverty.

Panchayat (local self government) of the village has a Brah- min pradhan (head) who has been in this position for the last twenty years. The panchavat has also several harijan members but they are largely inactive in village affairs. The pradhan is influential in settling intra-village dis- putes amongst weaker sections. He also facilitates their access to official agencies and receives monetary considera- tion for his 'services'. In the latter respect, he and the village level worker (gram sevak), another Brahmin, work in close cooperation. The villages poor find Brahmins more ap- proachable than Thakurs who are perceived as exploiters and inspire fear.

Social relations in the village are characterized by domi- nance of Thakurs. Thakurs dominate the social system econom- ically, politically and socially in a contiguous group of 36 villages of which Duari is one. They are farmers with rela- tively large landholdings who employ agricultural labour and lend money. They exploit weaker sections through usurious extortion, dishonest practices, ruthless behaviour and ap- propriation of their meagre landholdings. There have been five cases of land usurpation in Duari and some sixteen cas- es in Man Singh ka purwa about a decade and a half ago. Tha- kurs also keep two scheduled caste households as bonded la- bour. They suppress any evidence of protest through violence and implication of the protesters in false criminal cases. Presently twelve Harijans including some who are literate, are in jail on contrived charges. The local police reported- ly abet the activities of the Thakurs and the scheduled castes are afraid of approaching them.

Economic vulnerability of the weaker sections coupled with terror tactics of Thakurs have rendered them submissive and -incapable of remedial collective action. It appears as if governmental provisions, like regulation of usury, debt re- demption and protection of life, property and honour, are non-existent. the prevailing social dynamics of the village are unstable. In the context of a slowly growing political consciousness of the masses and inoperative channels of so- cial justice, social unrest may in future take the form of retaliatory violence and crime.

Rural development measures

The block development office was established in the neigh- bouring Sarwankhera village in 1972. A cooperative society serving a number of nearby villages came into being two

years later. Branches of regional rural bank (chhetriya gra- min bank) and a scheduled bank were established in the late seventies. The activities of all these three credit institu- tions have however so far failed to benefit the weaker sec- tions of Duari and its three hamlets.

A programme of land distribution to the landless was initi- ated in 1978-79, under which forty landless families were given small tracts of land varying from 5 to 8 biswas (500 to 800 square metres approximately). 39 households of sche- duled castes and a solitary brahmin family were to be the beneficiaries. Apart from meagre sizes of the land tracts distributed, as many as 37 recipients got only g land, unfit for cultivation. To date these pieces of land are ly- ing fallow. Of the remaining three cases, the two scheduled caste recipients have not received possession. The only be- neficiary appears to be the Brahmin household.

Government programmes also include a scheme for land recla- mation and development, under which the weaker sections may get a large part of the amount required for land development as a grant and the remaining as a loan on easy terms. Not a single rural household has benefited from this scheme. Appa- rently, the functionaries of the development administration have not educated the villagers in this respect. The village poor are not only unaware of this scheme, but in some in- stances when told about it, also decline to utilize it.

The experience of poor about obtaining any loan from go- vernment agencies has been very frustrating. The loan amount actually received by them, when at all, is invariably much lower than the figure specified on paper. Moreover, the lengthy procedure followed in respect of the sanction of loans is very wasteful of their time. They have to spend several days in repeatedly going from one place to another for completing the formalities. During this period, they lose their daily wage earnings and face starvation.

The provision of bank loans for rural poor is an important development measure. It comes under a special component of IRD (Intensive Rural Development) programme. Disbursement of loans under this programme in the village started from 1982 and till 1984, 35 persons were granted loans. The amount given varied from Rs.500 to Rs. 5000 (one case). Modal range of loans has been Rs.2000 to RS.3000. The loans have been given for purposes such as purchase of cattle, grocery shop, bullock cart and leather machinery for shoe-making. In all cases, the actual value received by the loanees has been 25% to 33% less than the figure stated on their loan documents. The entire procedure for grant of loans is not only lengthy but also characterized by payoffs at every stage starting with the availability of loan application forms. Illiteracy, poverty and vulnerability of rural poor and rapacity of go- vernment's development personnel have contributed to this

situation. There are at least two cases in the village where due to excessive payoffs involved, two persons whose loan applications were approved, declined to accept the loans. They then had to make a payoff for getting the loan appli- cation papers back from the bank. For these and various other reasons, as many as 18 recipients of the loans have not been able to benefit from this facility and are unable to repay the same. Many others have been discouraged from making use of this facility.

Among other development activities, mention here may be made of a tubewell for irrigation being constructed by the government. This tubewell is meant for a number of villages and has been 'under construction' for the last two years. An unpaved road is also presently under construction. A drink- inq water well was built in 1980 for the scheduled castes of the Mansingh ka purwa village. An afforestation programme is also operative in this block. Its potential ecolocrical bene- fits a-re however concurrently being depreciatedby an un- checked felling of developed green trees. Police personnel overlook the felling of trees for a monetary consideration. The afforestation and road-building programmes have however benefited the rural poor of this and the adjoining villages by providing them with wage incomes of Rs.9 per day as mentioned earlier. These measures just about sum up the na- ture and extent of development activities in Duari and its hamlets. Programmes like bio-gas plants and utilization of solar energy etc., are nowhere in evidence.

Health and schooling facilities provided by the government at the block headquarter village have benefited this village also. Children of rual poor receive some schooling although the dropout rate is high. Literate youth are to be found in some households of weaker sections although their stratum as a whole remains illiterate. The Primary Health Centre provides training to village midwives, periodically sprays the area with DDT, distributes contraceptives and organizes sterilization camps. As a result of these measures, the vil- lagers have become aware of the nature and significance of family planning. Infant mortality has declined.

Subversion of development programmes

Programmes of development meant for the benefit of rural poor have failed in their purpose. Land distribution pro- gramme has been meaningless. The number of recipients is too few and the land distributed too little. Moreover, the land so distributed is unfit for cultivation. No follow-up action for developing the land has been taken nor the villagers appraised of existing governmental facilities in this regard. In two cases of cultivable land tracts, the scheduled caste beneficiaries have not been able to obtain proprietory possession of the tracts assigned to them. The solitary beneficiary has been a poor Brahmin household.

The Programme of credit to rural poor at concessional terms has great potential for raising their income level. But this programme has been subverted by the functionaries involved in development activities. The failure of this programme was outlined in the preceding section. The mechanics of its sub- version may be delineated as follows:

(i) A villager has to pay something like Rs.50 to ob- tain the loan application form and get the village level worker (gramsevak) to process it further.

(ii) Village pradhan and gramsevak expect and receive a 'cut' of 5% or more for forwarding the loan appli- cation and helping the loanee with paper formali- ties.

(ii

(iv

v )

The bank functionaries deduct 10% of the sanction- " ed amount as their 'due1.

) A villager has to pay from Rs.25 to Rs.50 for get- ting a medical certificate for insurance purposes.

A payment of Rs.30 has to be made for obtaining a 'No Dues' certificate from other credit agencies in the area.

(vi) A villager receives the 'goods' from the market (i.e. cattle, machine, material etc. ) instead of cash. Money passes by hand in this transaction also and the villager often ends up receiving in- ferior goods purchased at higher cost.

As a consequence of these mechanics of subversion, the loa- nee usually receives only two-thirds to three-fourths of the sanctioned amount. His loan repayment liability, needless to say, stands for the entire sanctioned amount. The economic viability of a villager's project is thereby upset from the very beginning and he often finds himself unable to repay the loan. In contingent situations like death of cattle etc, the recipient's situation is further worsened.

The entire procedure of obtaining a loan adversely affects the economic interests of rural poor in yet another way which pushes up cost of the loan further. A villager has to make several and repeated trips to gramsevak, pradhan, bank officials, photographer, medical personnel and others in connection with his loan application. He does not possess a

A A ' c u t ' o f 20% i s 'demanded by g r m s e v a k znd/or LekhpaL f o r g i v ing a scheduled c a s t e s t a t u s c e r t i f i c a t e . Th i s c e r t i f i c a t e e n t i t l e s a Loanee t o a f i f t y percent qrar.t o f t h e Loaned amount provided t he remainder i s paid back i n t ime.

bicycle and has to traverse distances of 10 to 20 kilometres on foot for each trip. An entire day is wasted for making just one trip to a functionary and waiting for a response from him. During the days so wasted, he loses his wage in- come which accentuates his economic distress. For these and the foregoing reasons, many rural poor are reluctant and disinclined to avail of rural credit facilities.

Dynamics of Development

Dynamics of development at Duari (and its hamlets) disclose a close interaction of three sets of factors. One set com- prises various measures and programmes of development initi- ated by government. They aim at improving economic condi- tions of rural poor. Many of them are inoperative in this village. The second set comprises factors of inefficacy and subversion of operative programmes by the corrupt and inef- ficient official machinery responsible for their implementa- tion. The third set comprises factors related to indebted- ness, exploitation and suppression of rural poor by Thakur moneylenders. Heavy burden of repayment of the money bor- rowed at very high rates of interests and arbitrary account- keeping by the moneylenders, eats away their wage incomes and perpetuates their poverty. Disaggregation of these three sets of factors and their non-linear interaction in the form of eight negative and positive feedback cycles is shown in fig.l.* Broken lines and crosses in the figure indicate non-operative programmes of development.

Fig.1 shows that developmental measures for rual poor com- prising eleven components are meant to provide substantial benefits to rural poor (cycle I). Feedback cycles 11, 111, IV and V show subversion of the operative programmes of de- velopment. They depict micro-level factors adversely affect- ing the intended benefits to rural poor. Cycles V1 and V11 show the trap of indebtedness from which the poor find no easy escape. Their poverty leads them to borrow money and heavy repayment liability eats away their wage income and perpetuates their poverty. Cycle V111 shows their exploita- tion and suppression by moneylenders and the partisan role of local police in this context.

Fig.1 also shows the salient variables of the dynamic sys- tem. Salient variables are those which stand at the inter- section of several feedback cycles and are the foci of a maximum number of input and output processes (Rastogi, 1979) They serve to outline a synoptic portrait of a multi-cycli- cal system. The salient variable, development measures for rural poor, is here characterized by inadequacy and ineffi-

* See P.N. Rastogi, Social & Management Cybernetics (The A f f i l i a t e d East-West Press, A'ew Delhi, 1 9 7 9 ) ,

cacy. Benefits to rural poor, another salient variable, stand highly depreciated on account of the non-operation and subversion of development programmes. Another salient vari- able, inability and unwillingness to benefit from rural cre- dit facility is a resultant of the factors discrediting the credit scheme. The salient variable, economic conditions of rural poor is characterized by persistent low values on ac- count of a very meagre impact of benefits to rural poor and highly adverse influence of a heavy repayment burden due to usurious extortion and poor's exploitation and suppression by Thakurs.

The salient variables of fig.1 also serve to depict the di- mensional objectives of system development. For this pur- pose, all or most of the components of developmental mea- sures for poor, need to be activated vigorously, benefits to rural poor have to be real and substantial, obstacles faced by the villagers leading to their inability and unwillinq- ness to benefit from credit facility need to be removed, economic conditions of rural poor have to be improved by eliminating their heavy repayment liability due to usurious extortion and their exploitation and suppression by money lenders. The achievement of these dimensional objectives would require a systematic rectification of all the eight feedback cycles that are highly malfunctioning at present. Unless and until each malfunctioning cycle i.e., a patholo- gical process is corrected, the goals of system development would not be realized. The pervasive problems of poverty would continue to persist and deepen.

Dynamics of development disclose the clash between growch- inducing and growth depressing processes in the rural sys- tern. Growth inducing process is represented by a single cy- cle i.e. cycle I, while the growth-negotiating processes are multiple, i.e., all the remaining cycles 11 to VIII. The growth-negotiating processes of cycles I1 to V, have their source in the administrative machinery of development itself while those of cycles V1 to V111 are engendered by the vil-- laqe's highly inequitous and archaic social structure.

The control of these deleterious processes requires a con- joint and coordinated operation of corrective institutional mechanisms. These mechanisms already exist in the form of anti-corruption machinery, legislation governing usury and debt redemption, periodic monitoring and evaluation of de- velopment programmes, police, judiciary, elected representa- tives of people from village panchayat onward and a free press. Yet all these corrective mechanisms themselves are seen to have failed and/or become infirm and inoperative at Duari.

The situation at Duari is however not singular and unique; it is representative of numerous other villaqes. The failure and/or infirmity and ineffectiveness of the entire range of

the foregoing set of official agencies, programmes, meas- ures, structures, policies and organizations can only be characterized as a wholesale failure of institutional mecha- nisms.

But what lies underneath this wholesale failure of institu- tions? The only common factor underlying the crisis of fore- going parasitical social institutions is the human failure. This human failure is constituted of his moral infirmities i.e. unrestrained greed, selfishness, insensitivity, incom- petence and irresponsibility.

These infirmities indicate the missing factor underlying the crisis and failure of development apparatus. the missing factor is thus spiritual i.e. the S-Factor.

The missing factor

The process of planned rural development aims at a socio- economic transformation of rural society. It aims at over- coming the centuries old problems of poverty, exploitation, illiteracy, backwardness, disease and malnutrition of weaker sections. For solving these problems, the government has em- ployed legislation, resource allocation, development pro- grammes through an administrative apparatus, creation of fi- na~cial agencies for soft loan facility to rural. poor, and formation of local self-government institutions from village onward. The entire setup is designed to function in a mutu- ally complementary and supportive manner.

The results of the foregoing massive endeavour have however been dismal. Rural development administration and credit agencies have emerged as inefficient, ineffective, insensi- tive and parasitical bureaucratic structures. Legislative measures like land reforms, protection of weaker sections, debt-redemption and requlation of usury have largely failed in achieving their objectives. The implementation machinery for rural development itself is seen to have emerged as a primary source of developmental failure. Local self-govern- ment institutions are characterized by factional dissensions and a marked lack of any sense of mission and service.

Such an all round failure of institutions is seen to be rooted in a blatantly materialistic and selfish outlook of change agents, their manipulative approach to persons and things for monetary gains, their insensitivity toward the needs and difficulties of rural poor and a marked absence of dedication to duty and a spirit of service to one's fellow- man. The change agents involved in Duari are the officials of credit institutions, the village level worker, the =as pradhan, the police personnel and the functionaries of block development office. The malaise however extends far and wide in both horizontal and vertical directions.

The human failure of change agents is exceeded only by the rapacity of rural moneylenders, mostly Thakurs, who are get- ting richer through extortion, fraud and terror. Their ac- tions are unrestrained by the agencies of law and police. The human failure of weaker sections consists of their lack of unity and cooperation for their collective benefit. Through their social solidarity based on mutual help, ser- vice and shared sorrows, they may be able to mitigate the impact of corrupt practices of development functionaries on the one hand and exploitation and suppression by the rural rich on the other. The possibility of their social mobiliza- tion on their own is however low on account of their pover- ty, ignorance and terror of Thakurs. If however such a mo- bilization is effected by an external radical leadership on the basis of an ideology of class conflict, it would engen- der, a milieu of reciprocal violence, death, social chaos and economic disintegration.

In the entire nexus of multilateral relationships between man and man in their various roles of change agents, rural rich and poor, the S-factor of compassion, help and service to one's fellowman is conspicuously missing. If the S-factor could be inducted in their interpersonal transactions, tasks and purposes, it would not only ampli manifold the produc- tivity of development process but also transform the quality of rural social life.

Selfless service to one's fellow human beings is not an uto- pian ideal but a realizable and practical necessity. Service to the poor, the needy, the deprived, the sick and the help- less (Manav Seva) is service to God Himself (Madhav Seva) says Sathya Sai. The evangel of love and service is the com- mon and dominant message of all religions of mankind. It is capable of dissolving the barriers of dislike, hate, greed and exploitation between man and man and replacing them by emotionally fulfilling warmth, benevolence, mutual under- standing, help, cooperation and shared perspectives.

The message of love and service as a spiritual imperative of human life needs to be driven home to all concerned in the development process - government functionaries, elected of- ficials, rural rich and the poor. A concerted, longterm and sustained effort is needed to promote the culture of love, piety, service and cooperation. Such an effort would involve education in human values, utilization of all channels of mass communication, training programmes and non-formal in- formation flows in a coordinated and conjoint manner.

The villagers, elected officials, policp and administrative personnel all need to be brought within its scope. The ini- tial impact of such a sustained endeavour may appear to be imperceptible at first but slowly and cumulatively, it would bring about lasting, profound and far-reaching improvements in the quality of human life, resources and accomplishments.

Such a radical and wide ranging programme cannot obviously be carried as just another programme of the government's information department. It has to be carried out with the involvement of dedicated individuals and voluntary service organizations. The programme would serve as a long-term mea- sure for system development. Even a partial success of the endeavour would result in a shrinking of the area of pover- ty, misery, cruelty, conflict and tensions in the social system.

Short-term measures

The foregoing long-term measures needs to be supplemented by an independent investigative and monitoring apparatus for detecting and high-lighting cases of corruption, irresponsi- bility and unrestrained usury, most of which may not however be provable in a court of law. But the activities of such an apparatus by themselves may exercise a deterrent effect on the culprits. The problem here may also acquire a political complexion as the locally influential persons and functiona- ries involved together form a strong nexus of power, inte- rest and influence with high level political connections.

Legal aid to rural poor for protecting them from exploita- tion and suppression also needs to be provided in this con- text. Regarding atrocities on weaker sections, Ram finds the politico-legal mechanisms for dealing with them ineffective and calls for their simplification and effective implementa- tion.* An ICLD report (1979) also calls for providing legal resources to poor on an institutionalised basis. This would facilitate their access to and advocacy in official forums and enable them to resist oppression and exploitation. In Duari, there are reportedly several cases of usurpation of land belonging to poor by rich Thakurs. There are also cases of rape and violence that go unreported on account of Tha- kur's terror and partisan attitude of local police. Provi- sion of legal aid would not only be valuable in all such instances but would also be of considerable help in weaken- ing the practice of unrestrained usury and dishonest account-keeping of rapacious moneylenders.

The Government is presently making numerous efforts for im- proving socio-economic status of weaker sections and redu- cing their poverty. A number of programmes and agencies have been created in this context. They put out impressive stati- stics about their so-called achievements. If their claims are to be believed, then poverty should have disappeared from this country. The grim reality of extant situations however tells a different story. The proposed investigative and monitoring apparatus could also be used to verify their

* Nandu Ram, "Lan and Atroci t ies on Weaker Sections in India", Indian B a r Review (Vol. X, ?3, 1 9 8 3 ) .

reported claims and achievements. In this context, Sharma refers to a study conducted by Herijan Sevak Sangh in 1976 in 179 villages of nine districts of Madhya Pradesh.* The study highlights the lack of impact of rural development programmes on scheduled castes. Important programmes like land distribution, irrigation, distribution of homestead plots, debt redemption, freeing of bonded labour and finan- cial help schemes were marginally implemented. Most of the Harijans in the state are agricultural labourers or landless peasants and their future is in the hands of a few big farm- ers. Our study confirms the findings of the Sangh's study for the situation prevailing in Duari.

Conclusion

Potential for raising weaker sections above the poverty line barely exists at Duari. A wage income of Rs.16 per day for two working members in a household for an average period of 180 days only in a year is presently possible. This income base needs to be suitably augmented by providing the house- holds with credits at concessional terms. The credit facil- ity can enable them to generate supplementary income earning opportunities through dairy farming, poultry, shoe making and petty trade activities. What however is happening at present is that the wage incomes of poor are being lost, reduced and/or denied through their heavy repayment liabili- ties toward the unscrupulous moneylenders. The working of rural credit scheme as explained earlier, has degenerated toward becoming a big source of illegal income for the func- tionaries involved in development administration. For deal- ing with the prevalent and pervasive malaise, both the short- and long-term measures are necessary. The lasting and amplifying socio-economic results may however only be ex- pected when the basic missing S-Factor in development is supplied.

This paper has tried to explore the failure of rural devel- opment at the level of a single village so as to gain an indepth understanding of the micro-level dynamics of the process. It is only through such micro-level indepth studies that we may be better able to comprehend the inner nature of a stagnant and intractable situation that is consuming in- creasing amounts of financial resources without yielding expected results. The study finds that in a most basic man- ner, it is the lack of the S-Factor that has devitalized, depreciated and distorted the development process and socio- economic relations. This factor does not find a place in numerous other studies on poverty and rural development. In so far as this is so, what we have said is something new. But in fact the 'finding' is ages old.

* K.L . Sharma, "Caste and Class: Factors Affecting Mobility mong the Scheduled Castes", The Journal of Sociological Studies (Vol.2, 1 9 8 3 ) .

ECOLOGI A 0 IDEOLOGI A ?

CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE PELIGROS DEL ECOLOGiSMO

For Esteban Krotz Univers idad autisnoma r n e t r o p o l i t a n a - I z t a p a l a p a Departamento d e a n t r o p o l o g i a Apar tado p o s t a l 55-536 0 9 3 4 0 Mexico, D . F . , Mexico

ECOLOGY OR IDEOLOGY? SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE DANGER OF ECOLOGISM

A b s t r a c t : T h i s p a p e r t a c k l e s some a s p e c t s of t h e p u b l i c d i s c u s s i o n i n Mexico on e c o l o g y which c o l o u r i t i n s u c h manner a s t o make i t l o o s e i t s c h a r a c t e r a s a fundamenta l s o c i a l c r i t i q u e . The a u t h o r examines v a r i o u s forms o f r e d u c t i o n i s m a n d o t h e r i d e o l o g i c a l f i g u r e s which s e r i o u s l y mor tgage t h e a n a l y s i s of t h e problem and t h e s e a r c h f o r s o l u t i o n s . The e x e r c i z e a ims a t making i t e a s i e r t o d i s t i n g u i s h more c l e a r l y t h e c r i t i - c a l d i s c u s s i o n from a p p r o a c h e s which mask t h e r e a l n a t u r e of t h e p r o b l e - m a t l q u e and d i v e r t i t towards f l a t e c o l o g i s m . The remarks f o r m u l a t e d h e r e a r e grounded i n r e s e a r c h c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e i s t h m of Vera Cruz , one of t h e r e g i o n s of Mexico most d e e p l y and d u r a b l y a f f e c t e d by t h e mass ive p r e s e n c e o f t h e o i l i n d u s t r y . The a u t h o r examines s u c h q u e s t i o n s a s : e c o l o g i c a l p rob lem o r p o l l u t i o n p rob lem; t h e g r e e n , t h e l i f e and o i l i n - d u s t r y ; 'man' and ' n a t u r e ' : va lue- loaded a b s t r a c t i o n s . He c o n c l u d e s w i t h a d i s c u s s i o n on e c o l o g y , development and u t o p i a .

ECOLOGIE OU IDEOLOGIE? REMARQUES SUR LES DANGERS DE L'ECOLOGISM

Resume: Ce t a r t i c l e a b o r d e q u e l q u e s a s p e c t s d e l a d i s c u s s i o n p u b l i q u e s u r l ' e c o l o g i e a u Mexique e t q u i l a c o l o r e n t de t e l l e m a n i s r e q u ' e l l e t e n d i p e r d r e son c a r a c t e r e d e c r i t i q u e s o c i a l e fondamenta le . L ' a u t e u r examine e n p a r t i c u l i e r d i v e r s e s fo rmes d e r 6 d u c t i o n i s m e e c a u t r e s f i - g u r e s i d e o l o g i q u e s q u i hypothsquen t s e r i e u s e m e n t l ' a n a l y s e du problsme e t l a r e c h e r c h e d e s o l u t i o n s . L ' e x e r c i c e d e v r a i t p e r m e t t r e d e d i s t i n g u e r p l u s c l a i r e m e n t l a d i s c u s s i o n c r i t i q u e d e s dernarches q u i o c c u l t e n t l e c a r a c t c r e r e e l d e l a p r o b l e m a t i q u e e t l a f o n t d e v i e r v e r s un 6co log i sme p l a t . Les c o n s i d 6 r a t i o n s f o r m u l ~ e s i c i s o n t fond6es s u r d e s e t u d e s e f - f e c t u e e s d a n s l ' i s t h m e de Vera Cruz , une d e s r e g i o n s l e s p l u s p rofond6- ment e t durab lement a f f e c t e e s p a r l a p r e s e n c e mass ive d a l ' i n d u s t r i e p e t r o l i s r e . L ' a u t e u r examine success ive rnen t d e s q u e s t i o n s comme prob l sme e c o l o g i q u e ou p rob l sme d e p o l l u t i o n ; I e v e r t , l a v i e e t l ' i n d u s t r i e p G t r o l i S r e dans l ' i s t h m e d e Vera Cruz ; "1'"homme e t " l a " n a t u r e : ab- s t r a c t i o n s i n t 6 r e s s C e s . I1 c o n c l u t p a r une d i s c u s s i o n s u r l ' e c o l o g i e , l e developpement e t l ' u t o p i e .

Esteban Krotz*

E C O L O G I A G IDEALOGIA?

CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE PELIGROS DEL ECOLOGISMO

For que' no anal izar las cosas antes de h a b c i t a r p l a ~ e t a s ?

Actualmente, encontrarse con la nocifin "ecologla" es algo bastante frecuente: est5 presente en conferencias de prensa sobre la calidad del dire que respiran 10s capitalinos du- rante La 6poca invernal y las perspectivas de La pr6xima temporada de escasez de agua, se encuentra una y otra vez en periodicos y revistas de todo tipo, aparece en las pantallas de la television. Incluso algunos antrop61ogos, que ya ha- bian estado convencidos del confinamiento de la palabra ecologia" a la trastera conceptual de su disciplina, repa- ran nuevamente en su posible utilidad I/. Este breve ensayo se ocupa de algunos elementos que se en- cuentran en buena parte la discusion piiblica sobre la "eco- logfa" y que la tinen de tal manera que tiende a perder su caracter de crltica social fundamental. Para ello se ana- lizan aqul varias formas de reduccionismo y o t r a s figuras ideoloqicas que hipotecan qravemente el analisis del pro- blema y la bfisqueda de soluciones. As? podrS distinguirse con m5s claridad la discusion crftica de 10s planteamientos que intentan ocultar su caracter real y desviarla hacia un piano ecoloqismo. Las consideraciones aqul expuestas parten de y se basan en estudios realizados en el istmo veracruzano,

* Profesor-investigador en e l Departmento de Antropolog'Ca de l a UAM- I z tapa lapa.

I / Esta se habia estado u t i L i z a ~ d o cas i exclusivamente en es tud ios sobre - 10s Llamados pueblos primitives o las etapas tempranas de la c iv i l i -za- cidn, pero no se reLacionaba con la s i tuac i6n ac tua l . Por e l l o , E. II. Anderson comenta ucertadamente que " los antropdlogos han s ido muy l en tos en despertara sun respucts a e s t c ¥pvsI,7c,xa1' per"" r¥e/-¥n7c precisa- mente pop su propia tradic idn disc ipZinaria "no e s perdonable a 10s an- tropologos ignorar el problema o continual- permitiendo que bi6Logos ha- blen con ignorcncia de los resuLtados de tas c iencias soc ia les sobre 61" ("The L i f e and Culture of E c o t ~ p ! ~ " , pp.265-267; en: D. fiymes, ed . , & invent ing Anthropology, pdgs. ?.6S - 3 3 . Random House, Kueva York 1974).

una de las regiones que m5s profunda y duraderamente se ha visto afectada por la presencia tan masiva de la i~dustria petrolera L / .

Problema ecol6gico o problema de la contamination?

Para empezar hay que recordar que con "el problema ecol6gi- CO" sucede 10 mismo que con cualquier otro: su existencia concreta, su tratamiento y, finalmente, la formulaci6n e iinplementaci6n de propuestas para su soluci6n dependen am- pliamente de la forma en que es planteado. Un problema de conocimiento - tanto teorico como practice - nunca existe tal cual en la realidad observable, sino se construye a par- tir de ella: 10s cientificos "construyen" sus problemas cientificos, pero tambign las culturas o sociedades "cons- truyen" su "realidad", incluyendo 10s problemas que tratan de resolver.

En vista de ello es llamativo que se ha establecido, amplia- mente, una identification entre 10s significados de "ecolo- gla" y "ecosistema". Es decir, la primera palabra no designa el discurso (cientifico) de 10 que denota la segunda, sino, comunmente, 10s medios ambientes organico, vegetal, animal y a veces incluso social son tratados como sin6nimo de la rama de conocimiento que se ocupa de ellos. Esto induce no pocas veces a asumir de manera incuestionada que "el problema eco- 16gico1' sea alqo que puede aprehenderse de un mod0 sencillo y completamente emplrico.

Consecuencia de esta situaci6n es el hecho de que casi siem- pre, en conversaciones comunes, reportajes periodlsticos y hasta escritos especializados, "el problema eco16gico1' es identificado con la existencia de "contaminaci6n" en el me- dio ambiente, as decir, la presencia de elementos anorqs- nicos y orgSnicos de todo tip0 en lugares donde no debe- rlan estar: plomo en el aire, amibas en el aqua, plZsticos a1 lado de las carreteras, petr6leo en la playa, radioacti- vidad en materiales de construcci6n, 3/, etc. En otras oca- siones, la preocupaci6n se centra mas en la ausencia de ele- mentos del mismo tipo con respecto a luqares donde alquna vez habfan estado o donde se considera que deberlan estar: bosques talados, cerros erosionados, una capa oz6nica cada vez mSs delqada, estacionamientos en vez de parques, etc.

2/ Los va ter ia les emviricos a Los que se hace r e f e r e n d a son - resul tados del proyecto de invest igacidn "Evolucidn sociocuLturat del ' s t m o vrwr 'uzano", adscr i to a t Area Relaczones PoLitzcas del, Lepar- tamento de AntropoLoq<a de 13. LlA.\!-Iztayalapa; er sus dos t~rryoradas de carrpa nds prolongadas ( a comienzos de 1981 y a f ines de 19823 partieipa- ¥co dos grupos de es tudiantes de l icenciatura en antropa2og-C~ soc ia l .

3/ V k n s e tas na t i e ias sabre e s t e easo reciente en e l norte c'eL pal's - (peri6a'Lco Lnomdsuno, 3 de febrero de 1984, pdg. 22).

Per0 es fzcil ver que esta preocupaci6n puede ser relacio- nada casi siempre de manera directa con la prirnera y que a menudo no constituye m5s cue la otra cara de aquella. En ambos cases, la discusi6n estZ enfocada hacia 10s danos y perspectivas sombrlas que conlleva para 10s seres humanos esta situacifin. La existencia de esta preocupaci6n - cada vez m5s amplia, aunque lejos todavfa de ser generalizada - solo puede ser saludada como positiva. Siqnifica un intento de ver el mundo de una manera nueva. Pero enfrenta el peli- qro de no poder penetrar la superficie de las apariencias.

Hace ya veinte anos, la antropoloqa inglesa Mary Douglas public6 un interesante libro en que se ocupaba de 10s proce- SOS de contaminacion y purification rituales entre pueblos no-occidentales A/. Su suposici6n b5sica era que estos feno- menos no podlan entenderse de manera aislada del context0 en que se daban: " ... suciedad es esencialmente desorden. No existe algo como la suciedad absoluta: existe en 10s ojos del observador ... Suciedad atenta contra el orden. Eli- minarlo no es un movimiento negative, sino un esfuerzo po- sitivo para organizar el medio ambiente" 5/. Aunque esta obra trata, m5s que nada, de actividades relacionadas con procesos fisiol6gicos (que luego son referidos a procesos de construcci6n de identidad colectiva y las estructuras de poder existentes), sf puede verse la contribution de este enfoque a la discusi6n que aqui nos ocupa: la sinonimizaci6n de "ecologia" y "contaminacifin" oculta el potential crftico de una conciencia colectiva emergente que descubre desorden donde hasta entonces solo se vela orden y que pietende pro- ceder a un reordenamiento del mundo; sin embargo, mediante el enfasis en la contaminacion, esta conciencia es desviada hacia el aspect0 m5s superficial de este desorden. El punto de vista reduccionista (biol6qic0, tecnico, climatol6qico..) pretende agotar el interes en la contemplaci6n unilateral de un problema que abarca la sociedad en su conjunto.

Lo verde, la vida y la industria petrolera en el istmo vera- cruzano

El istmo veracruzano es un caso especial de transformation ambiental masiva y veloz. Cualquer visitante pasajero re- cuerda de esta region las mismas impresiones que a menudo se sintetizan con la palabra "ecocidio": humos de todos 10s olores y colores que despiden las plantas petroqulmicas en toda la region, rlos y arroyos pestilentes y cubiertos de desechos, trochas para tuberia y lineas electricas por do- quier, extraction espectacular de materiales para construc-

4 / Mum Dowlas, P u r i t y and Danger: An A y l a l ~ s i s of Concepts of Polutzon - and Taboo. Penguin, Ba2-f-inore 1370 (hay traduccidn c-astellana en Ed. S i g l o XXII .

ci6n, depositos de todo tipo y basura en todas sus formas a ambos lados de las carreteras, asentamientos humanos en du- nas, barrancas y pantanos. Si este visitants conversa con habitantes de 10s pueblos campesinos de la region, oye de gases y polvos que reducen la production de 10s frutales y de La milpa y matan a psjaros por bandadas, de venenos que hacen abortar o morir el ganado despues de beber de 10s ria- chueios; en las ciudades, en cambio, se Ie hahlarz con mzs frecuencia de accidentes en las plantas fabriles y las obras de construcci6n y de las enfermedades respiratorias y de otras clases de 10s niKos. En caso de hojear periodicos capitalinos o regionales, encuentra una y otra vez noticias sobre el colapso del sistema pantanoso entre Minatitlan y Coatzacoalcos, sobre derrames de productos quimicos prove- nientes de tuberias rotas y pipas accidentadas, sobre la pronunciada reduction de la oferta de productos alimenticios provenientes de la region y sobre 10s problemas relacionados con el drenaje y el aqua potable en Los asentamientos huma- nos er; ella. Los dramZticos sucesos ocurridos en las zonas aledanas a la Laquna del Ostion, que iban a convertirse en puerto industrial y centre fabril a la vez y que llevaron a la destrucci6n de las bases naturales para la pesca, la a- qricultura y la ganaderia y a La desesperacion de sus habi- tantes sobre sus perspectivas futuras primero, y su descon- cierto despuss, sobre el estancamiento repentino de todas las actividades relacionadas con este proyecto, podrlan ser un buen bot6n de muestra para muchas de las cosas que pasan en la region S / .

Estas impresiones - y su formulaci6n en la forma como se acaban de hacer - llevan normalmente a la conclusion de que el hombre actua, una vez mgs, de una manera negativa sobre su medio ambiente. Aunque no del todo falsa, esta conclusion encierra nuevamente procesos de ocultamiento ideol6gico.

Ante todo, este tipo de formulacion establece implicitamente una separation tajante entre hombre y naturaleza: el hombre es visto como alquien que actua sobre su medio ambiente, no como parte de un ecosists. La consecuencia es que el pro- blema de la ecoloqia se concibe, en cierta manera, como un problems, no participa directamente en 61. Y otra vez se ofrece la identification del problema ecol6gico con la con- taminaci6n como matriz de una soluci6n facil: hay que elimi- nar la contamination, 10 que equivale, de algCin modo, a res- tituir la naturaleza en una forma supuestamente mZs "oriqi- nal" .

S / h a revis-iSn de nater' iales b ib t iogrd f iaos rec ien tes sobre e s t a req-ian - se publieard bay0 e t t f i u t o "Petrole0 y soc~~edc-d": eonp~wf- io hibl<oyrd- fi.ao. Part2 V : ~ ' i u~dades y t f o l e r a s ( e l caso ds C o a t z a e o d m s , i~ l ina t i t?c in y Coaole^^aque~" en d ? u r e 3 ? i ' o 3 de la revista I z t a p d a p d .

Esta iiltima idea encierra una equivocaci6n que se asemeja much0 a1 enfoque predominante entre antrop6lo~os deci- mon6nicos que atribulan a 10s pueblos primitives 7/ una re- lacion de adaptaci6n pasiva con respecto a la naturaleza, mientras que la de 10s pueblos civilizados del industria- lismo naciente era celebrado como la de una transformacion activa. Mientras que esta concepci6n se fue reemplazando paulatinamente por un consenso en el sentido de que ambos aspectos siempre se combinan, aunque de manera variada, hoy estZ claro, ademas, que hay que partir de que la relacion hombre - naturaleza es siempre una relacion de apropiaci6n - 10 que equivale a relacion de transformacion y de destruc- ci6n (esto ultimo no s61o en el sentido mZs general de la creaci6n de entropla).

En el caso de las reqiones petroleras como la del istrno veracruzano, la presencia masiva de determinadas enferme- dades especificas 3 / puede considerarse probablemente como el indicador mZs obvio de que el hombre forma parte de un ecosistema y que, por consiguiente, 61 mismo es afectado por el resultado de sus acciones sobre aquel: 6ste es, pues, no algo exterior a 61 y, a1 mismo tiempo, el hombre tampoco tiene La posibilidad de no actuar sobre el; toda su existen- cia puede ser analizada como una constante interacci6n entre 61 y otras partes de 10s ecosistemas en sus diversos niveles de integraci6n entre 61 y otras partes de 10s ecosistemas en sus diversos niveles de integraci6n y con el ecosistena en su conjunto. Este mismo caso extreme de las enfermedades muestra tambign una de las especificidades de la actuation hurnana en comparacifin con otros inteqrantes del ecosisterna: su potencial enorme (que se evidencia en la magnitud y rapi- dez de sus efectos) y su intencionalidad (que se basa en la opci6n entre alternativas en el espacio y el tiempo).

Mientras que la noci6n del "ecocidio" enfatiza por si misma estas especificidades que se acaban de mencionar, induce, empero, con frecuencia a una concepci6n "externalista" de la

p--

?/ Hay que recordar que un sindnimo preferido para e s t e t i p o de pueblos - era e t de "Naturvclker" o "pueblos en estado natural".

8/ Los doctores G. Esquinca y H . Salazar hem afirmado e^i su articuZo "EL - petroleo: a l g m o s aspectos epidemioldgieos in te resan tes y su comproba- c i6n fdct ica" (E: Medicina y sociedad, Ed. Circulo de Estudios Ismael Cosio V i l t egas , f a s c i c h V I , W i o de 1992, pdgs. 19 - 31) que "pubt i - d o n e s cc& uez mds frecuentes de d i f e r e n t e s partes del rrundo hacen s e ~ a l a n i e n t n < - de que &o pasa er Itss t r a b a j a d m s y po5l~:ior.es pe-tro- leras que Los hacen que presenten una mayor frecuencia de c i e r t o s t i p o s de padecimientos" (pdgs. 25 - 26) que en o t ra parte de su a r t i c u l o pre- c isan como "cancer, hemotapatias, enfermedades puhonares , enfermedades gineco-obste tr icas , t e r a t o ~ n i c i d a d , nefropat ias , t r a s t o m o s m e n t d e s , a fecciones gas t ro in tes t ina les , y o tras" (pdg. 1 9 ) .

problem5tica ecologica. De aqul a reducirla a un problema meramente tscnico (la contamination existente sera eliminada y sus fuentes cerradas, pretendiendo utilizar para ello ba- sicamente la misma tecnoloqla que la origino), es solo un pequeno paso.

E l " hombre y "la" naturaleza: abstracciones interesadas

Ademas de ser androcgntricos, 10s planteamientos de la dis- cusion ecologica actual que hablan de "la relacion entre el el hombre y la naturaleza", pierden devista - de manera - espontanea o inducida - tres aspectos importantes sin cuya consideration la biisqueda de soluciones es viciada de an- temano.

En primer lugar, la relacion entre 10s hombres y la natura- leza exterior a ellos mismos es, ante todo (aunque no solo) una relacion a la que corrresponde la categoria del trabajo. Metaforicamente hablando, esta relacion supuestamente bipo- lar (hombre-naturaleza) es en realidad siempre una relacion de tipo triangular: estan las relaciones entre 10s hombres, entre unos y otros, y las relaciones entre ellos y la na- turaleza. Es ilustrativo recordar aqul que ni siquiera Robinson Crusoe se las pudo arreglar completamente solo en su isla, sin0 que dependia totalmente de su propia cultura y relaciones sociales de produccion "anteriores" a El: desde su capacidad de pensamiento hasta las herramientas salvadas del barco naufragado - todo esto form6 la base de su sobre- vivencia. Esto lleva a1 segundo aspecto: el hombre vive y percibe la naturaleza nunca como algo en un estado "natural"- sin0 como algo siempre ya culturizado, es decir, se relacio- na con ella en el marco general de una etapa evolutiva de- terminada. Y, finalmente, con o sin analisis de clase, es obvio tambien que el involucramiento de 10s diversos hombres en estos procesos de interacci6n con las demas partes del ecosistema y con 61 como con junto es siempre marcadamente diferencial: en cuanto a las actuaciones concretas, la par- ticipaci6n en las decisiones, la afectacion por 10s resulta- dos de actuaciones y decisiones propias y ajenas ... J. Friedman ha recalcado particularmente el primer aspecto de estos tres cuando afirma que "el medio que determina las condiciones de producci6n no es solo factor limitativo; es tambien una variable sujeta a cambio como resultado de la actividad humana, una parte del proceso de produccion tanto como una determinante del mismo" 9 / . A. Toledo, por su par- te, ha recordado que la transformation regional del istmo veracruzano no empez6 con la llegada de la industria petro-

9 / J . F ~ i e h a n ~ "Tribus, estados y t ransfomaciones" , @g. 196. &: M . - Block, comp., A n d i s i s marxistas 2 antropolog-ia soc ia l , pp. 189-239. Anagrma, Barcelona 137 7 .

lera, ni se reduce a las actividades directamente vinculadas con ella G/. Un recorrido por 10s centres urbanos de la region, finalmente, demuestra las diferencias verdaderamente extremas entre barrios y viviendas de unos y otros, entre 10s diversos lugares de trabajo, entre las actividades eco- n6micas. Una estancia un poco mas prolonqada en la region deja ver sin dificultad, ademas, las diferencias en el con- trol politico y la participaci6n social a nivel local, re- gional, estatal y nacional en las decisiones que afectan a la poblacion enters del istmo o a grupos de ella.

Estas indicaciones podrlan ser suficientes para demostrar que "el probleina ecol6qico " es susceptible de ser anali- zado con categorlas propias de las ciencias sociales: no es ni "exterior" a la organizaci6n social y quienes la confor- man, ni un problema t6cr.ico meramente (aunque incluya aspec- tos meramente t3cnicos). Esta demostraci6n estaba ya antici- pada por la referenda a1 trabajo de M. Douglas, seg35n el cual desorden y orden son fen6menos especificament.e cultura- les como 10 son tambicn la concieccia ecol6gica emergente de nuestros dias y el plantearniento y tratamiento de los pro- blemas correspondientes. Con ello no quiere decirse, claro estz, que el analisis con el instrumental de la fisica o la bioloqia y 10s resultados de sus investigaciones no sean necesarios para la formulaci6n del planteamiento y la imple- mentacifin de soluciones. Mas bien, 10 que se quiere enfa- tizar aqul es que 10s reduccionismos de tip0 flsico o bio- logic~, por ejemplo, impiden ver el problema en su totali- dad, 10 limitan a una esfera que no toca la orqanizaci6n social m i s ~ y, por consiguiente, distorsionan qravemente las perspectivas para su soluci6n.

Finalmente, cabe senalar c6mo la combinacifin de varios de 10s presupuestos aqul indicados como falsos por su funci6n de distorsi6n y ocultamiento (ante todo: la ubicaci6n del problema fundamentalmente en una esfera exterior a la socie- dad, su identificacifin con la existencia de contaminantes, su reducci6n a un problema de orden tecnol6gico y finan- c i e r ~ ) proporcionan la ilusion de que estamos ante procesos por principio reversibles. Para quedarnos el el istmo vera- cruzano: la misma industria petrolera es el mejor paradigma de que no es asl. Y aunque alqunos procesos pueden ser, tec- nicamente hablando, reversibles, muchos que 10 son en teo- rla, no 10 son ni 10 han sido en la praxis o 10 son sola- mente en terminos de lapses temporales que abarcarlan muchas generaciones. Sera posible hacer pasar como reversibles a corto plazo las migraciones hacia y a1 interior de la re- gi6n, la urbanizaci6n monstruosa, la ganaderizacien de 10s campos, el envenenamiento de tierras y aguas, la extinci6n

de especies vegetales y animates, la duracicn acortada y la calidad reducida de la vida de centenares de miles de habi- tantes de la regifin? Los "dos tiempos" de la pelicula docu- mental mSs reciente sobre ia region G/, el tiempo represen- tado por 10s campesinos de la sierra de Pajapan y Ins pesca- dores de la Laquna del Ostion, por una parte y 10s colofios de las ciudades perdidas de 10s centres urbanos de la region y 10s obreros de 10s complejos petroleros y de las obras de construcci6n por otra, no son equivalentes. Los cambios que se pueden apreciar en todas las poblaciones ruraies del ist- mo tienen una clara direccifin: rompimiento de las estruc- turas familiares a causa del trabajo asalariado en las ciu- dades, abandon0 de lenqua, costumbres y cosmovisi6n tradi- cionales, refuncionalizaci6n de las antiquas fiestas locales para el beneficio de comerciantes de toda clase, traspaso de tierras de labor a extranos con suficiente capital para po- der introducir ganado o producir cultivos comerciales, el alejamiento intelectual, afectivo y valorativo de 10s j6ve- nes con respecto a la agricultura y la vida en el campo, la centralizacifin del poder en niveles externos a las comunida- des. Todos 10s Smbitos de La vida cotidiana, todos 10s 5mbi- tos de la vida colectiva local, todavia muy marcada por ins- tancias de tip0 comunal, son trastocados violentamente - consecuencia de La implantation de un mode10 de apropiacion de 1.a naturaleza que grupos dominantes alenos a la region y a su poblaci6n han impuesto aqui. El alto Indice de alcoho- lismo que en muchos pueblos ha vuelto imposible poder entre- vistar desde viernes por la tarde hasta lunes por la manana a la mayorfa de Los hombres 121 y la proliferacifin de las m5s variadas denominaciones protestantes en practicamente todos 10s luqares son, a su vez, indicadores d e que estas transformaciones de las relaciones sociales dificilmente puedan ser calificadas como favorables para la mayoria de la poblaci6n o que sus intentos de resistencia hayan servido para algo.

A modo de epilogo: ecologia, desarrollo, utopia

Del mismo mod0 como en ciertas ocasiones de crisis econfimica 10s detentadores y operadores del poder suelen hablar de un costo social" necesario para su superacifin, tambien la no-

II/ Se ref ier>e a Lapna de dos tiempos, peL'CcuLa dir'igida por E. MaZdonado y auspiciada por e l I n s t i t u t e Jacional Indigenis ta .

1 2 / En e s t e con tex t s puede ser revcladora l a corrparaci'fn con las af ' ima- - atones que hace 0 . Fintado para Za hmi-enda henepiewera previa a la Re- voLucidn Mexicma, donde e l alcohol y e l tabaoo son u t i l izados del ibe- radamente curno eZementos de "conrpensaci6nff en v i s t a de la d e s o t m i d n causada oor l a diso1uciiSn de las comunidades i,ucatecas y eL trabajo ago- tador (&tructzwa preductiva. y pbrdida de 'La indianeidad eq m a t & en e l process henequenero, pdg. 8 9 . La Casa Chata, Mexico 1982).

ci6n del "costo ecol6gico" del progreso es un lugar comCin en determinados circulos. En ambos casos se trata de cZlculos insumo-product0 donde 10s menos participan en su formulaci6n y ejecuci6n mientras que 10s rnas tienen que contentarse con pagar la cuenta.

En estas condiciones surge la conciencia ecol6gica: iden- tifica, desde un punto de vista actual y novedoso, el orden establecido como desorden. Como toda irnpugnaci6n que toca 10s pilares del sistema vigente, es percibida como peligrosa por 10s usufructuarios de Gste, que suelen motejarla a menu- do como "ut6pica" s/. Ademas de otros mecanismos hacen en- trar en operaci6n 10s de tip0 ideol6gico que tienen como caracterzstica la combinaci6n particular de afirmaci6n y negaci6n G/ simultsneas : admiten el problema ecol6gic0, per0 10 reducen a la contamination; admiten la necesidad de actuar, per0 la reducen a acciones tt5cnicas o burocr5ticas (a menudo de la misma Indole que las que la produjeron o impulsaron); admiten la necesidad de estudios a1 respecto, per0 10s limitan a sus aspectos fisioqulmicos y fisiol6- gico-biol6gicos; inventan simbolos y rituales que llaman la atenci6n sobre el problema, per0 difunden a1 mismo tiempo la sensacifin de tranquilidad basada en la conviccifin de que ya se estS trabajando para resolverlo; hacen ver que algunos individuos han descuidado sus responsabilidades, per0 ocul- tan as5 que el problema tiene caracter sistGmico y suprain- dividual; enfatizan que todos tenemos que ver con causas, resultados y beneficios de La situacifin, per0 oscurecen de este mod0 que las mayorlas no participan en las decisiones que ellos toman, ni tienen las mismas posibilidades para disminuir 10s danos resultantes de ella ni se benefician de manera lejanamente semejante.

A1 contrario de su apariencia, 10 que sucede en el istmo veracruzano no es un problema privative de La industria pe- trolera (hay que recordar, como se sefialfi mSs arriba, que existen otras industrias all5 como, por ejemplo las azufre- ras y las relacionadas con la construccifin y que antes de ella ya pueden consignarse procesos de transformacifin masi- vos del medio ambiente anorgsnico y org5nico en esta region). MSs bien, la especificidad del caso petrolero solo evidencia de manera particularmente espectacular y dramatics el mode10 general de explotacion de la naturaleza nohumana y humana que a su vez es inseparable de una determinada coyuntura

13/ Hay que recordar aqui que - K. Mannheim senataba que "siempre que una idea e s wotejads de x t g : c a , Lo es , p i - La qeneial , pop e l representante de una ipoca que ya ha pasado" ( ~ d e o t o g i a if ~ t o ~ i a , pdg. 206. AguiZar, Madrid 1973).

1 4 / Ha sido N . PouZantzas, entre otros , qu'ien ha subrayado s s t e caracter 'dual de la operaeidn de 20s meeanismos ideoldgicos (ve'ase, por ejemplo, Estado, poder y sooi-aZismo, pdgs. 27 y si-gs.) .

sociopolltica (de modo seme jante c6mo la tecnologia nuclear demuestra con ra5s claridad que otros casos aspectos diferen- tes del mismo modelo, tales como la irreversibilidad de muchos procesos). Hoy, como en 10s tiempos m5s apote6ticos del capitalismo industrial del siglo pasado en Europa, la afirmacifin de la existencia de procesos evolutivos naturales e inevitables es uno de 10s mSs formidables y efectivos argumentos para justificar el desequilibrio existente entre unos qrupos de hombres y otros y entre ellos y la naturale- za: el progreso - quiere decir siempre: este tipo de pro- greso - es sefialado como imprescindible precisamente para poder satisfacer las necesidades de aquellos que ahora ape- ;as sobreviven como sus victimas; lasincomod~dades concomi- tantes, desde la contaminacifin hasta 10s accidentes labora- les y desde la p6rdida de sentido de la vida hasta 10s sala- rios Infirnos son simplemente disculpados como productos co- laterales indeseados, per0 pasajeros y remediables.

Pero mientras que las victimas de la situaci6n, 10s intoxi- cados y 10s accidentados, 10s desamparados y 10s hambrien- tos, 10s desorientados y 10s sin perspectivas han tenido desde siempre dificultades para acceptar tales afirmaciones, ahora sus dudas son recogidas, confirmadas y precisadas por esta nueva conciencia ecol6gica en sus mZs diversas expre- siones, Si 6stas no se dejan enajenar ni por las confusiones inducidas por el poder de 10 establecido ni por el desprecio abstract0 (y muchas veces s610 actuado) de toda clase de industrializaciOn, su denominador comiin podria ser que R. Bahro ha formulado esperanzadoramente hace poco asl: "En el siglo pasado, el capitalismo actuaba sobre el individuo a craves de la relacion salarial; por ello, la lucha general podia ser orqanizada en torno a1 inter6s salarial. Hoy esto es imposible. La accitin del capitalismo se traduce en la destrucci6n del hombre. Y el nuevo sujeto surge precisamente en la sede de esta destrucci6n1' g/.

Como se ha expresado a1 comienzo de este ensayo, las presen- tes consideraciones pretenden contribuir a1 esclarecimiento de algunos aspectos y matices peliqrosos que se pueden con- statar facilmente en la discusion actual sobre "el problema de la ecoloqia", invitando a considerarlo desde la tradici6n empirica y critica de las ciencias sociales y llamando la atencifin sobre algunos mecanismos ideoloqizantes que preten- den desactivar la conciencia ecolfigica como una nueva forma de impugnacifin del desorden establecido, convirtiendola en un insipid0 ecologismo. No puede extranar que 6sta eche no pocas veces man0 de elementos ut6picos (aunque a veces ar-

15 / As? en I . Semo, "Bajar del carrusel: una a l t e r n a t i v a posi3Ze. Con- - versacion con Rudoph Bahrorr, pdg. 113. @: r e v i s t a Bzstor ias , n. l , ju l io-sept ienbre de 1 9 8 2 , pdgs. 102 - 114 ,

riesqadamente mezclados con elementos utoplsticos) 16/, ya que aqul tambien como en otros casos, la in~piraci6nut6~ica es un antidoto eficaz, aunque limitado y peliqroso como to- dos 10s antidotes, contra la intoxicaci6n ideoloqica. A pe- sar de las antiutopias, tan en boqa en nuestros dias, y sus auxiliares pseudocientlficos llamados futur6logos, que de- fienden el status quo frente a un manana imaginario al es- tilo del "Mundo Feliz" de Huxley o de la "Oceanfa" de Orwell 17/, vale la pena recordar un texto que escribi6 uno de 10s - iiltimos autores ut6picos del siglo pasado justamente en con- tra de una obra apoloq6tica del capitalism0 industrial de la Gpoca. En sus Noticias de ninguna parte se encuentra la si- quiente historia de Inqlaterra cuya iiltima etapa es resul- tado cojunto del aqotamiento del mode10 de explotaci6n de la naturaleza vigente y de la reorganizaci6n de las relaciones entre 10s hombres a partir de la movilizaci6n de 10s traba- jadores mismos: "Inqlaterra era antano un pals de claros entre bosques y desiertos, donde se diseminaban las pocas ciudades que eran las fortalezas para la aristocracia feu- dal, 10s mercados para la poblaci6n y 10s 1'~qares de reunion para 10s artesanos. Despues se convirti6 en un pals de fgbri- cas qigantescas y muqrientas, y de garitos todavlas mZs mu- qrientos, rodeados de miserables qranjas y explotado por 10s duenos de las fabricas. Ahora es un jardin en el que nada se desaprovecha ni estg abandonado, donde las casas, 10s almace- nes y las fabricas necesarias estzn distribuidos en todo el pals, donde todo results limpio, pulido y agradable" G/.

16/ Para e s t a d i f e r e ~ a i a c i d n vgase E. Krotz, Utopia, pdgs. i13 2 3igs . - Ed-Lool, M h i c o 1380.

171 Consideraciones sobre Los i n t e n t s s contenrpordneos ds e s t r a n p l a r la - t rad ic idn utdpica se encuentran en E. Krotz, Cinco tes^s para La re'ivin- dieacibn de la utopia, ponencia presentada en e l VIIi Congreso Sacional de la Sociedad Kexicana de Ptanificac'ion, U6xico, 26 de enero de 1984 .

18/ Citado segcn E. Xrotz, Utopia, 9 g., pdgs. 7 3 - 7 4 . -

1FDA D O S S I E R - S U S C R I P C I O N E S

Plorte: 48 francos suizos G 30 do l lares L'S Sur: 2"rancos suizos o 15 dol lares US

N.B. We inadvertently omitted to mention that the paper by Erhard Eppler, Mal-development in industrial countries (IFDA Dossier 50, pp.57-64) reproduced our friend's speech at the 18th SID World Con- ference (Rome, l-i'* July). Our apologies.

ECO-INDUSTRIALISM, HIGH-TECH AND THE SEARCH FOR ALTERNATIVES TO PROGRESS

by Wolfgang Sachs c/o SID Palazzo Civilta del Lavoro 00144 Rome, Italy

There is no reason to deceive ourselves: the heydays of al- ternative movements in Europe as well as in the United States have passed. In some countries they have turned into a now and then surfacing undercurrent of political life (like in the USA) in others they continue to make waves with heavy spill-overs into parliamentary politics (Germany), whereas in again other countries they are about to grow wi- thout finding a hold in society (Italy). In any event, how- ever, since the mid-seventies, new experiences and percep- tions that had been unheard of in the times of naive growth have sprung up and issues have been squarely put on an agen- da which cannot be discarded anymore. The movements might be tapering off, but the people have changed.

The anti-industrial posture

Despite all the diversity, two motives seem to run through alternative movements during the last ten years; protest against superstructures and affection for small-scale alter- natives. The windmill was thought to challenge the nuclear power plant, the health food store had only contempt for the supermarket, the workers collectives created their own em- ployment and the ecological farm defied agribusiness. People demanded more autonomy on a small scale, championed regener- ative technologies and dreamed of bringing producers and consumers closer together. The protest against superstruc- tures and the search for alternatives belonged together, they were both rooted in disenchantment with progress.

Notwithstanding a host of difference, all these initiatives have a fundamental claim %n common: that the Western type of industrial growth does not lead to a sustainable, just and autonomous society. Sustainability diminishes because re- lentless production degrades the environment in abusing na- ture as a mine for all kinds of raw-materials and as a dump- ing-ground for all kinds of waste. Justice is moving further and further away because technological progress narrows down the opportunities to find satisfying work and renders people more and more superflous. And the sense of autonomy is being undermined because people find themselves dependent on innu- merable goods and services that leave too little space to create one's life in solidarity with others. With this groundswell of feelings, a new chapter in the history of industrialism seems to have opened up: the viability and the

desirability of progress itself is put into question. Throughout the last hundred years, people had based their hopes for happiness and emancipation on the belief in pro- cress: science and technology were expected to finally bring about a society without sweat and tears, and affluence for all was thought to be around the corner, if only the unequal distribution of power and money would be equalized. Both the capitalist and the socialist vision were agitated by the idea that people had to be turned into employed workers to run more and more powerful technologies that would transform nature into more and more products and services for happy consumers.

Ecological and other alternative movements have broken with this productivist world view. These dissidents of industria- lism pointed out that the compromise between capital and labour (as well as the contact between bureaucratic elite and workers) had been achieved at the expense of nature and the social fabric of society alike. Under the imperative of growth - which glues capital and labour together - nature and people (like the countries of the South) have been in- creasingly turned into resources for expanding production, a process which led to enormous wealth with a deterioration of nature and human relations.

The crisis of growth signifies nothing else than a threshold beyond which deterioration runs faster than accumulation. Consequently, the future changes its colour under such cir- cumstances: from an open horizon of hope to a dark perspec- tive of threat.

Stimulated by this shift in values and perception, initia- tives and programmes have revolved around two axes: to struggle for limits ("no-thanks") on the one side and to en- large the space for alternatives on the other side. Limits were called for to curb the squandering of resources, pollu- tion and waste and to protect such "commons" as water, air, soil, flora and fauna from being gradually eaten up by pro- duction. Not only physical commons but also social commons were considered to be in danger; the opposition against the car reflects a concern for an environment suitable for pe- destrians and cyclists; or the opposition against large- scale computerization of society is motivated by the fear of eroding democracy. Nuclear power was and still is serving as a symbol for this struggle: it is hazardous to your health, wasteful, spurring economic concentration and foreclosing options for future generations.

Space for alternatives, however, has been called for to car- ry on projects which attempted to realize ecologically sound products or services with a human face, and sought to imple- ment non-hierarchical work relations and a close orientation to the local consumer. Numerous "self-help" projects sprang up - from energy-consulting to food cooperatives, from free

schools to women health centers. Setting limits and securing space for alternatives have been the principal answers of alternative movements to what they perceive, as the inexora- ble deadlock of industrialism.

Lost innocence

The crisis, however, did not put the dominant classes to sleep. Indeed, it released forces of flexibility on the part of the "system", which amount to overhauling and restructu- ring the productive apparatus and the social organization of society. Some years ago, the environmental crisis was thought to announce the end of industrialism. Today however, the crisis seems to fuel the rise of a new generation of technologies and to give birth to a new social project: to rationalize industrialization through more industrializa- tion. Three tendencies seem to be of paramount importance in the transition towards a post-(heavy) industrial society: the rise of eco-industries, the race towards a hiqh-tech- society and the introduction of self-help welfare. The al- ternative movements with their cultural creativity have con- tributed to get renovation of industrialism underway.

Under given patterns of producing and consuming, removing pollution and waste creates demands for cleaning-up techno- logies. As environmental awareness grows, more and more re- pair-techniques are being added to existing technical set- ups to reduce the output of dirt. Eco-industries are on the rise which cater end-of-the-pipe-technologies to a growing market: desulfurization equipment for power plants, cataly- tic converters for cars, like recycling techniques are em- ployed to recover waste products, and bacterias are used to carry out water treatment. Pollution nourishes the growth of a repair-sector in the economy, which sets out to clean up the mess caused by yesterday's industrialization through technological rearmament. Where once the last hour of indus- trialism seemed to come, there are now industrialists moving in opening up new markets, bureaucrats staking out new claims of control, and engineers watching out for new ca- reers - all in the name of a clean environment. This way nothing else but a capital-bureaucracy and resource-inten- sive solution to the crisis is looming. And it begins a new round in an old game: environmental destruction becomes a source of profit and prestige as illness and delinquency had been earlier in the history of industrialization. Eco-indus- trialism puts a price tag on what once upon a time was free of charge. Clean air, silence, fertile soil are being com- mercialized as they have to be especially produced by parti- cular planning and technology.

Those who aspire to realize a hope to pull the old industrialism out of the mud by a comprehensive so- phistication of all relevant production processes. What had once given rise to the "smoke stack economy", namely the

transformation of fossil energy into labour and materials, is today leading to its decay, namely through the loss of capital caused by high energy costs and ecological destruc- tion.

However, microelectronics and biotechnology claim to rescue industrialism through a new age of efficiency by reducing the scale, the costs and the energy-intensity of a product, while industry-bred micro-organism replaces the petro-chemi- cal base of many products - from pesticides to pharmaceuti- cals. To put computers in cars, to replace secretaries with word processors, to electronically monitor the resource flow in a plant is like setting society on an expensive diet to get rid of the overweight acquired by the old industrial expansion. The implicit ideal of the microelectronics revo- lution is the well-tuned society where all technical and social processes are electronically monitored in a way to continually adjust them towards an efficient society without friction and waste.

Small is beautiful", the alternative slogan of the seven- ties, has unexpectedly become a hallmark of today's techno- logical progress which - from mini-chips to microwaves - boasts itself of smallness and sophistication. Moreover, it seems not exaggerated to claim that the rise of the high- tech-society, has been prepared and facilitated by the new attention on the environment and the dislike for "bigness", a cultural change which was brought about by alternative movements.

A high-tech economy, however, is very likely to have more people than jobs. As the economic machinery gets along with less people, the surplus population grows if there is not a radical redistribution of work. Some sort of apartheid-eco- nomy appears on the horizon where society is divided into two sectors running in different gears. In the one sector, people hold secure long-term employment in the capital-in- tensive sector and benefit from high-level consumption and pension funds, while in the other sector people find them- selves jobless or partially employed living on welfare and populating the black economy.* Under such circumstances the old-style welfare state becomes overburdened and ways have to be found to reduce redundant labour and the labour market without an explosion of welfare expenses. It is precisely at this point that the alternative enthusiasm for self-help- projects lends itself to be diverted to a strategy of benign apartheid: self-help reservations where superflous people are kept busy in community projects, cooperatives, self-help

* (Ed i tor ' s note: This scenario w s foreseen and described more than t h i r t y years ago by Kurt Vonnegut i n h i s Player Piano (Neu York: Dell Publishing Co., 1 9 5 2 ) , Z S S p p , $2.55)

groups or voluntary work. "Self-help", "informal work", "socially useful work", ideas which the alternative move- ments held up against deadening wage labour are turning into the cover-ups of dumping grounds to keep the surplus popula- tion in a good mood.

Beyond environmentalism

Looking back on ten years of alternative movements, there is one conclusion, which cannot be avoided: the alternatives have confused the end of the "smoke stack economy" with the end of industrialism itself. Moreover, the anti-industrial gesture has helped to open the way for a deep-going change - that is true - but for a change towards a somewhat cleaned- up version of industrialism. From this point of view alter- native movements can be considered as the cultural prelude to a performance which is commonly announced as "post-indus- trial society". In particular, in the narrow sense, the en- vironmentalist current within alternative movements appears to lose its antagonistic power, since environmental concern is a foremost source of legitimation for rising new indus- tries and elites.

However, eco-industries seem in the long run not to be suf- ficient to do the cleaning-up job. Apart from the chemical substances which are already around and which may have some synergetic surprises in store, one doesn't need much ima- gination to recognize that the repair measures will in the long term be neutralized by growth processes. After all, what are more efficient car engines worth if the gain of energy is eaten up by a higher number of (faster) cars? Con- sequently, an eco-efficient growth will not do; a true con- server society therefore cannot be obtained without economic shrinkage, namely scaling down consumption (e.g. low-speed cars) and production (e.g. dismantling parts of the chemical industry). Beyond that, it can be pointed out that the ris- ing eco-industrial complex is adding a new layer to the de- fensive expenses incurred by industrial growth: we all have to be more productive and to consume more in order to at least maintain a given standard of living. As it happens, the environmental conflicts as such will mitigate, yet emerge again on a different level. They reappear as E flicts about the economy: are we moving towards an environ- mentally sound society through industrial expansion or through economic disarmament?

Furthermore, the race for a high-tech-society in which ever more countries are engaging, is about to bring new types of conflict onto the agenda. Micro-chips and gene-splicing, satellites and cable-systems are giving the elite of yester- day the chance to raise the flag of growth and progress again. Big business, big government and big science are pushing hard for the superindustrialist breakthrough, a breakthrough that will more firmly put society in the hands

of industrialists, planners and scientists. They strive to mobilize resources for the "information age" using the very same arguments they had already used for luring people into the "nuclear age": let's get our act together for the last effort, affluence for everybody is just around the corner. However, while promising the solution of all kinds of crises through the most recent editions of technical progress, they are about to turn not only human labour but also human com- munication, and not only nature but also genetic material, into resources for production. Thus information technology precipitates what might be called an environmental crisis of the second order: not so much nature but culture is being polluted. Turning energy into an infinitely exploitable re- source has brought on dying forests and degraded soils. Will turning information into a infinitely exploitable resource lead to an erosion of cultural capabilities, namely the capacity to autonomously create meaning? In relation to bio- technology, a similar shift in the potential of the ecologi- cal conflict seems to be occuring. To make a complicated matter short and crude: who knows if the industrial produc- tion of life will not, instead of polluting nature, pollute evolution? The anti-industrial posture of the alternative movements of the seventies which suggested that "we should not do everything that we can" might acquire burning actua- lity in the nineties. Only that the struggle for limits to relentless production will not focus on the conservation of water, air and soil as much as on the conservation of "com- mons" like culture and evolution.

Finally, the contradictions of self-help welfare show also that the ecological conflicts of tomorrow aim at a post-eco- nomic society rather than just a post-pollution society. Whereas in the last ten years alternative movements have been promoting the idea of self-help and the right to free activity beyond wage-labour, today's challenge is to be found in restructuring the division between paid and non- paid work, to allow for smooth transitions between the for- mal and informal sector. To avoid an apartheid economy, all (not only the weak) will have to get ready for an orderly retreat from the working society for the sake of a radical redistribution of labour. In doing that, a long-honoured principle of industrialism will have to fall, namely he who does not work, shall not eat. After all, this principle makes sense only as long as there is enough work for all. This not being the case, ways of guaranteeing minimal income will have to be found to relieve people from the dependency of employment just for survival. If coupled with a strategy which delinks the access to use-value from available income and broadens the space for intelligent subsistance, then the option for a life-style which aims at living gracefully with less money might become socially viable. But at this point, the movement for a healthy environment will have long since turned into a movement for economic peace.

LETTER TO RIGOBERTA MENCHU*

by Anne Buchanan 2 Ffridd Helyg, Llanuwchllyn Y Bala, Gwynedd Wales, LL23 7TB, UK

0 Rigoberta, what did you f ee t as you watched the f lakes engulf your young brother? Did you remember the deaths o f your smaller brothers on the great f incas? Fetzpe poisoned by the planes s p a y i n g pests - and people ,'J'icolas s tar~)<ng on the land grou'ir:q c o f f e e - hut not food.

That burrring was t o be a lesson t o a l l the v i l l a g e r s A l i t t l e p-inishment, the o f f i c e r said, for being subversive A l i t t l e terror , the o f f i c e r said , t o fake you love the gove iwen t .

I t did not uork t never W O ~ K S

The flames caught f i r e i n +our mother's heart So mother could t e a m s i l ence from such G Lesson A'o crying! she said , f i gh t ing ' s what we want.

"They began t o f u l f i l l the des t iny which was concealed i n the marrou of t h e i r bones." PopuZ Vuh

0 Rigoberta, what did you f ee l when the mut i la ted body o f your mother was put out t o d ie on the mountains she loved?

The r i t e s for' the dead were not performed for your mother She could not speak her l a s t recommendations t o her family Nor pass doun secre t s tha t guard your Indian cu l ture . No neighbours gathered t o preserve her memory i n conversation through the n igh t .

"Remember us a f t e r we have gone. Do not forget us . Conjure up our faces and our words. Our image u i l l be as deu i n the hearts o f those who vant t o remember us. " Popu l V n h

But her body was guarded. For four long months the so ld ier s stayed Unt i l the animals had l e f t not a s ingle bone.

L the ceremony o f recommendations i s per famed i n the vilL,age b e f i r e the companeros go t o the mo~/nta.ins.

* I, Rigoberta Menchu, edited by Elisabeth Burgos-Debray (London: New Left Books, 1984). Disponible Sgalement en francais g, Rigoberta Menchu, Une vie et une voix, la revolution au Guatemala (Paris: Galli- mard, 19831, 334pp.

B e a m s yoli never kr.w Cr, naybe, because you do. . - n ~ a h e s e s r e z s mus; be preserved.

Ye:, so mmy coun t r i e s z r s he lp ing Guatzmak.

" 5 e ai"i o f our a i d i s t o he lp our qeigkbours t o a t t a i n l i b e r t y , . . S S t z J e and eeo~om<c progress", s q s ? re s iden t .?eqar.,

. . . F r < e ~ L s "in 'lia.shing^m equip ¥JOU a q and zrazn i r ir. the School o f ;'IS Anericas. I s r a e l i adv i s e r s teach kow t o 'Pa l e s t i r . i a? i s e t your people.

The b Q cowp.iter - a present f ron Mr F e a p n - f i nds the ' s a f e houses' o f your conpmeros 'in Guateria~a Citg. i/ASA1s caneras, u h k h showed us the w o n , sp'y o u t t he peasart canps though the arms are bui^-ed deep.

(Technology i s uor .der fu2

The US O f f i c e o f Public S a f e t y The C.B.R.D. The 2 .F.P. The A.I.D. The I.D.B. ' h e M.ll.C.s...

So rranij s w e a t s t o he lp Guatemala.

But what o f your p o p l e whi le t he country ;s being saved f o r God and America and in t e rna t zona l c a p i t a l ? another 'Plan V i c t o r i a m'? Another 10,000 dead7

" I t becane necessary t o de s t roy t he country i n order t o save i t . . . l 1

Hou many more V i e t n m s ?

"Gather i n your grain and seeds Shmpen your weapois Enemies espy w i th greed t he r i chnes s o f t he se lands. l' Popul Vuh

Because o f your ances to r s Because o f your land Because o f your c u l t u r e

"There 2s no hope o f winning t he hear t s o f our people" you c ry .

Because o f t h e t o r t u r e Because o f t he burnings Because o f t h e t e r r o r

' '?hex i s no hope o f u^'Z-~?i?^g $hâ h.€ar cf oxr p c ~ ' p i - ~ - . "

"Our race wi t7 never be ex t i ngu i shed u h i l e t he re i s t i g h t i n t h e morning s t a r . " Popul V u h

You are t h e t i g h t , Rigoberta You and your cornpaneros Fight ing t he darkness; herald ing dawn.

i f d a d o s s i e r 5 1 . j a n v i e r / f @ v r i e r 1986 t h i r d w o r l d s p a c e

U N O U V E L O R D R E S U D - S U D P O U R U N N O U V E L O R D R E M O r i D I A L

par Ahmed Ben Salah FIPAD Place du March6 1260 Nyon, Suisse

1. L'ordre qui 'regne' et regit les rapports internationaux est bien l'ordre du Nord. C'est l'ordre Nord-Nord. AprCs maintes p6ripSties - guerres, competitions sanglantes ou non, colonisation - c'est l'ordre qui s'etend et s'impose structurellement 2 diverses classes dans Ie Nord, c o m e 2 la majorit6 des pays du Sud au plan des &changes, de la production, de la technologie, de la culture, de la communication.

Et c'est 5 l'interieur meme de cet ordre que Ie Sud s'est eveill6 2 ses chaines, i sa dependance, 2 sa paralysie. Les luttes de liberation na- tionale et la decolonisation devaient en theorie garantir Ie prealable de la souverainete politique, du pouvoir de decision, de gestion, de reorganisation, de cooperation.

I1 a fallu plus d'une decennie aprCs Ie debut de la decolonisation pour se rendre compte que meme et surtout les politiques internes des pays du Sud orientees justement dans la vole de la souverainete reelle, de l'in- dependance, du pouvoir de reorganiser, de la volonte de renaissance, meme et surtout ces politiques-l5 se heurtaient 2 l'ordre regnant devenu plus subtil ou plus agressif au gr6 des rapports de force dans Ie mon- de, au gre aussi du degre de representativite et de solidarite democra- tique des pouvoirs en place et de leurs choix. Ne parlons pas des poli- tiques qui ne furent et qui ne demeurent que les prolongements appa- rament s6curisants des politiques coloniales, elles memes ph6nomZnes integres dans l'ordre du Nord.

Quand les premieres politiques ont pu etre menees pour un temps, il a fallu des bouleversements ou des renversements pour les remplacer par les deuxizmes; la reciproque a pu etre reelle dans certains cas. Ce qui demeure, c'est 1'6chec general au plan de l'independance, du renouveau, de la prosperite, de la renaissance culturelle. Et aussi Ie phGnomCne du declassement des categories sociales au pouvoir qui one de toute evi- dence opt6 d'une facon ou d'une autre pour leur soumission puts leur in- tegration 2 la chaleureuse protection calcule des tenants de l'ordr~ du Nord.

Cette double 6volution a tranquillement, puis violenunent donne naissance 2 des reactions defensives puts offensives; elles ont pris diverses for- mes, se reclament de diverses ideologies: dissidences de forces annees pour Ie salut na tional, pour Ie redressement revolutionnaire, Ie fonda- mentalisme pour un pouvoir conforme 2 la loi de Dieu, phalanges groupes terroristes, senders lumineux, etc.

Inlassablement la proliferation des reactions se mesure 2 l'immobilisme forcene des regimes en place, inlassablement prot6g6s par les tenants de

l'ordre du Nord considere d6j2 par certains c o m e l'ordre de Dieu que tout croyant doit defendre, glorifier et etendre pour faire face 2 l'ordre de Satan qui sevit bien entendu toujours ailleurs.

2. Et pourtant 1'6claircie etait l2 au milieu des annees 70 quand na- quit une veritable dynamique porteuse d'une volonte quasi universelle de reexamen de l'ordre international dans son ensemble, et en prealable ou en priorits, l'ordre economique.

Les promoteurs de cette dynamique qui etaient motives, profondement mo- tives, par leur convictions que la crise mondiale deji trgs sensiblement rampante allait ineluctablement grossir les facteurs de recul, d'eclate- ment, peut etre d'explosions. Motives aussi par leur conscience aigue du rapport profond entre l'emergence du Sud et l'imperatif du reexamen de l'ordre anachronique et explosif 5 force de myopie et d'injustice.

Mais ce ne fut qu'une eclaircie. La dynamique d'un nouvel ordre fut assez rapidement bloquee; hermetiquement. AprSs s'etre effrite en quel- ques avatars dont certains relevaient du showbusiness: dialogue Nord- Sud, rejet de toute globalit6 du dialogue; campagne specieuse sur les problgmes de 1'6nergie; encore une campagne subtile mais non sans effi- cacit6 sur la differentiation, sur les oppositions entre pays du Sud; d'o5 plutSt necessite non d'une negotiation globale mais de discussions sectorielles, specifiques, en s o m e c o m e au bon cemps colonial: pas de n6gociations mais des "rencontres", des "discussions", des "contacts". Et puis c o m e au bon vieux temps, ce fut 5 l'gvidence Ie problgme de l'interlocuteur valable!

Et Ie blocage devint Ie theme majeur de presque toutes les reunions in- ternationales. Jusqu'a nos jours. Un blocage 5 couvertures diverses mais monocolores: politisation, majorit6 fallacieuse, parti pris centre tel ou tel nation agressive mais there 5 la civilisation, la vraie, celle du Nord la blanche.

Pendant ce temps, il est vrai, prudemment, la Banque Mondiale de McNamara tenta de prevoir ou d'assou~lir la fatalit6 des ruptures, du blocage; ce fut la Commission Brandt et ses rapports, bien longtemps aprgs la Commission Pearson et son rapport. Et les seminaires, les col- loques, les fora tournaient en rond sur Ie theme central Nord-Sud ou sur tel ou tel de ses derives.

Mais pendant ce temps aussi deux ph6nomCnes s'imposent de plus en plus sur la scene economique et politique mondiale: Ie developpement rapide, aigu, de la crise generate de mutation et de croissance, plus spectacu- laire dans Ie Nord. Et l'endettement du Sud assaisonn6 de quelques guer- res et de famine.

L'histoire dira - si elle ne Ie dit dej5 - si la crise pouvait etre tem- peree, voire jugulse, 2 moyen terme, si l'ordre international etait en- gag6 dans la vole d'un renouveau compatible avec la rnontee du Sud et avec la revolution technologique. L'histoire dira aussi - si elle ne Ie dit dej5- si l'endettement est ou non Ie fruit empoisonn6 de la 'coop&- ration Nord Sud' et de la solidarite des establishments dans les prati- ques 2 dimension universelle de la corruption.

3. Que faire? Que faire devant une si grave degradation des situations interieures dans Ie Nord et dans Ie Sud, et des rapports entre les "deux mondes"?

En realit&, au Nord comme au Sud, les pouvoirs politiques ou para-poli- tiques et economiques sont sur la defensive; Ie Nord et plus particu- lisrement 1'Europe est sur la defensive sur les terrains du chSmage, des mouvements du dollar, des imperatifs bien coiiteux a tous egards de la modernisation de l'outil industriel, de celui aussi de l'affaiblissement du Sud; sur la defensive l'Europe, l'est particulisrement, dans son face 2 face subjugant avec les Etats Unis ou avec Etats- Unis-Japon.

Elle Ie sera de plus en plus cant que Ie Sud demeurera affaibli; et ce n'est pas la consomation des surplus militaires europeens qui va arran- ger les choses en Europe.

Le Sud est lui aussi sur la defensive sur de nombreux terrains: I'endet- tement d'abord et ses consequences marquees ou non du sceau du FMI; la famine, la sous-alimentation, Ie ralentissement voire Ie blocage des projets de dtiveloppement; les retards dans la modernisation agricole d5 entre autres au snobisme industriel et technologique des cadres au pou- voir; au refus de toute restructuration economique et sociale des espa- ces agraires.

Le Sud sur la defensive sur le terrain de la cooperation avec Ie Nord, son protectionisme; il l'est aussi bien s5r et surtout sur Ie terrain de la montee de plus en plus agressive et diverse de la contestation, des explosions populaires, des recuperations par les forces de violence au pouvoir et dans l'opposition de larges franges de contestataires non pour resoudre les problgmes de tous mais Ie plus souvent pour rggler des comptes ou pour consolider telle ou telle dependance.

Et cela sans compeer les guerres.

Au plan politique comme % celui du d6veloppement, de nombreux pouvoirs en place semblent s'acharner % aggraver tous les problsmes, contribuent objectivement ainsi 2 crtier dans Ie Sud des espaces 2 reconquerir afin de les 'sauver' de la ruine totale et d'iine totale decheance. Peut-Etre que c'est ainsi qu'il faut apprecier les soutiens ou protections de cer- tains pays du Nord tandis quTaucun pays du Nord ne risque de tomber dans cet etat en raison du rapport des forces dominant Ie monde actuel.

Cependant nous voyons que Ie Sud dispose d'immenses moyens non seulement de se proteger contre l'extension des phenomsnes destructeurs internes et externes mais surtout pour creer de nouveaux rapports % l'interieur des espaces Sud: rapports de solidarite, c'est-%-dire de cooperation intensifies progressivement, non pas en partant des sentiers mineurs ou marginaux, mais au contraire % partir des secteurs les plus menaces mais aussi les plus promet teurs d'une plus grandp dynamique de cooperation. De plus l'essentiel, sera qu'i terme Ie Sud, restructure dans ses rap- ports internes, creant un reel ordre international au niveau de ses es- paces et des activites de ses entreprises, de ses citoyens, de ses cul- tures, Ie Sud sera la force nouvelle capable d'intervenir au niveau mon- dial pour renouveler les rapports internationaux. Et non plus un heri- tage impuissant de siecles de decadences et de siecles d'exploitation, voire d'esclavage.

Nous voyons que les connaissances accumul6es au plan des situations, des problSmes, des potentialit6s et des capacites du Sud exigent une exploi- tation autre que celle engages individuellenent, regionalement ou col- lectivement pour agir c o m e un syndicat d'handicapes face i un patronat plus fantomatiquement effrayant ou paralysant qu'il ne l'est reellement. Nombreuses sont les s o c i ~ t ~ s du Sud qui ont su affronter les mains nues ce genre de forces et elles ont rsussi 2 changer quelques faces du monde . Connaissances et motivations sont 15. pour engager une action intra-Sud 2 vocation d'harmonie et de paix universelle. Une facon de vivre Ie mon- de, une facon de vivre avec les autres qui doit s'imposer 2 la place des autres facons fondees sur l'agression, l'arrogance et la volonte de puissance.

Les circonstances actuelles sont on ne peut plus favorables 2 la mise en place volontariste d'un organisme Sud-Sud independant et audacieux. Non pas seulement pour un rapport, meme s'il doit etre d'une importance ex- treme: mais pour organiser les voies de cooperations, d'gchanges dans les domaines vitaux des economies de pays de Sud, organiser les voies de communication, de transmissions des donnees au benefice des entreprises quelqu'en soit Ie statut, des entrepreneurs capables de realiser de grands travaux prioritaires, organiser les voies de solidarite finan- ciere et mon6taire et creer 5 cet effet les fonds ou les institutions capables de soutenir les echanges, les realisations, les recherches 5 l'interieur des espaces du Sud.

En bref, reexaminer les rapports si proches de l'abstrait qui reagissent Ie Sud pour les faire revivre dans Ie dgveloppement des echanges de pro- duits et services, dans les grands travaux hydrauliques; dans le d6ve- loppement Snergstique, dans la restructuration des relations monetaires, financieres, bancaires, dans l'intensification des echanges culturels, artistiques, gducationnels, de formation; enfin dans l'action solidaire au plan mondial pour changer Ie comportement de ceux qui croient pouvoir demeurer puissants contre les autres, sans les autres ou en dominant les autres.

Le Sud pourra methodiquement et siirement se prot6ger solidairement contre les agressions de la crise generale et des effets qui en sont diffuse par les puissances aussi inquietes, agites que myopes.

Le Sud, m6thodiquement et siirement, pourra entralner les peuples 2 une autre vision des homes, de la vie sur terre et dans l'espace, 2 une autre attitude dans la vie, la sienne par rapport 2 celle des autres.

Ce sera l'alternative, la naissance d'un ordre de justice construit par les multitudes du Sud qui ont tellement connu l'injustice qu'elles n'en voudront jamais pour aucun de leurs partenaires.

F D A D O S S I E R - T A R I F D E S ABOi ' iNEMENTS

fiord: 48 francs su i s ses ou 30 d o l l a r s US Sud: 24 francs su i s ses ou IS d o l l a r s US

TOMORROW'S H A B I T A T

by Mahdi Elmandjra University Mohamed V Rabat, Morocco

There are two preliminary questions which need to be clar- ified: WHICH tomorrow? WHOSE habitat? The first question is relatively easy because the main determinants of the habitat of at least the next 15 years have been already heavily con- ditioned and even determined by the actions taken in the course of the last 10 years. Hence it is very difficult to imagine any substantial trends or changes before the year 2000. Even then, they would have to be the outcome of decisions taken today.

Hence when dealing with habitat, "tomorrow" cannot but mean the 21st Century. Until then one can only speak of slight adjustments of past policies and decisions. The challenging problem which must be identified from the start is: "are decision-makers and the people concerned ready to tackle this issue in a long-term perspective and to accept all the political, economic and socio-cultural implications of such an approach?"

The second preliminary question is WHOSE habitat? The prob- lems in the Third World are quite different from those of the industrialized countries. It is not possible therefore to handle the subject in a global manner except maybe for a few matters such as those concerning environment, ecology and some of the new technologies which have common effects regardless of the level of economic development.

In this presentation I shall interpret "future" as meaning "post twentieth century" and I shall put a special emphasis on the habitat problematique of the Third World which, in the year 2000, will represent around 5,000,000,000 people or about 80% of the total population of the globe but which will dispose of less than 30% of the economic output and benefits of the world economy. I will attempt to cover the following dimensions of this problematique:

1. the international context;

2. essential needs and the quality of life;

3. the rural/urban equation;

4. socio-cultural value systems;

5. the impact of science & technology;

* Lecture del ivered t o the Internat ional Youth Year Symposium, Tokyo, Apri l 1985.

6. habitat as a political phenomenon;

7. future perspectives.

Space limitation forces me to be very succinct. The impor- tant thing is not so much the content of each of these is- sues - it is the overall effect of their interaction.

1. THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

The least that can be said today is that the international context is not favourable to a restructuring of the inter- national economic system which is indispensable to a new re- distribution of resources on a planetary level and without which the basic needs of the Third World, including habitat, cannot be satisfied within the next fifteen years. The in- equality between the North and the South, according to a number of socio-economic indicators, is estimated as being of the order of 20 to 1. If things do not change radically soon, this ratio may climb to 50 to 1 by the end of the cen- tury according to the Club of Rome.

The countries of the Third World are heavily responsible for the present state of their socio-economic affairs because of the model of economic development which they have chosen. In almost all cases, it is a pale imitation of the one of the industrialized countries and it is totally maladapted to their real needs. This development model is largely respon- sible for the continuous increase of the gap between the poor and the rich within Third World countries. Habitat is probably the sector which illustrates best, and in a very concrete way, this social discrimination. The approach to development which has prevailed so far did not encourage self-reliance because it was too extroverted. I think that the Third World countries are now. fully aware of the non- viability of this model and are trying to find new solutions which will inevitably transform, in the coming years, the international economic context and bring about important structural changes at the national level. The effects of such changes on habitat are not likely to begin to be felt in less than ten years at the minimum.

International "aid" which has helped to "develop underdevel- opment" will hopefully soon come to end to be replaced by a more equitable international economic system built on equity and solidarity instead of charity and disguised exploita- tion. South-South cooperation will very likely expand rapid- ly and will enable countries with similar problems to share relevant experiences.

2. ESSENTIAL NEEDS AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE

Whereas the North is essentially a society of affluence and waste, with a few pockets of poverty, the South is mostly a

vast zone of poverty and inequity with a thin layer of con- trasting and sometime shocking wealth. When we speak of "to- morrow's habitat" we must first of all ask how many millions are quite likely not to have the most elementary type of habitat by the end of the century. We already know that about 1,000 million housing units need to be build by the year 2000 if the Third World is to meet its most basic habi- tat needs. The habitat needs can not be seen in isolation from the other development problems such as demographic pressure, poverty, illiteracy, disease, unemployment, social inequalities and insufficient respect for human rights.

How many units will the Third World countries be able to build within the next fifteen years? It is hard to answer this question because very few countries have plans for such a long period. What we find in some instances are targets or objectives but without the financial estimates and budgets required to make them meaningful.

The information available and the studies of the internatio- nal organizations concerned lead us to think that by the end of year 2000 almost 400 million people will be without shel- ter and that another 600 million will be living in condi- tions below the minimal norms and standards used to define "basic needs" in habitat. This billion people fall in the category of the "absolutely poor" to use a term coined by the World Bank.

What solutions are in view for these populations and for the other two billion people whose housing conditions do not meet the minimum habitat standards and norms (hard construc- tion, space per person, drinkable water, sanitation, sound protection from climatoloqical conditions etc.)? This is the real question for "tomorrow's habitat". Of course, one can not underestimate the major effects made in housing in the last two or three decades in the Third World nor neglect a few successful experiences of social housing here and there. On the whole however these efforts are very far from being adequate, the long-term planning is either non-existent or way below the most basic needs of the future populations.

Now if we leave out of the equation these three billion peo- ple - that is half of the world population of the year 2000 - we can then easily speak of another "tomorrow's habitat". The habitat of those who are beyond the basic needs. It is essential that we bear this dichotomy in mind if we do not want to become too abstract or excessively elitist. The facts as they stand and the trends as they can be measured point to one very discouraging conclusion: less than one out of five inhabitants of the globe will, in the year 2000, en- joy a habitat ensuring a half-decent "quality of life".

This is the real paradox of the future: a human society which has made fantastic scientific and technological ad-

vances which has all the resources to ensure a respectful standard of living for all the inhabitants of the planet seems to be unable to use this potential in a socially rele- vant and purposive manner.

3. THE RURAL/URBAN EQUATION

The future of habitat will be toward an accelerated urbani- zation. By the year 2000 around 51% of the world's popula- tion will be composed of city-dwellers. Out of a total of 6.25 billion inhabitants, 3.2 will be living in urban areas. This will be a major landmark in the cultural history of mankind.

The urban population of the Third World will increase by about one third between now and the year 2000 and the total area of the cities of the "South" will grow fourfold. This is an inevitable trend because of the huge gap existing bet- ween living conditions in towns and those prevailing in the rural areas (infant mortality, access to drinkable water, illiteracy, medical care, unemployment, housing...). Al- though about 40% of these city-dwellers live in shanty towns and squatter settlements or what is known as "clandestine" housing, living conditions in cities are improving relati- vely faster than in the rural areas. Financial limitations for years to come are such that there is no reason to be- lieve that rural life is likely to become attractive to the point of stopping migration to the cities. Urban development however has been a quasi-total failure throughout the Third World in the last few decades. The newly independent coun- tries did not always question the colonial urban plans and policies which they inherited. The interests of the depart- ing colonials were too often taken over by the privileged nationals without a decolonization of the habitat model.

The greatest sin of all has probably been the absence of vision and creativity in the anticipation of self-reliant solutions with economic and social relevance and with the participation of the people concerned. This has contributed to a very inequitable socia1,differentiation of space within the cities. Urbanization has nonetheless brought marginal benefits to the rural migrants who had nothing to expect from remaining in the countryside except a greater misery. This is why there is no political power or economic force or social policy capable of blocking urban development - a his- torical process thanks to which man, as a cultural animal, has managed to defend his rights and amplify his creativity.

From a global point of view, urbanization has of course its negative facets with respect to the future of habitat. The quantity and the quality of agricultural land will go down as will the surface of the grazing lands and of the forests. Numerous plants and several animal species will disappear. The problems of water will become more critical and a var-

iety of new and complex ecological and social problems will inevitably emerge as urban areas expand. Let us not blame urbanization for all these sins but our incapacity to deal with social change through anticipation and participation and our inability to give a proper weight to the importance of the transformations which our socio-cultural value sys- tems are undergoing.

4. SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUE SYSTEMS

The use of space is first and foremost a cultural phenomenon and a by-product of a way of life and of a philosophy. This should not be forgotten even if contemporary problems and those to come are acquiring an ever increasing universal form. This universality dictates however a specific approach when it comes to concrete solutions which can only be of a local nature. This is where socio-cultural value systems are of great help in gearing social change because they contain the "genetic code" which programs this change. The models of development which did not take this dimension into account are paying heavily for such a serious omission.

The evolution of value systems, in the context of habitat, has to be considered in the light of several factors includ- ing: the exponential development of knowledge, the great shortcomings of existing learning systems, the lack of so- cial relevance in the manner with which we use scientific and technological progress, the age structure of popula- t i o n ~ , the key role of the spiritual dimension, the aspira- tions of human beings to a minimum of dignity ... We obviously cannot deal with all of these factors in this paper. But as this meeting is an "International Youth Year Symposium" and as its main justification is the internatio- nal. contest which UNESCO organized for young architects throughout the world, it may be proper to say a few words about the relationship between youth, values and habitat. Each generation lives with the habitat model conceived by its predecessor and preempts, in turn, the model of the ge- neration to come. Raphael De la Hoz, former President of the International Union of Architects, put it quite concisely:

The problem grows when one understands tha t , we a r c h i t e c t s , are encapsulating the l i v e s o f the neu generations - necessari ly d i f - ferent from ours - i n the dead s h e l l s o f the past.

This criticism, in my view, is not to be limited to archi- tects but to all decision-makers which intervene in habitat matters. Democracy in space implies democracy in time. The importance of this issue is directly related to the age struc- ture of population. In the Third World the population is quite young. In Africa, for instance, one out two inhabi- tants is under 15 years of age, and one out of three is less than 25 years old. The value systems of this youth - which represents the numerical majority of the population - are

undergoing major and rapid transformations which are in no way taken into account by those who are planning and build- ing tomorrow's habitat.

This is why the contest organized by UNESCO, and in which I had the privilege of participating as a member of the Inter- national Jury, is a very valuable indicator of the preoccu- pations of those who will be the main users of tomorrow's habitat. Two clear trends come out from the entries to this contest. Firstly, a great concern for socially relevant so- lutions bearing in mind the cultural specificity of the re- gions concerned, in the case of the young architects from the Third World. Secondly, a particular emphasis on conser- vation and renovation in the submissions of the architects from the industrialized countries.

As we have noted earlier, urban dwellers will represent the majority of the world inhabitants in the year 2000. Cities have always been the key centers of cultural development and human civilization, it is therefore worthwhile to note the transformation which is going on with respect to the main vehicle of this process, namely language. If we take the 25 largest cities of the world we note the following evolution in the course of the twentieth century:

LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN THE 25 LARGEST CITIES OF THE WORLD (1900-2000) : RANK & (NUMBER OF CITIES)

1900 1950 1975 1990 ZOOO*

English German French Russian Japanese Chinese Hindi Spanish Portugese Arabic

* In the year 2000 the other rankings will be : Indonesian 8th, Korean 9th, Philippine loth, Thai 11th and Urdu 12th.

Out of the 400 million people which will be inhabiting the 25 largest cities of the world, 250 million will be speaking non-Western languages (about two-thirds of the total) ; the remaining 150 million will be speaking Spanish, Portugese, English and French but over 100 million of them will be in Third World cities. Hence the weight of Western industrial- ized cities within the 25 biggest cities of the world will be slightly over 8% as compared with over 80% in the year 1900 with respect to the languages spoken.

5. THE IMPACT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Developments in three major areas will have important ef- fects on tomorrow's habitat. These are: informatics and the related information technologies; new materials; and bio- technology. Developments in informatics are already part of the habitat scene throughout the world. In the speech he made the day of his admission to the French Academy of the Arts, Kenzo Tange said:

Modem arch i t ec ture can, I th ink , be d e f i n e d tuo periods. In the p ~ r s t , it adapted itself t o the industric? s o ~ i e 2 ; ) . --n the second> in &eh ye are today, i t must adapt i t s e l f t o the i-".for^atics so- c i e t g . . . ng m work is an attempt to czs~er o m a'uest'ion: uhat should the archi tecture of the information soc ie t y be?

After the year 2000, or maybe a little before, nuclear fu- sion will bring about changes, as a result of low cost ener- gy, in building techniques, transport, air conditioning and heating among other things. What remains to be seen is whe- ther society will be able to harness our scientific and technological knowledge to improve the quality of life in all parts of the world or whether it will continue to spend over half of its energy and resources, in the scientific field, for destructive purposes. Here again, the problems of habitat show us quite clearly how socially irrelevant the applications of modern developments such as those of science and technology can be when it comes to tackling urgent human problems affecting the plight of billions of people.

6. HABITAT AS A POLITICAL PHENOMENON

Urbanization of the Third World is today an important source of conscientization and politization (in the good sense of the term) of the population as it was and still is in the industrialized countries. It will inevitably bring about a great democratization, radical changes at the national le- vel, and will make itself felt at the level of international relations as in the days of the city-states.

The cities have played a key role in the process of decolo- nization. I think that they are called upon to make a compa- rable contribution in the transformation of the internatio- nal system without which no workable or acceptable solution will be found to the problems of economic and social devel- opment. This is why the models of development and the stra- tegies of international relations which still believe in the possibility of maintaining passive rural populations as a way of checking a disturbing urban development cannot but fail. It would be preferable to anticipate the implications of the changes that are on the way so as not to have to learn by shock.

Man has the intellectual and material means to use the crea- tive capacities of cities to positive ends such as the im-

provement of living conditions and international understand- ing between all of the inhabitants of the planet. Social, economic and political peace are intrinsic components of the habitat problematique. If we do not attain these objectives we should not blame the cities because they are the product of our own creativity and imagination just as international relations are our own invention.

7. PERSPECTIVES

The future perspectives of habitat involve more socio-econo- mic variables than probably those of any other sector of human activity. In a research we are undertaking in futu- ribles we have listed over 100 parameters which are to be measured and analyzed within a matrix for an understanding of possible trends of the future. This is where we see how interdisciplinary questions of habitat can be, and where we can observe how present decision-making is lagging behind from a conceptual as well as a methodological point of view.

The enumeration alone of some of these indicators gives an idea of the complexity arising out of their inter-action: economic growth rate, demographic factors, rural/urban popu- lation ratio, education, food self-sufficiency, medical care, employment, access to drinkable water, cost of land and of construction, industrial production, transport, ener- gy, desertification, water resources, environmental policy, industrial production, R&D expenditures, technological inno- vation, value systems, styles of life and use of time.

One cannot stress enough the fact that in matters of habitat trend reversal is very slow. Perspectives of less than 30 years - a generation - are of little significance. We are not however equipped to undertake such studies with the mi- nimal scientific backing because we do not have the perti- nent data, refined methodologies and also because decision- makers are more interested in the short-term and are not in- clined to examine and much less to adopt alternative solu- tions for the future.

Habitat is of course more than a question of study or even of decision making. It is a permanent creative process which concerns bodies and souls more than it concerns bricks and mortar. The paradigm of our topic could be summarized as follows: "How to simultaneously recuperate the past, reclaim the present and liberate the future?" It is quite a diffi- cult task especially when we know that the tomorrow of our habitat was yesterday.

There is a thread of hope for after-tomorrow; let us seize it today.

R E A C T I V A C I O N , D E S A R R O L L O Y D E U D A : UNA PROPUESTA*

por Osvaldo S u n k e l

Una nueva estrategia de desarrollo nacional sostenible en el largo plazo exige prioridad absoluta para mejorar las con- diciones de vida de 10s sectores sacrificados por el estilo de desarrollo actual y por su crisis y las consiguientes politicas recesivas. Exige tambien la recuperacion de un grado razo- nable de autonomia nacional, asi como una decisiva partici- pacion politica democratica. Requiere igualmente un intenso aprovechamiento del riquisimo patrimonio ambiental latino- americano, per0 de un mod0 tal que garantice su conserva- ci6n y/o reproduccion ampliada futura. Todo ello exige a su vez, como condicion fundamental de posibilidad, de un rapido crecimiento economic0 y ello simplemente no es compatible con la carga actual del servicio de la deuda externa. Ni si- quiera las renegociaciones mAs recientes de Mexico, Brasil y Argentina, que sin duda representan un progreso sobre las anteriores, permiten vislumbrar la posibilidad de una reacti- vacion sostenida en el corto plazo, una tasa de crecimiento elevada en el mediano y una recuperacion del estilo de desa- rrollo del pasado en el largo plazo. - -

Toda nueva estrategia de desarrollo de mediano y largo plazo requiere sin embargo reactivacion y crecimiento en el corto y mediano plazo, por 10 que pasa inevitablemente por una solucih a1 estrangulamiento generado por el servicio de la deuda externa.

El nudo gordiano del problema de la deuda externa resi- de en la necesidad de generar excedentes en moneda dura mediante superdvit en la cuenta comercial de ia Balanza de Pagos a fin de poder transferir 10s recursos financieros co- rrespondientes al servicio de la deuda externa a 10s bancos y 10s paises acreedores. Esta exigencia ineludible lleva, por una parte, a politicas recesivas intemas destinadas a lograr una fuerte contraccion de las importaciones mediante una driistica reduccion de 10s ingresos y de la demanda global. En virtud de la magnitud de las importaciones del conjunto

de 10s paises deudores, estas politicas tienen significativ.2~ influencias recesivas en las economias desarrolladas y el co- rnercio rnundial.

Por otra parte, dicha exigencia lleva a la adopcion genera- lizada de politicas de promocion de exportaciones en 10s paises deudores, 10 que entrafia una presion negativa en 10s tdrminos del intercambio.

Surge asi una transferencia unilateral e invisible de re- cursos hacia 10s paises acreedores, sin contrapartida de can- celaci6n del servicio de la deuda. Gran parte de esta trans- ferencia invisible per0 muy real es financiada mediante ia reduccion de 10s salaries reales inducida por las politicas recesivas. En sintesis, depresion interna, presiones recesivas internacionales, y transferencias reales de recursos de deudo- res en magnitudes muy superiores a1 servicio nominal de la deuda.

Mientras el nudo gordiano mencionado subsista, atando estrechamente a acreedores con deudores mediante la trans- ferencia de excedentes de recursos en moneda dura, no hay alternativa a soluciones recesivas y sin destino. Es preciso cortar el nudo gordiano disociando el servicio de la deuda de la transferencia de recursos financieros entre paises y entre monedas.

En otras palabras, es preciso crear las condiciones para que 10s paises deudores puedan servir la deuda (o parte importante de ella) en su propia moneda (blanda), y que 10s bancos acreedores perciban el servicio de la deuda ( o parte importante de ella) en su propia moneda (dura). Esto re- quiere la intermediacion del Estado en ambos grupos de pai- ses, y acuerdos intergubernamentales de caracter bilateral y multilateral, que se basen en intereses comunes y compar- tidos.

Dentro de la comunidad international, los paises desa- rrollados han adquirido el compromise y han estado practi- cando una politica publica de ayuda a1 desarrollo durante un largo periodo, aunque esta se ha venido debilitando seria- mente en 10s ultimos afios. El10 en contraste con el financia- miento privado externo, que crecio enormemente esta ultima decada, 10 que constituye uno de 10s elementos claves de la crisis actual.

Los paises desarrollados podrian revitalizar significati- vamente su politica de ayuda a 10s paises subdesarrollados, sin excesivo costo adicional, permitiendo que 10s paises aeu- dores sirvan su deuda ( o parte de ella) en monedas locales. Estos aportes se destinarian a constituir un fondo de desa-

rrollo de contraparte en cada pais deudor (a1 estilo de 10s fondos en moneda local de la PL 480, de ayuda alirnenticia). Este fondo financiaria proyectos de desarrollo ajustados a estrictos criterios publicos de creaci6n de empleo, rnejora- miento social, production de bienes y servicios fundamenta- les, exportacion, sustitucion de irnportaciones, etc., acordados conjuntamente por 10s gobiernos -bilateral y multilateral- mense- y administrados por organismos nacionales de desa- rrollo. Este es obviamente un aspect0 fundamental de discu- sion y negociacion, para encontrar mecanismos y procedi- mientos que no den una injerencia indebida a uno o varies de 10s gobiernos de 10s paises acreedores en la politica de desarrollo del pais deudor, per0 que por otro lad0 garanticen que 10s recursos se destinaran a objetivos prioritarios desde el punto de vista social y de desarrollo

Por su parte, 10s bancos acreedores recibirian el pago del servicio de la deuda en su propia moneda de parte del Estado respective. El financiamiento podria provenir, si no hay voluntad o capacidad politica de aumentar gastos publi- cos para compensar a 10s bancos, de tres fuentes principa- les: a ) de 10s propios bancos, a quienes corresponderia asu- mir parte de las perdidas derivadas de sus irresponsables politicas de prestamos y que ademas se han beneficiado de elevadisimas tasas de interis y 10s "spreads" correspondien- tes y de toda suerte de sustanciales cornisiones y recargos cobrados en virtud de su organizacidn oligopolica por la renegociacih de la deuda; b ) de 10s fondos de ayuda a1 de- sarrollo en moneda dura que, aunque lirnitados y decrecien- tes, no dejan de ser importantes; y c ) de transferencias de otros rubros de gasto publico, en especial con una minima proporcion de 10s gigantescos gastos belicos.

La propuesta tiene una gran flexibilidad tanto para 10s paises deudores como para 10s acreedores, y para las relacio- nes entre ellos y 10s organismos internacionales. Son posibles una variedad de arreglos, ajustables a las caracteristicas de 10s paises involucrados y a las situaciones particulares exis- tentes entre pares de paises deudores y acreedores, inclu- yendo la posibilidad de arreglos multilaterales. Hasta seria posible, por ejemplo, imaginar un fondo para promover la integration regional y el comercio Sur-Sur. Ademas, podria servir como solucion complementaria a las multiples propo- siciones referentes a plazos, topes a la tasa de interns o limi- tes a la proporcion de las exportaciones destinadas a1 servi- cio de la deuda.

La justificaci6n del aporte fiscal de 10s paises desarro- llados -ya sea por ingresos adicionales o reestructuraci6n

del gasto- reside en la responsabilidad de 10s gobiernos de 10s paises desarrollados -y en particular del de 10s Estados Unidos- por haber perrnitido la forrnacion de un mercado financiero bancario internacional privado carente de sufi- ciente control, y de haber adoptado politicas internas que han contribuido a aurnentar desmesuradarnente las tasas de interes y la fortaleza del dolar y deteriorado agudarnente 10s tdrminos del intercarnbio. Todos estos factores han agudiza- do enormemente el problema de la deuda en 10s afios mas recientes, desencadenando la crisis, sin que medie en ello responsabilidad alguna de 10s paises deudores.

Una segunda justification para exigir un esfuerzo de 10s paises desarrollados es el ajuste unilateral sin precedentes ya hecho y que continuan haciendo 10s paises deudores, y su disposition a continuar honrando sus compromises interna- cionales no obstante fuertes razones en contrario: fuga de capitales, desperdicio de recursos en importaciones de arrna- rnentos y de consurno superfluo, presion de 10s propios ban- cos internacionales para aceptar creditos, costo social del ajuste e inviabilidad de este ultirno en el mediano plazo. De hecho, el costo social esta llevando a tales tensiones y con- flictos politicos que la estabilidad de 10s gobiernos peligra y con ell0 tambikn la posibilidad de mantener una posici6n favorable a1 servicio de la deuda externa.

Esta propuesta se basa en la constatacion evidente de que existe un potencial productivo real tanto en 10s paises deudores como en 10s acreedores que no se materializa por un problerna de irnposibilidad de transferencia financiers internacional. Superado dicho estrangulamiento financiero, limitando su esfera de accion a 10s circuitos financieros na- cionales, 10s potenciales productivos ociosos pueden ponerse en accion. reemulazando 10s fluios financieros internaciona- les por flujos ~omerciales y p<oductivos. Por consiguiente, en este proceso s61o puede haber ganadores, con la excep- ci6n de una ptirdida parcial de poder de 10s intereses finan- cieros transnacionales.

Ganarian 10s paises deudores y especialrnente sus secto- res sociales mAs necesitados. Seria posible una reactivaci6n mediante proyectos socioecon6micos prioritarios, gracias a que el no servicio de la deuda en moneda dura permitirfa incrernentar sustancialmente las irnportaciones esenciales, especialmente las complementarias de 10s proyectos financia- dos en rnoneda local.

Perrnitiria tambien un mayor gasto fiscal en inversidn y proyectos sociales, financiados mediante la contrapartida del valor de ias importaciones posibles gracias al no pago del

total (o parte) del servicio de la deuda, y gracias a1 in- cremento del rendimiento tributario derivado de la reactiva- ci6n y las mayores importaciones. Todo esto facilitaria por otra parte una soluci6n a1 problema de la deuda intema, con- trapartida de la deuda externa privada.

Ganarian tambidn 10s paises desarrollados acreedores. Por una parte, se evitarian en el futuro 10s riesgos de la inestabilidad y posibles crisis bancarias y financieras nacio- nales e internacionales, como las que ya han tenido que afron- tar en el pasado reciente en varias ocasiones. Por otra, favo- recerian una recuperacion de sus sectores de exportacion, que se han visto seriamente afectados por las severas rss- tricciones de importacion que tuvieron que imponer 10s pai- ses deudores, especialmente importantes en ciertos sectorcs de actividad. El10 apoyaria la recuperacion de sus economias y el fortalecimiento de sus balanzas de pagos.

Finalmente, y esto no deja de tener una gran importan- cia en 10s mementos actuales, contribuiria a restablecer la resquebrajada cooperacion internacional para el desarrollo y a la estabilidad politica de 10s paises deudores y de sus respectivas areas del mundo subdesarrollado. De hecho, pro- moveria una recuperacion de la cooperacion publica interna- cional, bilateral y multilateral, con un fuerte enfasis en la ayuda a 10s sectores sociales mas necesitados, que es 10 que la opinidn publica internacionalmente exige.

La proposici6n sugerida tiene algunas ventajas adicio- nales.

La transferencia de 10s d61ares adeudados por el servi- cio de la deuda no se elimina sino que se lleva a cab0 de todos modos, per0 en lugar de una transaction financiera-bancaria se estimula la producci6n real, tanto en 10s paises acreedores y deudores como en la economia y el comercio internacio- nales.

Es una propuesta positiva porque vincula la solucion del problema de la deuda con la aplicaci6n de politicas antici- clicas, reactivadoras y de desarrollo, en lugar de vincularla con politicas negativas, recesivas y sin destino. Ademas, vin- cula la soluci6n del problema de la deuda con politicas progresivas en materia de empleo y distribucidn del ingreso, en lugar de regresivas, como las de corte recesivo.

Promueve una recuperaci6n del poder y control public0 internacional sobre el sistema financier0 intemacional, cuya privatization durante esta ultima decada es una de las cau- sas principales de la crisis, puesto que traslada el eje de las negociaciones econ6micas intemacionales de 10s bancos trans- nacionales y el FM1 a 10s gobiernos.

Vincula la limitacion de 10s gastos de defensa, que es demandada insistentemente por la opinion publica interna- cional, con la ampliacion de la ayuda a1 desarrollo y la so- luci6n de los problemas de la banca acreedora, del sisteina financier0 intemacional y de 10s paises deudores.

Otro aspect0 de la mayor importancia es que una vez superado el problema del peso excesivo de la deuda y sanea- do el sistema bancario internacional, la absurda situation actual en que 10s paises subdesarrollados transfieren capital a 10s desarrollados puede volver a revertirse. La banca inter- national privada podria entonces volver a hacer una contri- bucion neta a1 financiamiento del desarrollo, claro que bajo nuevas condiciones y tkrminos mas prudentes y cuidadosos, y supervisados por autoridades publicas nacionales e inter- nacionales.

Finalmente, esta propuesta deberia generar un amplio consenso politico, pues la mayoria de 10s paises y las mayo- rias nacionales involucradas serian beneficiados. Per0 es pre- c i s ~ reconocer tambien que va en contra de las principales orientaciones politicas del actual gobierno norteamericano, de 10s intereses y el poder de la gran banca transnacional, asi como del proyecto global de transnacionalizaci6n esboza- do anteriormente.

Sin embargo, me parece ser una propuesta eminentemen- te razonable, positiva y concreta, que podria servir de plata- forma para transformar el circulo vicioso de la deuda y el ajuste recesivo en un circulo virtuoso de cooperacidn inter- national, reactivaci6n y desarrollo, vinculando simulthneamen- te la solucidn de 10s problemas de corto plazo con la implan- taci6n de un estilo de desarrollo sostenible en cuanto a sus dimensiones econdmica, social, politica, ambiental e interna- cional.

i f d a d o s s i e r 51 . j a n u a r y / f e b r u a r y 1986 g l o b a l space

THE FUTURE OF THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM N E X T S T E P S I N WORLD G O V E R N A N C E *

by John E. Fobes PO Box 357 Webster, NC 28788, USA

This paper concerns itself with governance, a term which is intended to suggest a reconceptualization of the commonly used terms "governing" and "governments". The concept of governance recognizes that order in society is created and maintained by a spectrum of institutions, only one of which is known as government. By examining that spectrum at all levels, we can obtain a better sense of "governability".

I believe that is it not only helpful, but important to con- sider governance at the international or planetary level as involving a global learning exercise. By so doing, politi- cians, activists and academics may expand their thinking beyond the traditional concepts of government and of the exercise of sovereignty.

The expansion of thinking beyond traditional concepts is necessary because in the course of technologically spawned changes in human societies, the increasingly complex pro- cesses of governance have leaked away from the province of governments to some extent. That so many individuals and groups, termed NGO's and INGO's, want "to get into the act" at all levels, is both hopeful and chaotic.

In order to respond effectively to rapid change, it is help- ful to modify our attitudes and increasingly value "learning exercises" or "learning modes" that will provide us with flexibility and perspective. These we require to deal with the stresses that are manifesting themselves in what super- ficially appear as disparate crises and needs. A learning mode can help us find new senses of self, of society and of context with which we may orient ourselves to the tangle of issues known as the "problematique".

We will learn that governance never was simply a matter of control. It goes beyond policy-making for a community, the application of law, the maintainance of public order and the provision of services. Moreover, the services associated with government offices can be and are now provided through a variety of arrangements.

* Remarks at t he Club of Rome Conference, Suntan-?er, Spain, June 1985.

5 5

Learning, and learning to "govern", on the part of citizens and their local civic and special interest groups, have be- come part of the survival skills for nations and for huma- nity as a whole.

The stresses from social change that require a broader sense of governance call into play Ashby's "law of requisite var- iety" (which may be interpreted as "the regulators or gover- nors of a system must reflect the variety of that system in order to be of service to it"). One of the consequences of this is that survivor communities and societies adopt mea- sures to assure that information and knowledge flow freely, that maximum access to such information is available, and that opportunities for participation are magnified (which implies decentralization).

Survivor societies will understand the ineluctability of the forces of change and will maintain a spirit of anticipatory learning. These societies will encourage customs and insti- tutions that help this stance to be pervasive.

The law of requisite variety is demonstrated in the market system and was implicitly understood by Adam Smith in his "invisible hand" (The current trend toward TNCs and mergers may in some cases constitute a deterioration of the market system).

But it is often overlooked that the market system/invisible hand theory works best within a "spiritual" context of indi- vidual and group meaning, responsibility, compassion and co- operation. From this context the societies of nations, and now, the emerging "global society" will develop institutions and customs of caring, nurturance, preservation and collabo- ration.

What we experience today is a world system that is severly strained. Nation states are experiencing difficulties in integrating their own jurisdictions and exercising sover- eignty. These difficulties are mirrored at the international level (and reflected back). International organizations are suffering from ills of various kinds and are subject to in- creasing criticism from the very member states whose atti- tude has contributed to those ills. The system is not satis- factory to any of its principal participants although it does serve many of the interests of humanity.

From a distance, the world seems to be hesitating, even re- coiling, from the taking of next steps to develop appropri- ate world governance. Examining the scene more closely, how- ever, one finds that at local levels there is almost a boil- ing over of creative activity, trying of new solutions, grasping for new behaviours. We have seen and welcomed trends toward local self-reliance and decentralization. We

welcome the movement away from uncritical centralization, bigness and monolithic, hierarchical structures. We see in these trends a more vigorous assertion of individual human dignity and rights.

It is no accident that creative solutions are emerging on the local scenes. We recognize the dynamics which allow for smallness" to be flexible, risk taking, less invested, open to new assumptions and behaviors. But we are also aware of the global, inter-linked nature of the elements of the world problematique, hence of the international cooperative ac- tions essential to understand problems and devise solutions.

I believe in linking the dynamic of these two perspectives. How can we tap the enormous creativity found in local groups, activists, institutions and also help these locally active people not only to "think globally" but also to act globally?

The world seems to be saying, "Yes, we know that this is one planet, one humanity. But it seems too difficult to move from the present unsatisfactory, fragmented world order to a better system". We can help the people of the world to re- cognize in themselves the strength and creativity needed to implement a transition toward a better system of world go- vernance.

Salient features of the present situation

Thinking about governance at planetary and regional levels has assumed as an absolute limiting factor the predominance of national state actors acting with sovereignty which re- quires them to be treated as equals. Thus a striking feature of international organizations has been the pretense of so- vereign equality, on the one hand, and, on the other, the development of techniques which take account of the inequa- lities, the differences in attributes and capabilities. These accommodations are required so that participation in the various aspects of governance can in fact be exercised appropriately, whether in respect to the furnishing of ser- vices, the methods of public policy-making, the development and application of standards or the assignment of respon- sibilities for the maintenance of public order.

To some extent, the continued insistence on the possession of sovereignty serves as a protection of the weaker nations against the more powerful. In recent years, however, while national sovereignty is asserted against electronic flows of information, it is increasingly recognized that even the most powerful nation state has limited ability to control the electronic flows of information and knowledge. The de- fense has shifted its plea from that of traditional polit- ical sovereignty to one of the rights of peoples to retain their cultural heritage and integrity.

The deterioration of earlier, more simply conceived concepts of sovereign equality of nation-state actors, has also oc- curred through demands of transnational, national and sub- national groups and institutions to have a part in the sys- tem of governance at regional and global levels. These ex- tra-governmental actors do = claim to exercise the sove- reignty which is the province of the several national qov- ernments, but base their claims to participation on other grounds. These new actors are inoxerably creating new world orders.

The problem of the older, established international organi- zations which are commonly cited today include overloaded agendas of the policy-making general conferences of member states; growing costly and sometimes inefficient central bureaucracies; lack of coordination among the increasing number of autonomous agencies; excessive power in the hands of the executive heads of the servicing secretariats; and in contrast to that, the ineffective oversight by excessively large governing councils.

Could it be that the source of problems found here are due to old assumptions about "context and values"? It is import- ant that the actors in these established institutions be helped to reconceptualize themselves, their communities, and the nature of their work. Leaders willing to reevaluate their understanding of contexts and values will need to be in the "learning mode". Thus, in addition to illuminating new dynamics, the Club can be instrumental in developing these values and understanding new contexts. This can en- courage the older institutions/networks to accept them, and help to create new ones that will manifest them.

A helpful exercise: Before examining underlying assumptions and principles which could guide the efforts for a better future, it may be helpful to recall the main factors present at the creation of the United Nations system in 1945.

(1) The principal architects of the UN system were a very limited number of victors in World War 11. In the US and the UK, strong influences in the drafting of the UN Charter and the constitutions of specialized agencies came from non- governmental professional, intellectual, religious and civic groups. Could this happen again?

(2) The mood in 1945 was characterized by a strong desire to avoid another destructive war and a willingness to coop- erate in healing quickly the wounds.

(3) The UN system was built upon the experience of allied functional and technical cooperation during the war. More- over, it was relatively easy to apply the model of intergov- ernmental organizations created in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and that of western parliamentary and indus- trial systems.

Today, in contrast to 1945, the following factors are rele- vant :

(1) There are many more national government actors than in 1945. Many of them find their stability challenged or are otherwise in serious trouble. They are not flushed with vic- tory as were the architects of the UN system. Moreover, to- day there is nothing comparable to the allied unity of 1945 when the United States was calculated to represent over 50% of the world's gross product, whereas today it is credited with only about 25%.

(2) There are four times as more international organization actors today than in 1945, both inter- and non-governmental. More important, some of the non-governmental actors can claim a capacity to participate as important partners in some of the categories of global governance. Their strongest claim to responsible roles as international actors is that they are able to facilitate the kind of learning most needed by humankind: anticipatory and participatory.

(3) In 1945, the spectacular productive achievements of the western industrial model were hailed. Today, there are var- ied reactions against that model both for development and for world order. There is a questioning of the specializa- tion, centralization, hierarchy and bureaucracy which are seen as central elements of the industrial model, whether capitalist or socialist.

Assumptions and principles on which to build

It is time to be radical in our consideration of governance at the planetary level if that governance is to be appropri- ate to our time. We need to go to the roots in our assess- ment of the salient factors in the present situation. We need to question some of the limitations we place on our- selves and on the potential for making advances if we are to reduce somewhat the helplessness and hopelessness which en- genders immobility.

There are increasing numbers of suggestions for reforms in international organizations. Only recently, however, have these gone beyond "tuning" adjustments to make the existing system work more efficiently. Even when more far-reaching changes have been proposed to satisfy the particular politi- cal positions of a group of countries, it has been assumed that basic features of the overall present world structures would remain the same. The aim was usually to transfer some of the power from one group of actors to another and to change the ways in which that power could be expressed.

These proposals for specific reforms hardly begin to take into account the dramatic development in the world since 1945. The series of UN global issues conferences of the

1970's may have sensitized opinion to some extent. But their resolutions and plans of action hardly question the funda- mentals of structures, of relationships and of forms of rep- resentation (and who should be represented). They tell of growing complexity but rely on traditional solutions and controls.

Moreover, the intellectual and academic communities have not done much questioning and exploring either of minor reforms in the handling of the world's business (except for peace and security), or of the major restructuring of world order. Political decision-makers have not received much help from that quarter. There was no follow-up to the 1976 Report to the Club of Rome, Reshaping the International Order.

Recently, fortunately, voices have been raised which go be- yond such matters as better behavior of governments, amend- ments to voting procedures and the strengthening of peaceful settlement and peacekeeping mechanisms of the UN. "Radical restructuring of the UN system", for example, is the theme of a recent editorial in an international journal. Questions are being raised which begin to go to the fundamentals of the present system.

. Why should almost all of the organizations be subject to the same parliamentary-industrial model of organiza- tion and management? Do we need different types of oversight organs - and possibly even more of them - with greater capacity for study and investigation and with representation which more closely matches their functions?

. Why should plenaries of governmental delegates with almost unlimited agendas meet so frequently? Why cannot there be better preparation of issues for plenary con- ferences and greater recognition and utilization of a variety of stages, levels and types of negotiation?

. Can we break out of the present relatively rigid sys- tems of financing international operations - simple contributions scales applicable to most budgets, plus voluntary contributions and funds placed in trust with the IO's?

. How can the capacities of the growing number of inter- national non-qovernmental (or quasi-governmental) or- ganizations and other transnational actors be utilized more effectively in the interests of all humanity while retaining their valuable qualities of freedom and flex- ibility?

. In addition to responsible involvement of actors other than national governments in at least some aspects of global governance, how can those systems of global gov- ernance become realistic "learning systems" with roots going deep into societies? The learning must be more

than superficial or limited to the level of world elites; its essential qualities of anticipation and participation require that we develop organic relation- ships with "local" governance and community learning.

In short, how can the world system reflect the com- plexity of the natural and manmade environments (in- cluding the "ecology of knowledge") instead of trying vainly to control and limit those environments with outmoded mechanisms?

It is this type of question which needs further stimulation.

Concluding observations: What do we do now?

Those concerned about improving the systems of global gov- ernance may need to operate on three levels simultaneously:

They would encourage the examination and early intro- duction of specific reforms into the existing inter- national organization systems;

they would initiate studies, discussions and negotia- tions which prepare the world community for more radi- cal adjustments in the medium-term future; and

they would start a process of broad conceptual and ana- lytical thinking about alternative futures for world order and global governance.

In all three levels of action, it should be recognized that national governments, constrained by growing domestic prob- lems and by short-term thinking, will need ideas and leader- ship from the extra-governmental communities. Those comrnu- nities - civic, professional, scientific, religious, academ- ic, artistic - often should not only help governments but push and cajole them into action for changes at the global level.

Immediate reforms: In order to encourage immediate reforms in the existing systems, an inventory of recent critical studies of multilateral cooperation, especially those which point toward improvements, could be helpful. The act of sur- veying the field of studies, moreover, would very likely stimulate additional investigation and prescription, espe- cially if the survey could be followed by establishment of an active network of the individuals and institutions in- volved in the studies. Such a network would facilitate ex- changes of ideas and the exercise of mutual appreciation and criticism.

A proposal for the establishment of a network on alternative futures for international institutions was presented last year at the conference of the World Future Studies Federa- tion. It is hoped that further ideas for reform will be ad-

vanced and discussed, whether they deal with better perfor- mance in the provision of international common services, more effective international cooperation in the advance of knowledge or better methods for achieving consensus in glo- bal public policy-making.

For example, there is a general complaint over lack of co- ordination among the growing number of international agenc- ies and programs. This criticism has been used to oppose the creation of new services and institutions of multilateral cooperation. Yet it can be argued that the present global systems of governance are, like that of national govern- ments, too traditional, simple and rigid, lacking the "re- quisite variety" and flexibility needed for dealing with the complexities of the planet.

The problem of coordinating is real and likely to grow more intense. Should it not be one of the areas of special atten- tion - for both rigorous systems analysis and creative ima- gination? Who can devise and experiment with a variety of means for articulation among the several elements of the world system? One might imagine, for example a corps of in- dividuals and a set of public review bodies whose function it is to provide information exchange and program mediation services among the world institutions. Such individuals and review commissions could develop a capacity to sift, inter- pret and present information and evaluations to all actors and to each part of the complex world system. The aim would be to build reasonable congruence, and occasionally synergy, among those parts.

Such a coordination system would require that we start now to prepare the new cadre of facilitators-evaluators-informa- tion interpreters and transmitters. They will require both formal training and periods of practical experience. This could be regarded as an investment in the future, a future which will undoubtedly be even more complex than today. One could envisage also a supportive network of centers around the world where the records of progress (and set-backs) to- ward global order would be maintained and constantly culled and re-interpreted.

Eventual fundamental reforms: Governments tend to focus on immediate reforms in the procedures of the international agencies. Few speak of more radical revisions in the consti- tutions of those agencies. Some even announce their opposi- tion to constitutional amendments. Many observers consider the renegotiation of international instruments as impracti- cal given the present political climate.

Such fundamental adjustments may not be politically accept- able today. Situations may well arise during the next dec- ade, however, when circumstances will persuade enough gov- ernments to accept revisions in the basic documents of mul-

tilateral cooperation. There seems merit, therefore, in tak- ing all possible preliminary steps - unofficial studies and exchanges - which will help to prepare the way for constitu- tional change.

Starting the process of re-conceptualization: While the im- mediate reforms are being installed and studies of long-term adjustments are encouraged, the more fundamental process of re-thinking needs to begin. The proposal from Harlan Cleve- land and the Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs for a mul- ti-year project on the future of world governance is a valu- able initiative with broad scope in this regard. It deserves support and such collaboration from all regions so that it will reflect the perspectives of all cultures.

One of the difficulties of reaching agreement on priorities and action in the UN system is the lack of an agreed frame- work of world problems and the accompanying possibilities for solution. Such a framework would include analyses of the inter-relationships among those problems and possibilities. Given such a framework, coordination would be facilitated and we could expect advances in thinking about and accept- ance of a progressive future for global governance. One would hope that, as the Humphrey-Cleveland project proceeds, the examination of appropriate governance for each of the substantive task areas to be studied will lead to a fresh comprehensive and inteqrative view of the world problema- tique . Perhaps there could also be a continuing open "world sem- inar" to regularly publish and amend an outline statement of the main elements of the problematique as seen from differ- ing regional and cultural perspectives. Even though such a framework would be subject to constant adjustment, the pro- cess of its creation would exercise an inteqrative, stabili- zing influence. Those involved in any aspect of planetary governance - and they are likely to be growing in number and diversity - would be able to locate their part in such gov- ernance on the "mau" and better arasu their relationshios to

L

others in the service of humanity.

A v a i l a b l e from IFDA o r from t h e Dag Harnmarskjold Foundat ion*:

THE FUTURE OF THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM SOME QUESTIONS ON THE OCCASION OF AN ANNIVERSARY

by Marc Nerfin

Advance o f f p r i n t o f Development D i a l o g u e , 1985:1, 25 pages

* Ovre S lo t t sga tan 2, S-752 20 Uppsala, Sueden

UNCTAD AND THE SOUTH-NORTH DIALOGUE; THE F I R S T TWENTY YEARS

Michael Zanunit C u t a j a r ( e d ) , Essays i n memory of W.R. Malinowski (Oxford: Pergarnon P r e s s , 1 9 8 5 ) 314pp .

A review a r t i c l e by Leelananda D e S i l v a

The North-South dialogue has drifted on for over twenty years. UNCTAD and the Group of 77 recently celebrated their twentieth anniversaries. In the long perspective of Darwinian evolution, two decades are a short span, but to paraphrase Mr. Harold Wilson, they are a long time in in- ternational politics, and in one's working life. This long period in international politics has also been unique in that for the first time in the world's history nearly 150 nations attempted to work together in the consensual management of the global economy. No doubt, it was an unmitigated failure, but then failures are the pillars of success. The difficult path ahead lies in persisting in the same direction of cre- ating broadly endorsed, and therefore legitimate, international regimes, be it in the management of oceans, money or trade. Strategies and tac- tics might change, but the fundamental objectives remain - more trans- parency and much greater equity in the international economic order. That is a permanent Third World interest among the shifting coalitions of likemindedness within the Group of 77 (oil, NICs, commodities, least developed, flags of convenience and so on),

The volume of essays edited by Michael Zammit Cutajar constitutes an important building block in the overall construction of a solid analyti- cal pattern of what went on and why in the North-South dialogue. The negotiating issues themselves were deeply permeated with the new percep- tions emerging through the deeper study of development economics - a comparatively new sub-sector of economics. The World Bank, in a book CO-edited by Dudley Seers and Gerald Meier entitled Pioneers in Develop- ment, has just recently looked at the evolution of some of the more ba- - sic propositions in development economics, and it appears to me that Zammit Cutajar's book is in a way a companion volume to it, in that it explores the attempt, no doubt within a limited forum, that of UNCTAD, of translating the non-conventional theories of Prebisch, Singer, Myrdal, Nurkse and even Keynes into internationally arbitrated arrange- ments. There were pioneers in international development negotiations as there were in development economics. Prebisch straddled both fields while other international and national civil servants and scholars played a significant creative role in evolving the machinery and in cod- ifying law and refining practice over a range of salient issues. Malinowski, whose life and work are commemorated through the publication of this volume was one such creative international civil servant whose abiding commitment to the high ideals of the UN charter helped to bring about a considerable transformation in the international shipping in- dustry. International civil servants go through years of frustration and slow movement, but when one reads Zenon Carnapas' affectionate portrait of Malinowski, the full creative potential that awaits to be fully ex- ploited by persistence and imaginative hard work by international civil servants can be clearly perceived. Central to a useful life in the mul-

tilateral system is a fair degree of purposive movement through its va- rious agencies - in the field, in regional commissions and in the cen- tral apparatus in New York, Geneva and Rome. The British colonial civil service sent its young and brightest officers to remote regions. The UN system must similarly insist of its officers that they do have field experience. UNCTAD, in particular, needs that relevant background of expertise.

The volume contains fifteen distinctive essays of which fourteen have been written by persons who are either working or have previously worked in LTNCTAD. The three previous heads of the organisation are among them. And it is with a sense of poignancy that one reads the contribution of the late Manuel Perez Guerrero on Collective Self-Reliance. His efforts over the last decade to strengthen the institutional bases of the Group of 77 are clearly reflected in what he has written. He was the supreme diplomat, modest, unflappable and generous to a fault. "A parfit gentil knightw.

Selecting authors on these lines - an UNCTAD pantheon? - has its advan- tages and also its limitations. It leads to a narrative style which is less than critical of the organisation's successes and failures. Not- withstanding, their intimate knowledge of what went on behind the cur- tains provides an immense range of information which constitutes the raw material for a more critical assessment of UNCTAD by other detached ana- lysts. One of the shortcomings of the United Nations system is the dearth of scholarly output produced by its staff members based on their own experience. To illustrate, there is very little which has come out on ESCAP from any staff member who has worked there. The story is the same for most other agencies - FAO, WHO, UNESCO (the exception in the latter case is Richard Hoggart's "An Idea and its Servants"). UNCTAD has a much better track record. Zammit Cutajar's book is therefore a welcome addition to a process which must be actively sponsored and promoted by the top mandarins and member governments. International organisations are bureaucratic and appear monolithic. They require a lot more of the personal touch, a glimpse of the "close circle" (which Ken Khaw refers to as having assisted Malinowski in his pioneering efforts) through whom the wheels are oiled and things start to happen, the networks of con- tact, of thought and of insight, even of the constant intrigue which is a quintessential ingredient of the negotiating process. Who are these anonymous international civil servants who dream up the Integrated Pro- gramme for Commodities or a concept such as the Reverse Transfer of Technology? Are they "mad, bad and dangerous to know", or are they mild mannered gentlemen from Malta or from India with impeccable academic rather than political credentials? In this volume are present, among its authors, those who did dream of such things. When they attempt to ana- lyse the UNCTAD contribution over the years in each of these fields, they are in effect relating their own personal involvement in the con- ceptual and negotiating process.

Sidney Dell looks back at the origins of UNCTAD and suggests that they can be located in the work of the Economic Commission for Latin America. Hans Singer has suggested elsewhere that UNCTAD also had within it a pronounced Keynesian strand both in its conception and in its subsequent prescriptions. When the monetarists started to dominate events in the

North, the UNCTAD star too began to wane, but now with the almost cer- tain eclipse of the "invisible hand" type of economics, UNCTAD's "future" is probably yet to come. It must, of course, be different from the past. Ignacy Sachs has, as usual, several wise things to say. He stresses South-South cooperation, and points to the failure of the Group of 77 to form a secretariat of its own. A great deal of UNCTAD's lack of success can be attributed to the failure of the Group of 77 to coordi- nate their negotiating positions effectively. Expecting the secretariat of a UN agency to do the work for them has diminished both UNCTAD and the Group of 77. The forthcoming Non-Aligned Summit in Harare could make a most effective contribution to the North-South dialogue if it commis- sions an independent inquiry on the G-77 by outsiders to Geneva and New York. It must not be another incestuous back-slapping exercise.

Raul Prebisch and Gamani Corea look at the past and suggest ways towards the future. They implicitly agree that UNCTAD has now to cope with a more differentiated and, more interdependent world in which the old cer- tainties of an ever expanding world economy leading to the increased welfare of mankind are under question. Prebisch reiterates the impera- tive of import substitution not in isolation but in the context of at least regional forms of co-operation.

In an intriguing chapter, Paul Berthoud analyses the UNCTAD contribution to the evolution and codification of international development law. Con- cepts and institutions - in the Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences, in restrictive business practices, in technology and even in processing and marketing of commodities - which were not thought of three decades ago have emerged, and others are under discussion and negotiation. The contribution of UNCTAD cannot be judged by the number of agreements or conventions negotiated within it; its contribution must be measured by a more intangible yardstick - has it changed the economic atmosphere and the air we breathe in? We no longer take for granted the supremacy of conventional Northern economic prescriptions. The Third World's politi- cal economy demands something different, it is now almost universally conceded. UNCTAD might indeed be credited with having established a new school of international political economy. UNICEF attacks IMF condition- ality now, and how different from twenty years ago when aid and struc- tural issues were seen as chalk from cheese.

The volume is replete with information and substantive analyses on the various aspects of UNCTAD's performances in commodities, money and fin- ance, on trade, shipping, technology and South-South co-operation. Krishnamurti's contribution on the UNCTADIGATT relationship is an un- usually perceptive elaboration of key elements in the relationship bet- ween two overlapping international organisations. Here is a superb exam- ple of the importance of avoiding co-ordination and encouraging plura- lism. The great value of UNCTAE to Third World countries in areas of GATT competence itself comes through very clearly. In money and finance too, UNCTAD's overlapping, though often contrasting approaches to those of the IMF and the World Bank needs to be spotlighted. Iqbal Haji's pa- per goes part of the way, and in itself is a fine account of the achie- vements of UNCTAD in this sphere and the continuing obstacles placed on it by the OECD group. The limitations are, however, not all the doings of the North, as Haji notes. We come back again to the phenomenon which

is the Group of 77. They work at cross purposes - the Group of 24 in Washington insulating themselves from the radical breezes that blow from Geneva. A conundrum for the future is how to get the Ministries of Fi- nance and Central Banks of Third World countries nore involved with UNCTAD's work. If they do get together, the experience could be exhilar- ating and also fruitful in bringing about international monetary re- forms. Before there is any serious North-South dialogue, the Third h'orld must do its homework.

As a collection of essays, the volume might not be fully integrated as one would wish. However, there is little overlap and the editor has en- sured to carve out a distinctive niche for each author. "UNCTAD is a child of decolonization" says the editor in a quotable phrase by future undergraduate examiners. It is the international economic ramifications of the process of decolonization which the authors grapple with when they relate the UNCTAD story sector by sector. In sum, the volume con- stitutes a history of UNCTAE at a time when it performed centre-stage in international economic diplomacy. Henry Kissinger thought it proper to drop by at UNCTAD IV in Nairobi. Times have changed and might change again.

There are major new insights to be gained by a careful scrutiny of these pages as to the future shape and form of North-South parleying. UNCTAD's major contribution should, as always, be in the intellectual realm. We might remember the words of the English poet, William Words- worth: "Reflecting upon the magnitude of the general evil, I should be oppressed with a dishonourable melancholy, had I not a deep impression of certain inherent and indestructible qualities of the human mind". As the slings and arrows of an outrageous monetarism fade in their impact and miss their targets, UNCTAD must proceed to inscribe those qualities of mind high on the international economic agenda of our times.

NOTE TO OUR READERS I N S W I T Z E R L A N D

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NOTE A NOS L E C T E U R S EN S U I S S E

Le fait d'inclure un bulletin de versement dans chaque livraison du Dossier a donne des r6sultats positifs et nous remercions ceux d'entre vous qui l'ont utilise. Cependant, pour des raisons pratiques, 11 nous est impossible de proceder 5 cette adjonction d'une manisre selective; aussi, nous nous excusons auprss de ceux qui, ayant d6j5 contribue, trouvent regulisrement un 'bulletin vert' dans leur Dossier.

BEYOND THE N U C L E A R HOLOCAUST

FOR A PHILOSOPHY OF HUMANIST RESURRECTION

by S u r i n d a r S u r i 3817 S e c t o r 32-D Chandigarh 160031, I n d i a

I f one h a s f o l l o w e d t h e c o u r s e of t h e n u c l e a r arms r a c e from t h e bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasak i i n 1945 up t o t h e p r e s e n t d a y , one w i l l f i n d a c e r t a i n l o g i c i n i t . When t h e whole of humanity i s t h r e a t e n e d w i t h a n n i - h i l a t i o n , t h e n o n l y d o e s i t become t r u l y m e a n i n g f u l f o r i t t o a c t i n t e rms o f g l o v a l u n i t y . But r e a l i s a t i o n of t h e d e e p e r meaning of n u c l e a r weaponry r e q u i r e s t r a n s c e n d e n c e of e x i s t i n g p o l i t i c a l r e a l i t i e s . Unfor- t u n a t e l y t h e g r e a t powers, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e USA and t h e USSR, have be- come p r i s o n e r s o f t h e n u c l e a r arms r a c e . They c a n n o t f r e e t h e m s e l v e s from i t even though t h e y t h e m s e l v e s , a s w e l l a s o t h e r s , a r e t h r e a t e n e d w i t h a n n i h i l a t i o n . I n t h e meantime t h e y s u f f e r from s e r i o u s mora l and s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l d i s t o r t i o n s . The e t h i c a l s i c k n e s s t h a t a f f l i c t s mankind, t h e s e n s e o f h e l p l e s s n e s s and d e s p e r a t i o n t h a t g r i p s s e n s i t i v e minds , i s b r o u g h t o u t w i t h s t r i k i n g c l a r i t y i n t h e r e c e n t p u b l i c a t i o n of t h e World C o u n c i l o f Churches I/. I t b r i n g s home t o t h e r e a d e r t h a t r a d i c a l oppo- n e n t s of t h e a rms r a c e o r c r i t i c s of t h e p r e s e n t u n j u s t wor ld o r d e r a l s o a r e c a u g h t on t h e h o r n s o f t h e dilemma.

Such a s i t i s , p e a c e i n t h e wor ld today r e s t s upon t h e b a l a n c e of t e r r o r between t h e two super -powers , t h e USA and t h e USSR. The b a l a n c e c a n be m a i n t a i n e d o n l y by p r o p e l l i n g t h e arms r a c e c e a s e l e s s l y . A l e x e i Arba tov , t h e S o v i e t spokesman, i n h i s c o n t r i b u t i o n i n t h e book w r i t e s t h a t , a l - though " t h e S o v i e t s t r a t e g i c f o r c e s a r e l a r g e enough (now) b u t i f , f o r example we s a y t h a t i t i s enough, and t h a t we s h a l l n o t i n c r e a s e ( t h e s e f o r c e s ) r e g a r d l e s s of what t h e Uni ted S t a t e s d o e s , t h e n i n f i v e o r t e n y e a r s we c o u l d f i n d o u r s e l v e s i n a s i t u a t i o n i n which o u r s i d e does n o t have t h e c a p a b i l i t y of a s s u r e d d e s t r u c t i o n " , upon which t h e p r e c a r i o u s wor ld peace a p p a r e n t l y depends. Yet c o n t i n u a t i o n of t h e arms r a c e a l s o pushed mankind toward t h e g l o b a l h o l o c a u s t . Such i s t h e c r u e l dilemma t h a t c o n f r o n t s humanity and from which , a t p r e s e n t , no e s c a p e seems pos- s i b l e .

Looking a t t h e i s s u e from t h e p e r s p e c t i v e of I n d i a t h a t p r o v i d e s one w i t h a s e n s e of d e t a c h e d i n v o l v e m e n t , we may n o t e t h a t t h e s t r a t e g y o f d e t e r r e n c e r e s t s upon t h e psycho logy of f e a r . Even t h o s e who oppose t h e arms r a c e a r e m o t i v a t e d by f e a r of n u c l e a r a n n i h i l a t i o n ; hence t h e y t o o p l a y i n t o t h e hands of managers of t h e arms r a c e . The n u c l e a r powers a r e concerned main ly w i t h p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e i r own p o p u l a t i o n s o r t h o s e o f t h e i r a l l i e s , whereas p r o p o n e n t s of wor ld p e a c e a r e concerned a b o u t t h e s a f e t y of a l l humani ty . But t h e l a t t e r t o o a r e c a u g h t i n t h e e v e r - s t o p p i n g w h i r l p o o l of b a l a n c e of t e r r o r . I n t h i s book under r e v i e w i t i s

I / Paul Abr,eckt and Ii-inan Koshy ( e d s ) , Before I t ' s Too Late: The Chal- - lenge of HucLear Disamanent fGer.sva: World Council o f Churches, 198.3) riii+SSlpp.

p o i n t e d o u t t h a t a r s e n a l s of t h e n u c l e a r powers c o n t a i n t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f t h r e e t o f o u r tons o f e x p l o s i v e power f o r e a c h man, womin and c h i l d on t h e e a r t h . There i s more d e s t r u c t i v e power t h a n food p e r head of t h e wor ld p o p u l a t i o n . The burgeon ing arms r a c e e n s u r e s t h a t , i n s p i t e of t h e r a p i d i n c r e a s e i n wor ld p o p u l a t i o n , t h e w e i g h t i e r p r o p o r t i o n of d e s t r u c - t i v e n u c l e a r power would n o t d e c l i n e .

I t i s w o r t h w h i l e t o l o o k a t some a s p e c t s of t h e a n u s r a c e a s i t was l aunched when t h e Second World War was d rawing t o a c l o s e . The u n d e r l y - i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n was R e a l p o l i t i k - i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s b a s e d on b a l a n c e of power. The o l d e r wor ld powers , B r i t a i n and F r a n c e , t h a t h a s p l a y e d a t t h e game of power p o l i t i c s , had d e c l i n e d . The newer o n e s , USA and USSR, were emerging on t h e wor ld s c e n e . A f t e r t h e d e a t h o f P r e s i d e n t F r a n k l i n Delano R o o s e v e l t j u s t b e f o r e t h e war drew t o a c l o s e , t h e p ro- s p e c t s f o r c o o p e r a p i o n w i t h t h e USSR were r u l e d o u t by t h e Western l e a d - e r s , Winston S. C h r u c h i l l and Harry S. Truman. R e a l p o l i t i k was a c c e p t e d a s t h e o n l y r e a l i s t i c p o l i c y . The key e l e m e n t i n t h e Western s t r a t e g y was t o keep t h e number two wor ld power, t h e USSR, f i r m l y on l e a s h . The US government d i d n o t p r o v i d e economic a i d t o t h e S o v i e t Union t o h e l p i t s r e c o v e r y from t h e mass ive d e v a s t a t i o n i t had s u f f e r e d d u r i n g t h e war . S i m i l a r l y , t h e war r e p a r a t i o n s t h a t t h e S o v i e t Union o b t a i n e d were drawn from t h e p a r t o f Germany i t had o c c u p i e d , even though t h e main German i n d u s t r i a l a r e a , t h e Ruhr , had come u n d e r Wes te rn o c c u p a t i o n . S o v i e t Union was a l l o t t e d a g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a o f i n f l u e n c e c o m p r i s i n g t h e s t a t e s o f E a s t e r n Europe a d j o i n i n g i t , whereas t h e r e s t o f t h e wor ld was r e s e r v e d i m p l i c i t l y f o r t h e Western powers.

More i m p o r t a n t t h a n d e n i a l of economic a i d o r a d e q u a t e r e p a r a t i o n s was t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of Wes te rn l e a d e r s t o draw t h e USSR i n t o t h e arms r a c e . I n t h i s s p h e r e , a s i n t h e economic o n e , Western s u p e r i o r i t y was overwhelming. The USA was a t t h e t i m e t h e o n l y n u c l e a r power. A p a r t of t h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r e x p l o d i n g n u c l e a r bombs o v e r J a p a n was t o b r i n g home t o t h e S o v i e t Union where i t s t o o d . America d i s p o s e d of much g r e a t - e r t e c h n o l o g i c a l t a l e n t and m a t e r i a l r e s o u r c e s s o t h a t , i n t h e f o r e s e e n - a b l e f u t u r e , i t would remain i n t h e l e a d . As t h e arms r a c e i n v o l v e d v a s t e x p e n d i t u r e of r e s o u r c e s , t h e USSR c o u l d n o t f o r g e ahead of i t s Wes te rn r i v a l s i n economic deve lopment . The i s t h a t t h e S o v i e t Union h a s r e - mained on t h e d e f e n s i v e e c o n o m i c a l l y and s t r a t e g i c a l l y , n o r h a s i t b e e n a b l e t o p r o j e c t i t s e l f a s t h e wor ld l e a d e r i d e a l o g i c a l l y .

I t s a c t i v e engagement i n t h e arms r a c e s lowed down i t s economic r e c o v e r y and p r o g r e s s , t h u s t h e USSR f o r f e i t e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of emerging a s v i c t o r i o u s r i v a l of t h e USA. The Wes te rn l e a d e r s were m o s t l y devout C h r i s t i a n s and n o t s u b s c r i b e t o t h e m a t e r i a l i s t d o c t r i n e o f marxism, b u t t h e y knew t h a t whichever power was dominant e c o n o m i c a l l y would p r e v a i l i n wor ld p o l i t i c s i d e a l o g i c a l l y .

For i n s t a n c e , J a p a n t o d a y i s f i r m l y i n t h e Wes te rn camp, b u t i t s growing economic pre-eminence p o s e s a t h r e a t t o US supremacy. American l e a d e r s know t h a t t h e b e s t t o c u r b J a p a n ' s economic p r o g r e s s i s t o f o r c e i t , a s was done p r e v i o u s l y t o West Germany, t o t a k e a n a c t i v e r o l e i n t h e arms r a c e . As a l o y a l member of t h e Western b l o c , Japan c a n n o t s a y no, even though s h e d o e s n o t b e l i e v e t h a t t h e S o v i e t Union i s a l l s e t t o pounce upon and swallow h e r .

T o t a l engagement o f t h e USSR i n t h e n u c l e a r arms r a c e s lowed i t s econom- i c r e c o v e r y and p r o g r e s s , g r e a t l y hampering i t s t r a d e and a i d r e l a t i o n s w i t h o t h e r n a t i o n s . C r e d i b i l i t y of marxism a s panacea f o r t h e deve lop- ment of o t h e r n a t i o n s h a s s u f f e r e d h e a v i l y , f o r t h e S o v i e t Union was u n a b l e t o o v e r t a k e and s u r p a s s i t s c a p i t a l i s t r i v a l s . S o v i e t s c h o l a r s and s c i e n t i s t s had t o d e v o t e t h e i r i n t e l l e c t u a l e n e r g i e s t o t h e t a s k s o f weapon deve lopment , s t r a t e g i c p l a n n i n g and i n p r o v i d i n g e x p l a n a t i o n s of t h e i r g o v e r n m e n t ' s invo lvement i n t h e arms r a c e . I n d e e d , S o v i e t l e a d e r s h a v e t o wor ry a b o u t t h e a t t i t u d e of t h e i r c i t i 2 e r . s t o t h e Wes te rn na- t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e USA, f o r t h e i r p i o n e e r i n g r o l e i n l a u n c h i n g i n - t e l l e c t u a l a s w e l l a s t h e more mundane f a s h i o n s . How w e l l t h e Wes te rn p o l i c y h a s succeeded i s e v i d e n t from t h e r i f t t h a t deve loped between t h e S o v i e t Union and China a f t e r N i k o l a i K h r u s c h e v ' s o v e r t u r e s t o P r e s i d e n t s Eisenhower and Kennedy i n o r d e r t o b r i n g a b o u t t h e b i p o l a r d e t e n t e .

Today i t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e USSR a s w e l l a s China l a c k t h e i d e o l o g i c a l momentum t o f a s h i o n t h e marx ian wor ld o r d e r t h a t might: c o n t r o l t h e arms r a c e and u t i l i s e s c i e n c e and t e c h n o l o g y f o r t h e w e l l - b e i n g of a l l human- k i n d . The communist powers have b e e n c o o p t e d i n t o t h e n a t i o n - s t a t e framework of wor ld p o l i t i c s and of s e a r c h f o r m i l i t a r y s e c u r i t y b u t h e r e t h e USA and i t s a l l i e s m a i n t a i n i d e a l o g i c a l and m a t e r i a l l e a d e r s h i p . Looking back a t t h e c o u r s e of e v e n t s a f t e r World War 11, i t is o b v i o u s t h a t t h e S o v i e t Union had l i t t l e f reedom o f c h o i c e i n t h e m a t t e r . Nor d i d t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c of c h i n a when i t came i n t o e x i s t e n c e i n 1949 o r i n 1960, when i t began t o p a r t company w i t h t h e S o v i e t Union.

Even though Western powers under American l e a d e r s h i p have p r e v a i l e d m i l - i t a r i l y , e c o n o m i c a l l y a s w e l l a s i d e a l o g i c a l l y i n t h e s t r u g g l e f o r g lo - b a l dominance, t h e i r ' s i s a p y r r h i c v i c t o r y . L e a d e r s o f t h e Western po- w e r s do n o t know where t o go from h e r e . They have become p r i s o n e r s of t h e i r own p a s t p o l i c y . The chance t h a t t h e S o v i e t Union migh t g a i n wor ld l e a d e r s h i p was pre-empted. Marxian v i s i o n of g l o b a l human u n i t y h a s b e e n pushed i n t o t h e r e a l m of i d l e u t o p i a s . But t h e p r i c e t h e Wes te rn powers had t o pay f o r t h e i r v i c t o r y o v e r t h e S o v i e t Union and China i n t h e s t r u g g l e f o r wor ld hegemony was t h e s u r r e n d e r by them and by t h e r a d i c a l d i s s e n t e r s i n t h e i r m i d s t of t h e a b i l i t y t o f a s h i o n t h e new wor ld o r d e r . I n t h i s t a s k humankind today s t a n d s l e a d e r l e s s .

No o r g a n i s e d f o r c e , w h e t h e r r e l i g i o u s , p o l i t i c a l o r a c a d e m i c s , i s a v a i l - a b l e today t o u n d e r t a k e t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of u s h e r i n g humankind i n t o t h e p o s t - n u c l e a r w o r l d o r d e r . Wes te rn powers have pursued t h e s t r a t e g y of p r o p e l l i n g t h e a rms r a c e c e a s e l e s s l y , t h e r e b y d o m e s t i c a t i n g and d i s - o r i e n t i n g l e a d e r s o f r e l i g i o u s communi t i es , p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s , p e a c e g r o u p s e t c . The t r a g e d y i s t h a t t h e u n d e r l y i n g m o t i v a t i o n of t h e e f f o r t s t o d i s c o v e r ways and means t o c o n t r o l t h e arms r a c e and b u i l d a new wor ld o r d e r i s n o t h i n g b u t n o b l e r t h a n q u e s t f o r s u r v i v a l . Pre-occupa- t i o n w i t h more s u r v i v a l may seem t o be i l l - f i t t e d w i t h t h e r e l i g i o u s f a i t h i n c r u c i f i x i o n , r e s u r r e c t i o n , t h e second coming and t h e Kingdom and God, even a s i t i s a t odds w i t h t h e Hindu b e l i e f o f l i f e - i n - d e a t h .

Humanist and m a r x i s t o r g a n i s a t i o n s a s w e l l a s r e l i g i o u s b o d i e s have been c o o p t e d i n t o t h i n k i n g w i t h i n t h e framework o f R e a l p o l i t i k . t h e m a t e r i a l , o r g a n i s a t i o n a l and p h i l o s o p h i c a l r e s o u r c e s of t h e communist r eg imes a r e poured i n t o t h e a rms r a c e s o t h a t they may compete s u c c e s s f u l l y , b u t

equally the intellectual, moral and organisational capabilities of huma- nist and religious groups remain disoriented because they have failed to transcend the imperatives of Realpolitik. Evidence of success of the Western post-World War I1 policy is that everyone - whether military planners or peace organisations - acts from a sense of fear. It is fear of nuclear war, destruction of human civilisation, annihilation of hu- mankind. Fear propels the arms race as it motivates those who struggle against it. "Better dead than read" or "Better red than dead" - which- ever way one formulated the slogan, it bespeaks the underlying sense of fear. Yet it is clear that, whether in religious terms or in secular ones, moral action cannot be thought out rationally or practised in fear-pervaded atmosphere, in which leaders of the states propel the arms race and members of their military industrial complexes always prevail.

The realistic path out of the dilemma posed by the nuclear arms race requires an act of genuine self-transcendence. As a rational-humanist, the present writer may draw upon the symbolism of crucifixion and resur- rection of Jesus Christ as well as the life-in-death philosophy of Hindu ascetism. Humanity has to recognise that there is a life in and beyond the nuclear holocaust. We have to accept our crucifixion and become ca- pable of experiencing resurrection. Then the fear of World War I11 would refer to the experienced past. It haunts us now because we have not yet made the future onto our present. Momentum of the arms race and related technological developments have become like an autonomous force, with men and women of goodwill becoming resigned to it. They hope to avert the worst but, in the meantime, try to make the best they can of their own and other's lives.

At present there is no one to take the responsibility of shaping the future into the present. Yet the potentiality for transcendence and transformation is visible in the growing social protest movements around the globe. there is upsurge of youthful idealism, peace marches, dis- quiet among the intelligentsia. This vast human potential for creative action requires the correct lead so that groups and individuals may be motivated and inspired to undertake systematic effort to bring the new world into being. The question remains: how may we emulate Jesus to un- dergo nuclear crucifixion instead of trying merely to evade it, for only thus may we create the conditions for humankind's resurrection. In the perspective of Hindu philosophy, how may we experience the nuclear holo- caust in a deliberate manner so as to reach the life-in-death and be- yond. The question is unavoidable for, if we concern ourselves with phy- sical survival only, even at the cost of suffering the endless pang of fear and putting up with the prevailing political and economic world disorder, then we must remind ourselves that animal-like brute existence is unworthy of the religious person as it is of a rational-humanist. The imorality of the present-day nation-states as well as the existing world society provokes youthful counter-terrorism. But it is counter- productive for it aggravates the pervasive sense of fear and provokes self-defensive violence from the existing power structures. The peace lovers' message at present to managers of the arms race says: "please do not kill humankind". But we should tell them: "You have already killed humankind as ethical beings. Mere animal survival is meaningless reli- giously and humanistically. Now is the moment of resurrection, of life- in-death. Humanity is dead. Long live Humankind!"

To g i v e shape t o t h e p o s t - h o l o c a u s t human s o c i e t y i s t o d a y ' s t a s k . Men and women have s u f f e r e d t h e a n n i h i l a t i o n of t h e i r e t h i c a l s a l v e s f o r t h e f e a r of d e a t h h a s made u s p e r i s h m o r a l l y . To overcome t h e p e r s i s t e n t f e a r o f d y i n g , i t is n e c e s s a r y t o r e c o g n i s e , a s f o r Hindu a s c e t i c s , t h a t we have d i e d a l r e a d y . I t i s f e a r t h a t s t a n d s i n t h e way of development of t h e new human wor ld o r d e r , b u t when we have i n t e r n a l i s e d and t r a n - scended t h e s o u r c e of t h e f e a r , namely d e a t h , we a r r i v e a t t h e n e x t s t a g e and t h e s u r g e of human c r e a t i v i t y i s r e l e a s e d . R e l i g i o u s f a i t h s , s e c u l a r i d e a l o g y such a s marxism, o r humanis t p h i l o s o p h y can t h e n h e l p u s t o m a s t e r t h e f o r c e of s c i e n c e and t e c h n o l o g y . As t h e n u c l e a r ho lo- c u a s t d e s t r o y s a l l of humankind, g l o b a l human u n i t y i s t h e fundamenta l p r i n c i p l e o f t h e p o s t - h o l o c a u s t wor ld o r d e r .

With t h e s u p p o r t of A l b e r t E i n s t e i n and o t h e r eminent s c h o l a r s , The Bul- l e t i n o f Atomic S c i e n t i s t s was s t a r t e d a f t e r World War 11. I t p u b l i s h e s on i t s c o v e r page t h e p i c t u r e of a c l o c k whose hands show t h e d i m i n i s h - i n g number of m i n u t e s b e f o r e t h e n u c l e a r h o l o c a u s t . I n o r d e r t h a t t h e p o s t - h o l o c a u s t e r a may b e g i n , we need t o c e l e b r a t e t h e Nuc lea r A n n i h i l a - t i o n Day a l l o v e r t h e wor ld . I t is h i g h t ime f o r t h e B u l l e t i n t o move t h e hand of t h e c l o c k t o z e r o hour . A f t e r t h e c e l e b r a t i o n of h u m a n i t y ' s a n n i h i l a t i o n , t h e hand may be moved beyond t h e z e r o hour t o mark t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e g l o b a l human o r d e r . By a c c e p t i n g such a p r o p o s a l , e d i - t o r s of The B u l l e t i n o f Atomic S c i e n t i s t s would h e l p t o f u l f i l 1 t h e i d e a l s of A l b e r t E i n s t e i n and o t h e r s c i e n t i s t s and p h i l o s o p h e r s who d i d n o t s e p a r a t e s c i e n c e from e t h i c s . I t w i l l h e l p t o c a r r y fo rward t h e l e g - a c y of t h e g r e a t minds and s p i r i t s who have h e l p e d t o shape human des - t i n y .

Hen Violence e t Sooiiti, Brunettes, decenbre 1984

i f d a d o s s i e r 5 1 . j a n u a r y / f e b r u a r y 1986 news f r o m t h e t h i r d system

MEXICO: SELF-HELP NETWORK

The s e r i e s of e a r t h q u a k e s t h a t s t a r t e d on 19 September i n Mexico C i t y i n f l i c t e d s e v e r e damage on t h e p e o p l e and env i ronment i n t h e second most p o p u l a t e d c i t y of t h e wor ld . I t awakened s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a wave of i n t e r - n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n and l o c a l i n i t i a t i v e . U n t i l now, however, i t h a s been d i f f i c u l t t o mar ry t h e s e two v i t a l r e s o u r c e s t r e a m s . I n some c a s e s . i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i d h a s n o t o n l y been a l i e n t o t h e needs and p r o j e c t s o f t h e p e o p l e , b u t h a s even been a t h r e a t t o them.

Can we t r y t o r e s o l v e t h i s c o n t r a d i c t i o n ? Can we t r y t o t r a n s f o r m i n t e r - n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n s o t h a t i t t r u l y r e i n f o r c e s t h e i n i t i a t i v e s of t h e p e o p l e i n Mexico C i t y who a r e s t r u g g l i n g p a i n f u l l y and c r e a t i v e l y t o r e - g e n e r a t e t h e i r homeland, damaged b o t h by t h e e a r t h q u a k e s and t h e u rban e x p l o s i o n of t h e l a s t d e c a d e s ?

We have l aunched a n e f f o r t t o f u s e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a s s i s t a n c e w i t h l o c a l i n i t i a t i v e s s o t h a t d i s a s t e r r e l i e f i s t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a p r o c e s s of s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g b e t t e r m e n t . I t i s a s e l f - h e l p u n d e r t a k i n g o r g a n i z e d and implemented by t h e a f f l i c t e d g r o u p s t h e m s e l v e s and th rough which e x t e r - n a l a s s i s t a n c e can t r u l y meet t h e f e l t needs of t h e p e o p l e . I t i s c a l l e d t h e Se l f -Help Network and c o n s i s t s of e a r t h q u a k e v i c t i m s and s u p p o r t g r o u p s . We u r g e n t l y s e e k your invo lvement i n t h i s e f f o r t .

F i r s t , l e t u s p r o v i d e you w i t h a s n a p s h o t of t h e impact of t h e e a r t h - quake , t h e f o r e i g n a s s i s t a n c e e f f o r t s and t h e l o c a l i n i t i a t i v e s . Then we w i l l d e s c r i b e t h e g o a l s and o p e r a t i o n o f t h e Se l f -Help Network.

Impact of t h e e a r t h q u a k e

The emergency i s o v e r . I t i s s t i l l t o o soon t o produce a d e t a i l e d ac- coun t of t h e s i t u a t i o n , b u t t h e d imens ions of t h e impac t a r e c l e a r :

The c a l a m i t y was of g r e a t p r o p o r t i o n s : 10 t o 20,000 d e a d , 40 t o 60 ,000 i n j u r e d , p e r h a p s 300,000 homeless ; 1 , 1 3 2 b u i l d i n g s c o l l a p s e d o r a r e be- i n g d e m o l i s h e d , and o v e r 7 , 0 0 0 s u f f e r e d damages; 30 t o 50 ,000 h o u s e s o r a p a r t m e n t s c o l l a p s e d o r s u f f e r e d s t r u c t u r a l damages and a s i m i l a r number r e q u i r e s major r e p a i r o r r e h a b i l i t a t i o n .

The c a l a m i t y o c c u r r e d i n a c o u n t r y t h a t was a l r e a d y i n t h e " a d j u s t m e n t p r o c e s s " imposed by i t s 100 b i l l i o n d o l l a r d e b t , and i n a c i t y i n perma- n e n t c r i s i s - where t h e s o - c a l l e d "marg ina l" p e o p l e a c c o u n t s f o r more t h a n h a l f t h e p o p u l a t i o n and where p o l l u t i o n , t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n , hous- i n g and p u b l i c s e r v i c e s d e f i c i t , and t h e l i k e , a r e growing c o n t i n u a l l y .

I n t e r n a t i o n a l a i d : i t came f a s t and was - i s - b a d l y needed . I n many c a s e s , i t was a v e r y e f f e c t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o s a v e l i v e s and p r o p e r t y , and t o overcome t h e emergency p e r i o d . I n many o t h e r c a s e s , however , i t was j u s t a w a s t e , e x a c e r b a t e d t h e complex c o o r d i n a t i n g t a s k o r even p u t a n immediate t h r e a t t o t h e l o c a l economy of t h e p e o p l e .

L o c a l i n i t i a t i v e s : t h e r e was a n immediate wave of s p o n t a n e o u s l o c a l co- o p e r a t i o n , which reached t h e h i g h e s t t h r e s h o l d s of compass ion , i n d i v i d - u a l h e r o i s m , and c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t and e f f e c t i v e n e s s . From t h e f i r s t mo- nients of t h e c r i s i s t h o s e a f f e c t e d shoved a v e r y h i g h l e v e l of o r g a n i z a - t i o n and i n i t i a t i v e . One month a f t e r t h e f i r s t e a r t h q u a k e , most of them proceed t o c o n s o l i d a t e t h e i r f o r m a l o r i n f o r m a l g r a s s - r o o t s o r g a n i z a - t i o n s . They a r e t r y i n g t o p roduce a new " n o r m a l i t y " i n Mexico C i t y , t r a n s f o r m i n g t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n c h a l l e n g e s i n t o a n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r r e - g e n e r a t i o n . I n t h e t h r o e s of c r i s i s new s e e d s of hope a r e b e i n g p l a n t e d .

Dur ing t h e p a s t weeks, s m a l l - s c a l e p r o j e c t s have been implemented w i t h i n g e n u i t y , o r g a n i z a t i o n and t e c h n i c a l s k i l l . They w i l l s e r v e a s an il- l u s t r a t i o n of t h e k i n d of a c t i o n s t h a t c o u l d b e i n i t i a t e d by m i l l i o n s of "marg ina l s" t o s o l v e t h e i r own prob lems . With t h e b u i l d i n g s , t h e r e c o l - l a p s e d a s w e l l t e c h n i c a l i l l u s i o n s and economic dreams t h a t f o r d e c a d e s had c r e a t e d f a l s e hopes and a l i e n a t e d o r deva lued t h e i r a b i l i t i e s . The a c t u a l i n i t i a t i v e s of t h e p e o p l e a r e h a v i n g t h e e f f e c t of r e v a l u i n g and r e i n f o r c i n g t h e i r own w o r t h and s e n s e of c o n t r o l o v e r t h e i r l i v e s .

The Se l f -Help Network -

On Sep tember 2 5 , j u s t 6 days a f t e r t h e f i r s t e a r t h q u a k e , more t h a n 100 g r a s s - r o o t s o r g a n i z a t i o n s , encompassing b o t h v i c t i m s and s u p p o r t g r o u p s , d e c i d e d t o c o n s t i t u t e t h e Se l f -Help Network. T h i s Network was c r e a t e d t o s e r v e a s t h e l i a i s o n between t h o s e n e e d i n g s u p p o r t and t h o s e who can and want t o g i v e i t . I t i s a c o o r d i n a t i n g mechanism t h a t h a s a l r e a d y e n a b l e d t h e j o i n t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f v a r i o u s emergency a c t i o n s , w i t h o u t becoming a n i n s t i t u t i o n a l i n t e r m e d i a r y d i r e c t l y d e l i v e r i n g h e l p . The Network i s now c o n c e n t r a t i n g on r e d u c i n g , r e o r i e n t i n g and o p t i m i z i n g a i d .

Reducing a i d : e x c e s s i v e a i d i s a lways h a r m f u l , i t f o s t e r s c o r r u p t i o n , m a n i p u l a t i o n and t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of p r o j e c t s t h a t may have p e r v e r s i v e consequences . The e x p e r i e n c e s i n Managua and Gua temala , a f t e r t h e i r e a r t h q u a k e s , c a n b e u s e d a s a l e s s o n . Food and medecine t h a t came t o Mexico C i t y were i n p a r t was ted o r d i v e r t e d ; t h e h u m a n i t a r i a n o u t p o u r i n g of a s s i s t a n c e can have p e r v e r s e e f f e c t s . To r e c e i v e more t h a n needed c a n s u f f o c a t e l o c a l i n i t i a t i v e and d e s t r o y g r a s s - r o o t s o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

R e o r i e n t i n g a i d : s u p p o r t s h o u l d be what t h e p e o p l e need and n o t what o t h e r s t h i n k they need o r want . Many o f t h e homeless v i c t i m s , f o r ex- ample , e i t h e r do n o t want new i n d u s t r i a l h o u s i n g o r cannot a f f o r d i t . They want t h e r e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e i r ne ighbourhoods t h r o u g h t h e i r own e f f o r t s and c o n t r o l . They b a d l y need t e c h n i c a l , m a t e r i a l and f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t f o r t h a t p u r p o s e . To g i v e them what t h e y a r e a s k i n g f o r would be c h e a p e r , f a s t e r and l e s s i n f l a t i o n a r y t h a n c o n v e n t i o n a l u r b a n deve lop- ment. And i t would p r e s e r v e t h e s o c i a l f a b r i c and v i t a l i t y of t h e com- m u n i t i e s . For example, one p r o p o s a l o f a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n i n t e n d e d t o p roduce and s e l l s u b s i d i z e d cheap i n d u s t r i a l food i n damaged ne ighbourhoods , t h u s e n d a n g e r i n g t h e economy of a t h i r d o f i t s i n h a b i - t a n t s , who d e r i v e t h e i r income from t h e p r o d u c t i o n and s a l e of food . I n t h i s c a s e o u r c o u n t e r p r o p o s a l was t o u s e a p o r t i o n of t h e money t o o r - g a n i z e a d i r e c t l i n k between p e a s a n t o r g a n i z a t i o n s and t h e p e o p l e t h a t cook and s e l l food i n t h e ne ighbourhood . T h i s c o u l d r e i n f o r c e , on a p e r - manent b a s i s , t h e economy of b o t h t h e p e a s a n t s and u rban consumers.

Opt imiz ing a i d : f o r e i g n a i d s h o u l d c o n s i s t of what c a n n o t b e o b t a i n e d i n Mexico o r of economic c o n t r i b u t i o n s t h a t may a l l o w f o r t h e p u r c h a s e i n Mexico - a t lower p r i c e s - of what p e o p l e c a n n o t o b t a i n w i t h t h e i r own r e s o u r c e s . Most c f t h e m a t e r i a l s o r r e s o u r c e s now needed can b e o b t a i n e d i n Mexico. Some of them must b e impor ted : t e l e p h o n e equ ipment , f o r exam- p l e . The same a p p l i e s t o t e c h n i c a l s k i l l s needed f o r r e c o n s t r u c t i o n and r e g e n e r a t i o n . I t i s u r g e n t t o compare t h e l o c a l knowledge and e x p e r i - e n c e s w i t h t h o s e of o t h e r s , f o r h i - t e c h n e e d s ( a s i n communicat ions) a s w e l l a s f o r f i e l d s i n which " a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g y w i s c a l l e d f o r ( i n t h e c a s e o f s a n i t a r y f a c i l i t i e s , f o r e x a m p l e ) .

Iv'e b e l i e v e t h a t a l l t h i s can be a c h i e v e d th rough " f a c e t o f a c e " a i d , t h a t i s , a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n be tween t h o s e o f f e r i n g a i d and t h o s e r e q u i - r i n g i t . The Network h a s under taker . t h e t a s k o f l i n k i n g d o n o r s w i t h needy r e c i p i e n t s . I n t h e p a s t t h e a b s e n c e o f s u c h a match ing mechanism h a s impeded o r d i s o r i e n t e d d o n o r s .

S i n c e i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o e x p r e s s & i n t e rms of p r o j e c t s , one of t h e Ne twork ' s f i r s t a c t i o n s was t o g i v e a c r a s h c o u r s e t o p e o p l e of t h e a f - f e c t e d g r o u p s s o t h a t they c o u l d more c l e a r l y d e f i n e t h e i r p r i o r i t i e s , f o r m u l a t e ' t h e i r p r o j e c t s and s p e c i f y t h e e x t e r n a l s u p p o r t r e q u i r e d , b o t h n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l . The N e t w o r k ' s s u p p o r t g roup a l s o p r o v i d e s , a s r e q u e s t e d , on-going t e c h n i c a l a d v i c e t o t h e r e c i p i e n t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e p r o c e s s of o b t a i n i n g and d e p l o y i n g t h e e x t e r n a l a i d .

The Network a l r e a d y h a s a few p r o j e c t s f o r m u l a t e d by t h e e a r t h q u a k e v i c - t i m s i n t h i s manner , and more a r e c o n t i n u o u s l y b e i n g g e n e r a t e d . We s e e k y o u r a s s i s t a n c e i n s u p p o r t i n g a n y o f t h e s e s e l f - h e l p p r o j e c t s and o t h e r s f o r m u l a t e d by t h e e a r t h q u a k e v i c t i m s . We o f f e r o u r a s s i s t a n c e i n l i n k i n g you w i t h t h e g roup whose needs you c o n s i d e r your o r g a n i z a t i o n c a n b e s t h e l p mee t . P l e a s e l e t u s know of your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s i m p o r t a n t s e l f - h e l p e f f o r t and how we c a n b e s t f a c i l i t a t e your p a r t i c i p a t i o n .

We want t o s t r e s s t h a t t h e Network i s n o t a n o t h e r a i d agency o r a n o t h e r mechanism t o c h a n n e l o r s c r e e n a i d . I t s f u n c t i o n i s l i m i t e d t o r e l a t i n g t h e i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s w i t h one a n o t h e r .

(Gustuvo Esteva, Apdo. Postal 19-195, Mexico 03900, DF, Mexico, TeLs. 680-4654 and 651-2371).

IFDA DOSSIER - SUBSCRIPTION FEE Vorth: 48 Swiss francs or 30 US do l lars South: 24 Swiss francs or 15 US do l lars

NEED LAW B Â J U S T ANOTHER D I S A B L I N G P R O F E S S I O N ?

PENANG SEMINAR ON INNOVATIONS IN LEGAL EDUCATION FOR ANOTHER DEVELOPMENT

N e t w o r k o f C o n c e r n e d T h i r d World L a w y e r s l a u n c h e d

"he (,q~nsmer's Association o f Penaxy (CAP} organized ir. February IdB5 a sevirar on ' Inno~mt ion in h g a L e&~aat ion for al^ere.ative development' in hioh oh scne $0 judges, Louyers, lou teachers m d l q a l ac t i v i s t s frc'n 13 Asian coun t r i e s partisi-pated.

The part ic ipants decided t o organize a network of ' C m c m e d Third Vortd ' ,WHersr t o : c r e a t e s o l i d a r i t y among concerned l a w y e r s i n t h e T h i r d World; lobby and make r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r e a ; and c a l l f o r t h e p r o m u l g a t i o n of l aws p r o t e c t i n g and d e f e n d i n g T h i r d World i n t e r e s t s s u c h a s ant i -dumping l a w s , l aws a g a i n s t t h e e x p o r t of h a z a r d - o u s i n d u s t r i e s and s o on.

The part ic ipants a l s o adopted the fo l lou ing nemorandwn:

MEMORANDUM OF T H E S E M I N A R ON I N N O V A T I O N S I N L E G A L E D U C A T I O N FOR A L T E R N A T I V E DEVELOPMENT I N A S I A

We, t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s of t h e A s i a n Seminar on I n n o v a t i o n s i n L e g a l Educa- t i o n f o r A l t e r n a t i v e Development , a f t e r t h r e e days of d i s c u s s i o n and d e l i b e r a t i o n , he reby c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e p r e s e n t l e g a l s y s t e m is inade- q u a t e f o r t h e p romot ion o f s o c i a l j u s t i c e which would g i v e r i s e t o human-centred development a l t e r n a t i v e s . Most As ian law and i t s a n c i l - l i a r y s u p p o r t sys tems of c o u r t s and l a w y e r s have been p a t t e r n e d a f t e r v a r i o u s c o l o n i a l models. The i m p o r t a t i o n and i m p o s i t i o n o f t h e s e a l i e n l e g a l s y s t e m s a s p a r t of t h e c o l o n i a l mach inery of government d i d n o t t a k e i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e n e e d s of t h e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n .

We f e e l t h a t t h e l e g a l s y s t e m s , t h e l e g a l p r o f e s s i o n s and l e g a l educa- t i o n i n A s i a n c o u n t r i e s h e l p t o c r e a t e o r m a i n t a i n p o l i t i c a l economies which p roduce i n c r e a s i n g dependency , u n e q u a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of w e a l t h and power, and s o c i a l i n e q u a l i t y . We f i n d , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e l e g a l f rame- work of e a c h of o u r c o u n t r i e s t e n d s t o p e r p e t u a t e s o c i a l i n j u s t i c e .

A . A CRITIQUE

1. The law-making p r o c e s s

The p a s s i n g o f w r i t t e n l aws by o u r r e s p e c t i v e law-making b o d i e s , p a r t i c - u l a r l y t h e p r o m u l g a t i o n of m a r t i a l law d e c r e e s , a r e e s s e n t i a l l y non- p a r t i c i p a t o r y . A s m a l l g roup of law-makers, t o which t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e p o p u l a t i o n have l i t t l e o r no a c c e s s , d e t e r m i n e s t h e laws t o be admin i - s t r a t e d .

2 . The j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s

( a ) The poor and o t h e r d i s a d v a n t a g e d s e c t o r s of s o c i e t y have l i t t l e o r no a c c e s s t o t h e law. T h i s i n a c c e s s i b i l i t y i s e v i d e n t when d i s p u t e s and

confrontations with the law arise. The adversarial nature of our legal structure places the victimised and less privileged cajority of our po- pulation in a position of grave disadvantage. When the judicial means are taken, the confrontational framework reduces the issues of injustice to mere, and often inadequate, legal principles and arguments far re- moved from the human problem.

(h) Sot only is the legal process and legal language alien and intimi- dating to the people, but the non-availability of legal services pre- vents the poor and disadvantaged from obtaining legal resources. The problem is aggravated by the financial burden of seeking any form of redress through the judicial process.

3. Law enforcement

The administration of laws further denies access for the poor and disad- vantaged to justice through law. Lack of accountability, abuse of dis- cretion and powers, and corruption lead to arbitrary and selective en- forcement and non-enforcement of law which inevitably works to the det- riment of the poor and disadvantaged.

4. The legal profession

(a) Lawyers are instrumental in maintaining, fostering and servicing the inequities of the present legal system. Their practice of law is largely governed by materialistic goals rather than concepts of justice. Opportunism and self-interest often prevail over social obligation and needs of the poor and disadvantaged.

(h) Such legal services as are available to the poor and disadvantaged tend to be confined to legal aid for adversarial litigation. The poor and disadvantaged also need information as to their rights, legal ad- vice, representation in negotiating with authorities and assistance in other forms of dispute settlement.

(c) The corruption of values of the legal profession is perpetuated primarily by the colonial-based legal education process, which is geared primarily to litigation and lucrative areas of practice, failing to exa- mine social issues or to diversify legal solutions appropriate to the problems faced.

(d) The profession's influence over the law school curriculum and the state's demands for legal technocrats to further the authority of the state result in the imposition of orthodox values lacking in social awareness and responsiblity vhere legal education Ls concerned.

5. The judiciary

Today's judiciary is largely a product of a privileged background, and there exists a public impatience with judicial, remoteness, conserva- tism and lack of vision and creativity in an era where society is expe- riencing unprecedented change. There is a growing disenchantment with the undue deference to the executive.

6. Legal education

a ) The curricula and content of many courses and branches of law being taught are still based on outmoded models. In many cases the courses are not relevant to the interests of ordinary citizens, especially the poor and disadvantaged communities.

(b) The elitism of universities and passive teaching methods insulate law students from the social problems and legal needs of the poor, while the dearth of indigenous research material continues to retard curricu- lum change.

(c) Underlying the failure of the education system is also the diffi- culty of recruiting and retaining imaginative, bright and socially sen- sitised educators and teachers.

(d) In countries where there are small numbers of elitist universities together with large numbers of private or open universities, there is a need to ensure that quality education from a social interest point of view is provided.

B. RECOMMENDATIONS

Realising that a major part of the problem lies with legal education, we, the Seminar participants, call upon our respective governments, uni- versities and legal profession to consider and positively respond to the following proposals:

1. An immediate review of existing curricula in all universities and institutes of higher learning in each of our respective countries, so as to reorientate the direction and emphasis of legal education goals in order to redress the imbalance pervading our present societies.

2. In the review of curricula we feel the following points should be emphasised:

The reorientation of the content of existing courses away from out- moded theories towards principles and concepts which help Asian countries and the needs of the poor and disadvantaged.

New courses should be introduced for subject areas which have hi- therto been neglected but which are necessary for alternative de- velopment which is human-centred. Among such courses are Law and Poverty, Law and Society, Consumer and Environmental Law, law re- lating to specific victim groups (e.g. migrant workers), Third World jurisprudence, and law relating to tribal communities and ethnic minorities. The study of public interest litigation should also be encouraged.

Clinical legal education courses and methods of instruction, em- phasising diversified legal solutions to the problems of the poor and disadvantaged, should be adopted and effectively implemented.

4. To facilitate this, law teachers should be trained and encouraged to utilise innovative teaching methods, research and teaching material so that there would be greater exposure to events and people outside the campuses.

5 . I n o r d e r t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e r e o r i e n t a t i o n of t h e s e c o u r s e s , program- mes s h o u l d be worked o u t t o encourage and p roduce r e s e a r c h and t e a c h i n g m a t e r i a l s based on t h e e x p e r i e n c e s and i n t e r e s t s of t h e T h i r d World peo- p l e themse lves .

6 . I n a s many c o u r s e s a s p o s s i b l e , l e g a l e d u c a t i o n s h o u l d n o t be con- f i n e d t o t h e law s c h o o l . Law s c h o o l s s h o u l d c o o p e r a t e w i t h non-govern- m e n t a l development o r g a n i s a t i o n s , w i t h communit ies and a f f e c t e d g roups d i r e c t l y , and w i t h p r a c t i s i n g p u b l i c i n t e r e s t l a w y e r s . S t u d e n t s can c a r - r y o u t r e s e a r c h and do p r a c t i c a l t r a i n i n g w h i l s t i n a t t a c h m e n t w i t h t h e s e g r o u p s and i n d i v i d u a l s .

7 . U n i v e r s i t i e s and law s t u d e n t s s h o u l d c o n t r i b u t e t o p r o v i d i n g a f u l l r a n g e o f l e g a l s e r v i c e s f o r t h e poor and d i s a d v a n t a g e d .

8 . Law s c h o o l s s h o u l d imbue s t u d e n t s w i t h t h e n o b l e r v a l u e s of making law s e r v e t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h e p o o r , and s t r e s s t h e s o c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l - i t y o f l a w y e r s , i n c l u d i n g g i v i n g g r e a t e r a c c e s s of t h e poor and d i s a d - v a n t a g e d t o j u s t i c e t h r o u g h law.

(Further information from The Legal Centre, CAP, 87 Cantonment Rd, Penang, Malaysia).

A L T E R N A T I V E NOBEL P R I Z E TO LOKAYAN

RIGHT LIVELIHOOD AWARDS TO ACTIVISTS I N EAST AND WEST

A group o f Hungar ian e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s t s , a ne twork of I n d i a n a c t i v i s t s and two Nor th Americans h e l p i n g t h e T h i r d World p r e s e r v e t h e i r g e n e t i c p l a n t r e s o u r c e s , w i l l r e c e i v e t h e 1985 R i g h t L i v e l i h o o d Awards t o t a l l i n g US$ 70,000. The awards were p r e s e n t e d i n t h e Swedish P a r l i a m e n t i n Stockholm on 9 December, t h e day b e f o r e t h e Nobel P r i z e Ceremony.

The Hungar ian Duna K8r (Danube C i r c l e ) g roup o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l a c t i v i s t s , founded by t h e b i o l o g i s t J a n o s Vargha, h a s m o b i l i s e d p o p u l a r and s c i e n - t i f i c o p p o s i t i o n a g a i n s t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e huge Nagymaros- Gabcikovo h y d r o - e l e c t r i c a l power p l a n t . T h i s p l a n t w i l l endanger d r i n k - i n g w a t e r r e s e r v o i r s f o r m i l l i o n s o f p e o p l e , d e s t r o y most o f t h e f i s h i n t h e Danube, a s w e l l a s l a r g e t r a c t s of a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d . The c o n s t r u c - t i o n w i l l be l a r g e l y funded by A u s t r i a which , i n r e t u r n , w i l l r e c e i v e most o f t h e e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e r a t e d . The award j u r y c i t e s Duna K5r f o r " g r e a t p e r s o n a l commitment work ing u n d e r u n u s u a l l y d i f f i c u l t c i rcum- s t a n c e s t o p r e s e r v e a v i t a l p a r t o f t h e i r environment" .

P a t Mooney (Canada) and Cary Fowler (USA) work t o p r e v e n t t h e e r o s i o n of p l a n t g e n e t i c r e s o u r c e s , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e T h i r d World. Co-founders of t h e R u r a l Advancement Fund I n t e r n a t i o n a l and i t s I n t e r n a t i o n a l G e n e t i c R e s o u r c e s Programm, Mooney and Fowler have drawn a t t e n t i o n t o t h e dan- g e r s o f r e p l a c i n g a wide v a r i e t y of l o c a l l y a d a p t e d p l a n t s by a few h i g h - y i e l d i n g b u t d i s e a s e - p r o n e v a r i e t i e s w i t h a na r row g e n e t i c b a s e . The j u r y c i t e s Mooney's and F o w l e r ' s e f f o r t s t o promote t h e f r e e ex- change o f g e n e t i c r e s o u r c e s and b l o c k l e g i s l a t i v e moves towards t h e i r m o n o p o l i s a t i o n .

Lokayan ("Dialogue; With t h e Peop le" ) i s a Ghandian Network of workers and i n t e l l e c t u a l s , founded by t h e w r i t e r R a j n i K o t h a r i - co-chairman of t h e IFDA C o u n c i l - t o s t r e n g t h e n and l i n k l o c a l g r o u p s working t o pro- t e c t c i v i l l i b e r t i e s , women's r i g h t s and t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . The j u r y c i t e s t h e s e l f l e s s work o f t h e members of Lokayan who have r i s k e d t h e i r s a f e t y and c a r e e r s i n o r d e r t o p u t t h e i r s k i l l s and e x p e r i e n c e s a t t h e s e r v i c e of t h e poor .

The Honorary Award goes t o Theo van Boven ( H o l l a n d ) , d i r e c t o r o f t h e UK D i v i s i o n o f Human R i g h t s from 1 9 7 7 t o 1982, when h i s c o n t r a c t was n o t renewed due t o t h e o p p o s i t i o n of s e v e r a l governments t o h i s o u t s p o k e n and uncompromising commitment t o o b t a i n j u s t i c e and g i v e hope t o t h o s e whose r i g h t s have been r e p r e s s e d and d e n i e d . He is c u r r e n t l y p r o f e s s o r i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l law a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Limburg and c h a i r s t h e Euro- pean Human R i g h t s Founda t ion .

The R i g h t Livel . ihood Awards a r e p r e s e n t e d a n n u a l l y s i n c e 1980 i n S t o c k - holm on 9 December, t h e day b e f o r e t h e Nobel P r i z e ceremony, t o t h o s e 'working on p r a c t i c a l and exemplary s o l u t i o n s t o t h e most u r g e n t pro- b l e m of t o d a y ' . The awards have become known a s ' a l t e r n a t i v e Nobel p : i z e s l *

The awards were c r e a t e d by t h e Swedish-German J a c o b von U e x k u l l , c u r - r e n t l y a l t e r n a t e member of t h e European P a r l i a m e n t , who s o l d h i s v a l u - a b l e p o s t a g e s tamps t o p r o v i d e t h e o r i g i n a l endownment. The awards a r e f i n a n c e d by t h e endownment income and th rough d o n a t i o n s . The money g o e s t o t h e p r o j e c t , n o t t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l s . An h o n o r a r y award (non-cash) was i n t r o d u c e d i n 1982.

The r e c i p i e n t s a r e chosen by a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l j u r y . Among p r e s e n t j u r y members a r e Ambassador James George (LT Disarmament Commission) , Monica G r i e f a h n ( G r e e n p e a c e ) , B i r g i t t a Hambraeus (member o f Swedish P a r l i a - m e n t ) , Sven Hamre l l ( d i r e c t o r of t h e Dag Hammarskjold F o u n d a t i o n ) , Thor Heyerdah l ( a u t h o r and e x p l o r e r ) , Michae la Walsh ( p r e s i d e n t of Women's World Banking) and Ponna Wignara ja ( s e c r e t a r y - g e n e r a l of SID).

R i g h t L i v e l i h o o d i s a n a n c i e n t c o n c e p t meaning l i v i n g ' l i g h t l y ' on t h e e a r t h and t a k i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e consequences of o u r a c t i o n s .

The awards c h a l l e n g e t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l b e l i e f t h a t a l l w o r t h w h i l e know- l e d g e h a s b e e n d i s c o v e r e d i n Western u n i v e r s i t i e s d u r i n g t h e p a s t 50 y e a r s . They aim t o c o v e r a r e a s n o t a d d r e s s e d by t h e Nobel p r i z e s , b u t a l s o a l t e r n a t i v e s i n a r e a s l i k e economics and medecine. A l f r e d Nobel wanted t o honour and s u p p o r t t h o s e who have ' c o n f e r r e d t h e g r e a t e s t be- n e f i t upon mankind ' .

The R i g h t L i v e l i h o o d Awards a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e same s p i r i t .

(The R i g h t Livelihood 'Foundation, Viking House, Vyboum Drive, Onehan, Isle o f Van, B r i t i s h I s l e s } .

THE THIRD WORLD ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AMP.OUNCES

1, THE TWAS FELLOWSHIP SCHEME So a s t o f a c i l i t a t e and promote mutua l c o n t a c t s of r e s e a r c h s c i e n t i s t s i n t h e T h i r d World and t o f u r t h e r r e l a t i o n s between t h e i r s c i e n t i f i c i n s t i t u t i o n s , t h e T h i r d World Academy of S c i e n c e s awards F e l l o w s h i p s t o s c i e n t i s t s of p roven r e s e a r c h a b i l i t y t o e n a b l e them t o p u r s u e r e s e a r c h a n d / o r u n d e r t a k e l e c t u r e s h i p s , by working w i t h c o l l e a g u e s i n T h i r d World c o u n t r i e s o t h e r t h a n t h e i r own. F e l l o w s h i p s w i l l normal ly b e awarded f o r a minimum p e r i o d of s i x weeks.

F e l l o w s h i p s , which a r e e s t a b l i s h e d th rough f u n d s p r o v i d e d by t h e Dipar - t i m e n t o p e r l a Cooperaz ione a110 S v i l u p p o of t h e I t a l i a n M i n i s t r y o f F o r e i g n A f f a i r s and t h e Canadian I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development Agency, w i l l c o v e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a v e l t o t h e h o s t c o u n t r y and back . V i s i t i n g F e l - lows w i l l n o r m a l l y b e e x p e c t e d t o o b t a i n t h e c o s t of t h e i r l i v i n g expen- s e s from l o c a l s o u r c e s . In s p e c i a l c a s e s , however , a modest s u b s i s t e n c e a l l o w a n c e may be p r o v i d e d . No p r o v i s i o n w i l l be made f o r accompanying f a m i l i e s .

A p p l i c a t i o n s : A p p l i c a n t s s h o u l d b e n a t i o n a l s o f a T h i r d World c o u n t r y , normal ly w i t h some r e s e a r c h e x p e r i e n c e and w i t h permanent p o s i t i o n s i n u n i v e r s i t i e s o r r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e s i n t h e T h i r d World. A p p l i c a t i o n s s h o u l d b e made on t h e T h i r d World Academy of S c i e n c e s ' form e n t i t l e d " F e l l o w s h i p Scheme A p p l i c a t i o n Form". A p p l i - c a t i o n s w i l l be reviewed and e v a l u a t e d by a n 1 n t e r n a t i t i n a . l Committee o f renowned s c i e n t i s t s a p p o i n t e d by t h e C o u n c i l of t h e Academy. S p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n w i l l be g i v e n t o v i s i t s which c a n be e x p e c t e d t o promote c o o p e r a t i o n among s c i e n t i s t s o f t h e same r e g i o n and y i e l d s u b s t a n t i a l b e n e f i t s t o t h e v i s i t o r s , t h e i r h o s t s and t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e s c i e n t i f i c communit ies . The Committee w i l l meet t w i c e a y e a r t o c o n s i d e r a p p l i c a t i o n s . S e l e c t e d c a n d i d a t e s w i l l be e x p e c t e d t o submi t t o t h e T h i r d World Academy of S c i e n c e s , n e a r t h e end of t h e t e n u r e o f t h e f e l l o w s h i p , a r e p o r t on t h e work c a r r i e d o u t d u r i n g t h e f e l l o w s h i p p e r i o d .

2 . TWAS RESEARCH GRANTS Through a g e n e r o u s g r a n t f rom t h e I t a l i a n Government and a c o n t r i b u t i o n from t h e Canad ian I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development Agency, t h e T h i r d World Aca- demy of S c i e n c e s (WAS) s u p p o r t s T h i r d World s c i e n t i s t s of o u t s t a n d i n g m e r i t i n t h e i r r e s e a r c h i n t h e n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s . T h i s s u p p o r t i s i n t h e fo rm of g r a n t s t o c a r r y o u t s p e c i f i c r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s . Each g r a n t i s i n t e n d e d t o c o v e r t h e c o s t s of p u r c h a s i n g equ ipment , expendab le sup- p l i e s , s c i e n t i f i c l i t e r a t u r e and s e r v i c e s n o t n o r m a l l y a v a i l a b l e . F o r 1986 t h e programme i s r e s t r i c t e d t o p u r e and a p p l i e d mathemat ics and e x p e r i m e n t a l p h y s i c s , b u t o t h e r f i e l d s of n a t u r a l s c i e n c e w i l l g r a d u a l l y b e i n c o r p o r a t e d .

A p p l i c a t i o n s : A p p i i c a r l ~ " ) n ~ f o r g r a n t s must be s u b m i t t e d on t h e TWAS Re- s e a r c h G r a n t A p p l i c a t i o n form. They may be s u b m i t t e d a t any d m e , and s h o u l d b e s e n t d i r e c t l y t o t h e E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y of t h e T h i r d World Academy, w i t h a copy t o t h e l o c a l N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e Academy o r N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l . A r e v i e w committee w i l l meet t w i c e a y e a r , i n November and May, t o p r o c e s s a l l pend ing a p p l i c a t i o n s . Each a p p l i c a t i o n must

r e f e r t o a s p e c i f i c r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t t o be c a r r i e d o u t a t a u n i v e r s i t y o r r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e i n t h e T h i r d World. The a p p l i c a n t must : b e a na- t i o n a l of a T h i r d World c o u n t r y ; h o l d a n advanced academic d e g r e e ; b e employed by a u n i v e r s i t y o r r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e i n t h e T h i r d World. G r a n t s w i l l b e awarded on t h e b a s i s of s c i e n t i f i c m e r i t . P r i o r i t y w i l l b e g i v e n t o young s c i e n t i s t s a t a n e a r l y s t a g e i n t h e i r c a r e e r .

C o n d i t i o n s : G r a n t s f o r p r o j e c t s i n mathemat ics c o v e r a p e r i o d of 1 t o 3 y e a r s , w i t h a n amount of US$2,000 - 5 ,000 p e r y e a r , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e t y p e and n e e d s o f t h e p r o j e c t . These a r e nomina l f i g u r e s . A p p l i c a t i o n s f o r s m a l l amounts w i l l have a g r e a t e r chance of b e i n g a c c e p t e d . Funds may be used t o p u r c h a s e m a t h e m a t i c a l l i t e r a t u r e , equ ipment , e t c . a n d f o r t o s u p p o r t one o r two g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s t o be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e pro- j e c t . An a n n u a l p r o g r e s s r e p o r t must b e s u b m i t t e d , i n c l u d i n g a f i n a n c i a l s t a t e m e n t . When t h e p r o j e c t i s comple ted a f i n a l r e p o r t i s r e q u i r e d . G r a n t s i n e x p e r i m e n t a l p h y s i c s c o v e r a p e r i o d of one y e a r , w i t h a maxi- mum amount of US$5,000, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e t y p e and n e e d s of t h e p r o j e c t . A d d i t i o n a l g r a n t s , t o a l l o w f o r a n e x t e n s i o n of a s u c c e s s f u l p r o j e c t , w i l l b e c o n s i d e r e d . A f i n a l r e p o r t i s r e q u i r e d .

Further information: More de ta i l ed information and appl icat ion forms have been sen t t o National Science Academies and National Research Csun- " i t s i n Third World countr ies .

Further information and app l i ca t ion forms may a l s o be obtained from the O f f i c e s o f the Vice Presidents, or d i r e c t l y from the Third World Academy of Sciences, In ternat ional Centre for Theoret ical Physics, PC' Box 586, 34100 T r i e s t e , I t a l y .

TWAZ Vice Preside*:

Prof. C, Chagas, Fon t i f i c ia Academia Scientiarum, Casini P G I V , Vaticano; Prof. M.C.K. Menon, Plann-i.ng Comiss ion , YoJ'ana Bkavan, Sou Delhi 110 C01, India; Prof. T . P . Odhiambo, Internat ional Centre o f Insec t Physiology and Ecology, PG Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya.

( s u i t e d e l a page 2 )

(des in t e rven t ions de t r o i s minutes prddda ien t 'La signature solennet le de Z 'enpgement) , Ie plus frappant dtait Ze f a i t que Princes e t Citoyens se re trouvaient an ser>vice d'une tzche commune.

Symbote sans doute. Mais l e s Sat ions Unies elles-memes ne son t -e l l e s pas un symbole i n s t i t u t i o n n e t , l e premier, de 1 ' u n i t e de la p l d t e e t de s e s habi tants? Et quel. symbols t d m o i p e r a i t mieu-x de to. responsabz l i t i c o f i e c t i v e que c e t engagement 6 Z'e'gard des "36niration.s futures"?

Puisse l 'exemple des 'ONCs' de I'UKICEF, e t de l fU!/ICEL~ lui-meme, i n s - p irer l 'ensemble du systeme des Nations Unies.

COLLECTIF E U R O P E E N CONSCIENTISATION

Le C o l l e c t i f Europeen C o n s c i e n t i s a t i o n e s t n6 e n 1 9 7 7 . I1 r e g r o u p e a c t u - e l l e n e n t q u a t r e o r g a n i s a t i o n s d e t r o i s pays : BeLgique, Republ ique Fede- r a l e d1Allemagne e t S u i s s e . Ces i n s t i t u t i o n s t r a v a i l l a n t dans l e s sec - t e u r s d e f o r m a t i o n e t d e s e r v i c e s o c i a l s e s o n t r e u n i e s pour e c h a n g e r e t a n a l y s e r l e u r s a c t i v i t e s b a s s e s , en g r a n d e p a r t i e , s u r l a c o n c e p t i o n pedagogique d e P a u l o F r e i r e e t pour a p p r o f o n d i r l ' a d a p t i o n du t r a v a i l d e f o r m a t i o n d a n s I e s e n s de l a c o n s c i e n t i s a t i o n , t o u t en p r e n a n t e n c o n s i - d e r a t i o n l e s c o n d i t i o n s s p e c i f i q u e s d e s pays i n d u s t r i a l i s e s .

Dans l e s a n n e e s 2 v e n i r , i e CEC veu!: s u r t o u t a b o r d e r en c o m u n c e r t a i n s themes p a r t i c u l i e r s : d u r a n t un c e r t a i n temps, I e theme c h o i s i s e r a con- s i d e r e comme p r i o r i t a i r e d a n s l e s a c t i v i t e s e t l e s r e f l e x i o n s d e chaque o r g a n i s a t i o n membre e t e n s u i t e l e s e x p e r i e n c e s s e r o n t m i s e s en commun e t e v a l u e e s l o r s d ' u n e r e n c o n t r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l e .

Ag Spak

Le c o l l e c t i f d e s g r o u p e s d ' a c t i o n s o c i o p o l i t i q u e r e u n i t un g rand nombre d ' o r g a n i s a t i o n s c o l l a b o r a n t a v e c l e s d e t e n u s , l e s h a n d i c a p e s mentaux, l e s s a n s a b r i s e t l e s j e u n e s e n communaute d e v i e ou t r a v a i l l a n t a u n i - veau d e l a p e d a g o g i c a l t e r n a t i v e , de l ' g c o n o m i e a l t e r n a t i v e ou du t r a - v a i l r e g i o n a l . Dans t o u s c e s domaines , il y a regul iCirement d e s s e s s i o n s e t d e s s e m i n a i r e . Ag Spak o r g a n i s e ega lement d e s s e m i n a i r e s i n t e r - g r o u p e s oU l e s d i f f e r e n t s p o r t e u r s d e p r o j e t s peuven t e c h a n g e r l e u r s e x p e r i e n c e s e t a p p r o f o n d i r l a r e f l e x i o n commune. Chaque g r o u p e d e b a s e p u b l i e s e s p r o p r e s i n f o r m a t i o n s e t I e p e r i o d i q u e "Spak-Forum" r e g r o u p e d e s i n f o r m a t i o n s r e l a t i v e s 2 t o u s l e s s e c t e u r s d f a c t i v i t 6 .

Le g roupe "Pedagogic A l t e r n a t i v e " s e b a s e e n g r a n d e p a r t i e s u r l a peda- g o g i e d e l a l i b e r a t i o n d o n t I e r e p r e s e n t a n t I e p l u s c6lCibre e s t P a u l o F r e i r e . Nous v o u d r i o n s f a i r e c o n n a i t r e s e s e x p e r i e n c e s d a n s I e domaine de l a c o n s c i e n t i s a t i o n e t nous e s s a y o n s d ' a d a p t e r s a p e d a g o g i c 2i n o t r e s i t u a t i o n socio-economique s p e c i f i q u e . Nous o r g a n i s o n s d e s s e s s i o n s s u r c e theme, n o u s a v o n s c r e e un c e n t r e d e documenta t ion s u r F r e i r e (on p e u t e m p r u n t e r l e s m a t g r i a u x ) e t n o u s p u b l i o n s d e s d o s s i e r s c o n t e n a n t d e s t e x t e s r e c e n t s d e e t s u r F r e i r e . N o t r e " F r e i r e - R u n d b r i e f " e s t concu comme une p a r t i c i p a t i o n c r i t i q u e 5 c e c o u r a n t pgdagogique . On p e n t ob- t e n i r un e x e m p l a i r e d e c e mensue l , en nous envoyan t 1 DM ( e n t i m b r e s ) .

Jugend Akademie Walberberg

Le Jugendakademie Walberberg e s t un c e n t r e d ' i n f o r m a t i o n , d e d i s c u s s i o n e t d e r e f l e x i o n , d e s t i n e a v a n t t o u t aux j e u n e s e t aux j e u n e s a d u l t e s . I1 a p o u r b u t d e promouvoir un t r a v a i l en commun pour a b o u t i r 5 un change- ment d e s m e n t a l i t e s e t d e s s t r u c t u r e s e n vue d ' u n e s o c i e t e p l u s j u s t e . Dans c e t o b j e c t i f $1 s o u t i e n t p a r t i c u l i e r e m e n t l e s g r o u p e s d e b a s e . P a m i l e s a c t i v i t t , ., i l y a notamment d e s s e m i n a i r e s pour l e s e l e v e s , d e s s t a g e s d e p r e p a r a t i o n 2 l a v i e p r o f e s s i o n n e l l e , d e s p r o j e t s a v e c l e s j e u n e s h a n d i c a p e s e t d e f a v o r i s e s , l a c o l l a b o r a t i o n a v e c d e s a s s o c i a - t i o n s , d e s s e m i n a i r e s o u v e r t s e t d e s r e n c o n t r e s i n t e r n a t i o n a l e s . Le Jugendakademie s e t r o u v e 2 p r o x i m i t e d e Cologne. Le C e n t r e p e u t a c c u e i l - l i r 70 p e r s o n n e s . Le programme a n n u e l vous s e r a envoy6 s u r demande.

SPE - Scuola P r o f e s s i o n a l e E m i g r a t i --

L ' E c c l e P r o f e s s i o n n e l l e d e s Emigres , fond6e 2 Z u r i c h en 1 9 7 4 c o m e a s - s o c i a t i o n p a r un g roupe d ' e n s e i g n a n t s e c d ' e l g v e s a d u l t e s , a c0mu.e ob- j e c t i f l a f o r m a t i o n p r o f e s s i o n n e l l e d e s o u v r i e r s m i g r a n t s e t l a pr6pa- r a t i o n d e s j e u n e s e t r a n g e r s a un a p p r e n t i s s a g e p r o f e s s i o n n e l s u i s s e (un s y s t s m e d e f o r n a t i o n , oii l ' e n t r e p r i s e a l t s r n e avec 1 1 6 c 0 2 e ) . La SPE a t - t r i b u e une i m p o r t a n t e s i g n i f i c a t i o n s o c i o - p o l i t i q u e 2 une a d e q u a t e f o r - m a t i o n p r o f e s s i o n n e l l e d e s o u v r l e r s E t r a n g e r s . C ' e s t a u moyen d ' u n e t e l - I e f o r m a t i o n q u ' u n e p a r i t : e n t r e l e s o u v r i e r s e t r a n g e r s e t locaux p e u t S t r e abordEe: l a p a r i t 6 au p o s t e de t r a v a i l par une f o r m a t i o n Gqui- v a l e n c e .

Ayant l a s t r u c t u r e d ' u n e a s s o c i a t i o n , I ' e c o l e e x i g e une p a r t i c i p a t i o n a c t i v e 2 t o u s l e s n i v e a u x e t de r o u t e s i e s p e r s o n n e s i m p i i q u 6 e s . Une t e l l e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f f r e une m u l t i t u d e de p o s s i b i l i t G s pour l ' e n s e i g n e - n e n t e t pour l ' e t u d e . P a r example: p r e ~ d r e une r e s p o n s a b i l i t g p u b l i q u e ; d i s c u t e r d e s p rob l smes d e v a n t e t avec i e s a u t r e s , e t d 6 v e l o p p e r d e s s t r a t e g i e s d e s o l u t i o n ; c o n p r e n d r e que l a p a r t i c i p a t i o n i m p l i q u e l a p r i s e e n c h a r g e e t l a c o l l a b o r a t i o n , e t que l a c o g e s t i o n d g c o u l e a u t o - matiquement d e c e s deux p r e m i e r s a s p e c t s ; s e c o n s i d e r e r ccmme e n s e i g n a n t ou e n s e i g n k , non seu lement e n c l a s s e mais a u s s i d a n s l e s s t r u c t u r e s so - c i a l e s g i o b a l e s ; c o n p r e n d r e l e 1-312 de 1 ' G c o i e c o m e un d e s o r g a n e s d ' u n e s o c i e t e avec t o u s l e s problernes que e n d e c o u l e n t , e t d n e t t r e en r e l a t i o n l e s e l e m e n t s i m p o r t a n t s

Ce la pe rmet 2 1 'emigrE d e c o n s i d e r e r l a d u r e e d e l 7 6 m i g r a t i o n c o m e un e n r i c h l s s e m e n t , c ' e s t 2 d i r e c o m e une p a r t i c i p a t i o n a c t i v e 2 l a v i e e n S u i s s e .

U n i v e r s i t e de P a i x P-

L ' I J n i v e r s i t e d e P a i x e s t un c e n t r e p l u r a l i s t e d e r e n c o n t r e e t d e forma- t i o n fond6 en 1960 p a r Dominique P i r e , P r i x Nobel d e l a p a l x . O u t r e l e s e c t e u r C o n s c i e n t i s a t i o n , l ' U n i v e r s i t 6 d e P a i x r e g r o u p e d i f f e r e n t s sec - t e u r s e e l s que: E d u c a t i o n a l a P a i x , J u s t i c e e t Developpement , Desarme- merit e t a l t e r n a t i v e s d e d e f e n s e , I n t e r c u l t u r e l , S c o l a r i s a t i o n d e s en- f a n t s de m i g r a n t s , un c e n t r e d e documenta t ion e t tine b i b l i o t h s q u e . Nous t r a v a i l l o n s d a n s un e s p r i t d e d i a l o g u e , d e r e s p e c t d e l a p e r s o n n e e t d e s f a i t s , meme s i ceux-c i s o n t c o n t r a i r e s 3 n o t r e c a u s e ou 5 n o t r e a t t e n t e . En t a n t que t e l l e , l a c o n s c i e n t i s a t i o n r e f u s e t o u t e i m p o s i t i o n i d s o l o g - i q u e ou m a n i p u l a t i o n e t r e p o u s s e t o u t a u t a n t l e s fo rmes d e spon tang isme i n e f f i c d c e . D5s l o r s : l ' a x e p r i o r i t a i r e d e n o t r e t r a v a i l e s t d e s u s c i t e r d e s f o r m a t i o n s a l t e r n a t i v e s d o n t I e p o i n t d e d e p a r t e s t l ' e x p g r i e n c e d e chaque p e r s o n n e e t d o n t l i a b o u t i s s a n t e s t une p r i s e de c o n s c i e n c e c o l - l e c t i v e d ' u n e r e a l i t 6 commune, d e s mgcanismes d e c o n d i t i o n n e m e n t e t d e c o n t r o l e que nous r e g i s s e n t . Ce la c o n c o u r t 2 augmente r n o t r e jugement c r i t i q u e e t n o t r e marge d ' a c t i o n s u i n o t r e env i ronnement .

Ag Spak, K s t l e r s t r a s s e 1 , 8000 Munchen 90, RFA; Jugendakademie Vatber- bsrq, S333 Bornheim Valberberg, RFA; SPE, Auss te lhngss t rasse 39, 3005 Zurich, Suisse; Univers i t k de Paix, Bd du 'lord 4 , 5000 . V m , Belqique.

WHO CARES? AND HCW? - FUTURES OF SUPPORT 11; DIFFERENT CULTURES

THE IXTH WORLD CONFERENCE OF THE WCQLD FUTURES STUDIES

FEDERATION, HONOLULU, HAWAII, 'IAY 25-31 1986

The f u t u r e of t h e ways humans c a r e f o r one a n o t h e r i s i n doub t . I n much of t h e i n d u s t r i a l i z e d w o r l d , t r a d i t i o n a l methods which r e l y on t h e f a n - i l y o r t h e l o c a l community, f o r example, a r e moribund. Sewer s y s t e m s , such a s t h o s e i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d i n " t h e w e l f a r e s t a t e " a r e i n j e o p a r d y . I n much of t h e T h i r d World, i n a d e q u a t e l a n d , f o o d , w a t e r and h o u s i n g , a l o n g w i t h t h e f l o o d o f immigran t s to crowded urban a r e a s c o n t i n u e t o o v e r b u r d e n t r a d i t i o n a l ways of human s u p p o r t and c a r e . There i s s c a n t hope f o r t h e c r e a t i o n of more f o r m a l w e l f a r e s y s t e m s . . , ,

T h i s c o n f e r e n c e w i l l s e e k t o e x p l o r e t h e c o n t o u r s o C p r o p e r l y " c a r i n g s o c i e t i e s " , and t o d i s t i n g u i s h them from " o v e r - c a r i n g s o c i e t i e s " on t h e one hand and " c a r e l e s s s o c i e t i e s " on t h e o t h e r . The f c l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d a t d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s - i n d i v i d u a l , f a m i l y , commi~nity, n a t i o n a l and g l o b a l - and from t h e p e r s p e c t i v e s of d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r e s and d i f f e r e n t s y s t e m s o f income d i s t r i b u t i o n :

1) c a t i s wanted? What a r e t h e d e s i r e d r e l a t i o n s h i p s between human c a r i n g and human freedom?

2 ) What i s happen ing? What changes a r e a l r e a d y o c c u r r i n g , and what might soon o c c u r , i n d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r e s and r e g i o n s r e l a t e d t u c a r e and s u p p o r t ?

3 ) What i s needed? What o l d b e l i e f s and p r a c t i c e s need t o be r e d i s c o - v e r e d o r re-emphasized, dnd what new v i s i o n s s h o u l d b e c r e a t e d ? What c a n we l e a r n from t h e c u r r e n t e x p e r i e n c e s of d i f f e r e n t c u l - t u r e s ?

4 ) What s h o u l d we do? How c a n we d e v e l o p new i n s i g h t s , knowledge, i n - s t i t u t i o n s , and p r o c e s s e s which w i l l p r o n o t e a p p r o p r i a t e l y c a r i n g s o c i e t i e s f o r t h e f u t u r e ?

Further information from: Eteonora Masini, President, WFSF, CF 6203, .?ornu-Prati, I t a l y or J m e s A. Dutor, Secretary-Gerterst, Univers i ty o f Uaucii , Social Science Research I n s t i t u t e , 2424 K a d e Way, HowLuli i , Hauaii 96822 , USA.

CANADA: CHANCE FOR C H I L D R E N DEVELOPMENT FUND

The Chance f o r C h i l d r e n Development Fund was founded i n 1981, and i s a r e g i s t e r e d Canadian c h a r i t a b l e o r g a n i z a t i o n . I t s work i s funded t h r o u g h p r i v a t e d o n a t i o n s and f u n d - r a i s i n g activities.

CFC i s s e e k i n g t o f i n a n c i a l l y a s s i s t a s m a l l development s y s t e m i n t h e T h i r d World which i s t r u l y community-rooted, where t h e community is a s - s i s t e d on i t s own t e r m s , and one which i s d e s i g n e d t o run from t h e b o t - tom up by i t s c i t i z e n s .

CFC sees community organizing as the essence of the change process and believes that the practical means of advancing human welfare, so that the poor participate effectively in political and econor-ic terms, is through a process of conscientization and mobilization. CFC sees the creation of small groups by development catalysts as authentic partici- patory organizations.

If your base organization is moving toward the establishment of a net- work of development catalysts and the supportive intermediate organiza- tions which are deemed necessary, please contact us. We would be pleased to study the possibility of funding your endeavor.

(Please forwar-d ir.Jomation about uork t o Cha.r."e for 3<Lcren , Brian MorriLL, FOB C476, 3tn . "C", Domsvieu, Cnt. !4i3iV 279, Cwcc?al.

D E N M A R K : KULU

KULU - Women and Development is a Danish umbrella organisation that has devoted itself exclusively to problems of women in the Third World.

KULU was established in May 1976. Nineteen Danish women's organisations and groups joined the federation. Since its establishment seven additio- nal women's organisations have become members of KULU.

The purpose of the KULU's work is to help underpriviledged women in the Third World by:

inspiring Danish women's organisations and engaging them in infor- mation efforts concerning the conditions and special problems of women in the Third World;

contacting women's organisations and women in the Third World and backing them in their efforts to influence national feminist po- licy;

inducing policy-makers to align official development assistance with the cause of women and to monitor legislation and administra- tion in this particular field;

giving support to the women of the Third World, for instance by launching projects aimed primarily at the poorest women;

to strengthen mutual information among the member-organisations, concerning their activities in the field of women and development.

Until now, KULU has given priority to information efforts but in the future it also plans to support women's projects.

(Kbbrncgerqade 67 l . t v . 1150 K Copenhagen, Denmark).

P -P

Dossier 50 p h L i c o (pcg. 8 7 ) una c m t a de FLACSO av.unciando su p ~ o y e c t o de rev i s ion dri-tioa de experiencias no- tradiciona Les de p Lanificacion- implementacidn. La corespondencia dsberia ser diriq-ida a los invest iga- doves Mario Robirosa y Jorqe L . Karol, Casi t ia X , M 6 Bueros Aires , Argentina.

i f d a d o s s i e r 51 . januaryl february 1986 l e t t e r s / l e t t r e s / c a r t a s

DU SENEGAL: J ' a i b i e n r e c u l e s deux IFDA D o s s i e r s 4 7 e t 4 8 . J e me r e j o u i s de c e t t e f a v e u r e t e t a n t e n c a d r e u r dans l e s communaut6s r u r a l e s , s u i s t r e s i n - t e r e s s g p a r l e s s u j e t s t r a i t s s . U s me p e r m e t t e n t de cornparer l a s i t - u a t i o n d e s r u r a u x d e ma communautG e t d ' a i l l e u r s . Ne comprenant que I e f r a n e a i s , dommage q u e l a majeure p a r t i e d e s a r t i c l e s s o n t en a n g l a i s . J e s u g g z r e , s i l e s rnoyens l e p e r m e t t e n t , d ' i m p r i m e r l e D o s s i e r e n t i c r e m e n t e n t r o i s e d i t i o n s - f r a n c a i s , a n g l a i s , e s p a g n o l . C e l a nous permet d e comprendre t o u s l e s a r t i c l e s t r a i t e s . Vous avez roes f e l i c i t a t i o n s , mes encouragements e t s u r t o u t mes remerc iements pour l ' i n t e r s t que vous por- t e z au monde pauvre e n g e n e r a l e t r u r a l e n p a r t i c u l i e r .

FROM INDIA: IFDA D o s s i e r 48 (July-August 1985) makes v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g r e a d i n g . I t p r o v i d e s a v e r y u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e form o f a b s t r a c t s from v a r i e d s u b j e c t s o f a r t i c l e s . The i n f o r m a t i o n p rov ided i s h e l p f u l i n u n d e r s t a n d - i n g t h e c u r r e n t e v e n t s and a c t i v i t i e s s i g n i f i c a n t f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l eco- nomic c o o p e r a t i o n f o r d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s . Looking fo rward t o r e c e i v i n g t h e f u t u r e i s s u e s a l s o . Thanking you,

Mrs. G. K u . l k ~ m i , Librarian, The Ambekar I n s t i t u t e for Labour Studies, Bombay.

D E TUNISIE: J e r e c o i s r6gul iGrernent I F D A D o s s i e r e t vous en r e m e r c i e . J e v o u d r a i s f e l i c i t e r l ' e q u i p e pour l a f a c u l t & de l a r e d a c t i o n , e t de l ' i m p r e s s i o n d e c e t t e p e t i t e revue t r S s u t i l e e t r i c h e e n i n f o r m a t i o n s .

Atya Baffonn, La Marsa, Tunis ie .

FROM THE PHILIPPINES: I was g r e a t l y impressed when my f r i e n d showed t o me a copy of t h e E D o s s i e r . I found i t t o b e most i n f o r m a t i v e and f a s c i n a t i n g . Being a com- muni ty o r g a n i z e r , t h e D o s s i e r g i v e s me a l o t of i d e a s a s s h a r e d by some e x p e r i e n c e d w o r k e r s i n t h e community. Would you p l e a s e send me c o p i e s of t h e D o s s i e r . I t would b e most h e l p f u l i n my work.

Roger 0 . Fobs, Butuan Ci t y .

FROM BRASIL: I e n c l o s e a copy o f t h e book Aqui e Agora, p a r a v i v e r a t 6 o s e c u l o XXI (Here and Now, i n o r d e r t o l i v e t i l l X X I c e n t u r y ) which a p p e a r e d two weeks ago . The book d e a l s w i t h t h e chances and t a c t i c s f o r o u r s u r v i v a l i n t h e n e x t two d e c a d e s . Y o u ' l l s e e an acknowledgement t o LFDA a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e book , y o u r a d d r e s s a t t h e e n d , and many q u o t a t i o n s from IFDA D o s s i e r i n s e v e r a l p a r t s of t h e work. Many t h a n k s t o you. Your work h a s been s u p e r b .

Carlos C . Aveline, Sao Leopoldo.

FROM DENMARK:

I t was v e r y welcome news t o me, t h a t you s t i l l keep up t h e e x c e l l e n t work T.hat f o r y e a r s b r o u g h t me t h e IFDA D o $ s i e r " ?or s~ome r e a s o n I l o s t o u t of your m a i l i n g l i s t - and I l o s t t h e job t h a t gave me o p p o r t u n i t y t o w r i t e a b o u t r e l e v a n t s u b j e c t s . Once a g a i n t h i n g s have changed and I would l i k e you t o p u t me on t h a l i s t a g a i n . I now work f o r t h e monthly magazine P r e s s i n Copenhagen (copy e n c l o s e d ) . And I am c e r t a i n t h a t your D o s s i e r w i l l f u n c t i o n a s background i n f o r n a t i o n f o r us a s w e l l a s quo- t a t i o n - m a t e r i a l f o r a r t i c l e s . So, p l e a s e , i f p o s s i b l e , p u t me on y o u r l i s t a g a i n .

FROM THE U S A :

P l e a s e a c c e p t my a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h e most i n s i g h t ~ u l and s t i m u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s p u b l i s h e d i ~ . t h e D o s s i e r . I t h a s b2en v e r y h e l p f u l i n my work on development a l t e r n a t i v e s , g r a s s r o o t s movements and p o p u l a r e d u c a t i o n . I would a p p r e c i a t e i f you c o u l d p u t my name on yuur r e g u l a r m a i l i n g l i s t .

FROM CANADA:

Enclosed p l e a s e f i r -d a cheque f o r US$30 which is a v e r y b e l a t e d r e s p o n s e t o y o u r a p p e a l . I have a l s o e n c J o s e d a b r i e f f l y e r c o n c e r n i n g t h e work of o u r Food Systems Group based i n t h e C e n t r e f o r Developing-Area S tu- d i e s . I f you wish t o u s e any of t h i s t o i n f o r m o t h e r s of o u r work, we would b e v e r y p l e a s e d . We a r e now i n t o u c h w i t h Pab lo Gutman o f CEUR, Buenos A i r e s t h a n k s t o a r e c e n t i s s u e of t h e D o s s i e r .

Waruick Armstrong, McGU Univers i ty , Montreal.

FROM S W I T Z E R L A N D :

F e l i c i t a t i o n s f o r your t e n t h y e a r and f i f t i e t h i s s u e ! I want t o c o n t r i - b u t e i n y o u r d r i v e towards f i n a n c i a l s e l f - r e l i a n c e , c o v e r i n g t h e c o s t of a s u b s c r i p t i o n i n t h e S o u t h f o r a f r i e n d of mine i n S e p a l . Enc losed is a Swiss p o s t c h e q u e f o r 24 f r a n c s f o r A r j u n , a l m o s t a b r o t h e r o f mine. We a r e b o t h m e d i c a l s t u d e n t s i n o u r r e s p e c t i v e home towns. I made pho to- c o p i e s o f your a r t i c l e on m a l n u t r i t i o n i n t h e D o s s i e r 49 and s e n t them t o him. He w r o t e back : "I v e r y much en joyed t h a t a r t i c l e on m a l n u t r i - t i o n . I and my f r i e n d s h e r e i n Nepal a r e v e r y g r a t e f u l f o r t h e t r o u b l e you t o o k i n k i n d l y pho tocopying and s e n d i n g them t o u s . The i n t e r - r e l a - t i o n s h i p between a s p e c i f i c h e a l t h p rob lem s u c h a s m a l n u t r i t i o n and o t h e r b r o a d e r a s p e c t s of o u r s o c i a l l i f e which t h e w r i t e r was t r y i n g t o draw a t t e n t i o n t o , is v e r y much a p p r e c i a t e d by a l l of u s h e r e . . . I would d e f i n i t e l y be e a g e r t o g e t t h a t maeaz ine on a r e g u l a r b a s i s . The ques - t i o n , however , i s w h e t h e r I can a f f o r d i t ... I would be v e r y g l a d i f you c o u l d make me a s u b s c r i b e r o f i t and I w i l l pay you back once I am a b l e t o g e t beyond mere s u r v i v a l and s a v e some money ..." UeLi Haenni, Bern.

i f d a d o s s i e r 51 . january/ february 1986 footnotes /notes / r io tas

? / .B . Documents me~tioned in the fci~owing section are - not available fron F S A but, dqendi-ng on the case, from pbli-shers, bookshops or rke address indicated after the descripticn the doclment,

L O C A L S P A C E

. SIH, E n i c V i o l e n c e , D e v e l o p m e n ~ ~ d Human R i g b t i (SIM S p e c i a l N05, 1 9 8 5 ) , i n c l u d e s "Ethnodevelopment: A Neglected Dimension i n Devel- opment T h i n k i r g " by Rodol fo S tavenhagen (pp .15-41) , (SIM, Nieuwegrach t 9 4 , 3512 LX U t r e c h t , The N e t h e r l a n d s ) 148pp.

. Nawal el-Saadawi, Two Women i n One (London: A1 S a q i Books, 1985) 124pp. Two Women i n One i s t n e s t o r y of Bahiah Shaheen, a n E g y p t i a n 18- y e a r - o l d s t u d e n t . I t i s a l s o t h e s t o r y of c o u n t l e s s women i n t h e T h i r d World, t h e i r hopes and a m b i t i o n s , and t h e i r q u e s t f o r e m a n c i p a t i o n and d i g n i t y . I t i s a t e l l i n g reminder f o r women everywhere t h a t hope s h o u l d n e v e r y i e l d t o d e s p a i r , t h a t t h e f u t u r e does h o l d a p romise . Nawal e l - Saadawi f i r s t came t o t h e a t t e n t i o n o f E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g a u d i e n c e s w i t h t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f "The Hidden Face o f Eve". Her r e p u t a t i o n a s a power- f u l and moving w r i t e r was f u r t h e r enhanced w i t h t h e a p p e a r a n c e two y e a r s l a t e r o f a n o v e l , "Woman a t P o i n t Zero". She l i v e s and works i n C a i r o . (26 Westbourne Grove, London W2, LX).

. Dagmar Raczynsk i and C l a u d i a S e r r a n o , L'ivir l a pob- - Test imo- n i o s d e mujeres- ( S a n t i a g o : CIEPLAN, j u l i o 1985) 337pp. E s t e e s un l i b r o t e s t i m o n i o . Recoge, con g r a n p r o f u n d i d a d , l a r e a i i d a d d e un c o n j u n t o d e h o g a r e s d e c e s a n t e s de l a comuna de C o n c h a l i ( C h i l e ) , t a l como e l l a e s p e r c i b i d a y v a l o r a d a p o r l a muje r duena d e c a s a . D u r a n t e s i e t e meses s e g u i d o s , l a s a u t o r e s e s t u d i a r o n una m u e s t r a d e h o g a r e s d e n i v e l socT.0- econ6mico b a j o , con e l o b j e c t i v o d e conocer l a s c a r a c t e r i s t i c a s d e l a f a m i l i a y l a c o n d i t i o n d e l a muje r en s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s y a n a l i z a r e l impac t0 d e l a c e s e n t f a s o b r e e l h o g a r . E s t e l i b r o e s e l f r u t o d e d i c h o t r a b a j o . (Avenue Colon 3494, S a n t i a g o , C h i l e ) .

. E x p e r i e n c i a s d e d e s a r r o l l o p o p u l a r (Lima: DESCO, 1985) . Q u a t r o e s - t u d i o s e l a b o r a d o s p o r Desco y o t r a s i n s t i t u t i o n e s p e r u a n a s : 'Educac iOn y comunicac i6n p o p u l a r e n e l Peru" , 299pp; "Promoci6n campes ina , r e g i o n - a l i z a c i o n y movimientos s o c i a l e s " , 217pp; " E x p e r i e n c i a s d e d e s a r r o l l o p o p u l a r e n e l campo d e l a medic ina traditional y moderna", 257pp. y ' M u j e r y D e s a r r o l l o " , 246pp. (.$v. S a J d v e r r y 1945, Lima P e r u ) .

. Mario Padr6n y o t r o s , E x p e r i e n c i a s d e p r o u o c i ~ n d e l d e s d r r o l l o y o r g a n i z a c i 6 n p o p u l a r (Lima: DESCO, 198.4) 136pp.

. W i l l i a m J . Hc~reno y G a b r i e l J a 2 m Ocnea, =ducaci6n z r u p a l d e a d u l t o s (Lima: COPPA, A b r i l 1985) 24pp. E s t e t r a b a j o p r e s e n t a d e n a n e r a resumida l a s a c t i v i d a d e s p r i n c i p a l e s d e l "Programa d e Autoformac i6n d e Docen tes -Traba jadores" a p l i c a d o en l a Empresa d e P r o p i e d a d S o c i a l T r a n s - p o r t e s Lima M e t r c p o l i t a n a (TLMEPS) d e s d e Agos to d e 1982 h a s t a Agosto d e 1983. ( J r . Apurimac 224, Of .506 , Lima, P e r u ) .

. I . J a b u l a n i T a f a r i e t a l . , R a s t a f a r i (Kings ton : C a r i b b e a n Q u a r t e r - l y , 1985) 122pp. A most welcome (and e n r i c h e d ) r e p r i n t of a famous 1980 i s s u e of t h e Car ibbean Q u a r t e r l y d e d i c a t e d t o t h e f i f t y y e a r s o f t h e R a s t a f a r i movement. T h i s CQ monograph o f f e r s a n a l y s e s of t h e i r movement by R a s t a f a r i a n s t h e m s e l v e s , examines some of i t s c u l t u r a l a s p e c t s a s w e l l a s i t s p r e s e n t r e a c h w e l l beyond t h e s h o r e s o f Jamaica . I n c l u d e s a fo reword by Rex N e t t l e f o r d . (FOB 42 , Mona, K i n g s t o n 7 , J a n a i c a , WI).

. B r i g i t t e K e i t a e t Susan Aradeon, H a b i t a t hausa - Dynamique d ' u n e a d a p t a t i o n c u l t u r e l l e (ENDA, ? 9 5 , 1985) 98pp.(BP 3370, Dakar , S e n e g a l ) .

. Edoh A d j a k l y , P r a t i q u e d e l a t r a d i t i o n r e l i g i e u s e e t r e p r o d u c t i o n s o c i a l e chez l e s Guen/Mina du Sud-Est du Togo (GenSve: IUED.1985) 150pp.

. J a a p A r n t z e n , R u r a l a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s and r e s o u r c e util- t i o n i n Mmathubudkwane d u r i n g a p e r i o d of d r o u g h t (Gaborone: NIR, J u l y 1984) 46pp. ( U n i v e r s i t y o f Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana) .

. Kaj krhem, P a s t o r a l Man i n t h e Garden of Eden - The Maasa i of & Ngorongoro C o n s e r v a t i o n Area , Tanzan ia (Uppsa la : S c a n d i n a v i a n I n s t i t u t e of A f r i c a n S t u d i e s , 1985) 123pp. An a c c o u n t of t h e p a s t o r a l community i n Ngorongoro. A g a i n s t t h e backdrop of n a t i o n a l development p o l i c i e s and t h e h i s t o r y o f w i l d l i f e c o n s e r v a t i o n i n t h e a r e a , t h e book d e s c r i b e s r e s o u r c e u t i l i z a t i o n and l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s among t h e Ngorongoro M a d ~ a i . T h i s i s a l s o a c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e d e b a t e a b o u t t h e a r t i c u l a t i o n of de- velopment and r e s o u r c e c o n s e r v a t i o n i n E a s t A f r i c a d r y l a n d a r e a s . On t h e b a s i s of t h e e v i d e n c e from Ngorongoro, t h e a u t h o r a r g u e s t h a t i t i s pos - s i b l e t o i n t e g r a t e c o n s e r v a t i o n and development i n t o a comprehens ive s t r a t e g y . (FOB 2126, 750 02 Uppsa la , Sweden).

. Michae l J . Dover , A B e t t e r Mouse t rap - Improving P e s t Management f o r A g r i c u l t u r e (Washington: World R e s o u r c e s I n s t . , 1985) 84pp. New p e s t - c o n t r o l t e c h n o l o g i e s a r e b e i n g deve loped wor ldwide t h a t p romise t o " b e t t e r manage p e s t s w i t h o u t e x c e s s i v e l y p o l l u t i n g t h e e a r t h " , a c c o r d i n g t o t h i s World R e s o u r c e s I n s t i t u t e r e s e a r c h r e p o r t . "Technolog ies now b e i n g deve loped can r e d u c e e x p o s u r e t o p e s t i c i d e s by b e t t e r c o n t r o l l i n g t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n , r e d u c i n g r a t e s and f r e q u e n c y of u s e , and e l i m i n a t i n g u n n e c e s s a r y uses" . The r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s and e v a l u a t e s emerging p e s t ma- nagement a p p r o a c h e s . (1735 New York Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA).

. Yvonne Kupsch ( e d ) , New Approaches: NGOs i n t h e F o r e s t r y S e c t o r - A Case S t u d y (The T r e e P r o j e c t , J u n e 1985) 7 2 p p . ( U n i t e d N a t i o n s , New York)

. Sandra P o s t e l , Conserv ing Water: The Untapped A l t e r n a t i v e (World- wa tch Paper N067) 66pp. (1776 Mass. Ave . , NW, Washington DC 20036, USA).

. G.J. Arends and S.S. Donkersloot-Shouq, An Overview of P o s s i b l e Uses of Sawdust (TOOL, 1985) 197pp. ( ~ n t r e ~ ~ t d o k 6 8 a / 6 9 a , 1018 AD Am- s t e r d a m , N e t h e r l a n d s ) P r i c e d f l . 1 9 , 5 0 .

. J u s s i Raumolin, "L'homme e t l a d e s t r u c t i o n d e s r e s o u r c e s n a t u r e l - l e s : l a R a u b w i r t s c h a f t a u t o u r n a n t du s i G c l e " , I n t e r s c i e n c e s ?39 , 1984) pp.788-819.

. The UN University Food Energy Nexus Programme's first reports: - Citizen Organisations and Food Energy Alternatives in Indian

Cities, by Narendra Panjwani, 73pp; - The Use of Dynamic Systems Analysis to Assess the Potential

for Enhanced Output in the Rural Communities of Developing Countries, by Chris Lewis, 28pp;

- Energy Systems Analysis in Food and Energy Crop Production, by Malcolm Slesser, 47pp;

- Food-Energv Nexus Research in Canada, by Dana Silk, 55pp; - Integrated Food-Energy Systems in India, by T.K. Moulik, 32pp; - Femme-Gnergie-alimentation en Afrique de l'Ouest, par Y.Sokond

K. Traore, L. Bobo, D. Ireland et M. Balde, 57pp. (UNL!/FEN, Bureau 311, Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 54 bd Raspail, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France).

. H. Detlef Kammeier and Peter J . Swan (eds) , Equity with Growth? - Planning Perspectives for Small Towns in Developing Countries (Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology, 1984) 706pp. This broad coverage of a complex subject makes a contribution to the current debate on decentra- Used urban development. The burning issues involved - urban bias in na- tional development, deliberate efforts towards rural development, and the potential of small and intermediate towns - have been at the focus of a world wide search for more equitable development strategies. The seven chapters offer many case studies and discussions based on expe- riences and perceptions principally in Asia and Africa. (GPO Box 2754, Bangkok 10501, Thailand).

NATIONAL S P A C E

. Joseph Collins with Frances Moore Lapp6, Nick Alien and Paul Rice, Nicaragua: What Difference Could a Revolution Make? - Food and Farming in the New Nicaragua (San Fransisco: Institute for Food and Development Policy, 1985) This completely updated and revised edition analyzes the dilemmas encountered by the Sandinistas as they work against a legacy of injustice and poverty to create a more equitable food and agricultural system. Collins discusses how, despite the pressing need to defend it- self against the human and economic devastation of contra attacks, Nica- ragua has moved ahead with land reform and other innovations designed to improve the lives of the poor. 250 pages with tables, charts and notes. (1885 Mission Street, San Fransisco CA 94103-3584, USA).

Alejandro Foxley, Para una democracia estable (Santiago: CIEPLAN, 1985) 266pp. Examina caminos polfticos y estrategias econ6micas que, a juicio del autor, contribuirlan a consolidar una democracia estable en Chile. Una tests central es que una democracia estable sera posible solo si se llega a las ralces de la crisis: la incapacidad que la sociedad chilena exhibfo en 10s Gltimos treinta anos para desarrollar un consenso nacional suficientemente amplio y estable, y la naturaleza crecientemen- te antag6nica y polarizada del proceso de desarrollo que el paTs intent6 durante ese perlodo. El libro analiza alternativas politicas y econ6mi- cas a future.

. Neelan Tiruchelvam, The Ideology of Popular Justice in Sri Lanka, A Socio-Legal Inquiry (New Delhi: Vikas Publ.House, 1984) 215pp. This book

a n a l y s e s t h e g o a l s of p o p u l a r j u s t i c e w i t h a view t o i s o l a t i n g some of t h e f o r c e s which may a c c o u n t f o r t h e emergence of t h e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s i n d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s . I n p a r t i c u l a r , i t s t u d i e s t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of popu- l a r t r i b u n a l s i n t h e l e g a l h i s t o r y of S r i Lanka, and i l l u m i n a t e s t h e so- c i a l i s t , r e v i v a l i s t and r e f o r m i s t f o r c e s which v i e d w i t h each o t h e r f o r dominance i n t h e s t r u c t u r i n g of t h e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s . I t f o c u s e s on one of ':he c e n t r a l problems of p o p u l a r t r i b u n a l s i n p o s t - t r a d i t i o n a l s o c i e t i e s : t h e t e n s i o n s between t r a d i t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n a l forms and t h e s o c i a l i s t g o a l s and a s p i r a t i o n s of t h e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s . (2014 I n d u s t r i a l Area , Sah ibabad 2U1010, D i s t r . Ghaz iabad , UP, I n d i a ) .

. ?loonis Raza and Yash A g g a m a l , Higher E d u c a t i o n i n I n d i a : The Re- g i o n a l Dimension (N1EPA O c c a s i o n a l P a p e r N 0 7 , 1984) 52pp. (17-B, S r i Aurobindo Marg, New D e l h i 11 00 16 , I n d i a ) .

. Guinea-Bissau - R e i n v e n t i n g E d u c a t i o n (IDAC, N o 11 /12) 83pp. (27 chemin d e s C r s t s , 1218 Grand Saconnex, Geneva, S w i t z e r l a n d ) .

. Miche l Beaud, -1i t ique 6co~.omique d e l a gauche - l e g r a n d & c a r t ( P a r i s : S y r o s . 1985) 2 3 7 3 ~ . N a t i o n a l i s a t i o n . ~ l a n i f i c a t i o n . nouveaux . . d r - i i t s d e s t r a v a i l l e i i r s , economie s o c i a l e ... I1 s ' a g i s s a i t d e "roiapre a v e c l e c a p i t a l i s m e " . O n s e r e t r o u v e e n "economie mix te" , e t on s e r a b a t s u r l a "modern i sa t ion" . P a r d e l 2 l e s e r r e u r s d e c o n c e p t i o n ou d e d e c i - s i o n , n ' y a - t - i l p a s une l o g i q u e p r o f o n d e ? La gauche f r a n s a i s e a n pou- v o i r n ' a - t - e l l e p a s e t 6 enfe rmee d a n s un "squeeze" 5 p l u s i e u r s dilren- s i o n s : e n t r e c a p i t a l i s m e e t e t a t i s m e , e n t r e n a t i o n a l e t m o n d i a l , a v e c en p l e i n e c r i s e , 2 g e r e r , un compromis s o c i a l n e g o c i e a u p l u s j u s t e . Au l i e u d e s e r g t a b l i r s u r un p r o j e t r g a l i s t e e t c o h e r e n t , l a gauche , pen- d a n t p l u s d e t r c l s a n s , a f a i t I e g r a n d e c a r t . . . ( 6 , r u e Montmar t re , 75001 P a r i s , F r a n c e ) .

. l a n M i l e s , S o c i a l I n d i c a t o r s f o r Human Development (London: F r a n c e s P i n t e r P u b l . , 1985) 216pp. What i s t h e p r o g r e s s of t h e s o c i a l i n d i c a t o r s movement and how f a r h a s i t made a n impac t on p o l i c y making? Are e x i s t - i n g i n d i c a t o r s s u i t a b l e f o r a l t e r n a t i v e development s t r a t e g i e s ? What a r e t h e p r o s p e c t s f o r d e v e l o p i n g and u s i n g s o c i a l i n d i c a t o r s i n d i f f e r e n t ways? These a r e t h e q u e s t i o n s a d d r e s s e d i n t h i s s t u d y s p o n s o r e d by t h e Uni ted N a t i o n s U n i v e r s i t y . The a u t h o r a r g u e s f o r t h e e l a b o r a t i o n o f so - c i a l i n d i c a t o r s r e l e v a n t f o r a s s e s s i n g t h e human c o n d i t i o n and work ing o u t s t r a t e g i e s f o r human-centered development . (25 F l o r a l S t r e e t , Covent Garden, London WC2E 9DS, UK).

. P a t r i c i a A r r i a g a , J o s e B a l d i v i a y o t r o s , E s t a d o y comunicaci6n so- c i a l (Mexico: E d i t o r i a l Nueva Imagen SA, 1985) 225pp. E s t e l i b r o no so- -- l a m e n t e toma en c u e n t a l o a a l c a n c e s y mecanismos d e l a i n d u s t r i a c u l - t u r a l e n e l c o n t i n e n t e , s i n o que r e v e l a c u s l e s l a i n l e r e n c i a d e l c a p i - t a l e x t r a n j e r o en c a d a uno d e 10s s e c t o r e s que l a i n t e g r a n , a s ? como 10s i n t e r e s e s n a c i o n a l e s y l a i n e e r v e n c i o n d e l Escado e n e s t e p r o c e s o . Los e n s a y o s aquf r e u n i a o s reconocen un compromise cornfin: t r a n s t o n n a r 10s medios d e comunicac i6n en un e s p a c i o d e p a r c i c i p a c i o n c o l e c t i v a y demo- c r i t i c a . (Apto p o s t a l 600 , ? tgxico 06000 DF, Mexico) .

. Diego P o r t a l e s C i f u e n t e s , La contribution d e m o c r 5 t i c a d e l a t e l e - v i s i o n ( S a n t i a g o : ILET, 1985) 48pp.

R E G I O N A L S P A C E

Noureddine S r a i e b e t a l , Le mouvement o u v r i e r n a g h r g b i n ( P a r i s : CRESM, 1985) 327pp. T r a v a i l c o l l e c t i f r e a l i s e p a r I e C e n t r e de r e c h e r c h e s e t d ' e t u d e s s u r l e s s o c i e t 6 s m g d i t e r r a n e e n n e s pour l rAnnud- i re de l f A f r i q u e du Nord, c e t ouvrage e s t d ' u n e g r a n d e r i c h e s s e , t a n t c o n c e p t u e l l e q u ' h i s t o r i q u e e t i l ne n e g l i g e pas l e s problSmes c o n t e m p o r a i n s , notarn- ment l e s r e l a t i o n s s y n d i c a t s - p a r t i s - G t a t s , s u r t o u t e n T u n i s i e e t en Al- g G r i e . Le Maroc f a i t un peu f i g u r e d e p a r e n t pauvre . Lln index a u r a i t f a i t d e c e t ouvrage un m e i l l e u r o u t i l d e t r a v a i l . (5 avenue P a s t e u r , 13100 Aix-en-Provence, F r a n c e ) .

. I n s t i t u t d e Recherches M g d i t e r r a n e e n n e s , Les r e l a t i o n s e n t r e I e Maghreb e t l e Mactire& - Des s o l i d a r i t g s a n c i e n n e s aux r e a l i t e s n o u v e l l e s (Aix-en-Provence: Maison de l a M e d i t e r r a n n e e , 1 9 8 4 ) 193pp.

. Anin Maalouf , The Crusades th roug l i Arab Eyes (London: AI S a q i Books, 1984) 293pp. A welcome E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n of a book o r i g i n a l l y p u b l i s h e d i n F r e n c h , Les c r o i s a d e s v u e s p a r l e s Arabes ( P a r i s : L a t t G s , 1 9 8 3 ) , t h i s book t e l l s t h e s t o o of t h e C r u s a d e s a s t h e y were s e e n , l i v e d , and r e c o r d e d on " t h e o t h e r s i d e " - i n o t h e r w o r d s , i n t h e Arab camp. I t s c o n t e n t i s based a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y on t h e t e s t i m o n y of con- t emporary Arab h i s t o r i a n s and c h r o n i c l e r s . These l a t t e r spoke n o t o f Crusades h u t of F r a n k i s h w a r s , o r " t h e F r a n k i s h i n v a s i o n s " . For t h e wes- t e r n r e a d e r , and some o t h e r s , t h i s i s a n e x t r e m e l y h e a l t h y e x e r c i s e i n d e - e t h n o c e n t r i z a t i o n . (26 h'estbourne Grove, London W 2 , UK).

. Miche le A c h i l l i and Mohamed K h a l d i ( e d s ) , The Role of t h e Arab De- velopment Funds i n t h e World Econony (Beckenham: Croom Helm L t d , 1984) 312pp. W r i t t e n by a g roup of Arab and Western f i n a n c i a l managers and r e - s e a r c h e r s , a l l of them w i t h d i r e c t e x p e r i e n c e i n working w i t h t h e Arab Funds, t h i s i s a comprehensive s u r v e y of t h e r o l e of t h e Arab Develop- ment Funds b o t h i n t h e Arab r e g i o n and i n t h e T h i r d World a s a whole. I t a l s o examines t h e r o l e of c o - f i n a n c i n g a r r a n g e m e n t s between Western and Arab f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s . ( P r o v i d e n t House, B u r r e l l Row, Beckenham, Kent BR3 1AT, U K ) .

. R o b e r t D a v i e s , Sou th A f r i c a n S t ra t -egy Towards Mozambique i n the- Post-Xkomati P e r i o d - A C r i t i c a l A n a l y s i s o f E f f e c t s ?nd I m p l i c a t i o n s ( S c a n d i n a v i a n I n s t i t u t e of A f r i c a n S t u d i e s , Research R e p o r t ? 7 3 , 1985) 7!pp. (FOB 2126, 750 0 2 U p p s a l a , Sweden).

. L . Adele J i n a d u , The S o c i a l S c i e n c e s and Development i n A f r i c a : E t h i o p i a , Mozambique, Tanzan ia and Zimbabwe (SAREC, R 1:1985) 188pp. (105 25 Stockholm, Sweden).

. IOCLJ, The P e s t i c i d e P o i s o n i n g Repor t - A Survev of some As ian Coun- t r i e s (Penang, 1985) 80pp. The 80-page r e p o r t s u r v e y s t h e p e s t i c i d e p o i - p i n g s i t l l a t i o n i n f o u r Asian c o u n t r i e s - I n d o n e s i a , M a l a y s i a , S r i Lanka and T h a i l a n d and examines what measures a r e b a i n g t aken t o c o n t a i n and a l l e v i a t e t h e damage on human h e a l t h and on t h e env i ronment . The f i n d i n g s of t h e s t u d y do n o t g i v e an e n c o u r a g i n g p i c t u r e . S y s t e m a t i c m o n i t o r i n g of t h e a d v e r s e impac t of p e s t i c i d e u s e i s l a r g e l y a b s e n t a l - though i n d i c a t i o n s from v a r i o u s l o c a l s t u d i e s have p o i n t e d t o w i d e s p r e a d

p o i s o n i n g e i t h e r t h r o u g h a c c i d e n t a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n o r u s e d u r i n g s u i c i d e a t t e m p t s . (POB 1045 , Penang, M a l a y s i a ) .

. ANGOC, An Overview of S e l e c t e d Food I s s u e s from a n A s i a n Perspec- t i v e ( M a n i l a , 1985) 46pp. (47 M a t r i n c o Bldg, 2178 Pasong Tamo S t r e e t , Metro M a n i l a , P h i l i p p i n e s ) .

. M i r o s l a v N i n c i c , How War Might Spread t o Europe (Stockholm: SIPRI , 1985) 109pp. Not many p e o p l e b e l i e v e t h a t a war i s l i k e l y t o s t a r t i n Europe. S c e n a r i o s o f sudden i n c u r s i o n s a c r o s s t h e b o r d e r by e i t h e r NATO o r Warsaw T r e a t y O r g a n i z a t i o n t r o o p s seem i m p l a u s i b l e t o d a y . The r i s k s of war a r e much g r e a t e r i n many o t h e r p a r t s of t h e w o r l d . I n most o f t h e s e t r o u b l e d a r e a s t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and t h e S o v i e t Union c o n f r o n t e a c h o t h e r by p roxy . The p o s s i b i l i t y c a n n o t be e x c l u d e d t h a t t h e s e i n - d i r e c t c o n f l i c t s migh t a t some t ime become d i r e c t . I t i s t h e n t h a t war migh t w e l l come t o Europe. T h i s book examines t h e s e r i s k s . M i r o s l a v N i n c i c s t u d i e s t h e a r e a s o u t s i d e Europe where t h e superpowers c o n f r o n t e a c h o t h e r , l o o k s a t ways i n which a war migh t s p r e a d , and p u t s fo rward s u g g e s t i o n s a b o u t how t h e r i s k s migh t b e reduced . ( P i p e r s VXg 28, 171 73 S o l n a , Stockholm, Sweden).

G L O B A L SPACE

. P a t r i c i a M . Mische , S t a r Wars and t h e S t a t e of o u r S o u l s (Minnea- p o l l s : Winston P r e s s I n c . , 1985) 136pp. The a u t h o r c o n t e n d s t h a t what we do i n o u t e r s p a c e w i l l r e f l e c t whe ther we have l e a r n e d t o tame o u r capa- c i t y f o r v i o l e n c e and e n l a r g e o u r c a p a c i t y f o r community, f o r h e a l i n g , f o r c r e a t i n g , and f o r l o v i n g . I t w i l l r e f l e c t w h e t h e r we have succumbed t o o u r F a u s t i a n f a s c i n a t i o n w i t h t h e t e c h n o l o g y o f d e s t r u c t i o n o r whe- t h e r we have l e a r n e d t o d e v e l o p t echnology f o r p e a c e f u l , l i f e - e n h a n c i n g u s e s . "What we do i n o u t e r space" , s a y s Mische , " w i l l be a m i r r o r image o f o u r i n n e r s p a c e . I t w i l l r e f l e c t t h e s t a t e of o u r s o u l s " . (430 Oak Grove, M i n n e a p o l i s , Minneso ta 55403, USA).

. John T u r n e r and SIPRI, Arms i n t h e ' 8 0 s (Stockholm: SIPRI , 1985) 118pp. T h i s w e l l i l l u s t r a t e d paperback is w r i t t e n f o r p e o p l e a c t i v e l y concerned a b o u t t h e d a n g e r s o f war. I t p o i n t s o u t what t h e s e d a n g e r s a r e by p r o v i d i n g w e l l - r e s e a r c h e d and c l e a r l y p r e s e n t e d i n f o r m a t i o n on m i l i - t a r y deve lopments o f e v e r y k i n d : i n n u c l e a r and c o n v e n t i o n a l weapons; i n S t a r War weapons and o t h e r deve lopments i n t h e m i l i t a r i z a t i o n of o u t e r s p a c e ; i n c h e m i c a l and b i o l o g i c a l weapons; i n m i l i t a r y e x p e n d i t u r e , s p e n d i n g on m i l i t a r y r e s e a r c h and deve lopment , and t h e arms t r a d e . The book a l s o r e c o r d s what i s happen ing i n t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s a t Geneva, Vienna and Stockholm: no r e a l p r o g r e s s h a s been a c h i e v e d a t any o f t h e arms c o n t r o l d i s c u s s i o n s which t o o k p l a c e i n t h e f i r s t h a l f of t h e de- cade . Arms i n t h e ' 8 0 s is t h e a u t h o r i t a t i v e paperback , b a s e d on w Armaments and Disarmament , SIPRI Yearbook 1985, w i t h t h e f a c t s f o r peo- p l e t o judge f o r t h e m s e l v e s t h e c a u s e s and e f f e c t s of m i l i t a r y deve lop- ments .

. J u l i a n P e r r y Robinson, Chemical Warfa re Arms C o n t r o l : A Framework f o r C o n s i d e r i n g P o l i c y A l t e r n a t i v e s (Stockholm: SIPRI, 1985) 116pp.

. M i c h a e l T . K l a r e , American Arms Supermarket (Texas : U n i v e r s i t y of Texas P r e s s , 1984) 312pp. T r a c i n g US p o l i c i e s , p r a c t i c e s , and e x p e r i e n c - e s i n m i l i t a r y s a l e s t o t h e T h i r d World from t h e 1950s t o t h e p r e s e n t , t h e a u t h o r e x p l a i n s how US arms e x p o r t s have proved t o be an u n r e l i a b l e i n s t r u m e n t o f p o l i c y . Case s t u d i e s of US arms s a l e s t o L a t i n America, I r a n , and t h e Midd le E a s t p r o v i d e d a t a i n a s s e s s i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of arms t r a n s f e r programs i n m e e t i n g US f o r e i g n p o l i c y o b j e c t i v e s . The au- t h o r a l s o examines t r o u b l e s p o t s i n arms p o l i c y : t h e t r a n s f e r of arrns- making t e c h n o l o g y t o T h i r d World arms p r o d u c e r s , t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t - ween arms t r a n s f e r s and human r i g h t s , and t h e enforcement of arms embar- goes on S o u t h A f r i c a , C h i l e , and o t h e r s . He a l s o compares t h e US r e c o r d on a rms t r a n s f e r s t o t h e e x p e r i e n c e s of o t h e r major a n h s s u p p l i e r s : t h e S o v i e t Union and t h e " b i g f o u r " European n a t i o n s - F r a n c e , B r i t a i n , West Germany, and I t a l y . ( P o s t O f f i c e Box 7819, A u s t i n , Texas 78713, USA).

. Douglas Roche, Canada and t h e P u r s u i t of Peace ( E x t e r n a l A f f a i r s , 1985) 61pp. The a u t h o r of J u s t i c e n o t C h a r i t y , a n e x c e l l e n t eye-opener which a c t u a l l y opened t h e e y e s of many Canad ians on t h e North-South r e - l a t i o n s h i p , Doug Roche, i s now Canada ' s Ambassador f o r Disarmament . T h i s b o o k l e t i s a c o n d e n s a t i o n of s e v e r a l dozen s p e e c h e s he h a s g i v e n a c r o s s Canada and p r o v i d e s a s e n s i b l e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o 1986 - t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Year of Peace . (L.B. P e a r s o n B l d g . , Ot tawa K1A OG2, Canada) .

. UNCTAD, S e r v i c e s and t h e Development P r o c e s s (New York: UNCTAD, 1 9 8 5 ) . T h i s s t u d y c o n c e n t r a t e s on t h e r o l e of s e r v i c e s i n t h e growth of t h e d o m e s t i c economy, w i t h emphas i s on t h e s i t u a t i o n i n t h e T h i r d World and on i s s u e s r e l a t i n g t o s e r v i c e s i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n t e x t which may b e r e l e v a n t t o t h e development p r o c e s s . It a l s o examines t h e r a t i o n - a l e beh ind r e g u l a t i o n s on s e r v i c e s and summarises t h e c u r r e n t i n t e r n a - t i o n a l d e b a t e on t h e s e i n b o t h governmenta l and non-governmental c i r - c l e s .

. E r n e s t H. Preeg ( e d ) , Hard B a r g a i n i n g Ahead: US Trade P o l i c y and Deve lop ing C o u n t r i e s (Washington: O v e r s e a s Development C o u n c i l , 1985) 214pp. North-South t r a d e r e l a t i o n s a r e d e e p l y t r o u b l e d . US e x p o r t s t o T h i r d World c o u n t r i e s d e c l i n e d by $18 .2 b i l l i o n f o r 1980-83, a t t h e c o s t o f some 1 .1 m i l l i o n j o b s i n t h e US e x p o r t s e c t o r . Many T h i r d World coun- t r i e s , meanwhile , f a c e f i n a n c i a l c r i s e s t h a t can o n l y b e r e s o l v e d o v e r t h e l o n g e r r u n t h r o u g h resumed e x p a n s i o n o f t r a d e . I n t h i s volume, d i s - t i n g u i s h e d p r a c t i t i o n e r s and academics i d e n t i f y s p e c i f i c p o l i c y o b j e c - t i v e s f o r t h e Uni ted S t a t e s on i s s u e s t h a t w i l l b e p rominen t i n t h e p ro- posed new round o f GATT n e g o t i a t i o n s . (1717 M a s s a c h u s e t t s Ave. NW, Wash- i n g t o n DC 20036, USA).

. Bernard S c h m i t t , Les pays a u reg ime du FM1 (Albeuve , S u i s s e : Cas- t e l l a , 1984) 91pp. Keynes a v a i t p r e s s e n t i que l e s monnaies b a n c a i r e s n a t i o n a l e s ne s o n t p a s d e s p r o d u i t s d ' e x p o r t a t i o n . Le p r e s e n t t r a v a i l conf i rme c e t t e i n t u i t i o n . L ' a c t u e l regime d e s p a i e m e n t s i n t e r n a t i o n a u x , n 6 2 l a Confe rence d e Genes (1922) . e s t un "Non-Systgme", pour l a r a i s o n p r e c i s e q u ' u n e monnaie b a n c a i r e n d L i o n a l e ( l e d o l l a r d e s E t a t s - U n i s ) assume l e s p a i e m e n t s e x t 6 r i e u r s d e s p a y s . Le d g s o r d r e q u i en d e c o u l e e s t g r a v e . Que l a b a l a n c e c o m e r c i a l e d ' u n pays s o i t 6 q u i l i b r g e ou non , I e paiernent d e s e x p o r t a t i o n s e s t i n f l a t i o n n i s t e . Le p r o f i t d ' i n f l a t i o n r e - s u l t a n t du f a u x pa iement d e s e x p o r t a t i o n s n e t t e s n o u r r i t l e c a p i t a l mo-

n 6 t a i r e a p a t r i d e , c ' e s t - 5 - d i r e l a masse d e s euro-monnaies . Les pays en- d e t t g s d o i v e n t p a y e r i n t g r g t s e t a m o r t i s s e m e n t s deux f o i s : d ' a b o r d aux p a y s c r g a n c i e r s p u i s a u c a p i t a l a p a t r i d e . Ce t r a v a i l m o n t r e comment l ' a n o m a l i e e t l ' i n i q u i t 6 peuven t G t r e 6 v i t G e s .

, M i c h a e l D a u d e r s t s d t , New Names f o r Old Games: The Anatomy of Aid (Bonn: F r i e d r i c h E b e r t S t i f t u n g , 1985) 46pp. (Godesberger A l l e e 149, 5300 Bonn 2 , FRG).

. T r a n s n a t i o n a l s I n f o r m a t i o n Exchange, Mee t ing t h e C o r p o r a t e Chal- l e n g e : A Handbook on C o r p o r a t e Campaigns (Amsterdam: TIE Europe , 1585) 77pp. T h i s i s s u e of t h e " T i e Repor t " h i g h l i g h t s what t r a n s n a t i o n a l c o r -

~ -

p o r a t i o n s a r e , how t h e y o p e r a t e and expand , whose l i v e s t h e y a f f e c t , and above a l l , what e f f o r t s have been l aunched t o c o u n t e r t h e i r power and t o c r e a t e a l t e r n a t i v e s . I n c l u d e d a r e e i g h t c a s e s t u d i e s of major a c t i o n s o r campaigns l aunched a g a i n s t g l o b a l c o r p o r a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g e v a l u a t i o n s of t h e g o a l s , s t r a t e g i e s , s t r e n g t h s and weaknesses of t h e campaigns , and c o r p o r a t e r e a c t i o n s . They a r e p r e s e n t e d i n s u c h a way a s t o draw o u t ma- j o r l e s s o n s and t o c o n s i d e r what k i n d s of s t r a t e g i e s and o r g a n i s a t i o n w i l l be most s u c c e s s f u l f o r f u t u r e campaign ing . Also i n c l u d e d i s a g u i d e of g r o u p s a round t h e wor ld who a r e i n v o l v e d i n a c c o u n t a b i l i t y campaigns . ( P a u l u s P o t t e r s t r a a t 2 0 , 1071 DA Amsterdam, The N e t h e r l a n d s ) .

. John D . Hamaker & Donald A. Weaver, The S u r v i v a l of Civlliz~tat~: Carbon D i o x i d e , I n v e s t m e n t Money, P o p u l a t i o n - T h r e e Prob lems Threaten- i n g o u r E x i s t e n c e , 218pp. (Hamaker-Weaver P u b l i s h e r s , Route 1 , Box 158, - Seymour, MO 65746 , USA).

. John McCorrnick, Acid E a r t h : The G l o b a l T h r e a t o f Acid P o l l u t i o n CLondon: E a r z h s c a n . 1985) 1 9 0 ~ 0 . Acid r a i n I s n o t i u s t a b o u t Gernan f o r - . . e s t s and Canadian l a k e s . I n d i a ' s T a j Mahal i.s d i s s o l v i n g i n an a c i d wind . A i r p o l l u t i o n i n Mexico C i t y t h r e a t e n s " c o l l e c t i v e h y s t e r i a " warns t h e mayor, and s o i l s i n s o u t h e r n B r a z i l a r e t u r n i n g a c i d . Wherever t h e r e is heavy i n d u s t r y of road t r a f f i c , a c i d p o l l u t i o n i s a d a n g e r . Nor i s i t j u s t a b o u t r a i n . I t comes a s snow, f o g , m i s t , and on t h e wind i n c l o u d s of d u s t and g a s . I t l e a v e s dead f o r e s t s , s t e r i l e s o i l s , p o l l u t e d r i v e r s , c r o p l o s s e s and c o r r o d e d b u i l d i n g s . I t h a s become p e r h a p s t h e most p r e s - s i n g and most u n i v e r s a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l t h r e a t of t h e c e n t u r y . And i t i s g e t t i n g w o r s e . T h i s f i r s t g l o b a l s t u d y o f a c i d p o l l u t i o n d e s c r i b e s caus - e s and e f f e c t s , p o l i t i c a l . i m p l i c a t i o n s and t h e c o n t r o l s a l r e a d y a v a i l - a b l e , and c o u n t r y c a s e s t u d i e s from e v e r y c o n t i n e n t c o n f i r m t h e b r e a d t h o f t h e c r i s i s . Acid p o l l u t i o n i s r e p o r t e d i n Zambia and S o u t h A f r i c a , M a l a y s i a and Venezue la , and even i n t h e A r c t i c . Winds c a r r y a c i d a c r o s s b o r d e r s , c r e a t i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l t e n s i o n . US e m i s s i o n s - and US unwi l - l i n g n e s s t o d o a n y t h i n g a b o u t them - i s s t r a i n i n g r e l a t i o n s w i t h Canada. B r i t a i n i s c h a s t i s e d by Sweden and Norway f o r r e f u s i n g t o a c t . Mexico and t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t r a d e s u l p h u r e m i s s i o n s , and China may be e x p o r t - i n g t hcn t o Japdii, , But a c i d p o l l u t i o n i n E a s t e r n Europe i s a l s o o f f e r i n g new o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r East-West c o o p e r a t i o n . ( 3 E n d s l e i g h S t , London, UK).

. UN C e n t r e on T r a n s n a t i o n a l C o r p o r a t i o n s , Envi ronmenta l As e c t s of t i e c t v t i of T r a n s n a t C o r p o r t o n s : A S u r v e y (Mew York: U n i t e d N a t i o n s , 1985) 114pp.

. Richard Falk, Friedrich Kratochwil & Saul H. Mendlovicz (eds), International Law: A Contemporary Perspective (1985) 702pp. (Westview Press, 5500 Central Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80301, ? S A ) .

. Global Challenge - From Crisis to Cooperation: Breaking the North- South Stalemate (London: Pan Books, 1985) 2 1 . 6 ~ ~ . The Report of the So- cialist International Committee on Economic Policy, chaired by Michael Manley, stresses that without a redistribution and restructuring of power between North and South, their mutual interests in recovery will be blocked by conservative governments, monetarists and market-dominated mythologies. Proposals are for feasible and radical action for this year and for the next decade. They include committing $100 billion annually to recovery and development - less than 10Z of the world's current an- nual expenditure on arms; building North-South partnerships between like-minded countries and joint action to create a stable economic re- covery by redistributing its benefits more equally between rich and poor. (Cavaye Place, London SW10 9PG, W ) .

. Ending Hunger: An Idea Whose Time has Come (San Fransisco: The Hun- ger Project, 1985) 430pp. Illustrated with more than 190 photographs and 65 maps, charts and graphs, this book provides a road map to the some- times complex and confusing issues surrounding hunger - issues such as food production, population growth, national security and foreign aid. These issues are of vital importance not only to the hungry but also to those who take their daily bread for granted. In the words of Maurice Williams, Executive Director of the World Food Council, this resource book "is an important contribution in helping the concerned public un- derstand the complex economic, social and political issues which deter- mine the distribution of food on our planet". (2015 Steiner Street, San Fransisco CA 94115, USA).

. Hungry for Profit, A documentary film by Robert Rlchter investi- gates agribusiness and world hunger. (Information from Richter Produc- tions, 330 W 42th Street, New York, NY 10036, USA).

PERIODICALS

. Aliran (Vo1.V Nog, 1985): "Development - for whom?" (Aliran Kesedaran Negara, FOB 1049, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia).

. Alternatives (Vo1.X. N03, 1984-85): "Bridging the Micro and the Macro in International Relations Research" by Chadwick F. Alger; "Can Decency Guide the Quest for Peace?" by Richard Falk and ; "Reconstruct- ing Childhood: A Critique of the Ideology of Adulthood" by Ashis Nandy 2 9 Rajpur Road, Delhi 110054, India).

. Altern^itives non violentes ( N 0 5 7 , 1985): "~xtrSme-droite: La cote d'alerte" (16, rue Paul-Appell, 42000 Saint-Etienne, France).

. Ambiente y Desarrollo (Vol.1, N02, 1.985): "ConservaciOn y desarro- 110: Como administrar nuestros parques nacionales?" por Pablo Gutman (CIPMA, Casilla 16362, Santiago 9, Chile).

. Asia Labour Monitor ( V o l . 2 , ? 3 , 1985) : " R o b o t i z a t i o n : Lessons and Q u e s t i o n s from Japan" (444 Mathan Road, 8-B, Kowloon, Hongkong).

. A u t o g e s t i o n s (No20/21 , 1985) : A l t e r n a t i v e s q u e b S c o i s e s : metairor- p h a s e s d e s mouvements s o c i a u x e t second s o u f f l e d e l a v i e c o m u n a u t a i r e (54 bd R a s p a i l , 75006 P a r i s , F r a n c e ) .

. B a l a i (?12, 1985) : "Women and M i g r a t i o n - I s i t B e t t e r on t h e O t h e r S i d e o f t h e Globe?"; (N013, 1985) : "Nuc lea r P l a n t s and Arms - What ' s t h e Connec t ion?" (FOB SM-366, Mani la , P h i l i p p i n e s ) .

. Break through (Vol .6 , No3/4 , 1985) : " B i o r e g i o n a l i s m and World Order" by G e r a l d Mische (Globa l Educa t ion A s s o c i a t e s , 552 Park Avenue, E a s t Orange, N J 07017, USA).

. B u l l e t i n CRIDEV ( S 0 5 2 , 1985) : "1981-1985 - Q u a t r e a n s de p o l i t i q u e de c o o p e r a t i o n " (41 avenue J a n v i e r , 35100 Rennes, F r a n c e ) .

. La C a c e r o l a ( ? 5 , 1985) : "La f a n n a c o l o g i a o c c i d e n t a l - medicamentos p e l i g r o s o s " (Fund. Defensa d e l Consumidor, Cas. 179-C, Q u i t o , Ecuador ) .

. C a p i t u l o s d e l SELA (N09, 1985) : "Aspec tos c o m e r c i a l e s d e l a I n i c i a - t i v a e s t a d o u n i d e n s e p a r a l a Cuenca d e l C a r i b e " p o r Henry S. G i l l (Apto d e Cor reo 17 .035 , C a r a c a s 1010 A , Venezue la ) .

. Cooperaz ione (N049/50 /51 , 1985) : "La p e r t e de n o t r e c u l t u r e , une c o n d i t i o n pour l e deve loppement?" p a r J o s e p h Ki-Zerbo (Via d e l Gracch i 187 , 00192 Rome, I t a l i c ) .

. MIPC Communications (N047, 1985) : "Feuda l i sm i n t h e f i s h i n g i n d u s - t r y - A l o o k i n t o t h e h a r s h l i v e s of f i s h e r m e n and f i s h - w o r k e r s i n Min- danao , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n S a n t o s C i t y n (FOB 501 , Davao C i t y , P h i l i p p i n e s ) .

. Cuadernos (N06, 1985) : "La t o r t u r a p o l i t i c a en Guetemala" (CITGUA, Apdo P o s t a l 20-668, Mexico DF 01000, Mexico) .

. C u l t u r a l F u t u r e s Research : ( V o l . V I I 1 , N02, 1983184) i s d e v o t e d t o a s i n g l e , monograph-length p a p e r : " P a t e r n i t y , j o k e s and song: a p o s s i b l e e v o l u t i o n a r y s c e n a r i o f o r t h e o r i g i n o f mind and l anguage" by James Cooke Brown and Wi l l i am Greenhood (Box 15200, N o r t h e r n Ar izona Univer- s i t y , F l a g s t a f f , AZ 86011, USA).

. C u l t u r a l S u r v i v a l Q u a r t e r l y : (Vol .9 , N02, 1985) " I d e n t i t y and Edu- c a t i o n " ; (Vol .9 , N o l , 1985) " P a r k s and People" ; (Vol .8 , N02, 1984) "WO- men i n a Changing World" (11 D i v i n i t y Ave. Cambridge, Mass. 02138, USA).

. David y G o l i a t h (Ano XV, NO 47 , 1985) : A r t i c u l o s d e J u a n E n r i q u e Vega ("Buscando America L a t i n a " ) , Fernando C a l d e r 6 n ("Pensando e s a s c u l - t u r a s " ) , J o r g e S c h a r z e r ("La p e r s p e c t i v a d e l deudor") , i n f o r m c i o n e s s o b r e CLACSO y s u s miembros, r e s e n a s b i b l i o g r s f i c a s , e t c . (Av . C a l l a c 8 7 5 , 3 ' E , 1023 Buenos A i r e s , A r g e n t i n a ) .

. D e s a r r o l l o ( N 0 2 , 1985) : "Bases p a r a una p o l l t i c a de v i v i e n d a pro- g r e s i v a " p o r D a n i e l Morgan y J u a n Edo. A r t e a g a (ACOHIFICI/CITEPPOL, Apdo 388 , San Pedro 2050, San J o s e , C o s t a R i c a ) .

. Dimension 3, Periodique de 1'Administration Generate de la Coopera- tion au D6veloppement (?4, 1985, num6ro special): "Construire en terre" (Place du Champ de Mars 5, Boite 57, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgique).

. FEP Newsletter (V17, 1985): "Swaziland's School of Appropriate Farm Technology" (FOB 20906 Gaborone, Botswana).

. GenGve-Afrique (Vol.XXII1, ?l, 1985): "Les identites culturelles africaines" par Joseph Ki-Zerbo (24 Rothschild, 1211 Geneva 21, Suisse).

. Homines (Vol.9. N01/2, 1985): "AnZlisis de contenido de la televi- sion en Puerto Rico: Violencia, Sexo y Salud" (Universidad Interameri- cano de Puerto Rico, Apdo 1293, Hato Key, 00919 Puerto Rico).

. IDOC Internazionale (Vol.16, ?4, 1985): "Rumbos y Perspectivas del Movimiento Popular"; "Grassroots Organizations, Trade Unions and the Church" (Via S, Maria dell'Anima 30, 00186 Roma, Italia).

. IDS Bulletin (Vol.16, N03, 1985): "IMF stabilisation and structural adjustment in sub-Saharan Africa: are they technically compatible?" by Reginald Green (University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RE, UK).

. Indian Journal of Quantitative Economics (Vol.1, Nol, 1985). This new bi-annual journal is devoted to quantitative research on economic growth and includes "Pattern of Asset Holdings in Rural Andhra Pradesh: A Comparative Study" by N.Srinivasa Iyengar and S.Indrikant and "Trends in Growth, Specialisation and Technological Dynamism of Indian Capital Goods Industries: An Overview" by K.K.Subrahmanian (Punjab School of Economics, Guru Nanak Dev Univ., Amritsar 143005, India).

. Inquiry (Vol.2, Noll, 1985): Palestine today: 38 years after the creation of Israel, Inquiry looks at the condition of the Palestinian people under occupation (55 Banner Street, London EC1 8PX, UK).

. International Labour Reports (Noll, 1985): "Unions and Arms Conver- sion" (300 Oxford Road, Manchester M113 9NS, UK).

. International Policy Report (1985): "Subsidizing Pinochet: Aid and Comfort for the Chilean Dictatorship" by W. Frick Curry (236 Hassachu- setts Ave., N.E., Washington, DC 20002, USA).

. Kasarinlan (Vol.1, ?l, 1985): "Imperialism, Militarization and Human Rights in Asia" by Randolf S. David (Third World Studies Center, FOB 210, Univ. of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines).

. Lokayan (No3-4/5, 1985): "Ecology vs. Development: The Struggle for Survival" by Smitu Kothari; "Bho~al: The Imagination of a Disaster" by Shiv Visvanathan with Rajni Kothari; "What is the Nature of the Housing Question Today?" by Jai Sen (13 Alipur Rd. Delhi 110054, India).

. Man & Development (Vol.VI1, N02, 1985): "Plant Contraceptives: Translating Folklore into Scientific Application" by Ranjit Roy Chaud- hury and "Science & Technology Education and National Development" by Rais Ahmed (2-A Madhya Marg, Sector 19-A, Chandigarh 160 019, India).

. Marga Q u a r t e r l y J o u r n a l (Vol .8 , ? l , 1985) : "Land Hunger , A g r a r i a n Changes and Government P o l i c i e s : A Compara t ive S tudy of Nine V i l l a g e s i n S r i Lanka, 1955 & 80" by C. P a r a n a v i t a n a (FOB 601 , Colombo 5 , S r i Lanka),

. - Mimar - A r c h i t e c t u r e i n Development (Na17, 1985) . As e s t h e t i c a l l y p e r f e c t a s u s u a l , t h e j o u r n a l of t h e Aga Khan Founda t ion o f f e r s i n t h i s i s s u e , a s e c t i o n on low income h o u s i n g w i t h , among o t h e r s , a p a p e r b y C h a r l e s C o r r e a of Bombay and winner of t h e 1984 Royal I n s t i t u t e of B r i - t i s h A r c h i t e c t s Gold Medal and by S e r g e S a n t e l l i on t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of t h e H a f s i a ne ighbourhood i n T u n i s by t h e A s s o c i a t i o n d e Sauvegarde de l a Medina ( 1 Grange Rd, 05-11/12 Orchard Bldg , S i n g a p o r e 0 9 2 3 ) .

. Monthly Review (Vol .37 , N04, 1985) : " S o v i e t C a p i t a l i s m " by C h a r l e s B e t t e l h e i m and P a u l M. Sweezy (155 W.23rd S t . , New York, NY 10011, USA).

. M u l t i n a t i o n a l Moni to r (Vol .6 , No13, 1 9 8 5 ) : " P e s t i c i d e s d o n ' t know when t o s t o p k i l l i n g " (1346 C o n n e c t i c u t Ave . , N W . , S u i t e 411 , Washington DC 20036, USA).

. N e w s l e t t e r of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Labour S t u d i e s (Nos 2 6 / 2 7 , 1985) Spe- c i a l i s s u e : " A f r i c a n Labour S t u d i e s and A f r i c a n Labour S t r u g g l e s " ( G a l i - l e i s t r a a t 130 , 2561 TK The Hague, N e t h e r l a n d s ) .

. N o u v e l l e s d e l 1 E c o d 6 v e 1 o p p e ~ (N034, 1985) : D o s s i e r " E n e r g i e , a l i m e n t a t i o n , d6veloppement (CIRED, 54 bd R a s p a i l , 75270 P a r i s Cedex 06).

. Paz y J u s t i c i a (Agosto 1985) : "12 a n o s d e o p r e s i o n - 1 2 a n o s de Lucha" (SERAJ, C a s i l l a 5219, S a n t i a g o 3 , C h i l e ) .

. Pens iamento I b e r o a m e r i c a n o (N07, 1985) : E l tema c e n t r a 1 : " E l Re to d e l a M e t r 6 ~ o l i s " con c o n t r i b u c i o n e s d e J o r e e Wilheim. O s c a r Yu'tnovskv. Manuel A . G a r r e t o n , Eduardo N e i r a y muchos o t r o s ( I n s t . d e Cooperac i6n I b e r o a m e r i c a n a , Avda d e 10s Reyes C a t 6 l i c o s 4 , 27040 Madr id , Espana) .

. P o l i t i q u e a u j o u r d ' h u i ( N o l l , 1985) : "La p r o t e c t i o n s o c i a l e e n temps d e c r i s e " (14-16 r u e d e s P e t i t s - H S t e l s , 75010 P a r i s , F r a n c e ) .

. Pr i sma (No36/85) : "The I n f o r m a l S e c t o r : An Economic Survey" by A r i s Ananta & P r i j o n o T j i p t o h e r i j a n t o (POB 493 , J a k a r t a 10002, I n d o n e s i a ) .

. Raw M a t e r i a l s R e p o r t (Vol .3 , N04, 1 9 8 5 ) : "Leve l of c o s t s i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t e e l i n d u s t r y " and "The g e o p o l i t i c s of a luminium - p a r t two: t h e s t r a t e g i e s o f t h e a c t o r s " (FOB 5195 , 102 44 Stockholm, Sweden).

. R e v i s t a d e Educac i6n y C u l t u r a ( ? l , 1984) : "Ahora Buenos A i r e s " - p o l i c i c a educational d e l a p r o v i n c i a (Direction d e In formac ion y Tecno- l o g i a E d u c a t i v a , Diag. 73 N01910, La P l a t a , Buenos A i r e s , A r g e n t i n a ) .

. S e a r c h i n g ( I S R C 1 9 8 4 ) ; "The S u r a l Exper ience" . The I n t e ~ r . a t - L o n a l Development R e s e a r c h C e n t r e of Canada h a s b e e n a round f o r 15 y e a r s . T h i s l i t t l e document i s a f a s c i n a t i n g d e s c r i p t i o n o f i t s a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e r u r a l a r e a s o f t h e T h i r d World. Over a wide s p e c t r u m of s e c t o r s and d i s - c i p l i n e s - a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , s m a l l i n d u s t r y , e d u c a t i o n , h e a l t h , w a t e r , s c i e n c e and t e c h n o l o g y - IDRC h a s f i n a n c e d modest s i z e d r e s e a r c h

v e n t u r e s which have p r o v i d e d major r.ew i n s i g h t s i n t ~ t h e ways of r u r a l l i v i n g and t h e p o t e n t i a l l o r i n c r e m e n t a l r e fo rm and improvement t h r o u g h t h e u p g r a d i n g of i n d i g e n o u s r e s o u r c e b a s e s and t e c h n o l o g y . I t h a s f a c i - l i t a t e d r e s e a r c h i n t o mixed c r o p p i n g p a t t e r n s of s m a l l f a r m e r s , a g r o - f o r e s t r y f o r th-? p o o r , s n a i l - s c a l e e n e r g y u n i t s and 'che u s e of baiiboo and r a t t a n . The l a t t e r have been used i n h o u s e b u i l d i n g and h a n d i c r a f t s f o r c e n t u r i e s , b u t s u p p l i e s were b e i n g d e p l e t e d and t h e i n d u s t r y a l r sos t wourd up. Now t h e IDRC i s f i n a n c i n g p i l o t p l a r t a t i o n s t o u n d e r t a k e r e - s e a r c h on b o t h i n d i g e n o u s and e x o t i c s p e c i e s . X e t w o r k i ~ g a n ? comunica- t i o n s have been k e : ~ i n g r e d i e n t s i n I & R C work p r o g r a n n e s . S c i e n t i s t s and r e s e a r c h e r s i n T h i r d World c o u n t r i e s , e s p e c i a l l y i f t h f ; a r e work ing i n r p - o t e a r e a s , a r e l o n e l y and i s o l a t e d p e o p l e , and t h e i r work r e c e i v e s l i t t l e a p p r e c i a t i o r . . Nc tvorks of r e s e a r c h c o n t a c t s cou ld remove t h a t s e n s e of i so la t io : . a n d a l s o ieari t n g r e a t e r r e l e v a n c e arid w;dfcr appLi- catio; ' . of r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s . A goed i l l u s t r a t i o n i s t h e o i l s e e d s ne twork based i n E t h i o p i a and l i n k i n g projec-:S i n E2b:ern A f r i c a , S r i 1,ai;ka 2nd t h e I n d i a n suill-contine1i',t.

The o v e r a l l p i c t u r e i s t h a t c f a v a s t myriad o f s m a l l - s c a l e int.er'.2er.- t i o n s a t s e n s i t i v e p o i n t s i n t h e r u r a l economies of T h i r d World coun- t r i e s w i t h a c a p a c i t y t o g e n e r a t e s u b s t a n t i a l b e n e f i c i a l i m p a c t s or. em- ployment and incomes. The f o c u s i s on t h e p o o r e s t g r o u p s and t h e i r i ra- m e d i a t e n e e d s . T h i s t y p e of work i s a l s o i n d e e d a p r a c t i c a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o i n c r e a s e d economic and t e c h n i c a l c o o p e r a t i o n ( E C D C and TCDC) .among T h i r d World c o u n t r i e s , w i t h t h e ne tworks c o n s t i t u t i n g ide2.1 f o r a f o r i n t e n s i v e e c L 1 - i b o r a t i o n among c o u n t r i e s c o n f r o n t i n g s i a i l a r p r o b l e a s . D R C of Canada h a s l i t e r a l l y l i t s e v e r a l s m a l l c a n d l e s new th rowing t h e i r beams i n t o g r i m and d a r k c o r n e r s i n remote p l a c e s . There is a c a s e f o r r e p l i c a t i o n by o t h e r donors ( a l r e a d y done by Sweden th rough SAREC) and a l s o f o r e m u l a t i o n by T h i r d World governments . The l a t t e r have a t endency t o s t r e s s t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s of i t s o f f i c i a l s a t t h e C e n t r e and i n p r e s t i g i o u s i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e s , r a t h e r t h a n t h e work of i t s o f f i c i a l s u n d e r g o i n g immense h a r d s h i p s i n t h e r u r a l a r e a s . P r i o r i t i e s must b e r e v e r s e d f o r t h e r e t o be more e q u i t a b l e deve lopment . The IDRC i s a b s o l u t e l y r i g h t i n p u t t i n g l a s t t h i n g s f i r s t . (Lee lananda d e S i l v a )

. S o c i a l i s t A f f a i r s (No3/85) : "Arms t a l k s : New p a r t n e r s needed" by P e t e r J a n k o w i r s c h ; "Forum 85 a t N a i r o b i , The b i g g e s t e v e r women's con- fference"; "The D e c a d e ' s a c h i e v e m e n t s , Lyd ie S c h n i t r e v i e w s t h e N a i r o b i Confe rence" (Longman Group L t d , 4 t h Ave. , Harlow, Essex CM19 5AA, W ) .

. S o u t h (N061, 1985) : "Thi rd World arms i n d u s t r y - Who s u p p l i e s t h e matches"" (New Zea land House, 80 Haymarket , London SV1Y 4TS, UK) .

. S u a r a Sam ( V o l . 2 , N03, 1985) : "Urban Growth - F r i e n d o r Foe?" ( S a h a b a t Alam M a l a y s i a , 37 Lorong B i r c h , Penang, West M a l a y s i a ) .

a r e a s 61 (\' < l , 1985) : " N u e s t r a America - E l nuevn pens iamento i a t i n o a m e r i c a n a " ~ o i P a b l o Gonza les Casanova ( C e n t r a de E s t u d i o a L a t i n c - a i s e r i c a n o s , Apdo 6-3093, E l Dorado, Panama, R P ) .

. Temps P- I . ibre (N012, 1985) : " F i l du temps e t t i s s u ~ ~ r b a i n " ; "La v i 'L le - a r t e t e s t h 6 t i q u e 1 ' (30 r u e d e CondC, 75006 P a r i q , F r a n c e ) .

. T h i r d World Q u a r t e r l y (Vol .7 , ? 4 , 1985) : " R e l i g i o n and s t r a r e g j i n -- t h e I r a q - I r a n war" by C l a u d i a Wr igh t ; " C r i s i s and e t h n i c i t y : l e g i t i m a c y i n p l u r a l s o c i e t i e s " by David Brown (New Zea land House, 80 I t a y i r a r k e ~ , London S W LTS, LY).

. Tinbagan (Vol . IV, ? l , 1985) : " I R R I s e e d s : t h r e a t t o n a t i o n a l secu- r i t y " . IRRI r i c e i s b e i n g used by t r a n s n a t i o n d l s a s a s u b t l e t o o l t o sa - b o t a g e t h e P h i l i p p i n e economy o r i t s n a t i o n a l s e c ' i i r i t y . T h i s i s a n ex- pose from D r . Bur ton Onate of t h e C i t i z e n s ' Al l i ance : f o r Constiner Pro- t e c t i o n who now c a l l s or. a l l consumers , t a m e r s and t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c t o b o y c o t t t h e p l a n t i n g and e a t i n g of TRRI v a r i e t i e s i n f a v o u r of F i l l - p i c o n a t i o n a l improved v a r i e t i e s . (NCCP Ecumenical C e n t e r , 8 7 9 E p i f a n i o delos. Sai i tos Avenue, Quezon C i t y , P h i l i p p i n e s ) .

. T r i m e s t r a econonico ( V o l . L I I ( 2 ; , ?21?6, 1985) : "El o t r o d e s a r r o l l o : --p--

una n o t a s o b r e s u v i a b i l i d a d " For J o s e Angel Moreno.

Tri 'rilo (?6, 1985) : " S o c i a l i s t Housing?" a s k s t h e S u m e r 85 i s s u e of t h e Darmstad t j o u r n a l w i t h a r t i c l e s on T a n z a n i a , Mozambique. Zimbab- we, Angola , E t h i o p i a , Cuba and Nicaragua ( P l a n e n une Bauen i n Entwick- l u n g s l d n d e r n , P e t e r p e n s t r a s s e 15 , 61 D a r m s t a d t , FRG).

. La Tri5un.e (?6 , 1985) : "Trouver n o t r e v o t e , l e s a c t j v i t e s d e f a r - p-

mat ion d e s femmes dans i e monde" ( C e n t r e d e l a T r i b u n e i n t e r c a t i o n a l e d e l a fenme, 777 Uni ted N a t i o n s P l a z a , New York, NY 10017, ['SA';.

. IJpdate ( V o l . 1 , N o l , 1985) : 11 r e ? o r t on " R e p r e s s i c n and T e r r o r i s m i n She P h i l i p p i n e s " . E x t r a - j u d i c i a l e x e c u t i o n s and o t h e r k i l l i n g s by abu- s i v e m i l i t a r y men a r e i n c r e a s i n g l y b e i n g used a g a i n s t p o l i t i c a l d i s s e n t - e r s amid t h e w i d e s p r e a d conduc t of p o l i t i c a l a r r e s t s . But many have o n l y s e e n t h e r e g i m e ' s d e s p e r a t i o n i n such m e a s u r e s , and i n t e r p r e t e d t h e s e a s a gauge of s t r e n g t h e n i n g mass p r o t e s t . ( R e l i g i o u s of t h e V i r g i n Nary, ?21L, K. Domingo S t . , Ccbao, Quezon C i t y , P h i l i p p i n e s ) .

. --- Utne Reader (?11, 1985) : "How a g r i b u s i n e s s i s d e s t r o y i n g a g r i c u l - t u r e " by John H a r t ; "Roots of t h e farm c r i s i s " by F r a n c e s Moore Lappc (Box 1974 , Marion Oh 43305, USA).

. Voice of t h e V o i c e l e s s (N022, 1985) : "The Tarnil P l a n t a t i o n Peop le of S r i Lanka" (30 P u s h p a d a m Hawatha, Kandy, S r i Lanka) .

. V o l u n t a r y A c t i o n ( V o l . 2 7 , N o 516 , 1984) : " H i s t o r i c a l P e r s p e c t i v e of Scheduled C a s t e s Movement" (AVAm, 5 Deendayal Upadhyaya Marg, New D e l h i 110002, I n d i a ) .

. Vraagbaak (Vol .13 , N03, 1985) : "Captage e t s t o c k a g e d e :'eau de p l u i e " (BP 41 , 6700 AA Wageningen, Pays-Bds) .

. The hTiole E a r t h P a p e r s (?12, 1985) : w i t h p a p e r s h y P a r r i c i a Misrhe " E a r t h s c a p e ; T r a n s i t i o n s toward World Order" and Rober t M u l l e r "The Evolv ing Upward P a t h : R e f l e c t i o n s on t h e Uni ted N a t i o n s " , ( G l o b a l Edu- c a t i o n A s s o c . , 552 P a r k Ave. , E a s t Orange, New J e r s e y 07017, USA).

j f d a d o s s i e r 51 materials r e c e i v e d for pub1 i c a t i o n

L O C A L 5PACE

. Arun Agrawal , I n i a t i o n f o r S o c i a l J u s t i c e (Indo-German S o c i a l S e r v i c e S o c i e t y , 28 ~ o d i R d , New D e l h i 110003, I n d i a ) 5pp.

. C a r l o s E u t h e t and Horac io B e r r e t t a , Low Cos t Housing Ams?ci.aticn (Asocian'.Cn d e Vi7/ienda EconZmica, Tguald.id 3600, V i l l a S i b u r u , 5 10"' Cordoba, A r g e n t i n d ) 9pp.

. Conse j o L a t i r i o a ~ i ~ e r i c a n o y d e l Cdr ibe p a r a I d Autoges c l o n , A u t o g ~ s - t i o n 1935 ( C L A , C a m i l l a P o s t a l 4 3 2 2 , Lima 18 , P e r u ) l l p p .

. Ramesh Manandhar, I s T h e r e a n y E t h i c i n Medica l P r o f e s s i o n ? (Dept . o f A r c h i t e c t u r e , Melbourne U n i v . , P a r k v i l l e , V i c t o r i a , A u s t r a l i a ) 6pp.

. A . Z i l i o t t - 2 , :dh::t R u r a l TI-:lining t o t L??at P a r t l c i ~ : : t i o n + (BIF;ILO, p---------

CP 500 , I211 Geneva 2 2 , S w i t z e r l a n d ) 7pp.

. Ste t ra r~ D e d i j z r , C o n s t ~ l t a n t f o r PLO ( 3 e p ~ . of B u s i n e s s A < i ~ ~ ~ r ~ i s c r d - c i o : ~ , U n i v e r s i t y of Lund, PO Box 5136 , 220 05 Lund, Sweden) ^ .pp .

. F:iadae?.:) N a c l o n a l pr<Hepi6ria , Penr * m e policiq!:e ~yst6nutiq'.;$-$-'-;~.~. v e n t a i r o t e c h n o l c g i q u e ; Les l e c o n s d 'une exp^<gnce ( E u i f i c i u L'entrrt'L .-p--. P-.. B r a s i l i a , S e c o r Bdr.ccirio N ' o r t ~ , QuaJrii 1 4 , BT-oco F , S i l a 1 0 3 , 70.OtC:

Sc'idev Kumar, I n d i a ' s Rivers : S a c r e d and P o l l u t e . ! C ? j n i v e r s i t y of Vd'-er1.00, O n t a r i o N21. 3 G 1 , Canada) 10pp.

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