direct torque control of doubly fed induction motor …...khalid mezioui3 and badre bossoufi2...

ORIGINAL RESEARCH Open Access

Direct torque control of doubly fedinduction motor using three-level NPCinverterNajib El Ouanjli1* , Aziz Derouich1, Abdelaziz El Ghzizal1, Mohammed Taoussi2, Youness El Mourabit1,Khalid Mezioui3 and Badre Bossoufi2

Abstract

This article presents the direct torque control (DTC) strategy for the doubly fed induction motor (DFIM) connectedto two three-level voltage source inverters (3LVSIs) with neutral point clamped (NPC) structure. This control methodallows to reduce the torque and flux ripples as well as to optimize the total harmonic distortion (THD) of motorcurrents. The use of 3LVSI increases the number of generated voltage, which allows improving the quality of itswaveform and thus improves the DTC strategy. The system modeling and control are implemented in Matlab/Simulink environment. The analysis of simulation results shows the better performances of this control, especially interms of torque and flux behavior, compared to conventional DTC.

Keywords: Direct torque control, Doubly fed induction motor, Three-level inverter, Ripples, Switching table

1 IntroductionIn the mid − 1980s, the direct torque control strategyof induction machine was introduced by Takahashito overcome the problems of conventional controlssuch as scalar control (SC) and field oriented control(FOC) [1, 2]. DTC is based on the direct regulationof electromagnetic torque and flux of the machine.This control is characterized by good torquedynamic response, high robustness and less complex-ity than other controls [3]. It allows minimizing theinfluence of parametric variations in the machineand calculating the control variables which are statorflux and electromagnetic torque from the statorcurrent measurements without using mechanicalspeed sensors [4].Recently, many authors have applied the DTC tech-

nique to the Doubly Fed Induction Motor connected totwo-level voltage source inverters (2LVSIs) [2, 5, 6].The researchers have pointed out the remarkable dy-namic performance of this technique as well as its

robustness to parametric variations in the motor. How-ever, DTC suffers from major disadvantages such as (a)high torque and flux ripples that generate mechanicalvibrations and undesirable acoustic noise, (b) variableswitching frequency which causes switching losses, (c)and the negligence of stator and rotor resistances leadproblems at low speed.Several solutions have been proposed to minimize the

ripples and to keep the frequency at constant value, forexample: fuzzy logic controller (FLC), artificial neuralnetwork (ANN), space vector modulation (SVM) tech-nique and predictive control (PC) have been applied toimprove the conventional DTC of DFIM [7–10]. Never-theless, the practical implementation of these methods ismore complicated.The voltage inverter is the most essential part of the

DTC. It is well known that increasing the levels numberof the inverter is a better solution in DTC drives [11].The three-level voltage source inverter with NPC struc-ture is more efficient in terms of its lower switchingfrequency, reduced stress across the semiconductors,less harmonic content, and lower voltage distortioncompared to 2LVSI [12].Although many studies about DTC for permanent

magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) and DTC for

© The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, andreproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link tothe Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

* Correspondence: [email protected] of Production Engineering, Energy and SustainableDevelopment, Higher School of Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben AbdellahUniversity, Fez, MoroccoFull list of author information is available at the end of the article

Protection and Control ofModern Power Systems

El Ouanjli et al. Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems (2019) 4:17 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41601-019-0131-7

http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1186/s41601-019-0131-7&domain=pdf

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7775-7747

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

mailto:[email protected]

induction motors (IMs) using the multi-level inverterto increase the voltage vector number of switchingtable have been conducted individually [13, 14]. How-ever, to the author’s knowledge, no study on DTC fordoubly fed induction motor powered by three-levelinverters is available. This gives us the opportunity topropose and design a DTC based on the use of 3LVSIwith NPC structure to control the doubly fed induc-tion motor for the first time in the literature.The main contributions of this work are as follows:

� The new DTC switching tables of the DFIMconnected to two 3LVSIs with NPC structure isdesigned to give better performance, while retainingthe merits of the conventional DTC namelyrobustness and simplicity.

� The torque and flux ripples are reduced and theinverter switching frequency is mastered to limit thedifferent problems of DFIM (mechanical vibration,acoustic noises, heating, ageing…).

� The performance of the DFIM connected to two3LVSIs is compared to that of the DFIM connectedto two 2LVSIs so as to illustrate the improvementsmade.

This paper is structured as follows: section 2 pre-sents the dynamic modeling of DFIM. Section 3introduces the mathematical model of the three-levelinverter with NPC structure and describes the DTCtechnique of DFIM based on two switching tables andhysteresis controllers. In section 4, the simulationresults using the MATLAB/SIMULINK environmentare presented and analyzed. Finally, Section 5 con-cludes the paper giving some comments and futuredirections.

2 Modeling of the DFIMThe power supply of the doubly fed induction motor isassured by two 3LVSIs [15]. Figure 1 illustrates the syn-optic schema of the studied system.

In the literature, for a better representation of the be-havior of DFIM, it is necessary to use a specific and sim-ple model. The two-phase model (α,β) given by theConcordia transformation is largely used for directtorque control [16].The electric equations of DFIM in the reference frame

(α,β) are given by [17]:

� Stator voltages:

vsα ¼ Rs:isα þ dψsα

dt

vsβ ¼ Rs:isβ þdψsβ

dt

8><>: ð1Þ

� Rotor voltages:

vrα ¼ Rr :irα þ dψrα

dtþ ωm:ψrβ

vrβ ¼ Rr:irβ þdψrβ

dt−ωm:ψrα

8><>: ð2Þ

With: ωs−ωr ¼ ωm

The magnetic equations of DFIM in the referenceframe (α,β) are expressed by:

� Stator flux:

ψsα ¼ Lsisα þ Lm:irαψsβ ¼ Lsisβ þ Lm:irβ

�ð3Þ

� Rotor flux:

Fig. 1 Synoptic schema of studied system

El Ouanjli et al. Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems (2019) 4:17 of 9

ψrα ¼ Lrirα þ Lm:isαψrβ ¼ Lrirβ þ Lm:isβ

�ð4Þ

The electromagnetic torque expression of DFIM as afunction of the stator flux and stator currents is writtenas follows [18, 19]:

Tem ¼ p: ψsαisβ−ψsβisα� �

ð5Þ

The fundamental equation of dynamics is:

J :dΩdt

þ f :Ω ¼ Tem−Tr ð6Þ

3 Direct torque control strategy3.1 DTC strategy for the DFIM connected to two 2LVSIsThe principle of DTC is based on the direct regula-tion of the torque and flux of DFIM, by applying thedifferent voltage vectors of inverters (tow-level) [5].The choice of these vectors is made using twoswitching tables and the hysteresis regulators whoserole is to control the electromagnetic torque and fluxof the motor in a decoupled manner. The output of

these switching tables determines the optimal voltagevector of inverter to be applied at each switchinginstant.The vector voltage expression of each two-level in-

verter can be given in the form below [2]:

V ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2=3ð Þ:

pUdc: Sa þ Sbe

j2π=3ð Þ þ Scej4π=3ð Þ

� �ð7Þ

With: Sa, Sb, Sc are switching logic states.Figure 2 presents the set of voltage vectors delivered

by each inverter.In DTC, the accuracy of electromagnetic torque and

flux estimation is very important to ensure satisfactoryperformance. The stator and rotor flux are estimatedfrom the following eqs. [5]:

ψ̂s ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiψ̂2sα þ ψ̂2

sβ

qð8Þ

ψ̂r ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiψ̂2rα þ ψ̂2

rβ

qð9Þ

The electromagnetic torque is estimated from themeasured stator currents:

Tem ¼ p: ψrαirβ−ψrβirα� �

ð10Þ

With:

Fig. 2 Voltage vectors delivered by the two-level inverter

Table 1 Switching states of the two-level inverter

Flux 0 1

Torque − 1 0 1 −1 0 1

Sectors (Si) S1: [−30°, 30°] V5 V0 V3 V6 V7 V2

S2: [30°,90°] V6 V7 V4 V1 V0 V3

S3: [90°,150°] V1 V0 V5 V2 V7 V4

S4: [150°,210°] V2 V7 V6 V3 V0 V5

S5: [210°,270°] V3 V0 V1 V4 V7 V6

S6: [270°,330°] V4 V7 V2 V5 V0 V1

Fig. 3 Schema of three-level inverter with NPC structure

Table 2 Switching states of the three-level inverter

Switching states Sk1 Sk2 Sk3 Sk4 V

2 ON ON OF OF Udc/2

1 OF ON ON OF 0

0 OF OF ON ON -Udc/2


ψ̂sα ¼Zt0

vsα−Rs:isαð Þ:dt

ψ̂sβ ¼Zt0

vsβ−Rs:isβ� �

:dt

8>>>>>><>>>>>>:

ψ̂rα ¼Zt0

vrα−Rs:irαð Þ:dt

ψ̂rβ ¼Zt0

vrβ−Rs:irβ� �

:dt

8>>>>>><>>>>>>:

ð11ÞThe positions of stator and rotor flux are determined

by:

θs ¼ arctgψ̂sβ

ψ̂sα

!ð12Þ

θr ¼ arctgψ̂rβ

ψ̂rα

!ð13Þ

The estimated values of the electromagnetic torqueand flux are compared respectively to their referencevalues; the comparison results form the inputs ofhysteresis comparators [20]. The stator and rotor fluxare controlled using the two-level hysteresis compara-tors, while the electromagnetic torque is controlledusing a three-level hysteresis comparator. The flux space

is divided into six sectors of 60° each. The selection ofthe appropriate voltage vector is based on the controltable shown in Table 1 [7]. The inputs of this table arethe flux sector number and the outputs of hysteresiscomparators.

3.2 DTC strategy for the DFIM connected to two 3LVSIsThe development of speed control and DTC of doublyfed induction motors has favored the use of three-levelinverters. The increase in levels number of the latterproves to be a better solution in high power drives. Theinverter is made up of switching cells, generally withtransistors or GTO thyristors for large powers [21]. Inthis section, we present the study DFIM associated withtwo 3LVSIs with neutral point camped structure con-trolled by the DTC algorithm. Figure 3 illustrates thegeneral schema of 3LVSI with NPC structure; it is oneof the structures of three-level inverter. It has a lot ofadvantages, such as the higher number of voltage vectorsgenerated, less harmonic distortion and low switchingfrequency [22]. Each arm of the inverter consists of 4switches: Sk1, Sk2, Sk3, Sk4. The Sk1 and Sk2 have comple-mentary operation.On the control side, this converter topology offers the

following advantages: high number of freedom degreescompared to the two-level inverter and reduced outputcurrent ripples.The mathematical model of the 3LVSI is represented

by the following matrix [23]:

Va

Vb

V c

24

35 ¼ 1

3:Udc:

2 −1 −1−1 2 −1−1 −1 2

24

35: S11:S12−S13:S14

S21:S22−S23:S24S31:S32−S33:S34

24

35

ð14Þ

With:Va, Vb, Vc: Phase voltages.Ski: Switching state.Udc: DC bus voltage.Each arm of the three-level inverter has three switch-

ing states shown in Table 2.

Table 3 Voltage vectors associated with switching states

Vector voltage Symbol

Zero vectors V0, V7 and V14

Large vectors V15, V16, V17, V18, V19 and V20

Medium vectors V21, V22, V23, V24, V24, V25 and V26

Small vectors V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6, V8, V9, V10, V11, V12, V13

Fig. 4 Voltage vectors of three-level NPC inverter

Fig. 5 Hysteresis comparators used to control fluxand torque


The set of voltage vectors delivered by a three-level in-verter are shown in Table 3, they are divided into 4groups.The 3LVSI produces 27 voltage vectors; some of them

apply the same voltage vector. There are two possibleconfigurations for each small vector and three for thezero vectors. Therefore, 19 different vectors are availablein a three-level inverter [22]. The distribution of thesevoltage vectors in the reference frame (α, β) is shown inFig. 4.The estimated values of the torque and flux are respect-

ively compared to their reference values. The comparisonresults form the hysteresis regulators inputs. The statorand rotor flux are controlled using the three-level hyster-esis comparators, while the electromagnetic torque is con-trolled using a five-level hysteresis comparator (Fig. 5).The flux space is divided into 12 sectors of 30° each.In order to realize the direct control of flux and torque

of the DFIM connected to two three-level voltage in-verters with NPC structure, we need to develop theswitching table that optimizes the inverter possibilities.The construction of this table (Table 4) depends on thechoice of voltage vector applied to increase or decreasethe flux modulus and electromagnetic torque value.DTC scheme for the doubly fed induction motor con-

nected to two 3LVSIs is illustrated in Fig. 6.

4 Simulation results and discusionsThe direct torque control strategy of doubly fed induc-tion motor was validated by numerical simulation usingMATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The DFIM parame-ters used in the simulation are given in the Appendix.The main features of this simulation are summarized

as follows:

� The widths of the hysteresis bands:

ΔTem1 = ±0.02 N.m, ΔTem2 = ±0.04 N.m, Δψs = ±0.001N.m and Δψr = ±0.001 N.m.

� The sampling frequency: fs = 10 kHz.

The simulation results of the DTC strategy of DFIMpowered by two 2LVSIs are shown in Fig. 7.Figure 7a shows the motor rotation speed. The

speed reference changes from zero to 100 rad/s withspecific acceleration rate (500 rad/s2), then it reducesto − 100 rad/s at t = 1 s. It can be seen that the speedreference has been properly tracked without anyovershoot.The load torque, torque reference and motor torque

are represented in Fig. 7b. Here, the load torque is con-sidered as disturbance, and the control method musttrack the speed reference independent of the loadtorque. The load torque changes from 0 Nm to 10 Nmat t = 0.5 s, then it decreases to 5 Nm at t = 1.5 s. Theelectromagnetic torque tracks its reference. Moreover,this torque has more ripples of 2.632 Nm.Figure 7c and d show that the stator and rotor flux

modulus follows perfectly its reference (1Wb for statorflux, 0.5Wb for rotor flux), as well as the evolution of theseflux in (α,β) plan illustrated in Fig. 7e and f are perfectlycircular.Figure 7g represents the sectors repartition of stator

and rotor flux in (α,β) plan, which shows that the DTCtechnique principle using 2LVSIs is ensured.The stator and rotor currents of the DFIM are illus-

trated in Fig. 7h, the results show that the motor currentsare sinusoidal. The harmonic spectra analysis of these cur-rents is shown in Fig. 7i and j. Besides, the THD of stator

Table 4 Switching table

Flux 1 −1 0

Torque 2 1 0 -1 −2 2 1 0 −1 −2 2 1 0 −1 −2

Sectors (Si) S1: [−15°,15°] V21 V21 V0 V26 V26 V17 V3 V0 V5 V19 V22 V22 V0 V25 V25

S2: [15°,45°] V16 V2 V7 V1 V15 V23 V23 V7 V25 V25 V17 V3 V7 V6 V20












current isa is equal to 8.75% and THD of rotor current irais equal to 9.87%. The switching state of switch (Sa) of thetwo-level inverter is given in Fig. 7k. The switching fre-quency is variable, its average value is equal to 4 kHz.The simulation results of the DTC strategy of DFIM

connected to two 3LVSIs are shown in Fig. 8.The results show the high performance of proposed

method. From Fig. 8a, it can be seen that the rotationspeed track its reference without overshoot, with a verylow relative fall during the torque inversion, the releasetime is equal to 50 ms.Figure 8b clearly shows good torque dynamics which per-

fectly follow its steady state reference with a fast responsetime. Moreover, the torque has small ripples of 0.972Nm.From the analysis of Fig. 8c and d it follows that the statorand rotor flux modulus follows perfectly its reference withless ripples, as well as the evolution of these flux in (α,β)plan shown in Fig. 8e and f are perfectly circular.

Figure 8g represents the sectors repartition of thestator and rotor flux in (α,β) plan, there are 12 sectorswhich shows that the proposed method is ensured.The components of the stator and rotor currents in

reference frame (a,b,c) are shown in Fig. 8h, the motorcurrents are sinusoidal with a frequency proportional tothe reference speed. These currents respond effectivelyto the variations imposed by load torque. Furthermore,Fig. 8i and j present the harmonic spectra analysis of thestator and rotor currents absorbed by DFIM, the resultsindicate that the total harmonic distortions of these cur-rents are considerably reduced compared to the resultsobtained by DTC using 2LSVI (THD = 1.57% for statorcurrent isa, THD = 1.52% for rotor current ira). Theswitching state of three-level inverter is given in Fig. 8k,the switching frequency is almost constant around 2.9kHz, lower than that of DTC using 2LVSIs, which re-duces switching losses.

Fig. 6 DTC strategy of DFIM connected to two 3LVSIs


Table 5 summarizes the comparative study betweenthe two methods. The results of comparison show re-markable improvements obtained by DTC using 3LVSIs.These improvements include an important reduction influx and torque ripples, as well as a minimization in theharmonics of the stator and rotor currents. Therefore,the proposed method provides better performance com-pared to DTC using 2LVSIs.

5 ConclusionIn this paper, we have presented the direct torquecontrol for a doubly fed induction motor connectedto two three-level voltage source inverters with NPCstructure. The objective is to improve the motor per-formance. The DFIM modeling and DTC technicalusing 3LVSIs is developed in detail. Simulation results

of the proposed method are comparatively analyzedagainst conventional DTC using 2LVSIs to confirmthe effectiveness and superiority of the proposed con-trol. The results analysis shows that the DTC using3LVSIs provides better performance in terms ofminimization of torque and flux ripples andoptimization of currents distortion. This provides anopportunity for motor operation under minimumswitching loss and noise. The experimental validationof the proposed method on a dSPACE controllerboard is considered future work.

5.1 Methods/experimentalThis study presents a method for improving the per-formance of the direct torque control. The doubly fedinduction machine is used as a motor connected to two

Fig. 7 Simulation results of DTC using 2LVSIs: (a) Rotationspeed (b) Electromagnetic torque (c) Stator flux (d) Rotorflux (e) Stator flux trajectory (f) Rotor flux trajectory (g) statorand rotor flux sectors (h) Stator and rotor currents (i) FFTanalysis of stator current isa (j) FFT analysis of rotor current ira(k) Switching state Sa

Fig. 8 Simulation results of DTC using 3LVSIs: (a) rotationspeed (b) electromagnetic torque (c) Stator flux (d) Rotorflux (e) Stator flux trajectory (f) Rotor flux trajectory (g) Statorand rotor flux sectors (h) Stator and rotor currents (i) FFTanalysis of stator current isa (j) FFT analysis of rotor current ira(k) Switching state


three-level voltage source inverters. The system model-ing and control are implemented in Matlab/Simulink en-vironment. Comparison analysis of the proposed methodwith conventional DTC illustrates the advantages of thismethod.

6 Nomenclaturevs(α,β),vr(α,β) Stator and rotor voltages in the referenceframe (α,β).is(α,β), ir(α,β) Stator and rotor currents in the referenceframe (α,β).ψs(α,β), ψr(α,β) Stator and rotor flux in the reference frame(α,β).Rs, Rr Stator and rotor resistances.Ls, Lr Stator and rotor inductances.M Mutual inductance.P Pole pair number.ωs, ωr Stator and rotor pulsations.ω Mechanical pulsation.Tr Load torque.Tem Electromagnetic torque.Ω Rotation speed of the machine.J Moment of inertia.f Coefficient of viscous friction.θs, θr Position of the stator and rotor flux.Udc DC bus voltage.

Abbreviations2LVSI: Two-Level Voltage Source Inverter; 3LVSI: Three-Level Voltage SourceInverter; DFIM: Doubly Fed Induction Motor; DTC: Direct Torque Control;FOC: Field Oriented Control; IM: Induction Motor; NPC: Neutral PointClamped; PMSM: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor; SC: Scalar Control;THD: Total Harmonics Distortion

AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpfuland constructive comments that greatly contributed to improving the finalversion of the paper. They would also like to thank the Editors for theirgenerous comments and support during the review process.

Authors’ contributionsNE, AD and AE performed the study of the direct torque control strategies,MT and YM corresponding, engaged in modifying the paper and submittedit to the PCMP. BB, KM and YM checked the grammar and writing of thepaper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

FundingThe work is not supported by any funding agency. This is the authors ownresearch work.

Availability of data and materialsData sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated oranalyzed during the current study.

Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author details1Laboratory of Production Engineering, Energy and SustainableDevelopment, Higher School of Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben AbdellahUniversity, Fez, Morocco. 2Laboratory of Systems Integration and AdvancedTechnologies, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed BenAbdellah University, Fez, Morocco. 3Laboratory of Electrical Engineering andMaintenance, ESTO School of Technology, University Mohammed I, Oujda,Morocco.

Received: 27 November 2018 Accepted: 9 September 2019

References1. Takahashi, I., & Noguchi, T. (1986). A new quick-response and high-efficiency

control strategy of an induction motor. IEEE Transactions on IndustryApplications, 5, 820–827.

2. El Ouanjli, N., Derouich, A., El Ghzizal, A., Chebabhi, A., & Taoussi, M. (2017).A comparative study between FOC and DTC controls of the doubly fedinduction motor (DFIM). In International conference on electrical andinformation technologies: IEEE.

3. Reza, C. M. F. S., Islam, M. D., & Mekhilef, S. (2014). A review of reliable andenergy efficient direct torque controlled induction motor drives. Renewableand Sustainable Energy Review, 37, 919–932.

4. Sutikno, T., Idris, N. R. N., & Jidin, A. (2014). A review of direct torque controlof induction motors for sustainable reliability and energy efficient drives.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, 23, 548–558.

Table 5 Comparison between our proposal and DTC using 2LVSIs

DTC for DFIM connected to two 2LVSIs DTC for DFIM connected to two 3LVSIs Improvement (%)

Torque ripple (N.m) 2.612 0.982 62.40

Stator flux ripple (Wb) 0.07 0.02 71.42

Rotor flux ripple (Wb) 0.016 0.005 68.75

THD of stator current isa (%) 8.75 1.57 82.05

THD of rotor current ira (%) 9.87 1.52 84.59

switching frequency Variable frequency of 4 kHz Almost constant frequency of 2.9KHz Switching frequency is mastered

1 AppendixTable 6 Parameters of the DFIM

Variable Symbol Value (unit)

Nominal power Pm 1.5 kW

Frequency f 50 Hz

Pair pole number P 2

Stator inductance Ls 0.295 H

Rotor inductance Lr 0.104 H

Mutual inductance M 0.165 H

Stator resistance Rs 1.75Ω

Rotor resistance Rr 1.68Ω

Total viscous frictions f 0.0027 Kg.m2/s

Total inertia J 0.01 Kg.m2


5. El Ouanjli, N., Derouich, A., El Ghzizal, A., El Mourabit, Y., Bossoufi, B., &Taoussi, M. (2017). Contribution to the performance improvement of doublyfed induction machine functioning in motor mode by the DTC control.International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 8, 1117–1127.

6. Bonnet, F., Vidal, P. E., & Pietrzak-David, M. (2006). Direct torque control ofdoubly fed induction machine. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 54,307–314.

7. El Ouanjli, N., Motahhir, S., Derouich, A., El Ghzizal, A., Chebabhi, A., &Taoussi, M. (2019). Improved DTC strategy of doubly fed induction motorusing fuzzy logic controller. Energy Reports, 5, 271–279.

8. Zemmit, A., Messalti, S., & Harrag, A. (2016). Innovative improved directtorque control of doubly fed induction machine (DFIM) using artificialneural network (ANN-DTC). International Journal of Applied EngineeringResearch, 11(16), 9099–9105.

9. El-Saadawi, M., & Hatata, A. (2017). A novel protection scheme forsynchronous generator stator windings based on SVM. Protection andControl of Modern Power Systems, 2(1), 24.

10. El Ouanjli, N., Taoussi, M., Derouich, A., Chebabhi, A., El Ghzizal, A., &Bossoufi, B. (2018). High performance direct torque control of doubly fedinduction motor using fuzzy logic. Gazi University Journal of Science, 31(2),532–542.

11. Aissa, O., Moulahoum, S., Kabache, N., & Houassine, H. (2014). Improvementof DTC of induction motors by using a three-level inverter and fuzzy speedcontroller. In 22 nd Mediterranean conference of control and automation (pp.73–78).

12. Mohan, D., Zhang, X., & Foo, G. H. B. (2016). A simple duty cycle controlstrategy to reduce torque ripples and improve low-speed performance of athree-level inverter fed DTC IPMSM drive. IEEE Transactions on IndustrialElectronics, 64(4), 2709–2721.

13. Kiran, T. V., & Amarnath, J. (2012). A sliding mode controller based DTC of 3levels NPC inverter fed induction motor employing space vectormodulation technique. In International conference on advances inengineering, Science and Management (pp. 372–377).

14. Guven, S., Usta, M. A., & Okumus, H. I. (2018). An improved sensorless DTC-SVM for three-level inverter-fed permanent magnet synchronous motordrive. Electrical Engineering, 100(4), 2553–2567.

15. El Ouanjli, N., Derouich, A., El Ghzizal, A., Chebabhi, A., Taoussi, M., &Bossoufi, B. (2018). Direct torque control strategy based on fuzzy logiccontroller for a doubly fed induction motor. In IOP conference series: Earthand environmental science (Vol. 161, No. 1, p. 012004). IOP Publishing.

16. Ammar, A., Bourek, A., & Benakcha, A. (2017). Nonlinear SVM-DTC forinduction motor drive using input-output feedback linearization and highorder sliding mode control. ISA Transactions, 67, 428–442.

17. Boubzizi, S., Abid, H., & Chaabane, M. (2018). Comparative study of threetypes of controllers for DFIG in wind energy conversion system. Protectionand Control of Modern Power Systems, 3(1), 1–21.

18. Mensou, S., Essadki, O., Nasser, T., & Idrissi, B. B. (2017). An efficient nonlinearBackstepping controller approach of a wind power generation systembased on a DFIG. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 7(4),1520–1528.

19. Taoussi, M., Karim, M., Hammoumi, D., El Bekkali, C., Bossoufi, B., & El Ouanjli,N. (2017). Comparative study between Backstepping adaptive and field-oriented control of the DFIG applied to wind turbines. In AdvancedTechnologies for Signal and Image Processing.

20. El Ouanjli, N., Derouich, A., El Ghzizal, A., Motahhir, S., Chebabhi, A., ElMourabit, Y., & Taoussi, M. (2019). Modern improvement techniques ofdirect torque control for induction motor drives - a review. Protection andControl of Modern Power Systems, 4, 1–12.

21. Naas, B., Nezli, L., Naas, B., Mahmoudi, M. O., & Elbar, M. (2012). Direct torquecontrol based three level inverter-fed double star permanent magnetsynchronous machine. Energy Procedia, 18, 521–530.

22. Ben youssef, E., Meroufel, A., & Barkat, S. (2015). Three-level DTC based onfuzzy logic and neural network of Sensorless DSSM using extended Kalmanfilter. Int J Power Electron Drive Syst, 5(4), 453–463.

23. Ouboubker, L., Khafallah, M., Lamterkati, J., El Afia, A., & Chaikhy, H. (2016).Fuzzy logic control contribution to the direct torque control for three levelinverter fed induction machine. International Journal of Electrical & ComputerSciences, 16(1), 14–20.


direct torque control of doubly fed induction motor …...khalid mezioui3 and badre bossoufi2...

Documents