BARON HAUSSMANBARON HAUSSMAN

Baron HussmanBaron Hussman

Georges-Eugène Haussmann who called himself Baron Haussmann, was a french civic planner whose name is associated with the rebuilding of Paris. He was born in Paris to a Protestant family from Alsace.

Life History of Baron HusmmanLife History of Baron Husmman

The son of Nicolas Valentin Haussmann, a The son of Nicolas Valentin Haussmann, a negotiant, he was born in negotiant, he was born in ParisParis and educated at the and educated at the college Henri ivcollege Henri iv and subsequently studied law and subsequently studied law attending simultaneously the classes at the Paris attending simultaneously the classes at the Paris conservatory of music, for he was a conservatory of music, for he was a good musician.good musician. He became He became sous-préfetsous-préfet of of NeracNerac in 1830 and in 1830 and advanced rapidly in the civil service until in 1853 he advanced rapidly in the civil service until in 1853 he was chosen by Persigny prefect of the was chosen by Persigny prefect of the Senie Senie department in succession to , who hesitated to incur department in succession to , who hesitated to incur the vast expenses of the imperial schemes for the the vast expenses of the imperial schemes for the embellishment of Paris. embellishment of Paris.

► Napoleon iii to instigate a program of planning Napoleon iii to instigate a program of planning reforms in Paris.reforms in Paris.

► Haussmann laid out the Haussmann laid out the Bois de BoulogneBois de Boulogne, and , and made extensive improvements in the smaller parks.made extensive improvements in the smaller parks.

► The gardens of the The gardens of the Luxembourg PalaceLuxembourg Palace ( (Luxembourg GardenLuxembourg Garden) were cut down to allow of the ) were cut down to allow of the formation of new streets.formation of new streets.

► The southern half of which is now the The southern half of which is now the Boulevard St MichelBoulevard St Michel, was driven through a populous , was driven through a populous district. Additional, sweeping changes made wide "district. Additional, sweeping changes made wide "boulevardsboulevards" of hitherto narrow streets." of hitherto narrow streets.

► A new water supply, a gigantic system of sewers, A new water supply, a gigantic system of sewers, new bridges, new bridges, the opera housethe opera house, and other public , and other public buildings buildings

Transformation of ParisTransformation of Paris in in 1919ththcentcent

► Haussmann's plan for Paris Haussmann's plan for Paris inspired some of the most inspired some of the most important architectural important architectural movements including the movements including the City Beautiful MovementCity Beautiful Movement in in the United States. In fact, the United States. In fact, renowned American renowned American architect Daniel Burnham architect Daniel Burnham borrowed liberally from borrowed liberally from Haussmann's plan and even Haussmann's plan and even incorporated the diagonal incorporated the diagonal street designs in his 1909 street designs in his 1909 Plan of Chicago. Cities like Plan of Chicago. Cities like London and Moscow also London and Moscow also have Haussmann influences have Haussmann influences in their city plans .in their city plans .

► Baron Haussman, the man Baron Haussman, the man responsible for the responsible for the transformation of the capital city transformation of the capital city into the magnificent into the magnificent “City of “City of Light. “Light. “

► Modern Paris is a result of Modern Paris is a result of urban transformation. For urban transformation. For centuries this city was a centuries this city was a labyrinth of narrow streets with labyrinth of narrow streets with houses made one part wooden houses made one part wooden beams, and one part stone or beams, and one part stone or brick, until in the brick, until in the mid 19th mid 19th centurycentury, baron Haussmann , baron Haussmann changed the changed the face of the cityface of the city converting many old districts converting many old districts into modern ones, with into modern ones, with neoclassicist buildingsneoclassicist buildings and long and long avenues. State of the art avenues. State of the art skyscrapers skyscrapers were added later were added later as an addition to the as an addition to the modernization of the city. modernization of the city.

Famous Landmark of parisFamous Landmark of paris

► The The Eiffel TowerEiffel Tower is the most famous landmark of Paris. The world is the most famous landmark of Paris. The world famous tower, 324 meters tall, can be seen from almost all parts of the famous tower, 324 meters tall, can be seen from almost all parts of the city. It was built in 1889 as a temporary structure for the Internationalcity. It was built in 1889 as a temporary structure for the International

► Another world famous landmark of the city is the Another world famous landmark of the city is the Arc de TriompheArc de Triomphe or or the Triumphant Arch, raised after the Triumphant Arch, raised after Napoleon’s victoryNapoleon’s victory in the battle of in the battle of AusterlitzAusterlitz. the Triumphant Arch is the starting point for numerous . the Triumphant Arch is the starting point for numerous parades, going down the Elysium Fields and one of the parades, going down the Elysium Fields and one of the best placesbest places to to greet the New Year in Paris.greet the New Year in Paris.

► On a small island On a small island Île de la CitéÎle de la Cité in the middle of Seine river, a gothic in the middle of Seine river, a gothic cathedral Notre Dame de Paris was built also famous for its homely cathedral Notre Dame de Paris was built also famous for its homely tenant – tenant – the Hunchbackthe Hunchback. At the square in front of the cathedral stands . At the square in front of the cathedral stands the Kilometer Zero, the starting point for calculating road distances in the Kilometer Zero, the starting point for calculating road distances in

FranceFrance . .

Monuments Monuments

► A number of monuments familiar A number of monuments familiar to the visitor today were built to the visitor today were built before 1800. Except for the before 1800. Except for the Château des Tuileries, burned Château des Tuileries, burned down in 1871 and never rebuilt, down in 1871 and never rebuilt, all these monuments exist today. all these monuments exist today. Their settings however have Their settings however have been radically changed. been radically changed.

► Place des VosgesPlace des Vosges ► L’Opéra (Charles Garnier) L’Opéra (Charles Garnier) ► Le Palais-Royal Le Palais-Royal ► Le Panthéon Le Panthéon ► Place VendômePlace Vendôme► Le Petit Palais Le Petit Palais

MADELEINE

Opera paris

VERSAILLES

Place Vendome

Palais-Royal

Louis-Napoleon BonaparteLouis-Napoleon Bonaparte

► Napoleon's nephew became emperor on Napoleon's nephew became emperor on December 2December 2, , 18521852, , Napoléon IIINapoléon III decided decided to modernise Paris after seeing to modernise Paris after seeing LondonLondon, , a city transformed by the a city transformed by the Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution, which offered large , which offered large public parks and a complete public parks and a complete sewersewer system. Inspired by Rambuteau's ideas..system. Inspired by Rambuteau's ideas..

► But Napoleon III still had to find a man But Napoleon III still had to find a man capable of carrying out a project of such capable of carrying out a project of such magnitude. He found such a man in magnitude. He found such a man in Georges Eugène HaussmannGeorges Eugène Haussmann, a man of , a man of action and rigour, known for being action and rigour, known for being methodical, and he nominated him methodical, and he nominated him Prefect of the Seine in 1853Prefect of the Seine in 1853

► Haussmann emphasised the Haussmann emphasised the fundamental role of the Parisfundamental role of the Paris Map Map services, led by the architect services, led by the architect Deschamps "geometry and graphic Deschamps "geometry and graphic design play a more important role than design play a more important role than architecture itself“.architecture itself“.

Plan of ParisPlan of Paris

Growth of CityGrowth of CitySometimes also says that The Haussmann and the creation of Modern ParisSometimes also says that The Haussmann and the creation of Modern Paris..

• The city of Paris literally evolved from a kernel—the Ile de la Cité in the middle of the Seine .• The growth of Paris is delineated as a series of fortifications and ramparts. • The rapid expansion of the city in the 18th and 19th centuries by noting the amount of land incorporated in the next two, successive, placing of city limits.• The famous « barriers » of the Fermiers-Généraux— 57 toll gates —were erected from 1784 to 1791 to enclose a city that now extended from the Observatoire to the south, to the villages of Passy in the West .• Under Napoléon III in the second half of the 19th century, we have the city limits of Paris today.

Haussmann's plan for ParisHaussmann's plan for Paris ► Haussmann's renovation of ParisHaussmann's renovation of Paris in the 1860s in the 1860s

ideals changed from those of a politically motivated ideals changed from those of a politically motivated city to those of an economically and socially city to those of an economically and socially centered city. Modern technology such as railroads centered city. Modern technology such as railroads and gas lamps were conveniences which the rising and gas lamps were conveniences which the rising bourgeoisie could enjoy in their leisurely lifestyle. bourgeoisie could enjoy in their leisurely lifestyle.

► There are There are two views of Baron Haussmanntwo views of Baron Haussmann: One : One depicts him as the man who destroyed depicts him as the man who destroyed Old ParisOld Paris, , and the other as the man who and the other as the man who created New Pariscreated New Paris. .

► Georges-Eugène Haussmann was hired by Georges-Eugène Haussmann was hired by Napoleon III on Napoleon III on 22 June22 June 18521852 to "modernize" Paris. to "modernize" Paris. He hoped in hiring Haussmann that Paris could be He hoped in hiring Haussmann that Paris could be moulded into a city with safer streets, better moulded into a city with safer streets, better housing, more sanitary, hospitable, shopper-housing, more sanitary, hospitable, shopper-friendly communities, better traffic flow, and, last friendly communities, better traffic flow, and, last but not least, streets too broad but not least, streets too broad

Some ExamplesSome Examples► Haussman's plan included uniform Haussman's plan included uniform

building heights, grand boulevards, and building heights, grand boulevards, and anchoring elements including the anchoring elements including the Arc de Arc de TriompheTriomphe and the and the Grand Opera HouseGrand Opera House. .

► Napoléon III and Haussmann covered the Napoléon III and Haussmann covered the town with prestigious edifices. town with prestigious edifices. Charles GarnierCharles Garnier constructed the constructed the OpéraOpéra Garnier Garnier in an in an eclecticeclectic style and style and Gabriel Gabriel DavioudDavioud designed two symmetric designed two symmetric theatres on the Place du theatres on the Place du ChâteletChâtelet. . L'Hôtel-Dieu, the prison of the Cité (and L'Hôtel-Dieu, the prison of the Cité (and future police headquarters.future police headquarters.

► They took care to set these monuments They took care to set these monuments in the town by creating vast in the town by creating vast perspectives. For example the perspectives. For example the Avenue de Avenue de l'Opéral'Opéra offers a great frame offers a great frame for the edifice of the Opera Garnier, for the edifice of the Opera Garnier, while the houses that prevented while the houses that prevented contemplation of the cathedral of contemplation of the cathedral of Notre-DameNotre-Dame gave way to a great open gave way to a great open space.space.

Landscaping Landscaping ► Green spaces in Paris were Green spaces in Paris were

rare. Having visited and rare. Having visited and enjoyed the beautiful and enjoyed the beautiful and plentiful London parks, plentiful London parks, Napoléon III hired engineer Napoléon III hired engineer Jean-Charles Jean-Charles AlphandAlphand, , Haussmann's future successor, Haussmann's future successor, to create expansive parks and to create expansive parks and green spaces. On the east and green spaces. On the east and west borders of the city, you west borders of the city, you could find the could find the bois de Boulognebois de Boulogne and the and the bois de Vincennesbois de Vincennes, , respectively. In the , the Parc respectively. In the , the Parc des Buttes Chaumont, the parc des Buttes Chaumont, the parc Monceau, and the parc Monceau, and the parc Montsouris offered citizens Montsouris offered citizens beautiful scenery and a place to beautiful scenery and a place to relax and be with nature. Also, relax and be with nature. Also, in each district were built, and in each district were built, and trees were planted along trees were planted along avenues avenues

Modern public facilitiesModern public facilities

► Modern Sewer Modern Sewer SystemSystem : :One of Haussmann's One of Haussmann's first priorities was the purification and first priorities was the purification and decontamination of the city's water. At decontamination of the city's water. At the time, Parisians still used water the time, Parisians still used water carriers, and were allowed only 2 1/2 carriers, and were allowed only 2 1/2 liters of water per day. There existed a liters of water per day. There existed a sewer system, but it was ancient, and sewer system, but it was ancient, and only extended for 160 kilometers. An only extended for 160 kilometers. An engineer, Eugene Belgrand, was engineer, Eugene Belgrand, was named by Haussmann to be Director named by Haussmann to be Director of Water and Sewers of Paris. of Water and Sewers of Paris.

Department Stores of the Boulevard Department Stores of the Boulevard

HaussmannHaussmann

► The middle of the The middle of the 1919thth century century marked marked the beginning of the French modern the beginning of the French modern commercial era, and the commercial era, and the creation creation of of large departmentlarge department stores went hand in stores went hand in hand with the "hand with the "Haussmannisation"Haussmannisation" of of the capital. the capital.

► Jules JaluzotJules Jaluzot,, a previous employee of a previous employee of the Bon Marché, which had been the the Bon Marché, which had been the first department store in the world first department store in the world

► Napoleon III style buildings, Parisians Napoleon III style buildings, Parisians were shocked to see a building being were shocked to see a building being erected with a Renaissance style dome, erected with a Renaissance style dome, large bay windows, revolving doors, an large bay windows, revolving doors, an imposing staircase and counters made imposing staircase and counters made from polished wood.from polished wood.

Paris become ImperialParis become Imperial

► The urbanization and modernization of Paris was a The urbanization and modernization of Paris was a priority of Napoleon III. He considered himself invested priority of Napoleon III. He considered himself invested with an imperial mission, and like his illustrious uncle with an imperial mission, and like his illustrious uncle before him, Napoleon I, he wanted to respect the before him, Napoleon I, he wanted to respect the traditions of the sovereign builders. He carefully traditions of the sovereign builders. He carefully rendered rendered detailed plansdetailed plans for the development and for the development and modernization of Parismodernization of Paris, taking care to integrate not , taking care to integrate not only aesthetic principles, but also political, only aesthetic principles, but also political, strategic strategic and social onesand social ones. During only twenty-five years, Paris . During only twenty-five years, Paris had suffered nine uprisings. had suffered nine uprisings. Napoleon IIINapoleon III had had witnessed how easily the narrow streets had been witnessed how easily the narrow streets had been barricaded against him. Hoping to ease the movement barricaded against him. Hoping to ease the movement of the cavalry if another conflict arose, as well as of the cavalry if another conflict arose, as well as considering the dimensions of the steering locks for considering the dimensions of the steering locks for the horse drawn artillery, Napoleon III carefully the horse drawn artillery, Napoleon III carefully calculated the width of the avenues based on these calculated the width of the avenues based on these factors, as well factors, as well as aestheticas aesthetic ones. He also wished to ones. He also wished to ease the destitution of the ease the destitution of the ParisianParisian . .

Haussmann the Destroyer of Haussmann the Destroyer of ParisParis

► Because of Haussmannization, the 1860's Because of Haussmannization, the 1860's was a time of intense upheaval in Paris. was a time of intense upheaval in Paris. Many Parisians were troubled by the Many Parisians were troubled by the destruction of old roots.destruction of old roots.

► Historian Robert Herbert asserts that the Historian Robert Herbert asserts that the impressionist movement depicted this loss impressionist movement depicted this loss of connection in such paintings as of connection in such paintings as Manet's Manet's "Bar at Folies"Bar at Folies," 1882. ," 1882.

► The subject of the painting is talking to a The subject of the painting is talking to a man, seen in the mirror behind her, but man, seen in the mirror behind her, but seems seems unengagedunengaged. According to Herbert, . According to Herbert, this is a symptom of living in Paris at this this is a symptom of living in Paris at this time: the citizens became detached from time: the citizens became detached from one another The continuous destruction of one another The continuous destruction of physical Paris led to a destruction of social physical Paris led to a destruction of social Paris as well. Paris as well.

► Haussmann was also criticized for the Haussmann was also criticized for the immense cost of his project. immense cost of his project. Napoleon III Napoleon III fired Haussmannfired Haussmann on January 5, 1870, in on January 5, 1870, in order to increase the approval ratings of order to increase the approval ratings of the regimethe regime..

"Bar at Folies", Manet, 1881-82

Haussmann the HeroHaussmann the Hero► The image above was taken by The image above was taken by

Charles Marville for Baron Charles Marville for Baron Haussmann's City Council Permanent Haussmann's City Council Permanent Subcommittee on Historic Works. Subcommittee on Historic Works.

► The purpose of this committee was to The purpose of this committee was to record Old Paris for the city archives, record Old Paris for the city archives, as well as to survey the city and mark as well as to survey the city and mark areas to be renovated. The street in areas to be renovated. The street in the photograph is the the photograph is the Rue EstienneRue Estienne..

► It is narrow, damp, and dirty. There It is narrow, damp, and dirty. There are no sidewalks, which would have are no sidewalks, which would have discouraged potential customers from discouraged potential customers from frequenting the shops which line the frequenting the shops which line the street on either side. In the street on either side. In the background, one can see more background, one can see more refuse, which has made the street refuse, which has made the street impassible. impassible.

► Haussmann destroyed streets like Haussmann destroyed streets like this one, in favor of wider, and better this one, in favor of wider, and better ventilated streets which would ventilated streets which would encourage upper bourgeois encourage upper bourgeois strolling.strolling.

Haussmann legacyHaussmann legacy ► The Baron Haussmann's transformations to Paris brought a real The Baron Haussmann's transformations to Paris brought a real

improvement to the quality of life in the Capital. Disease epidemics improvement to the quality of life in the Capital. Disease epidemics ceased, traffic circulation improved and new buildings are better-built ceased, traffic circulation improved and new buildings are better-built and more functional than their predecessors.and more functional than their predecessors.

► The end of "pure Haussmannism" 1882 and 1884 urban legislation The end of "pure Haussmannism" 1882 and 1884 urban legislation that broke with the uniformity of the classical street, in permitting that broke with the uniformity of the classical street, in permitting staggered facades and the staggered facades and the first fantasy roof-level architecture.first fantasy roof-level architecture.

► After Napoleon III, the rise of a new voluntarist Cinquième République After Napoleon III, the rise of a new voluntarist Cinquième République opened a new era of Parisian urbanism. The new era rejected opened a new era of Parisian urbanism. The new era rejected Haussmanniian ideas as a whole to embrace those represented by Haussmanniian ideas as a whole to embrace those represented by architects such as Le Corbusier in abandoning unbroken street-side architects such as Le Corbusier in abandoning unbroken street-side facades, limitations in building size and dimension, and even facades, limitations in building size and dimension, and even abandoning the street itself to automobiles with the creation of abandoning the street itself to automobiles with the creation of separated, car-free spaces between the buildings for pedestrians.separated, car-free spaces between the buildings for pedestrians.

► Haussmannian RevolutionHaussmannian Revolution" because, for the first time " because, for the first time in history ,under an emperor's impetus, a single man in history ,under an emperor's impetus, a single man had the vision, had the vision, willpower and stamina to systematically willpower and stamina to systematically modernize and embellish a city on such a massive modernize and embellish a city on such a massive scope.scope.

► As with most change, this As with most change, this transformation broughttransformation brought about about criticism criticism and and painpain. People mourned the loss of . People mourned the loss of old monuments.old monuments.

► The entire world -- The entire world -- Parisians and touristsParisians and tourists alike -- to alike -- to enjoy the ever magnificent enjoy the ever magnificent CITY OF LIGHT!CITY OF LIGHT!