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httpslidepdfcomreaderfull9573-15742-1-pbpdf 140

Renaissance and Reormaion Renai ssance e Reacuteorme 302 Springprinemps 20063

Language Race and Church Reorm Erasmusrsquo De reca pronuniaione and Ciceronianus

983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150Universiy o Saskachewan

L991257examen des volumes des eacutediions Froben qui coniennen le dialogue causique duCiceronianus sug gegravere qu991257Eacuterasme e ses imprimeurs reacutepondaien agrave des ataques ia-liennes e espagnoles dirigeacutees conre les conribuions rheacutenanes en recherche biblique e

parisique L991257eacutediion de mars 983089983093983090983096 e sa reacutevision d991257ocobre 983089983093983090983097 mars 983089983093983091983088 s991257ouvren sur

le dialogue De reca Laini Graecique sermonis pronuniaione dialogus dans lequel Eacuterasme surpasse les eacuteudes sur la prononciaion des langues anciennes effecueacutees par leshumanises ayan collaboreacute avec les Presses Aldine enre aures Girolamo Aleandro Lareacutevision de mars 983089983093983090983097 a eacuteeacutee publieacute rapidemen avec ses Colloquia en mars 983089983093983090983097 par leseacutediions Froben en reacuteponse agrave la reacuteacion fanccedilaise D991257aures ouvrages reconnaissan laconribuion d991257humanises germaniques faisan parie du cercle d991257Eacuterasme accompa- gnen chaque eacutediion du Ciceronianus L991257eacutediion d991257ocobre 983089983093983090983097 ajoue eacutegalemen uneletre adresseacutee agrave Karel Uuenhove de Gand dans laquelle Eacuterasme fai allusion agrave d991257aureshumanises imporans qui le souiennen en Europe de l991257Angleerre agrave l991257Ialie KarelUuenhove avai aideacute Eacuterasme agrave gagner la aveur du ciceacuteronien Piero Bembo agrave Padouee Venise Consideacutereacutes ensemble ces deux dialogues e les aures documens annexeacutesconsiuen un maniese du programme reacuteormaeur d991257Eacuterasme ainsi qu991257un plaidoyeradresseacute agrave l991257Eacuteglise a1047297n qu991257elle modi1047297e son atiude neacutegaive envers la laquo Germanie raquo equ991257elle reacutesolve le schisme en cours en reacuteajusan son approche des langues anciennes ec-cleacutesiasiques e inernaionales que son le grec e le lain Il propose de ne pas disinguerles barbares du nord d991257un club d991257eacutelie de ciceacuteroniens ialiens e propose que les savanschreacuteiens devraien pluocirc modi1047297er la Babel europeacuteenne des dialeces lains e grecs e

promouvoir l 991257unieacute de l 991257Eacuteglise agrave ravers la ransmission agrave la geacuteneacuteraion suivane d991257une prononciaion ancienne resaureacutee

In March 1528 he 1047297rm o Froben published a Basel a ldquoa volumerdquo (464 pages)consising o wo dialogues by Erasmus and ldquoa considerable number o very

minor pieces in Greek and Lain by various handsrdquo1

described on he ile page asnew Cum aliis nonnullis quorum nihil non es novum Tey include ribues by vari-ous scholars o associaes o Erasmus who had died wihin he previous en years

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4 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150

(Johann Froben d 26 Ocober 1527 Bruno Amerbach d 22 Ocober 1519 Maaren

van Dorp d 31 May 1525 and Jacob Volkaerd d beore March 1528) ollowed by arecenly discovered oraion o Rodolphus Agricola2 Te wo dialogues De reca

Laini Graecique sermonis pronuniaione dialogus and Ciceronianus have been con-sidered imporan by scholars rom Erasmusrsquo ime o he presen he 1047297rs as a learned

reconsrucion o he ancien pronunciaion o Greek and Lain and as a winess oErasmusrsquo knowledge o vernacular languages he second as a conribuion o heRenaissance conroversy over he imiaion o Lain models especially Cicero Tegenesis o De reca pronuniaione has been ound in Erasmusrsquo annoaions on heNew esamen and boh dialogues have been relaed individually o he religiousconroversies in which he had become embroiled3

Wh ile he secondary bibliography on each dialogue is hereore subsan ial

he relaion beween he wo dialogues and he role hey play in he volume as a whole have received comparaively l itle atenion4 Erasmus and his publishersofen seleced or wroe leters poems and oher occasional works o rame he majorproducs o heir scholarly collaboraion bu scholars have only jus begun o ex plore

heir sraegies o sel-presenaion in par because modern criical ediions remove

works rom heir original conexs o rearrange hem by chronology discipline orgenre5 Sudying as pars o collecions he 1047297rs and subsequen ediions o Erasmusrsquo

De reca pronuniaione and Ciceronianus proves ruiul Te wo dialogues and ap-pended minor works orm a complex inerexual web o commenary and debaeon cenral issues o humanis scholarship and Church reorm while sairizing Ialianhubris ha would dismiss as ldquobarbaricrdquo he conribuions o norhern Europeans

paricularly hose whose 1047297rs languages were Germanic Changes o boh majorand minor works in subsequen ediions appear o srenghen he response haErasmus and his colleagues were making o criicism o heir biblical scholarship

by Church leaders especial ly in Ialy and Spain6 No jus he dialogues bu all he works included should be read ogeher agains he background o he religious

conroversies ha plagued Erasmus during he las wo decades o his lie Teyamoun o a manieso o he Erasmian program o reorm as well as a plea o heChurch o amend is divisive atiudes oward ldquoGermaniardquo and o heal he currenschism by revising is approach o humanis resoraion o Greek and Lain hais o he languages a once ancien ecclesiasical and inernaional Insead odisinguishing an eliis club o Ciceronian Ialians rom norhern barbarians

Chrisian scholars should amend he European Babel o Greek and Lain dialecs

by eaching resored ancien pronunciaion o he nex generaion

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Language Race and Church Reorm 5

John J Baeman has argued or he inegriy o he 1047297rs ediion o De reca

pronuniaione and Ciceronianus rom a careul examinaion o he ypographicalevidence He concludes ha he volume was careully planned wih major divisions

beginning ldquoon he righ-hand page even when his mean some specia l adjusmensin composiionrdquo and ldquoa common ile page or all he conens o he book wih noevidence o cancellaion or o posponemen o he ypeseting o he iniial gah-eringrdquo Manuscrip copy or all excep perhaps Erasmusrsquo survey o conemporaryauhors in Ciceronianus mus have been ready beore prining began Erasmus saw he

volume hrough he press wih hree brie inerrupions in prining7 Furhermore

ldquoSince Agricolarsquos oraion akes up an enire gahering (Sig F) i is no simply 1047297llerused o round ou a book bu evidence o he sinceriy o Erasmusrsquo eelings abou

Agricola and o his desire o see all o Agricolarsquos wrii ngs publishedrdquo8 During he

summer o 1528 Erasmus heard rom Louis de Berquin and Germain de Brie abouFrench ury over his 1047297cional Ciceronian Nosoponusrsquo disparagemen o heir greahumanis Guillaume Budeacute in comparison wih he scholar-priner Josse Bade oGhen Baeman atribues o his French reacion he publicaion o ldquoa rapidly revised

ediion o he Ciceronianus which was atached o a new ediion o he Colloquia being published by he Froben house in March 1529rdquo9 Erasmusrsquo concern abou

French anger mus also have been complicaed as we shall see by his engagemenin religious conroversy wih he Sorbonne and wih Albero Pio Prince o Carpi

who by 1529 had setled in Pa ris ol lowing he Sack o Rome in 1527 Alhough hesecond ediion o Ciceronianus appeared wih he Colloquia in Ocober 1529 heFroben press once again published he dialogues ogeher wih Erasmusrsquo urher

revisions o boh A kinship beween he dialogues is implied by heir iles Pronuniaio is arheorical erm or delivery o an oraion so Erasmus is reerring o more han

ldquopronunciaionrdquo o a language here and he subile o Ciceronianus sive De opimo genere dicendi means lierally ldquoOn he bes kind o speakingrdquo ha is syle or in

rheoric elocuio When he dedicaee o Ciceronianus Johann van Vlaten sen heauhor a silver cup in hanks Erasmus blamed he priners or publicaion o his

work wih De reca pronuniaione raher han separaely as such a paron migh eelhe deserved10 However in anoher leter o Vlaten added o he second ediiono Ciceronianus Erasmus expressed surprise a he differen recep ions o he wodialogues which he described as wins11 Baeman would have us ldquoake wih a grain

o salrdquo Erasmusrsquo iniial disclaimer o responsibiliy or he join publicaion Ciing

as evidence a passage in De reca pronuniaione he obser ves ha ldquoor Erasmushelliphe way one spoke was somehing which could no be separaed rom he way one

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6 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

wroe and boh in urn rom he way one l ivedhellip Foolish wriing and deecive

pronunciaion are alike varieies o he same pesilence and require similar curesrdquo12 Indeed he anima l inerlocuors o De reca pronuniaione see linguisic excellence

as de1047297ning humaniy Moreover in Erasmusrsquo religious works rheoric is cenral oChrisian heology and Church reorm13

Erasmian Teology in a Divided Europe

Debaes abou correc speaking o he ancien languages Greek and Lain wen ohe very hear o heological debae and he Papacyrsquos claim o spiriual supremacyBaeman races he genesis o De reca pronuniaione o Erasmusrsquo annoaions onhe New esamen In he 1047297rs ediion (Basel Johann Froben 1516) Erasmus

akes occasion in a noe on he Vulgae spelling ldquoParacliusrdquo in John 1426 o makeun o Chrisians who are overly scrupulous abou canonical prayers bu who

neverheless ldquochea Godrsquos ears o wo whole syllablesrdquo when hey mispronounce

ldquoKyrie eleesonrdquo In revising his noe in 1518 Erasmus becomes more serious abouhe issue o pronunciaion and in he ourh ediion (March 1527) he ldquoadds a dozensenences which repor virually he conen o he secion on pronunciaion in heDialoguerdquo14 Te issue o pronunciaion came up also in Erasmusrsquo conroversy wih

Jacques Masson over he li nguisic raining o heologia ns when he humaniss oLouvain were rying o ound he Collegium rilingue Reviewing works rom he

beginning o Erasmusrsquo career Baeman shows ha he learned Duchman considered

himsel a descenden o he barbarians who had desroyed he Roman Empire ook

responsibiliy or he inadequacies o conemporary European sociey and workedor is reorm hrough resoraion o he ancien languages However being Lainus

by scholarship and no by birh he was sensiive o he auns o Ialians who ldquoofenhus disinguished hemselves rom he haed Germansrdquo15

Erasmusrsquo collaboraion wih he Froben press o publish an ediion o he Newesamen ed Europersquos naional rivalries Consising o he ediio princeps o heGreek ex a revised version o he Vulgae and annoaions he Froben ediiono 1516 compeed wih wo oher ediions engaging he scholarship o humanisheologians in Spain and Ialy Firs he Compluensian Polyglo New esamenprepared a Alcalaacute under he direcion o Cardinal Francisco Jimeacutenez de Cisneroshad been prined in 1514 bu was no circulaed unil i received papal approval in1520 Second an ediion planned by he Aldine press was published 1047297nally in 151816 S Diane Shaw hinks ha Erasmus may originally have inended or Aldus he

noes or a biling ual Greek-Lain New esamen ha he had prepared in England

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primarily a Cambridge beween his reurn rom Ialy in 1509 and his r ip up he

Rhein in 151417 Wheher or no he planned desinaion o his 1514 rip was Ialyhe priners o souhern Germany convinced him o work wih hem insead

Lisa Jardine emphasizes he role ha he Srasbourg sodalias lieraria led by Jakob Wimpeling played in ha process Wimpelingrsquos comparios rom Seacutelesa991252Beaus Rhenanus and he pri ner Mathias Schuumlrer991252were members o his l ierarysociey Wimpelingrsquos preace o he reader on he ile page o he 1047297rs ediion o Moriae encomium (Srasbourg Mathias Schuumlrer 1511) ldquocelebraes Erasmus as alsquoGermanrsquordquo as does his leter in he same volume o Erasmus ldquoGerman o GermanTeologian o Teologian Suden o eacherrdquo (Germanus Germano TeologoTeologus Discipulus Precepori) a he end o his ediion18 Beaus conradics

French claims o culural superioriy by praising Erasmus as German in a preaory

leter o a 1512 Schuumlrer ediion o Gregory o Nyssa ldquoNor do we lack men here whohave overcome heir barbariy by covering i wih he splendor o Laini yGermaniainferior indeed possesses Erasmus o Roterdam who is an ousanding praciioner

o boh Lain and Greek even i he is unreasonably atached o France and persissobsinaely in depriving us o he credirdquo19 In 1513 Schuumlrer reprined De copia wih apreace by he younger Sebasian Murrho ldquocelebraing Erasmus as he 1047297rs masero eloquence o give Germany an equal o Cicero and Demoshenesrdquo20

Wimpeling and his humanis circle enhusiasica lly received and hosed

Erasmus in 1514 In urn Erasmus revised or Schuumlrer he Moriae encomium and Decopia and gave him he 1047297rs ediion o Parabolae dedicaing i o Pieer Gillis ( Ep312 ) In he leter dedicaing De copia o Schuumlrer Erasmus reminds he Srasbourgpublisher ha he is eagerly awaiing he works o he 1047297feenh-cenury Frisian

humanis Rodolphus Agricola21 De copia and Parabolae were prined ogeherseparaed by an episolary exchange beween Erasmus and Wimpeling in which

Jardine argues ldquoErasmus elaboraed he Germanus complimen rom Wimpelingino a ull-blown rameworkrdquo or he volume as a ldquosaged geographical evenrdquo Many

laer ediions o De copia would reprin Erasmusrsquo leter o Wimpel ing addressedldquoGerman o German Teologian o Teologian he Mos Tirsy o he Mos

Skilled in Letersrdquo Germanus Germano Teologus Teologo Lierarum Scienissimo Lierarum Siieni ssimus22

Jus up he Rhein a Basel Bruno Amerbach prepared a reprin o he 1047297rs edi-ion o Erasmusrsquo Adagia (Venice Aldus 1508) published Augus 1513 wih a preacesigned by he priner Johann Froben bu probably writen by Bruno himsel Te

volumersquos ile page describes Erasmus as ldquoGermaniae decorrdquo Even hough his ediion was unauhorized he qualiy o he publicaion seems o have impressed Erasmus

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8 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

Froben had excellen Greek ype and he experise o he Amerbach brohers

educaed in Lain Greek and Hebrew Teir aher he priner Johann Amerbach(ca 1443ndash25 December 1513) had prepared hem well o work on he ediion o heChurch Fahers ha he began Froben was coninuing he projec and Erasmushad ediorial conribuions on he leters o his beloved S Jerome o offer BeausRhenanus was also prepared o work wih hi m a Basel23 James D racy suggessha only on his 1514 journey up he R hein did Erasmus realize how enhusiasically

his works were being read in Germany Tus Erasmus a naive o lower Germania chose in upper Germania o become a German24

Surprisingly he 1047297rs published conroversy over he Froben New esamencame no rom Spain or Ialy bu rom Louvain Even beore he Basel ediio princeps

appeared Maaren van Dorp wroe Erasmus in lae 1514 or early 1515 o discourage

his plans or publishing correcions o he Vulgae and o ouline objecions o heLouvain heologians o Moriae encomium Allen noes ha Erasmusrsquo reply ldquoormedone o he pieces regularly prined wih he Moriae Encomium and appears in a llhe early ediions o ha work rom 1516 onwardsrdquo25 afer Froben 1047297rs prined arevised version o i in 1515ndash16 Afer Dorp wroe o Erasmus again on Augus 271515 Tomas More he English hos ha Erasmus had honored by he Lain ileo Moriae encomium wroe o Dorp rom Bruges in lae 1515 and convinced him osuppress he second leter Alhough Morersquos leter o Dorp no doub circulaed i was

1047297rs prined poshumously in his Lucubraiones (Basel 1563)26 Daniel Kinney 1047297nds

i a sophisicaed sysemaic deense o humanis mehod ldquoencompassing a criiqueo Scholasic grammar dialecic and heology as well as a ighly argued deense o

he new philological heologyrdquo

27

Tierry [or Dirk] Marensrsquos press a Louvain wouldsoon publish Morersquos sairical Uopia (writen in Bruges and London 1515ndash1516) ldquoa akey momen in he Erasmiansrsquos sruggle wih he heology aculy hererdquo28

Dorp was a ormer Lain eacher a he College o he Lily in Louvain who was working oward his docorae in heolog y He would receive he degree in

Augus 1515 He was also one o he scholars working or Marens one o Erasmusrsquopublishers Shaw explains ha when Erasmus resided in Louvain

mainly beween he years 1503 and 1504 and again or mos o he ime beween 1516and 1521 he requenly offered Marens manuscrips o his w riings and auhorizedrevisions o previous ediions Marens was he 1047297rs o prin Erasmusrsquo Enchiridion

Milii s Chrisia ni (1503) and hi s Insi uio Principis Chris iani (1516) among oher 1047297rs

ediions and Mar ens ofen chose o compee wih Froben Bade Schuumlrer and oher

conemporary priners in he marke or reprining Erasmia n worksrdquo29

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Dorprsquos hisory o collaboraion wih he Erasmian circle a Marensrsquos press in Louvain

he good will wih which he concluded his 1047297rs leter o Erasmus and his publicaiono heir iniia l exchange in a volume o Erasmusrsquo work ha Dorp himsel saw hrough

he press have convinced Jardine ha he conroversy o Erasmus and More wihDorp was saged as a debae o publicize and deend he humanis approach o heErasmian circle o heological inerpreaion Te seeming opponen o Erasmianism

a Louvain was acually a humanis colleague who could presen or reuaion heposiion o heir scholasic opponens rom wihin he Faculy o Teology30

Te humaniss gahered around Marensrsquos prining house which ldquomoved be-ween Anwerp and Louvain whenever he changed his residencerdquo31 were also engaged

in he recovery o he works o Agricola a humanis born near Groningen whomErasmus credied wih bringing Ialian humanism o Germany and he Neherlands

Agr icola was acquained w ih Alex ander Hegius headmaser a Devener whenErasmus was a schoolboy here bu Jardine suggess ha Erasmus exaggeraed helink o esablish a pedigree or his own inellecual program In 1511 wih Erasmusrsquoencouragemen Pieer Gillis edied or Marensrsquos press a Anwerp a volume o

Agricolarsquos opuscula ldquoapparenly a compilaion o scatered already published worksrdquo

wih a preaory leter o Dorp He was laer he edior o MorersquosUopia or Marensrsquospress a Louvain32 as well as one o he speakers in he dialogue and he remainedor years a close riend o Erasmus33 Alaardus o Amserdam anoher correcor orhe Marens press acively sough manuscrips o Agricolarsquos works and locaed hismissing papers in 1516 Evenually he would edi he wo-volume ediion o Agricolarsquos

De invenione dialecica and Lucubraiones (Cologne Joannes Gymnicus 1539) He

also paricipaed in preparing heediio princeps

o Agricolarsquos De invenione dialecica

(Louvain Marens 1515) which appeared wih Dorprsquos endorsemen on he ile page

Agricola developed opical dia lecic as an alernaive approach o scholasic logic Jardine argues ha Dorp collaboraed wih he Erasmian circle (chie1047298y Gerard

Geldenhauer) in correcing he 1047297rs book o Agricolarsquos reaise bu was embarrassed by subsequen heological reac ion agains he emphasis especia lly in he secondand hird books on plausible as opposed o cerain argumen34 Te debae beweenErasmus and Dorp grew acrimonious afer heir 1047297rs exchange o leters bu hey

were evenually reconciled and maina ined an uneasy riendship35

Te conroversy wih Dorp was ollowed by more serious challenges romhe heological aculy o Louvain promping Erasmus in lae 1521 o move romLouvain o Basel where he could also see hrough he press he hird ediion o his

New esamen and work closely on oher publicaions w ih Froben Teologians inoher universiies and members o he monasic orders991252especially he Dominicans

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10 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

Franciscans and Carmelies991252had joined in he conroversies some o hem link-

ing Erasmus wih Luher ldquoEiher Erasmus luheranizes or Luher erasmianizesrdquoand ldquoErasmus laid he egg ha Luher hachedrdquo circulaed as popular slogans odemonsrae his orhodoxy Erasmus in 1524 relucanly enered ino a conroversy

wih Luher over he issue o ree wil l Neverheless in March 1527 he Span ish

Inquisiion began invesigaing Erasmus ( Ep 1814) Is proceedings a Valladolidhad he blessing o Pope Clemen 983126983113983113 and were oleraed by Erasmusrsquo paron heEmperor Charles V ( Epp 1846 1920) bu hey were haled in Augus by plagueIn France Erasmus was less orunae Te Sorbonnersquos invesigaion o Erasmusrsquo

works culminaed in an offi cial condemnaion on 17 December 1527 alhough heaculyrsquos decision was made public only in July 153136 Moreover his conroversy

wih he aculy o heology a Paris was inerwoven wih heir pursui o Louis de

Berquin who had ranslaed some o Erasmusrsquo works bu had also been accusedo possessing wriings by such reormers as Luher Melanchhon Karlsad andHuten In spie o royal inervenion Berquin was 1047297nally srangled and burn on17 April 152937

While many o he opponens o Erasmusrsquo philological approach o correcing

he Vulgae and inerpreing Scripure were scholasic heologians some humanissalso objeced Tey shared Erasmusrsquo ineres in original Greek manuscrips o heNew esamen bu were opposed o using hem o correc he Vulgae or a leas

were more cauious han he was abou doing so Diego Loacutepez Zuacutentildeiga or Sunica one

o he Compluensian scholars in Spain generally agreed wih Erasmusrsquo mehod bu disliked his orma and quesioned his moives Teir quarrel begin ning in

1520 over Erasmusrsquo New esamen annoaions descended o ldquonaionalism andeven racismrdquo Erasmus labeled Sunica Jewish and Sunica called Erasmus ldquoa Duchoolrdquo and deended Spain agains an alleged Erasmian slur38 Teir debae includedissues o pronunciaion For insance Sunica ook offense a Erasmusrsquo suggesionor changing he radiional pronunciaion o ldquoimoheusrdquo in Philippians 11 anda Erasmusrsquo remarks on Spanish pronunciaion in a noe on Romans 1524 Sunicapraised he virues o Spaniards as descendens o he ancien Greeks and Romansin conras o ldquoDuch pusillanimiy sluggishness and dull-wited barbariyrdquo39 From he papal curia Jakob Ziegler in 1522 deended Erasmus agains Sunica in Libellushellip pro Germania and praised he Germans (including he Duch) a heexpense o he Spaniards Sunica coninued his quarrel wih Erasmus by accusinghim i n prin a Rome o blasphemies impieies and Luheranism40 Ialians were

also associaing Erasmus wih Luher bu on grounds ha Silvana Seidel Menchihas described as peripheral o cenral Reormed docrine Ialians hough Erasmus

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



had iniiaed he schism by criicizing everyday religious pracices and appealing o

he laiy wih his humanis rheoric Luher merely ollowed him Neverheless heoffi cial sance o he Papacy was o emporize o avoid driving Erasmus o supporhe schism openly41

Erasmus in the Ciceronian Controversy

A leter rom Pedro Juan Olivar o Erasmus o 13 March 1527 reporing on he Valladolid proceedings menions dispa raging commens on he ldquobarba rianrdquo syleo he Germanic or Baavian Erasmus made by Ialian humaniss Tey i ncludedBenedeto agliacarne o Sarzana (Benedicus Teocrenus) who was precepor ohe French princes being held hosage in Spain and Baldesar Casiglione who was

papal nuncio o he imperial cour42 Clearly he Ciceronian conroversy origin-ally a debae among Ialians abou wheher o imiae a variey o classical modelsor Cicero alone had begun by he lae 1520s o re1047298ec he broader religious and

poliical ensions o Europe John F DrsquoAmico demonsraes he close connecion beween Ciceronianism and he claim o he Roman Caholic Church o coninuehe culural i no he miliary supremacy o he Roman Empire now de1047297ned byhe boundaries o Lain as a living language43 Tis claim ook on new poignancyafer Rome was sacked (beginning 6 May 1527) by Imperial roops ha had been lef

wihou discipline ollowing he deah o heir commander Charles de Bourbon44 For his par Erasmus had or some years been expressing publicly his disase orCiceronianism associaing i wih paganism in he Church 45

Erasmusrsquo effors o reclaim ancien languages rom barbarism were based onhe vision o Lorenzo Valla whose Eleganiae he epiomized and whose annoaions

on he New esamen he published46 In Eleganiae Valla had seen Lain as a basiso he Papacyrsquos claim o culural hegemony over Wesern Europe bu had based hissandard o Lainiy on an eclecic selecion o ancien auhors Valla was criicalo some aspecs o he Papacy (eg he Donaion o Consanine) and his quarrel

wih he in1047298uenial papal secreary Poggio Bracciolini over Lain syle iniiaed he

Ciceronian conroversy Te poshumous publicaion o A ngelo Polizianorsquos episolary

exchanges wih he Ciceronians Paolo Coresi and Barolomeo Scala (Omnia opera Angeli Poliiani Venice Aldus July 1498) also in1047298uenced Erasmus even beore hissojourn in Ialy as piraed early noes or and quoaions rom Erasmusrsquo manuscrip

reaise on leter wriing show47 Polizianorsquos argumens predisposed Erasmus o

disparage a sermon delivered in Rome beore he Pope on Good Friday 1509 anexperience ha Bulephorus describes vividly in Ciceronianus (983107983127983109 28 384ndash86)

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12 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

Erasmus grumbled publicly as early as 1511 in Moriae encomium abou he

arrogance o he Ialian especially Roman clai m o superioriy in good leters andeloquence48 He 1047297rs atacked Ialian Ciceronianism in prin in 1516 in his ediion o

Jerome (983107983127983109 6l 7 54ndash60 86)49 In Paraclesis in he 1047297rs ediion o he New esamen

ha year he wished or ldquoan eloquence ar di fferen rom Cicerorsquosmuch more effi ca-cious i less ornae han hisrdquo o exhor Chris ians50 By 1517 Erasmus was complaining

o he apes o Cicero among hem Giovanni Ponano in a leter o Budeacute51 In March

1519 Erasmus saw a leter ha Chrisophe de Longueil had writen praising Budeacutea his expense and he subsequenly published boh Longueilrsquos leter and his ownresponse in his leter collecions ( Epp 914 935) Longueil was born a Mechelenalhough descended rom a noble amily o Normandy and educaed in France andIaly Having 1047298ed rom a rial a Rome or legravese majeseacute afer he sough ciizenship here

or his Ciceronian syle he visied Erasmus a Louvain in Ocober 151952 Erasmusdisliked he young manrsquos inerrupion o his work and ound Longueilrsquos complainsabou his Roman rial ludicrous ( Ep 1026 c Epp 1023 1024 1187 1706) A abouhe same ime Longueil rsquos supporer in his ques or ciizenship a Rome GiovanniBatisa Casali53 claimed in an invecive ha Erasmus had deamed Casali himseland oher members o he Roman Academy

hellip you rashly991252as you always do991252devised he plan o proclaim openly ar and wide

ha I did no know any Lain or Greek and ha I maniesly was he mos boorish o

men ha moreover Roman leters and eloquence had migraed w ih you o Germa ny

and ha in he ciy o Rome you in ac ound no one who knew lieraure and 1047297 nally

ha Marcus ullius seemed o you o be sordid and a n uter barbarian54

John Monasani who has edied and ranslaed his unpublished work rom Casalirsquospapers in Milan convincingly daes i 1518ndash1519 when as Casali says he had beenproessor o rheoric a he Universiy o Rome or weny-wo years Te invecivemenions neiher Luher nor Sunica and seems raher o re1047298ec Roman reaciono Erasmusrsquo ediions o Jerome and he New esamen Erasmus heard rom HaioHerman in 1524 abou an invecive agains him circulaing in Rome bu atribuedi o Angelo Colocci Erasmus menioned Casali in he same leter bu claimed hahe knew neiher55

By June 1526 Erasmus assumed ha ldquohe leaders o he ani-Erasmian pagan band in Romerdquo were Girolamo Aleandro and Albero Pio Prince o Carpi56 Erasmus

had known Aleandro since 1508 when hey had been roommaes and bedellows a

he Aldine press in Venice Tey remained riends or some years unil Aleandro was sen as papal legae o Germany and he Low Counries o promulgae he papal bull Exsurge Domine excommunicaing Luher in 152057 Re1047298ecing he ensions

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beween hem a ha ime Erasmus may have writen an anonymous Aca Academiae

Lovaniensis conra Luherum which calls Aleandro a Jew58 Pio was a learned diplomain he papal cour wih a repuaion hroughou Europe He was also boh a ormersuden and a paron o Aldus Alhough Pio proposed he esablishmen o an

Aldi ne Academy or humanis sudy a Carpi his di ffi culy mainaining conrol ohis principaliy agains atacks rom kinsmen made his dream i mpossible Inseadhe ldquoAldi Romani Academiardquo was announced a Venice in Augus 1502 in an ediion

o Sophocles59 In De reca pronuniaione Erasmus alludes o is rules when hisspokesman Bear describes ldquoa dining club o selec philhellenesrdquo in which ldquoeveryone

who lapsed rom Greek a dinner should pay a 1047297nerdquo (983107983127983109 26 474)Soon afer he 1047297rs ediion o De reca pronuniaione and Ciceronianus in a

leter o Pope Clemen 983126983113983113 daed 3 April 1528 Erasmus boldly complained abou

Pio and Aleandro ( Ep 1987) He atribued o hese criics wo works ha he hadapparenly seen in manuscrip he Prince o Carpirsquos Responsio paraeneica o a le-er ha Erasmus had writen him afer hearing rumors ha in he papal cour Pio

was slandering h im as unlearned and Luheran60 and he anonymous ldquoRachardquo aresponse o Erasmusrsquo annoaions on Mathew Erasmus ascribed he later atack o

Aleandro61 Josse Bade had published he Responsio by 7 January 1529 a Paris wherePio setled ollowing he Sack o Rome and he loss o his principaliy Ironicallyhe publicaion was orced on Pio by riends who had read Erasmusrsquo allusion in he1047297rs ediion o Ciceronianus o an unpublished leter ha Pio had writen in a sylenearly Ciceronian62 In he passage below Erasmus added he 1047297rs brackeed phraseo he March 1529 ediion he oher brackeed phrases o he Ocober 1529 ediion

(Knot983107983127983109

28 585ndash86)Bulephorus In my opinion A lbero Pio Prince o Carpi comes closer o Cicerorsquossyle o expression han A leandro does As ye he hasnrsquo published anyhing [as aras I know] Oh here is one book Irsquove seen hough i migh be beter o call i a verylong leter [writen in response o Erasmus991252bu irsquos said by some o be a knownac ha he work was shaped by anoherrsquos hand]

NosoponusTe auhor does cera inly come close [whoever he is] in so ar as a nyone

can who has i nvolved himsel rom his youh wih heology and philosophy (ransKnot 983107983127983109 28 419ndash20 my brackes)

Te religious conroversy beween Erasmus and Pio coninued even afer he deah

o he in1047298uenial Prince o Carpi on 7 January 1531 Erasmus clearly eared his op-

ponen more han mos and perhaps o diminish he effec o Piorsquos atacks on himpersised in atribuing hem o a conspiracy by Aleandro agains all evidence ohe conrary63

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14 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

A Dialogue between Dialogues

Given Erasmusrsquo ear o Pio and paranoia abou Aleandro i seems hardly a coinci-dence ha he dialogue ha precedes Ciceronianus in he 1528 volume991252 De reca

pronuniaione991252displays he erudiion o his Duchman on an issue he pronun-ciaion o ancien languages ha concerned he Aldine circle during Erasmusrsquo

sojourn here Boh Aldus and Aleandro were among Erasmusrsquo predecessors in hediscussion o ancien pronunciaion Lain as a l iving inernaional language hadevolved ino many local dia lecs in Wesern Europe srongly in1047298uenced by he ver-nacular languages while Greek had been learned rom Byzanine reugees 1047298eeing he

Otoman invasion Ancien orhography suggesed ha sounds once differeniaed

had been los Te Spanish linguis Elio Anonio de Nebrija in a lecure a he Uni-

versiy o Salamanca a he end o he academic year 1486 had begun o caaloguediscrepancies beween ancien exs and conemporary European pronunciaion oancien languages and he coninued o develop hese sudies up o a leas 151664 Baeman ciing he second ediion o Aldusrsquos Lain grammar suggess ha Aldushad become ineresed in pronunciaion by 1501 Aldus apparenly 1047297nished abou1507ndash08 a work on he subjec ha he called Fragmena which is no exan65 Cer-ainly in 1508 when Erasmus and Aleandro were working wih him in Venice Alduspublished an appendix o a Lain grammar in which he quesioned conemporarypronunciaion o Lain and Greek diphhongs He addressed he subjec again in anoe in he grammar o Lascaris ha he published in 151266 In 1508 Aleandro lefhe Aldine press or Paris on he recommendaion o Erasmus and hrough 1514he gained renown or his eaching here and or ediing a series o Greek exs andgrammaical works67 In 1512 he included our leaves on pronunciaion in his ediiono he Greek grammar o Chrysoloras bu sopped shor o demanding a change inusage in response o scholarship68

Erasmusrsquo De reca pronuniaione is in par an answer o accusaions o criicsha he wroe carelessly and hasily and used ldquowords invened by heologians andsomeimes even words o very low originsrdquo as Nosoponus remarks in Ciceronianus (983107983127983109 28 425) reaing a philological opic o ineres o hose souhern Europeanhumaniss who were condemning his scholarship as incompeen in he 1047297rs o he

wo dialogues in he 1528 volume Erasmus proved his di ligence and esablished hiscredibiliy by demonsraing his asounding knowledge o he anciens He buil on Quinilianrsquos principle ha spelling should re1047298ec sounds and drew his evidence

o correc pronunciaion o Greek and Lain rom muliple sources 1) classicalgrammarians including erenianus Maurus and recenly discovered works o

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



Marius Vicorinus 2) scatered remarks in oher ancien auhors and 3) words rom

vernacular languages in muliple dia lecs69 No alogeher sais1047297ed he careullyrevised and correced De reca pronuniaione or is second ediion He lacked heconcep o language ami lies ha comparaive linguiss would develop in he nine-eenh cenury as well as mos o he evidence rom inscripions ha philologisscie oday ye he achieved a reconsrucion o ancien Greek ha ldquosoon began oin1047298uence he pracice o pronunciaion in he schools o England France Germany

and elsewhere Undoubedly i has been he single greaes in1047298uence on he radiiono Classical pronunciaion even i is enes are now so aken or graned ha heessay isel is rarely read and barely knownrdquo by classiciss oday70

Erasmus differed rom his predecessors on wo couns 1047297rs he urged ha

pronunciaion o he ancien languages be reormed raher han merely sudied

alhough as in he Ciceronianus and oher works he gave highes prioriy o goodcommunicaion (983107983127983109 26 472) second he emphasized Lain more han his predeces-

sors had done because o is pracical imporance71 Reorm o pronunciaion could

be achieved only hrough educaion Tus De reca pronunia ione reas a lenghhe pedagogical principles and mehods ha Erasmus has previously augh in such

books as De copia De raione sudii and De conscribendis episolis He dedicaed io a noble boy Maximilian o Burgundy he eenage son o Adolph o Burgundya paron who in his own youh had been he inended recipien o Erasmian ex- books72 Te speakers are he genlemanly sword-bearing animals Lion ( Leo)and Bear (Ursus) engaged in an amusing discussion abou how o educae Lionrsquoscub o be ully human Tus Erasmusrsquo classical dialogue migh equally be called a

beas able a genre popular or eaching children Anoher eaure o he dialoguereminiscen o schoolbooks is Erasmusrsquo use o examples rom vernacular languages

(alhough only in he margins) Whi le hey help o reconsruc classical pronuncia-

ion Erasmus also ells Max imilia n who had been born in Bergen op Zoom and was sudyi ng a Louvain ldquoI have drawn a good proporion o he examples rom he

vernacular speech o he Duch Brabaners and French wih all o which I knew you o be amiliarrdquo73

Te companion dialogue Ciceronianus also has in par a pedagogical aimErasmus had already criicized edious sudies wased on producing Ciceroniansin ldquoEchordquo added o his Colloquia in June 1526 (983107983127983109 40 796ndash801) In he revisedsecond ediion o Ciceronianus wriing o is dedicaee Vlaten abou he conroversy

i aroused Erasmus suggess ha he dialoguersquos survey o conemporary syle was

inended o each hrough example

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16 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

Now i I had only prai sed he people whose names I menion and i I had praised hem

wihou excepion I would have spoiled he r uis I waned his work o produce991252he young learn a grea deal rom criical assessmens like he one here as hey geino he habi o reading always wih discrimi naion and recognizing wha o avoidand wha o ry o do Tere is a vas d ifference beween criicism and eulogy ( Ep2088 rans Knot 983107983127983109 28 339)

Nicola Kaminski has observed ha Erasmus arg ues agains Ciceronianismparly on he pedagogical principle o encouraging he apum and ingenium o heindividual suden She suggess ha he logical conclusion o his argumen would

be o wrie in he vernacular74 However Renaissance men such as Erasmus learned

Lain as a second language rom childhood and ofen used i wih as much comoras heir moher ongues Erasmus recognized ha good Lain communicaion

hroughou Wesern and Cenral Europe was vial o he Church uniy ha hecraved Alhough Lain was he inernaional lang uage no only o worship bu also o

educaion scholarship law and diplomacy Europeans could barely undersand each

oher Erasmus illusraes he problem in De reca pronunia ione wih an anecdoeabou speakers rom various counries welcoming he Emperor Max imil ian (983107983127983109 26

472ndash73) His spokesman Bear in De reca pronuniaione lamens ha humans nowmake only animal noises because languages degenerae hrough common use Bear

assers ha only he scholarly languages Greek and Lain can be preserved alhoughhey mus be resored afer having been corruped by he vernaculars Unlike heCiceronians Bear offers no unchallenged sandard Scholars can learn rom allancien auhors and mus bow a imes o modern usage o be undersood

In keeping wih heir pedagogical purposes boh dialogues are grounded inhe principle o uilias I as has been observed Erasmus in De reca pronuniaione pays less atenion o Greek han previous sudies o ancien pronunciaion haddone75 he reason is ha Lain was more useul o Chr isians who recognized heleadership o he Roman See Uiliy has also been ideni1047297ed as a principle under-lying he saire o Ciceronianus 76 Ciceronians were no as ineresed in he pracical

use o Lain as in he powerul saus symbol o masering pure Ciceronian sylea ea hey hough a norherner could rarely do77 Erasmus mus have ound suchan atiude especially damaging o a Church suffering rom he Luheran schism

Alhough Ial ians ex peced heir own speech o be aken as he sandard De reca pronuniaione suggess ha hey are no much less barbarous han oher Europeansin heir pronunciaion o ancien Lain and Greek78 Te Ciceronianus goes ur-

her equaing Ciceronianism wih Church corrupion Te linguisic puriy haPapal Rome hails as a sign o is culural hegemony991252and by implicaion spiriual

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



auhoriy991252acually hreaens Chrisianiy wih paganism or i is impossible o

speak o Chris Chrisian docrine or he conemporary Chrisian Church usingonly he words o Cicero Te Ciceronianus is one o Erasmusrsquo mos severe criiqueso he spiriua l leadership o Rome

o warn he Church agains dangerous hubris and paganism Erasmus chooses

a genre991252he dialogue991252ofen used by Cicero and revived in Renaissance Ialy orhe purpose o debaing boh sides o a quesion79 He akes ul l advanage o hedialoguersquos deliberae inconclusiveness o offer a complex response o his criicsSome issues ha Erasmus raises in De reca pronuniaione are lef unresolved orinsance he realis-nominalis debae behind his reamen o eymology Likewisehe reader o he dialogue Ciceronianus mus judge he achievemens o Erasmusrsquohumanis conemporaries Are hose who ai l Nosoponusrsquos ess or Ciceronian

syle he beter or worse or heir reedom rom he Ciceronian disease Te ironyo atacking diseased Ciceronianism in a dialogue i miaing Cicerorsquos caalogue ooraors in Bruus mus have amused Erasmus80 He had already expressed his ad-miraion or Cicero himsel when he dedicaed o Vlaten his ediion o usculanaequaesiones (Basel J Froben November 1523)81

Te dedicaion o Ciceronianus o Vlaten ollows naurally rom his earlierleter bu like he dedicaion o De reca pronuniaione o Maximi lian o Burgundy

i also assers Erasmusrsquo connecions wih he R heinland Vlaten was councillor oDuke John 983113983113983113 o Cleves82 Alhough Lion and Bear dream o a Republic o Letersin De rece pronuniaione (983107983127983109 26 372) boh dialogues divide and criique he

humaniss o Europe by he vernacular languages hey speak De reca pronunia-ione

esablishes a hierarchy o speech in which no race escapes some barbariyhe Ialians (especially he Romans) are no perec hey are merely beter hanohers ollowed by he English he Spanish he Germans and a he urhes

exreme rom ancien speech he French83 In Ciceronianus ollowing a survey oancien and medieval wriers Bulephorus leads Nosoponus hrough a caalogueo conemporary humaniss divided by naions (de1047297ned o course by Lain placenames raher han by conemporary poliical boundaries) Ialy France BriainDenmark Zeeland Holland Frisia Wesphalia Saxony oher pars o Germanyhe Swiss Hungary Poland Spain and Porugal

Nosoponusrsquos rejecion o heir candidaes or he rue Ciceronian leads o aconsideraion o Longueil and ohers more likely o qualiy Bulephorus discusses a

lengh he ldquoman born in Braban and educaed in Francerdquo who aspired o be a Roman

by speech and ciizenship a a ime when ldquoRome is no Romerdquo (rans Knot 983107983127983109 28 430ndash31) A his rial ldquoLongueilrsquos side was a a disadvanage because o Luher

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


18 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150

on whose accoun anyhing rom he German area no o say everyone rom norh

o he Alps was in bad odour a Romerdquo Accusaions agains Longueil included hisldquopraise o Erasmus and Budeacute a barbarian praising ellow barbariansrdquo and helpinghem obain books rom Ialy ldquoso ha hey could dispue wih he Ialia ns he 1047297rsplace in he world o scholarshiprdquo (983107983127983109 28 432ndash33) Erasmusrsquo anger a Ialian dis-missal o norhern scholarship is palpable here and he sees Longueilrsquos real reason asurning his back on Braban and France or a Rome ha impedes and dismisses heconribuion o norhern scholars Trough his spokesman Bulephorus he gloasldquoHow many more people humb he Colloquia he ligh-heared nonsense o heDuch word-spinner han he wrii ngs o Longueilrdquo (983107983127983109 28 435) Here he seemso be answering wha Charles Fanazzi calls Longueilrsquos ldquoscahing remarkrdquo abou

Erasmus o Marcanonio Flaminio published poshumously in Longueilrsquos leters84

Bu Longueil was dead and his Ialian and French admirers would quickly respondo Erasmusrsquo raher spieul promoion o hi msel and his ldquoGermanicrdquo colleagues

Erasmusrsquo changes o laer ediions o Ciceronianus in response o complainsrom humanis colleagues were ofen grudging In he second ediion he modi1047297edonly slighly he passage in which he had compared his grea French rival Budeacute

wih his own ormer priner Bade whose birh a Ghen also made him a Germanic

compario o Erasmus85 His addiion on Juan Luis Vives a convered Jew born in Valencia Spain who requened Erasmian circles in Bruges Louvain and England was an insulingly cool reamen o a humanis whom poseriy has recognized as brillian and original In he Ma rch 1529 ediion Erasmus correcs his oversigh o Vives bu wihou enhusiasm Nosoponus recognizes Vivesrsquos poenial o become

a rue Ciceronian because he ldquoimproves on himsel daily He has a alen ha can be urned o any hingrdquo Vives remained hur86 By conras Erasmus included a

1047298atering reerence o Haio Herman (Hermannus Phrysius) in exchange or heloan o ldquohe precious reviso Seneca copiously annoaed by Agricolardquo ha heneeded or his own work87

However Erasmusrsquo ungenerous reamen o French and Spanish colleagues isless brual han he iming o his atack on Ialian Ciceronians I he was as seriousabou promoing European peace and Chrisian concord as his works ofen suggeshe could no have chosen a worse momen o publish his saire Ciceronianus urher

divided he Republic o Leters and he Church afer boh had been bombarded byhe Luheran reorm and jus when hey were reeling rom he Sack o Rome Did he

sense ha he momen had come or he Norh o break ree o is idolary o Ialy

o seize leadership o he Renaissance and humanis reorm o heology and Churchpracice rom he scatered remnans o he Roman Academy and he Papacy Were

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



he and his Germanic publishers pious parioic propheic or merely opporunisic

Or was Erasmus simply losing prudence and sel conrol he qualiies o effeciverheoric ha his own exbooks augh under he pressure o religious conroversies

ha migh afer al l have led o his deah a he sake88 No doub his moives weremixed and no alogeher clear even o himsel

Te Intertextuality of the Mi nor Works

Te minor works ha accompany De reca pronuniaione and Ciceronianus991252leters

epiaphs and a recovered work o Erasmusrsquo compario Agricola991252conribue ohe rich inerexua liy by which he Froben ediions weave heir message In hechanging appendices o he dialogues Erasmus and his collaboraors a he press

marshal evidence o norhern especially ldquoGermanicrdquo excellence in humanis schol-arship and publishing and remind readers implicily o oher publicaions ha havedeveloped an Erasmian vision A ew o he published works linked inerexually

wih hese appendices are he Erasmus-Dorp correspondence Erasmusrsquo Moriaeencomium and hus Morersquos Uopia ediions o Agricola Jerome and he New es-amen Wimpelingrsquos parioic and pedagogical works and correspondence wihErasmus Erasmusrsquo De copia and oher pedagogical works an earlier Duch conri-

buion o scholarship on ancien pronunciaion and he Bembo-Pico debae in heCiceronian conroversy

In he 1047297rs ediion Erasmus addresses a leter ( Ep 1900) wih he runningile Deploraio mori s Ioannis Frobenii o Emsedius Carusianus (Jan Symons o

Heemsede near Haarlem) and appends wo epiaphs praising Johann Froben Inaddiion o hese verses in Lain and in Greek by Erasmus he 1047297rs ediion publishesLain verses on Froben by Henricus Glareanus and Hilarius Berhol wo o Erasmusrsquo

colleagues a Basel89 Tis collecion is ollowed by Erasmusrsquo Lain epiaph on Bruno

Amerbach Alhough Bruno had died almos a decade earlier in 1519 he represenshere he publishing legacy o he Amerbach amily in Basel Bruno had collaboraed

wih Erasmus on he Jerome ediion or which Erasmus wroe he ldquoLierdquo edied he

leters and oher minor works in our volumes and served as edior-in-chie90 InCiceronianus Bulephorus calls Bruno ldquohe mos generous-souled man ha naureever ormedrdquo and Nosoponus lamens ldquoAs ar as one can ell rom jus a ase he

would have been grea i a premaure deah had no snached him away rom hissudies while sill in his youhrdquo (983107983127983109 28 428)

Te leter o Symons also inroduces a collecion o ribues o Dorp and

his riend Jacob Volkaerd o Louvain Symons who had been on good erms wih

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

Erasmus and his humanis riends was a monk in he Louvain Charerhouse where

Dorp was buried in 152591 Erasmus had already sen him on 8 November 1527 ( Ep1646) his epiaph or Dorprsquos omb prined in his volume Now Erasmus hopes ha

because Symons is 1047297nal ly receiv ing ldquowih ineresrdquo he epiaphs ha he has beenexpecing he will excuse Erasmus or no sending hem in a more imely ashion92

Symons may have supplied some o he epiaphs on Dorp93 bu he phrase ldquocum oenorerdquo implies ha Erasmus had assembled ohers hrough his own nework

Erasmusrsquo apology or lae publicaion o he collecion masks his ambivalenceabou Dorp In Ciceronianus Erasmusrsquo spokesman Bulephorus says o him ldquoA gifed

mind able o urn o anyhing and a no unatracive personaliy bu he preerredo ollow ohersrsquo judgmens raher han his own In he end heology alienaed himrom he Musesrdquo (rans Knot 983107983127983109 28 425) When he Froben press in Ocober 1529

and March 1530 published ogeher he revisions o Erasmusrsquo dialogues i added ohe appended works a new leter rom Erasmus o Karel Uuenhove ( Ep 2209)94 Tere Erasmus repors biterly ha many hink Dorp 1047297nally died a rue heologianafer wasing his ime in vain (ha is humanis) effors Tose commens remindErasmus o he woman (Socraesrsquo wie Xanippe) who complained ha her husbanddied innocen Beter o die innocen han guily Beter o die a scholar han a

beas I as his remark suggess he heologians o Louvain were celebraing heirconversion o a humanis who had collaboraed on he philological projecs o heMarens press Erasmus would need o rame his recogniion o Dorp wihin hisown approach o heology Te sraegy proved less han successul o judge noonly by Erasmusrsquo remark o Uuenhove bu also by he omission o he ribues o

Dorp rom subsequen Froben ediions oCiceronianus

Te large collecion o ribues o Dorp ha Erasmus 1047297nally published in1528 opens wih verses in Lain and in Greek by Jacob Volkaerd a eacher o bohhese languages a Louvain95 and wih Erasmusrsquo Lain verses on Volkaerd whodied soon afer Dorp ( paulo pos de uncum) Te remaining ribues o Dorp991252inLain or Greek verse or prose991252are by Conradus Goclenius Frans van CranevelErasmus himsel Adrianus Barlandus Juan Luis Vives Germain de Brie and

Alaard o Amserdam96 Mos o hose named in his impressive inernaional lis onorhern humaniss were Erasmusrsquo colleagues a Louvain97 However Erasmus me

he French humanis Germain de Brie o Auxerre no in Louvain bu a he Aldinepress In Ciceronianus Bulephorus calls Brie a versaile wrier wheher o ldquoGreek orLain poery or proserdquo and even Nosoponus has ldquohigh hopesrdquo o his uure perec-

ion98 Including him in he volume proved wise Brie advised Erasmus when hedialogue offended Budeacute and his supporers atemped o ac as a peacemaker and

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



when Erasmus died in 1536 composed an obiuary and hree epiaphs on him99 Te

collecion o ribues o Dorp by prominen humanis churchmen as well as laymenimplicily celebraes he Erasmian program and atemps o reclaim or i a riendDorp wihin he predominanly hosile heological aculy a Louvain

Te 1047297nal hree ribues o Dorp by he edior o Agricolarsquos works Alaard o Amserda m segue ino Oraio in laudem Mathiae Richili which Jardine bel ievesis he only 1047297rs ediion o a work by Agricola ha Erasmus had been able by 1528 opublish in a volume o his own works100 I mus have reminded some readers haDorp had suppored Erasmusrsquo philological approach o biblical sudy hrough hisendorsemen o Agricolarsquos De invenione dialecica 101 Jardine observes o he 1528collecion

In neiher his nor any o he hree subsequen ediions o his volume does Agricolarsquos

name or he ile o his oraion 1047297gure on he ile page Bu Erasmus includes anoherexual noe expressing his earnes desire ha more o Agricolarsquos works should be

brough o l igh and he Ciceronianus isel conains anoher ulsome ribue o

Agr icolarsquos sanding as a Ciceronian and a humanis in he roll cal l o grea lsquomodernrsquo

1047297gures in humane learning

She noes ha Erasmus also includes Hegius his headmaser a Devener and riendo Agricola wih oher Neherlanders in his sur vey o possibly Ciceronian wriersin he Ciceronianus ldquoSo he same roll call which caused such offense or slighingFrench scholars is exremely careul in is menion o lsquoGermanrsquo humaniss who

provide Erasmus wih his own immediae pedigreerdquo102 Moreover Agricolarsquos ora-ion is he las o he minor works appended o he dialogues in 1528 and he noe

ha ollows i prominenly concluding he 1047297rs ediion almos de1047297anly apologizesor Agricolarsquos 1047297feenh-cenury syle on he grounds o he near ldquodiviniyrdquo o his

argumen

We have added his oraion o ohers luckily ound by chance because here may benohing writen by h is man a whaever ime wih whaever alien a se ha mayno a imes display divi niy Tus I wonder all he more ha here are some whoeiher suppress his scholarly works or allow hem o perish Several imes he useshe pronoun oo harshly Since I know ha aul has no been commited by he

carelessness o scribes I have preerred no o change i103

Te publicaion o an oraion by Agricola and his concluding noe reinorce hecelebraion o he Frisian humanis in Ciceronianus where Nosoponus speaks o

him as ldquoa man o superhuman menaliy o deep learning wih a syle ar rom com-monplace solid vigorous polished conrolledrdquo In spie o ldquoa ouch o Quinil ian inexpression and o Isocraes in word arrangemenhellip he rises o greaer heighs han

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22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150

eiher o hemhellip I he had sayed in Ialy he could have been one o he greaes

bu he preerred Germanyrdquo (983107983127983109 28 425ndash26)Te enlarged ediion o Colloquia published by he Froben press in March 1529

appends he revised Ciceronianus Te pairing is appropriae in genre991252colloquiesare miniaure dialogues991252and hemaically boh major works each he correc

use o Lain a nd boh sairize he weaknesses o European sociey ha Erasmus iseager o reorm Tis ediion also appends a slighly revised version o Deploraiomoris Ioannis Frobenii removing he reerence o he ribues o Dorp in ha leteralong wih he r ibues hemselves Te collecion o ribues o Froben is expanded

and ribues o Wimpeling (died 15 November 1528) are added Te mos sraegicaddiions o he minor works accompanying Ciceronianus here are a Lain epiaphon Froben by Andrea Alciai epiaphs on Wimpeling by Beaus Rhenanus and

Janus Cornarius and he previously menioned apology o Vlaten a leter in whichErasmus sandwiches a ribue o Wimpeling beween opening and closing remarkson he Ciceronian conroversy ( Ep 2088)104

Alc iai rsquos epiaph on Froben amouns o an Ial ian humanis endorsemen

o boh he Basel prining enerprise and Erasmus Brunorsquos broher Boniacius

Amerbach was heir connecion wih he amous Milanese inerpreer o Romanlaw In he early 1520s he had sudied or hree years a Avignon wih Alciai beorereurning o Basel o each law105 Trough Boniacius Erasmus had begun wriing

o Alciai in 1521 and Alciai had proved such a sympaheic corresponden ha ina leter o May 1526 Erasmus had complained o him abou atacks rom a new seco Ciceronians ( Ep 1706) Alciai had been pleased wih Erasmusrsquo ribues o his

erudiion in he 1526 Adagia

and in he 1528Ciceronianus

He had moved back oFrance in 1527106 and Erasmus migh have hoped in March 1529 ha he could deendErasmus here boh o he French supporers o Budeacute and o Alciairsquos own Ialiancomparios However Erasmusrsquo leter o Uuenhove appended o he Ocober 1529ediion ogeher wih oher leters writen soon afer repors ha ldquoour Alciairdquo hasalso been argeed by Erasmusrsquo criics ( Epp 2209 2223 2329) In 1530 and 1531 Alciai

would unsuccessully advise Erasmus o remain silen in response o he atacks byPio o which Erasmus had complained ( Epp 2329 2394 2468107) Some o Alciairsquos

well-known emblems allude o Erasmus108

Te ribues o Wimpeling by Beaus Rhenanus Cornarius and Erasmushimsel remind he reader o Germanic admiraion or he Erasmian program Ari

Wesseling arg ues ha Erasmus dropped he epihe ldquoGermanrdquo when i became as-

sociaed wih Luheranism afer 1520 I so Erasmus appears o be reclaiming i bypaying ribue o Wimpeling in March 1529 a nd again in he Ocober 1529March

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

no o have known Bembo well beore 1529 in spie o he connecions o boh men

wih he Aldine press or in Ciceronianus he menions ha he has seen only a ewleters by him On 1 Ocober 1528 Erasmus wroe Sadoleo ( Ep 2059) expressingconcern or Bemborsquos saey ollowing he Sack o Rome and assering ha he hadcome o admire Bembo rom reading Longueilrsquos correspondence wih him113 Erasmusrsquo vigorous effors o win Bemborsquos approval hen dae rom he conroversyover Ciceronianus On 22 February 1529 when Erasmus recommended o BemboKarel Uuenhove a young man rom Ghen who had been living in his householdsince a leas July 1528114 he mus have been sending no only a suden o Veniceand is universiy own Padua bu also an ambassador Te effor paid off Bemborsquosldquocordial answer ( Epp 2144 2290) marks he beginning o an episolary relaionship

ha was always digni1047297ed became increasingly warmer and was erminaed only

by he deah o he Duch scholarrdquo115Erasmus reinorced and announced his success in par by his revisions o he

Ocober 1529 ediion o his dialogues o he hird ediion o Ciceronianus he added

o his praise o Bembo and Sadoleo ldquoI can bear his kind o Ciceronian991252menendowed wih he 1047297nes inellecs horoughly accomplished in every branch o learn-

ing g ifed wih discriminaion and powers o judgmen who wheher hey se upCicero alone as heir oraorical ideal or a ew ousanding exemplars or all scholarly

wriers ca nno help speaking i n he bes possible wayrdquo (983107983127983109 28 436) Moreoverhis ediion and is laer reissue wih he reprined Sig H conaining a new colophon

daed March 1530 no only reprin he appended works o he March 1529 ediion bu add a new leter rom Erasmus o Uuenhove a Padua116 Tis leter daed rom

Freiburg 1 Sepember 1529 seems o be litle more han amiliar conversaion on a variey o unrelaed subjecs ha is he mixa episola (ldquomixed leterrdquo) described by Erasmus in De conscribendis episoli s117 However i is a maserpiece o humanissraegy and sel-promoion defly crafed or h is publicaion

Firs Erasmus rejoices ha Uuenhove has arrived saely in Padua 1047297nds he Academy 1047298ourishing wih excellen proessors in ever y discipline has been wel-comed by Giambatisa Egnazio and Piero Bembo wo exraordinary luminarieso he age and even inroduced o heir riends118 By making a good impressionUuenhove has brough credi o Erasmus himsel who had recommended him oEgnazio and Bembo Erasmus ears ha Padua will no remain he ranquil sea osudies ha Uuenhove has ound i bu will be caugh up in new wars He is nosure wheher Uuenhoversquos inviaion o him o come here is serious alhough he

hough o ha lierary environmen atracs him Erasmus repors ha he has movedo Freiburg im Breisgau ruled by Ferdinand o Ausria and jus a dayrsquos journey rom

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



Basel Te universiy a Freiburg has Udalricus Zasius noed or his eloquence and

his knowledge o law119 Alhough Ferdinand had again invied Erasmus o Viennaoffering a large salary Erasmus proess ha his healh is delicae and is improving inFreiburg Rumours o his deah have been spread probably by hose who wish himdead When he was a Basel he was accused o supporing heresy He has receivedinviaions rom kings princes bishops and scholars o diverse regions Some

have sen him ravel money ohers gifs in promise o ongoing paronage Levinus Ammonius and Omaar van Edingen have invied him o Uuenhoversquos homelandFlanders Uuenhoversquos kinsma n Karel Sucke has gone o Bourges eager like many

oher young men o sudy jurisprudence wih Alciai who enjoys a large salary andeven greaer honour here Erasmus lamens he deah o Jacobus Cerainus Nex he

recal ls he deah o Dorp and he lamens o some ha Dorp had wased his ime on

he ars beore urning o rue heology Erasmus grieves he Fury ( Megeram) hahas disurbed public affairs and religion and now scholarship unnaurally separaing

he Graces rom he Muses Some in France oo grea o soop so low have suborned

litle versi1047297ers o more humble ame agains hi m and some crafily atack Alciaioo Afer such umul in he world such carnage so many plagues afer in1047298aionar y

prices and povery a new evil ha was ormerly con1047297ned o England has migraedo Germany and leap up he Rhein o Srasbourg Erasmus gives a long descripion

o he sweaing sickness recalling ha i had ki lled John Cole whose healh was broken even hough he recovered rom recurren atacks (died 16 Sepember 1519)and Andrea Ammonio (died 17 Augus 1517) Wih so many plagues God invies uso amend our lives and o live prepared o die

Trough his riendly bu sombre conversaion Erasmus has offered evi-dence o suppor o his work rom Europeans on boh sides o he Alps A VeniceEgnazio and even he amous Ciceronian Bembo have responded warmly o heDuchmanrsquos leters and he scholarship o his Flemish proeacutegeacute Uuenhove evenhough in France Budeacute and his circle have been raising a umul over Ciceronianus and may be alienaing such riends as Alciai His orhodoxy quesioned becauseo his residence in Basel Erasmus has been warmly received a Caholic Freiburg

by Zasius and he Universiy having acceped heir hospialiy only afer rejecingmany presigious inviaions Te oher names ha Erasmus manages o drop in he

leter also reinorce he message o he dialogues in he same volume Te deah o Jacobus Cerainus (Jacob eyng o Hoorn) urned ou o be a rumour a his imehough he would die soon afer (20 Apri l 1530)120 Erasmus says ha Cerainus was

uor o Henry o Burgundy younges son o Adolph o Burgundy (hus broher ohe paron o De reca pronuniaione) Cerainus also a Duchman had writen his

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

own reaise on he sounds o Greek leters De sono lierarum praeserim graecarum

libellus (Anwerp J Grapheus 1527) wih a preace addressed o Erasmus ( Ep1843) Perhaps Erasmusrsquo choice o Maximilian o Burgundy as his own dedicaeeor even his decision o work up his New esamen annoaions on pronunciaionino a dialogue was inspired by Cerainusrsquos work I is di ffi cul hough o know

who in1047298uenced whom Erasmus had writen severa l recommendaions o help

Cerainus ge proessional posiions as uor proessor and edior or Froben andCerainus published a Lain ra nslaion (Anwerp M Hillen 1526) o Chrysosomrsquos

De sacerdoio a work published in Greek by Erasmus in 1525 Erasmus had includedCerainus in Nosoponusrsquos survey o conemporary wriers in he Ciceronianus praising him as ldquoA man who generaed high hopes bu one who is ar rom beingCiceronianrdquo (rans Knot 983107983127983109 28 425)

Te long passage on he sweaing sickness in he leter o Uuenhove allowsErasmus o remember he English circle ha suppored his work Erasmus hadprepared he 1047297rs ediion o De copia and many oher pedagogical works or he

school o Dean John Cole a S Paulrsquos Cahedral ye he had no included Colein he lis o English scholars991252William Grocyn Tomas Linacre Richard PaceTomas More William Laimer Reginald Pole991252menioned in Ciceronianusrsquo surveyo wriers (983107983127983109 28 422ndash24) Erasmus had paid ribue o Cole in so many oherconexs ha menion o him in Ciceronianus migh have seemed merely repeiious121

However he handsome ribues o Wimpeling in he curren ediion migh remind

some readers ha Erasmus had given his revised De copia o Schuumlrer a Srasbourgraher han dedicaing i again o Cole or whose school i was 1047297rs published Tus

Erasmus migh have menioned Cole here o avoid appearing o sligh him Teoher plague vicim menioned Ammonio was an Ialian Churchman born ino anold amily o Lucca who had made his career in England in he service o he Papacy

and had been one o Erasmusrsquo closes humanis riends and supporers here Teyhad lived ogeher in he household o More and in 1517 Ammonio had represened

Pope Leo X in absolving Erasmus rom all censures caused by his ailure o wear he Augusinian habi 122 Te menion o he deceased Cole and Ammonio no doub would remind Erasmusrsquo readers o his oher r iends sil l living in England

Conclusion

In he wo ediions o De rec a pronuniaione and he hree o Ciceronianus hacame rom he pen o Erasmus and he press o Froben he Oraor Baavus and hisprining house were weaving a complex web o inerexualiy no only wih he

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



producs o heir own press such as he New Tesamen and he ediion o he Church

Fahers bu also wih works issuing rom oher presses o norhern Europe (a leasParis Louvain Anwerp and Srasbourg) Trough verse and prose ribues andleters hey were marshalling he orces o a ransalpine especially a ldquoGermanicrdquoapproach o heology and Church reorm suppored by a surdy philology ha

humaniss close o he Papacy had been ryi ng o dismiss as ldquobarbaricrdquo Tey madeull use o he 1047298atery o he epiaph he malleabiliy o he leter he deense opedagogical purpose and he 1047297cional and lierary poenial o he dialogue W henhe volume generaed conroversy Erasmus reached ou o hose in he Ialian

humanis communiy such as Alciai Egnazio Bembo and Sadoleo who mighundersand his vision and suppor his philology He seems o have been successulin developing hese relaionships bu he expressed surprise a he French reacion

and could no appease Budeacute and his riends hrough he good offi ces o supporersin France such as Alciai and Brie or hrough subsequen revisions o CiceronianusTe laer ediions o he dialogues a nd minor works reinorced he uncion o he1047297rs ediion as a manieso o Erasmianism while atemping o clariy and exendis oundaions Tey did no undamenally emper Erasmusrsquo expression o his

anger a he religious conroversies in which he ound himsel engaged and a herelaed dismissal o norhern scholarship by some Spanish and Ial ian heologiansand Church leaders Ciceronianus especially proved o be oo biter o promoe hisgoal o Church uniy

From he perspecive o almos 1047297ve cenuries however he Froben ediionso Erasmusrsquo dialogues De reca pronuniaione and Ciceronianus and he minor

works ha accompanied hem can be undersood as a ailed effor o pu Erasmianphilology o he serv ice o concord in he universal Church Reconciliaion o he warring secs and naions o Chrisendom was one o Erasmusrsquo principal goals

hroughou his li e He conceived he reorm o language as undamenal o Churchuniy Tus his dialogues on language imply a harsh criique he humaniss o hePapal Curia had been calling or reorm o he universal language o he ChurchLain hrough a reurn o he dicion and synax o he pagan oraor Cicero buhey had se an impracical and even dangerous goal ha migh dismiss ParisicLain along wih medieval ldquoGermanicrdquo barbarism As a n asserion o he linguisicsupremacy o Rome over he res o Europe Ciceronianism hreaened o divideChrisia ns and reduce even he learned o rivialiy or silence Lain was losing ispower as a spoken language o be replaced by he Babel o he vernaculars A he

same ime ha hey se an impossible sandard o syle Church leaders had beenreusing o reorm he variey o pronunciaions o Greek and Lain hroughou

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

Chrisendom even hough hese dialecs impeded communicaion and led (in he

process o dicaion o a scribe) o exual corrupion Aleandro and oher philologissacknowledged he corrupion o hese ancien languages hrough common use bu

would no encourage resoring hem hrough educaion Compluensian scholarsacknowledged he corrupion o Scripure hrough ime bu suppored he auhor-

iy o he Vulgae Church auhoriies had been reminded by Erasmus and oherso he need or Church reorm bu were ailing o lisen In he Froben ediions odialogues debaing language issues cenral o he Renaissance and Reormaionand in he minor works careully assembled o accompany hem Erasmus and hiscollaboraors and priners boh admonished heir conemporaries and offered acomplex apology or heir philological heology

Notes

An earlier version o his paper eniled ldquoA Dialogue Beween Dialogues Erasmusrsquo De reca pronunia ione and Ciceronianus rdquo won he Monaigne Pr ize or he bes non-suden presenaion o he Canadian Sociey or Renaissance Sud ies (983107983123983122983123) a isannual convenion wih he Congress o Huma niies and Social Sciences Universiyo Wesern Onario 29ndash31 May 2005 On he basis o subsequen research a he Fol-ger Shakespeare Library I presened an expanded argumen on 9 February 2006 oaculy in Classical Medieval and Renaissance Sudies (983107983117983122983123) a he Universiy oSaskachewan I wish o hank my 983107983123983122983123 and 983107983117983122983123 colleagues or heir encourage-men and commens Tey should no be held responsible or my errors I am alsograeul o he l ibrarians o he Folger he Bibliohegraveque Humanise de Seacutelesa andhe Herzog Augus Bibliohek [983112983105983106] or heir assisa nce he Universiy o Saskach-ewan or an adminis raive leave and research unding he 983112983105 983106 or a ellowship andmy in-laws Eugene and he lae Rose Henderson or heir hospialiy in WashingonDC Tis sudy is dedicaed o he memory o Rose (d 11 April 2007)

1 Bety I Knot in Desiderius Erasmus Te Ciceronian A Dialogue on he Ideal LainSyle rans and annoaed by K not 983107983127 983109 vol 28 pp 323ndash44 8 54 2ndash603 nb p 334Troughou his paper 983107983127983109 reers o he Colleced Works o Erasmus (orono Uni- versiy o orono Press) vols 9 [based on A llen] 1989 24 ed Cra ig R Tompson1978 25ndash26 ed J Kel ley Sowards 1985 27ndash28 ed A H Levi 1986 39ndash40 ed CraigR Tompson 1997 61 ed James F Brady and John C Olin 1992 84 ed Nelson HMinn ich 2005 Some reerences o 983107983127983109 will appear in he main ex in parenheseseg (983107983127983109 28 384)

2 See John J Baeman ldquoTe ex o Erasmusrsquo De reca Laini Graecique sermonis pro-

nuniaione dialogus rdquo in Aca Convenus Neo-Laini Lovaniensis J IJsewijn and EKeβler eds Humanisische Bibliohek Abhandlungen 20 (Louvain Leuven Uni- versiy Pres s and Munich Wil helm Fink 1973) pp 49ndash75 See also inroducions and

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



noes o criical ediions o he dialogues in Opera omnia Desiderii Erasmi Roerodami

[983105983123983108] (Amserdam Norh-Holland 1969ndash) and in 983107983127983109 M Cyowska ed De recalaini graecique sermonis pronuniaione 983105983123 983108 I-4 pp 1ndash103 Maurice Pope rans andannoaor Te Righ Way o Speaking Lain and Greek A Dialogue 983107 983127983109 vol 26 pp348ndash62 580ndash625 Pierre Mesnard ed Dialog us Ciceronianus 983105983123983108 I-2 pp 153ndash579 Knot 983107983127983109 vol 2 8 pp 324ndash36 542 ndash603 I have consuled he Froben press ediionso March 1528 (Folger 219ndash706q 983112983105983106 H P20488ordm Helms (1)) March 1529 (Seacutele-sa 1145andashb 983112983105983106 961 R he) and March 1530 (Folger 186ndash319q 983112983105 983106 S Alv Cb 241(1)) and he Scolar Press acsimile o he March 1528 ediion in he Bodleian LibraryByw U 317 (2) ( De reca laini graecisqui [se] sermonis pronunia ione 983089983093983090 983096 EuropeanLinguisics 1480ndash1700 A Collecion o Facsimile Reprins seleced and ed by RC Alson 1 Menson Yorkshire Te Scolar Press Ld 1971) For he readerrsquos convenience I cie w here appropriae he modern criica l andor acsimile ediions Te983107983127983109 a nd 983105983123983108 ediions o he dialogues omi mos o he works by Erasmus and ohersha originally accompanied hem bu some o hese minor works have appearedin oher scholarly ediions and sudies as noed below Knot 983107983127983109 vol 28 p 334claims ha Erasmusrsquo Episola consolaor ia in advers is o he nuns o Denny near Cam- bridge was included in he 1047297rs ediion o he dialog ues bu I 1047297 nd i neiher in heFolger copy nor in he acsimile and A llen (noes o Erasmus Ep 1925 an abridgedediion o his leter) Baeman (ldquoexrdquo) Cyowska Mesnard (983105983123983108 ldquoInroducionrdquo)and Pope do no menion publicaion o Episola consolaoria wih he dialogues F van der Haeghen ( Biblioheca Erasmiana [Ghen 1983 rpd Nieuwkoop B de Graa1961]) daes is 1047297rs ediion 1527 a second ediion 1528 boh prined separaely by heFroben press Allen cies his 1528 ediion prined probably in ime or he Marchair a Frankur and adds ha Erasmus revised he leter slighly o appear wih De pueris insiuendis (Basel Froben press Sep 1529) Perhaps Knot saw a copy o an

early ediion bound wih he 1047297rs ediion o he dialogues as i is in 983112983105 983106 H P20488ordmHelms 3 On De reca pronuniaione see Aug usi n Renaude ldquoEacuterasme e la pronunc iaion des

langues aniquesrdquo 983106983112983122 18 (1956) pp 190ndash96 John J Baeman ldquoexrdquo and ldquoTe De- velopmen o Erasmusrsquo Views on he Correc Pronunciaion o Lain and Greekrdquo inClassical Sudies Presened o Ben Edwin Perry Illinois Sudies in Language and Li-eraure 58 (Urbana Universiy o Illi nois Press 1969) pp 46ndash65 Cyowska JacquesChomara Grammaire e rheacuteorique chez Erasme 2 vols (Paris Les Belles Letres1981) Pope Mathew Dillon ldquoTe Erasmian Pronunciaion o Ancien Greek A NewPerspeciverdquo Classical World 94 (2001) pp 323ndash34 Te evidence De rec a pronunia-ione offers or Erasmusrsquo knowledge and opinion o vernacular languages is d iscussed by Rachel Giese ldquoErasmusrsquo Knowledge and Es imae o he Vernacular LanguagesrdquoRomanic Review 28 (1937) pp 3ndash18 and Leacuteon-E Halkin ldquoEacuterasme e les languesrdquo Re-

vue des langues vivanes 35 (1969) pp 566ndash 79 I have no had access o he semina learly sudies o Ingram By waer and Engelber Drerup On Ciceronianus see Remi-gio Sabbadini Soria del Ciceronianismo e di alre quesioni leterarie nellrsquoeagrave della Ri-

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

nascenza (orino Ermanno Loescher 1885) pp 1ndash74 John Edwin Sandys Harvard

Lecures on he R evival o Learning (Cambridge Cambridge Universiy Press 1905)Izora Scot Conroversies Over he Imiaion o Cicero in he Renaissance Conribu-ions o Educaion 35 (New York eachers College Columbia Universiy 1910 rpdDavid 983107983105 Hermagoras Press 1991) Hermann Gmelin ldquoDas Pr inzip der Imiaio inden romanischen Lierauren der Renaissancerdquo Romanische Forschungen 46 (1932)pp 83ndash360 Carlo A ngeleri ldquoOsservazioni criiche al lsquoCiceronianusrsquo di E rasmordquo A-ene e Roma ser 3 vol 6 (Ju lyndashSep 1938) pp 176ndash91 Waler Ruumlegg Cicero und derHumanismus (Zurich 1946) Mario Pomil io ldquoUna one ialiana del Ciceronianus diErasmordquo Giornale ialiano di 1047297lologia 8 (1955) pp 193ndash207 Angiolo Gambaro edldquoInroduzionerdquo o Desiderio Erasmo da Roterdam Il Ciceroniano o dello si le miglioreeso laino criico raduzione ialiana preazione inroduzione e noe (Brescia La Scu-ola Edirice 1965) pp xixndashcxii Mesnard ldquoInroducionrdquo 983105983123983108 I-2 pp 583ndash96 andldquoLa religion drsquo Eacuterasme dans le lsquoCiceronianusrsquordquo Revue Tomise 68 (1968) pp 267ndash72Margare Mann Phillips ldquoErasmus and he Ar o Wriingrdquo Scrinium Erasmianum (Leiden 1969) vol 1 pp 335ndash50 Emile V elle ed LrsquoErasmianus sive CiceronianusdrsquoEacuteienne Dole (983089983093983091983093) ravaux drsquoHumanisme e Renaissance 138 (Geneva E Droz1974) G W Pigman 983113983113983113 ldquoImiaion and he Renaissance Sense o he Pas Te Recep-ion o Erasmusrsquo Ciceronianusrdquo 983114983117983122 983123 9 (1979) pp 155ndash77 Chomara Grammaire andldquoSur Erasme e Ciceacuteronrdquo Preacutesence de Ciceacuteron Aces du Colloque des 983090983093 983090983094 sepembre983089983097983094983090 hommage au R P M esard ed R Chevallier Caesarodunum 19 bis (ParisLes Belles Letres 1984) pp 117ndash27 G Chanraine ldquoLangage e heacuteologie selon leCiceronianus drsquoEacuterasmerdquo Aca Convenus Neo-Laini Bononiensi s (Binghamon 9831179831229831249831231985) pp 216ndash23 Silvana Seidel Menchi Erasmo in Ialia 983089983093983090983088ndash983089983093983096983088 Nuova culura 1(orino Bollai Boringhieri 1987) John W OrsquoMalley ldquoGrammar and Rheoric inhe lsquoPieasrsquo o Erasmusrdquo 983114983117983122 983123 18 (1988) pp 81ndash98 Erika Rummel Erasmu s and His

Caholic Criics 2 vols Biblioheca Humanisica amp Reormaorica 45 (NieuwkoopDe Graa 1989) vol 2 pp 140ndash46 Luca DrsquoAscia Erasmo e lrsquoUmanesimo romanoBiblioeca della Rivisa di Soria e Leteraura Religiosa Sudi 983113983113 (Florence Leo SOlschki 1991) Kenneh Gouwens ldquoCiceronianism and Collecive Ideniy De1047297n-ing he Boundaries o he Roman Academy 1525rdquo 983114983117983122 983123 23 (1993) pp 173ndash95 JohnMonasani ldquoErasmus he Roman Academy and Ciceronianism Batisa CasalirsquosInveciverdquo Erasmu s o Rote rdam Sociey Yearbook 17 (1997) pp 19ndash54 J D MuumlllerldquoWarum Cicero Erasmus lsquoCiceronianusrsquo und das Problem der Auoriaumlrdquo Scienia poeica 3 (1999) pp 20ndash46 Chrisine Beacuteneacuteven ldquoSinges e 1047297ls de Ciceacuteron (Eacuterasme eScaliger)rdquo Nouvelle Revue du Seiziegrave me Siegravec le 192 (2001) pp 5ndash23

4 Te sudies by Baeman discussed below are a noable excepion o his general-izaion

5 Allenrsquos Opus episolarum is only one o many criical ediions ha arrange human-

is correspondence chronologically See Erasmus Opus episolarum Des ErasmiRoerodami eds P S Allen H M Allen and H W Garrod 11 vols and index (Ox-ord Clarendon Press 1906ndash58) Ediors are now quesioning such arrangemens

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



and beginning o analyze and edi he humanissrsquo own leter collecions See Peer

G Bieenholz ldquoErasmus and he German Public 1518ndash1520 Te Auhorized andUnauhorized Circulaion o his Correspondencerdquo Te Sixeenh Cenury Journal 82 (1977) pp 61ndash78 Helene Harh ldquoEine kriische Ausgabe der Privabriee Pog-gio Bracciolinisrdquo Wolenbuumlteler Renaissance Miteilungen 2 (1978) pp 71ndash75 LuciaGualdo Rosa ldquoLa pubblicazione degli episolari umanis ici bilancio e prospetiverdquo Bulle tino dell rsquoIs iuo Sor ico Ialiano per il Medio Evo e A rchivio Muraoriano No 89(Roma 1980ndash81) pp 369ndash92 L eacuteon-E Halki n Erasmus ex Erasmo Eacuterasme eacutedieur desa correspondance (Aubel Belgium P M Gason 1983) Joze IJsewijn ldquoMarcus A n-onius Mureus episolographusrdquo in La Correspondance d rsquoErasme e lrsquo eacutepis olographiehumanise Colloque inernaional enu en novembre 983089983097983096983091 ravaux de lrsquoInsiu Iner-universiaire pour lrsquoeacuteude de la Renaissance e de lrsquoHumanisme 8 (Brussels Edi-ions de lrsquoUniversieacute de Bruxelles 1985) pp 183ndash91 Lisa Jardine ldquoBeore ClarissaErasmus lsquoLeters o Obscure Menrsquo and Episolary Ficionsrdquo in Sel-Presenaion and

Social Ideni1047297caion Te Rheoric and Pragmaics o Leter Wriing in Early Modernimes eds oon Van Houd Jan Papy Gilber ournoy Consan MaheeussenSupplemena Humanisica Lovaniensia 18 (Leuven Leuven Universiy Press 2002)pp 385ndash403 On Erasmusrsquo collaboraion wih his publishers see S Diane Shaw ldquoASudy o he Collaboraion Beween Erasmus o Roterdam and His Priner JohannFroben a Basel During he Years 1514 o 1527rdquo Erasmu s o Roterdam Sociey Yearbook 6 (1986) pp 31ndash124 Lisa Jardine Erasmu s Man o Leters Te Consruc ion o Char-isma in Prin (Princeon Princeon Universiy Press 1993) On he s raegic seleciono works or a book see also Lisa Jardine ldquoPenriends and Paria Erasmian Pedagogyand he Republic o Letersrdquo Erasmus o Rote rdam Sociey Yearbook 16 (1996) pp1ndash18 Charles Wike ldquo Erasmus Aucor e Acorrdquo Erasmu s o Roterdam Socie y Year-book 15 (1995) pp 26ndash52

6 Te March 1530 ediion is he las o which Erasmus made major changes Somescholars describe his as he hird Froben press ediion o De reca pronunia ione andhe ourh Froben press ediion o Ciceronianus bu Baeman (ldquoex rdquo p 61) assersldquoTe shees o all he gaherings or quires excep he las one are he unsold shees ohe Ocober 1529 ediionrdquo Te priners reprined Sig H ldquoin order o incorporae in ihree pages o erraardquo and in he process ldquoproduced a new colophonrdquo Tus Erasmushad a hand in ldquoonly wo ediions o he De Reca Pronuniaione and hree ediions ohe Ciceronianusrdquo including he one published wih h is Colloquia

7 Baeman ldquoexrdquo pp 52 54ndash56 Baeman explains hese inerrupions as caused byErasmusrsquo need in January and February 1528 o deal wih Heinrich Eppendorffrsquoscharge agains him o characer deamaion

8 Baeman ldquoexrdquo p 60 More precisely Agricolarsquos oraion 1047297lls E8vndashF7v Wihou hisoraion he colophon (F8r verso blank) could have occupied E8v

9 Baeman ldquoexrdquo p 60 10 Epp 1964 1975 (Troughou his paper I will be ciing he Opus episolarum Des

Erasmi Roerodami [Allen Allen and Garrod eds] or Erasmusrsquo leters wih he ab-

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

brevia ion Ep or Epp ollowed by he leter number(s)991252a imes in parenheses in

he main ex Leters rom oher sources will be given more complee reerences) o Vlaten Erasmus w roe ldquoQvod pro Pronu nciaione dicari m Ciceronianum consil ioacum es id arbiror ibi probari Quod auem separaim excusus non es incuriaypographorum acum es sed nihil reer Opinor enim hos libellos requener abaliis excudendos um id poeri corrigihelliprdquo Ep 1975 ll 1ndash5

11 ldquoSimul aque eodem v ia loquar nixu nuper emisimus duos libellosrdquo ( Ep 2088 ll3ndash4) Knot ranslaes ldquoI recenly published wo books a he same ime boh a heone birh so o speakrdquo (983107983127983109 vol 28 p 338)

12 Baeman ldquoDevelopmenrdquo pp 46ndash47 and n 3 ldquoScripuram enim inepam eadem se-quunur i ncommoda quae malam pronuniaionem Vel Ciceronis oraionem scribelieris Goticis soloecam dices ac barbaramrdquo (983105983123983108 I-4 p 34 ll 65 4ndash55 rans PopeldquoAgain he consequences o a clumsy handwr iing are much he same as he conse-quences o a auly pronunciaion Wrie a speech o Cicerorsquos in Gohic leters andeven Cicero will seem uneducaed and barbarousrdquo (983107983127983109 vol 26 pp 390ndash91)

13 Manred Hoffmann ldquoLanguage and Reconciliaion Erasmusrsquo Ecumenical Atiuderdquo Erasmus o Roterdam Sociey Yearbook 15 (1995) pp 71ndash95

14 Baeman ldquoDevelopmenrdquo p 59 c his appended ediion o he noe recording all varians pp 61ndash 65

15 Baeman ldquoDevelopmenrdquo pp 55 49 16 Rummel vol 1 pp 2 191 17 Shaw pp 50ndash51 18 Jardine ldquoPenriendsrdquo p 12 and n 26 Ep 224 As Allen noes Wimpeling express-

es his approval o Erasmusrsquo saire in spie o his own ldquorecen deence o heologyhellipagains poery in is less moral ormsrdquo Conra urpem libellum Philomusi Deensioheologiae scholasicae e neoericorum (sl e a preace daed 28 July 1510)

19 ranslaion by Jardine ldquoPenriendsrdquo p 13 her ialics 20 James D racy ldquoErasmu s Becomes a Germanrdquo Renaissance Quarerly 21 (1968) pp281ndash82 Jardine (ldquoPenriendsrdquo pp 14ndash15) suggess here may be several ldquounauhor-izedrdquo Schuumlrer ed iions beore he 1514 revised ediion o De copia and noes ha Mur-rhorsquos leter assers he claim o Germania o Erasmus over Gallia where he sud ied aParis Ta Alsace belonged o ancien Germania was a heme o Wimpelingrsquos Ger-mania see Barbara Koumlnneker ldquoJakob Wimpeling o Seacutelesa 25 July 1450ndash15 Nov-ember 1528rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 3 pp 447ndash50 (Troughou his paperldquoBieenholz and Deusscherrdquo reers o Conemporaries o Erasmus A BiographicalRegiser o he Renaissance and Reormaion eds Peer G Bieenholz and Tomas BDeuscher 3 vols (orono Universiy o orono Press 1985ndash87) On a debae abou wheher he island o he Baav ians was par o ancien Gallia or Germania see woaricles by A ri Wesseling ldquoAre he Duch Uncivilized Erasmus on he Baavians and

His Naional Ideniyrdquo Erasmus o R oterdam Sociey Yearbook 13 (1993) pp 68ndash102ldquolsquoOr Else I Become a Gaulrsquo A Noe on Erasmus and he German Reormaionrdquo Eras-mus o Roterdam Sociey Yearbook 15 (1995) pp 96ndash 98

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



21 Ep 311 rans Knot 983107983127983109 vol 24 pp 288ndash89 On Schuumlrerrsquos projec o publ ish Agric-

ola see Jardine Erasmus pp 88ndash89 22 Jardine ldquoPenriendsrdquo pp 3 6 13 Epp 302 305 23 Shaw pp 47 53ndash57 John C Olin ldquoInroducion o Erasmusrdquo 983107983127983109 vol 61 pp xixndashx x 24 racy p 281 25 Allen Ep 337 26 Te surv iving leters are in Epp 304 337 347 S Tomas More Seleced Leters ed

Elizabeh Frances Rogers Te Yale Ediion o he Works o S Tomas More Mod-ernized Series (New Haven Yale Universiy Press 1961) 4 [15] Erasmus drafed his1047297rs reply in lae May 1515 revising i or publicaion wih Damiani Senensis e legeia Basel Augus 1515 Dorp supervised he publicaion o his own 1047297rs leter and Eras-musrsquo reply in he second prining o Erasmusrsquo Enar raio in primum psalmum (Lou- vain T Mar ens Ocober 1515) See Jardine Erasmu s pp 111ndash12

27 Daniel Kinney ldquoMorersquos Leter o Dorp Remapping he riviumrdquo Renaissance Quar-

erly 34 (1981) pp 179ndash80 On he proessional convenience o he Erasmus-Moreriendship see Tomas I Whie ldquoLegend and Realiy Te Friendship BeweenMore and Erasmusrdquo Supplemenum Fesiv um Sudies in Honor o Paul Oskar Krisellereds James Hank ins e al Medieval amp Renaissance exs amp Sudies 49 (Bingham-on 983118983129 983117983122983124983123 1987) pp 489ndash504

28 Jardine Erasmus pp 118ndash19 29 Shaw p 35 30 Jardine Erasmus pp 110ndash2 2 31 Shaw p 35 32 Jardine Erasmus pp 55ndash56 85ndash95 38 33 Marcel A Nauwelaers ldquoPieer Gill is o An werp c 1486 ndash6 (or 11) November 1533)rdquo

Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 2 pp 99ndash101

34 Jardine Erasmus pp 95ndash128 35 Joze IJsewijn ldquoMaaren van Dorp o Naaldwijk 1485ndash31 May 1525rdquo Bieenholz andDeuscher vol 1 pp 398ndash404

36 Rummel my principal source or his survey provides a useul ldquoChronological Charo Erasmusrsquo Conroversiesrdquo vol 2 pp 193ndash95

37 Gordon Griffi hs ldquoLouis de Berquin d 17 Apri l 1529rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 1 pp 135ndash40

38 Rummel vol 1 pp 146ndash47 152 39 Baeman ldquoDevelopmenrdquo pp 56ndash58 40 Rummel vol 1 pp 161ndash64 41 Seidel Menchi Erasmo pp 41ndash67 42 Ep 1791 see Gambaro pp xxxndashxxxi Olivar born in Valencia had me Erasmus a

Louvain and had been warmly received in England by members o he Erasmian

circle here By January 1524 he had enered he service o a diploma ldquoconceivablyGirolamo Aleandrordquo a he imperial cour in Brussels and in 1527 had ollowed he

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

cour o Valladolid See Mil agros Rivera and Peer G Bieenholz ldquoPedro Juan Olivar

o Valencia d afer 8 January 1553rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 3 pp 31ndash3243 John F DrsquoAmico Renaissance Humanism in Papal Rome Humaniss and Churchmen

on he Eve o he Reormaion Balimore Te Johns Hopkins Universiy Press 1983)pp 115ndash43

44 Kenneh Gouwens Remembering he Renaissance Humanis Narraives o he Sack oRome Brill rsquos Sudies in Inellecual H isory 85 (Leiden Bril l 1998)

45 Gambaro pp xx xndashxxx i 46 See Charles rinkaus ldquoLorenzo Valla o Rome 1407ndash1 Augus 1457rdquo Bieenholz and

Deuscher vol 3 pp 371ndash75 rinkaus observes ldquoI seems inconroverible ha o allhe Ialian humaniss Lorenzo Vallarsquos in 1047298uence on Erasmus was he mos compleeand mos prooundrdquo (p 374)

47 On Erasmusrsquo noes piraed as Brevi ssima maximeque compendiaria con1047297ciendarumepisolarum ormula (Basel Adam Peri 1519ndash20) and he exracs rom a manu-scrip draf o Erasmusrsquo Opus de conscribendis episolis (Basel Froben 1522) in Johan-nes Despaueriusrsquos Synaxis (Paris Josse Bade 1509) see my wo papers ldquoTe Enig mao Erasmusrsquo Con1047297ciendarum episolarum ormulardquo Renaissance and Reormaion n s13 (1989) pp 313ndash30 and ldquoDespaueriusrsquo Synaxis (1509) Te Earlies Publicaion oErasmusrsquo De conscribendis e pisolis rdquo Humanisica Lovaniensia 37 (1988) pp 175ndash210

48 983105983123983108 983113983126-3 p 128 ll 64ndash67 49 Cied in John Monasani ldquoErasmus he Roman Academy and Ciceronianism Ba-

isa Casal irsquos Inveciverdquo Erasmu s o Rote rdam Sociey Yearbook 17 (1997) p 27 50 ranslaion by John Olin cied in Laurel Car ringon ldquoImpiey Compounded

Scaligerrsquos Double-Edged Criique o Erasmusrdquo Erasmus o Roterdam Socie y Year-book 22 (2002) pp 58ndash59

51 Ep 531 ll 445ndash48 published in Erasmusrsquo collecion Aliquo epis ole (Louvain T

Marens April 1517) See Guy Gueude LrsquoAr de la let re humanise exes reacuteun is parFrancine Wild (Paris Honoreacute Champion 2004) p 594 n 702 52 Marie-Madeleine de la Garanderie ldquoChrisophe de Longueil c 1488ndash11 Sepember

1522rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 2 pp 342ndash45 53 Tomas B Deuscher ldquoBatisa Casali o Rome c 1473ndash13 April 1525rdquo Bieenholz and

Deuscher vol 1 pp 276ndash77 54 983117983123 Milano Ambros 983117983123 G 33 in Par 983113983113 ols 82vndash87v edied and ranslaed by John

Monasani in ldquoErasmus he Roman Academy and Ciceronianism Batisa CasalirsquosInveciverdquo Erasmu s o Roterdam Socie y Yearbook 17 (1997) pp 31ndash54 (he quoa-ion in he main ex is rom p 43) Monasani correcs Seidel Menchi who ascribedo Casali he anonymous leter o Erasmus991252in he same manuscrip Par I ols137rndash138r991252acknowledging receip o Erasmusrsquo paraphrase o Mathew and promisingo help Erasmus a R ome agains charges ha he suppored Luher See Silvana Seidel

Menchi ldquoAlcuni ateggia meni della culu ra ialiana di rone a Erasmo (1520ndash1536)rdquo Eresia e rior ma nell rsquoIal ia del Cinqueceno Corpus reormaorum ialicorum Mis-cellanea 1 (Florence G C Sansoni and Chicago Te Newberry Library 1974) pp

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



71ndash133 Monasani believes ha Casa li composed he leter bu on behal o someone

in he College o Cardinals he acceps Seidel Menchirsquos dae o spring 1522 or heanonymous leter bu no her dae o 1524 or Casalirsquos invecive For he ex o heleter see Monasani p 24 n 27 Seidel Menchi ldquoAlcuni ategiamenirdquo p 129 rans RAB Mynors and DFS Tomson 983107983127983109 9 Ep 1270A La correspondance d rsquoErasme raduie e annoeacute sous la direcion drsquoAloiumls Gerlo e Paul Foriers drsquoapregraveshellip Allen 10 vols (Brussels Presses acadeacutemiques europeacuteennes Queacutebec Presses de l rsquoUniversieacuteLaval 1967ndash84) vol 5 pp 49ndash5 1

55 Ep 1479 c 1482 Erasmusrsquo descripion o Casali in Ciceronianus is no un1047298atering(983107983127983109 vol 28 p 436) bu neiher is his descripion o Ponano immediaely ollow-ing

56 Chris L Heesakkers ldquoErasmusrsquo Suspicions o Aleander as he Insigaor o Alber-o Piordquo Aca Convenus Neo-L aini orononensis ed Alexander Dalz ell CharlesFanazzi and R ichard J Schoeck Medieval amp Renaissance exs amp Sudies 86 (Bing-hamon 983118983129 983117983122983124983123 1991) pp 371ndash83 esp p 373 where Heesakkers cies Erasmus Ep 1719

57 M J C Lowry ldquoGirolamo Aleandro o Mota 13 February 1480ndash1 February 1542rdquoBieenholz and Deuscher vol 1 pp 28ndash32

58 Heesakkers ldquoErasmusrsquo Suspicionsrdquo p 375 59 Marin Lowry Te World o Aldus Manuius Business and Scholarship in Renaissance

Venice (Ihaca 983118983129 Cornell Universiy Press 1979 rp Ox ord Basil Blackwell 1979)pp195ndash96 on Coloccirsquos suppor o his academy see p 204 on Pio see wo aricles byMyron PGilmore ldquoErasmus and A lbero Pio Prince o Car pirdquo in Acion and Convic-ion in Early Modern Europe Essays in Memory o E H Harbison eds K Rabb and J E Seigel (Princeon Princeon Un iversiy Press 1969) pp 299ndash318 and ldquoIal ianReacions o Erasmian Humanismrdquo in Iine rarium Ialicum Te Pro1047297le o he Ialian

Renaissance in he Mirror o Is European ransormaions ed Heiko A Oberman wihTomas A Brady Jr Sudies in Medieval and R eormaion Tough 14 (Leiden E JBrill 1975) pp 70ndash84 See al so Sem Dresden ldquolsquoParaphrasersquo e lsquoCommenairersquo drsquoapregravesErasme e Albero Piordquo in Socieagrave poliica e culura a Carpi ai empi di Albero 983113983113983113 Pio Ati del Convegno Iner nazionale (Carpi 983089983097ndash983090 983089 magg io 983089983097983095983096) ed Cesare Vasoli (PaduaEdirice Anenore 1981) vol 1 pp 207ndash24 Jean-Cl aude Margolin ldquoAlbero Pio e lesciceacuteroniens ialiensrdquo in Vasoli vol 1 pp 225ndash59 Seidel Menchi ldquoLa discussione suErasmo nellrsquoIalia del R inascimeno Ambrogio Flandino vescovo a Manova Ambr-ogio Quiselli eologo padovano e Albero Pio principe di Car pirdquo in Vasoli vol 1 pp291ndash382 Marco Bernuzzi and Tomas B Deuscher ldquoAlbero Pio prince o Carpi 23 July 1475ndash7 January 1531rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 3 p 87 Nelson H MinnichldquoSome Underlying Facors in he Erasmus-Pio Debaerdquo Erasmu s o Roterdam SocieyYearbook 13 (1993) pp 1ndash43 and 983107983127983109 vol 84

60 See Bernuzzi and Deuscher pp 87ndash88 Lowry ldquoAleandrordquo pp 31ndash32 Rummel vol 2 pp 115ndash23

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

61 Eugenio Massa ound ldquoRachardquo in he papers o Giles o Vierbo See Massa ldquoInorno

ad Erasmo Una polemica che si credeva perduardquo Classical Medieval and Renais-sance Sudies in Honor o Berhold Louis Ullman ed Charles Henderson Jr (RomeEdizioni di Soria e Leterau ra 1964) pp 435ndash54 See also Ru mmel vol 2 pp 111ndash12On Aleandro see Low ry ldquoAleandrordquo Rummel vol 2 pp 108ndash13 Heesakkers ldquoEras-musrsquo Suspicionsrdquo

62 Minn ich ldquoInroducion o Erasmusrdquo 983107983127983109 vol 84 pp lvindashlviii lxxv63 Lowry ldquoAleandrordquo pp 31ndash32 Minn ich 983107983127983109 vol 84 pp xcix cixndashcx 64 Chomara Grammaire vol 1 pp 347ndash51 Nebrija ook a philological approach o

biblica l sudy simi lar o Erasmusrsquo own and exper ienced some diffi cul ies in Spainas a resul However he was inv ied by Cardinal Jimeacutenez o join he Compluensianediors Erasmus praised him o Juan Lui s Vives and in he conroversy wih Sun icasee Arsenio Pacheco ldquoElio Anonio de Nebrija 14411444ndash2 July 1522rdquo Bieenholzand Deuscher vol 3 p 10

65 Baeman ldquoDevelopmenrdquo pp 51 66 Baeman ldquoexrdquo pp 49ndash50 Chomara Grammaire vol 1 352ndash53 67 Lowry ldquoAleandrordquo pp 29ndash30 68 Chomara Grammaire vol 1 pp 353ndash54 69 Chomara Grammaire vol 1 pp 358 365ndash70 70 Dillon pp 324ndash25 71 Chomara Grammaire vol 1 p 356 72 Peer G Bieenholz ldquoAdolph o Burgundy d 7 December 1540rdquo Bieenholz and

Deuscher vol 1 pp 223ndash24 and ldquoMa ximi lian (983113983113) o Burgundy 28 July 1514ndash4 June1558rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 1 pp 227ndash28

73 rans Pope 983107983127983109 vol 26 p 365 Evidence rom vernacular l angu ages is cenra l ohis d ialoguersquos argumen bu he elemen o animal able depends on lit le more han

he names o he inerlocuors which could easily have been a lae addiion Te dis-cussion beween animal s abou how o make Lionrsquos cub u lly human is a bes whim-sical a wors inconsisen Perhaps as Baeman specu laes in ldquoexrdquo p 53 E rasmusrsquodecision o dedicae he work o Maximilian was ldquoa las-minue houghrdquo since inErasmusrsquo previous leter o him o January 4 1528 ( Ep 1927) ldquohere is no he sligh-es hin o his possibiliyrdquo On he oher hand as noed oward he end o my paperErasmus had been collaboraing wih he Duch scholar Jacobus Cerainus uor oMaximilianrsquos younges broher Henry o Burgundy and auhor o a brie reaise onancien pronunciaion Moreover no all Erasmusrsquo correspondence was publishedand some messages were no doub communicaed by he leter car riers

74 Nicola Kaminski ldquolsquoIniio Davum agamrsquo oder Die olgenreiche Verwechslung vonsimulaio und dissimulaio Inszenierung humanisischer imiaio-Diskussion imCiceronianus des Erasmus von R oterdamrdquo Kuumlns e und Naur in Diskursen der Fruumlhen

Neuzei Wolenbuumlteler Arbeien zur Barochorschungen 35 (Weisbaden Harra s-sowiz 2000) p 314 Kaminski cies Tomas Greene (Te Ligh in roy Imiaionand Discovery in Renaissance Poery [New Haven Yale Universiy Press 1982]p 183)

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



and Pigman See also Kees Meerhoff Rheacuteorique e poeacuteique au 983128983126983113e siegravecle en France

Du Bellay Ramus e les aures (Leiden Bril l 1986) On he oher hand Ciceronianism was compaible wih championship o he vernacu lar as he example o Pie ro Bem- bo demonsraes Moreover Erasmu s mus have recog nized ha Luherrsquos power ul vernacu lar rheoric was exacerbaing he Church schism

75 Chomara Grammaire vol 1 p 356 76 Benoicirc Beaulieu ldquoUilieacute des letres selon Eacuterasmerdquo Eacuteude s l iteacuteraires (Augus 1971)

pp 163ndash74 77 Gambaro pp xx ixndashxx xi 78 983107983127983109 vol 26 p 472 Chomara Grammaire vol 1 p 356 79 David Marsh Te Quatroceno Dialogue Classical radiion and Humanis Innova-

ion (Cambridge Harvard Universiy Press 1980) 80 Erasmus alludes o Cicerorsquos Bruus when he describes his Ialian humanis riend An-

drea Alciai in he caalogue o conemporary auhors in Ciceronianus ldquoTey [schol-ars] are prepared o apply o his man in boh is pars he complimen ha Cicerodivided beween Quinus Scaevola and Lucius Crassus calling Crassus he speaker wih mos know ledge o he law and Scaevola he lawyer wi h mos abiliy as a speak-errdquo (983107983127983109 vol 28 p 419)

81 Ep 1390 Monasani suggess ldquoErasmus had e xpressed his reservaions abou Ciceroin comparison wih S Jerome as early as 1500rdquo bu ldquoin he early and mid-1520s Eras-mus had sared o express a more avorable view o Cicero i no o CiceroniansTa all changed afer 1524rdquo when he 1047297rs learned o Ialian reacions o his ediionso Jerome and he New esamen (Monasani pp 27ndash28 ciing Ep 1479 o HajoHermann) Monasanirsquos chronology o Erasmusrsquo response o Ciceronianism is im-poran On Erasmusrsquo undamenal admiraion or Cicero especially his moral phil-osophy see however Mesnard ldquoLa Religionrdquo Charles Beacuteneacute ldquoEacuterasme e Ciceacuteronrdquo in

Colloquia Erasmiana uronensia Douziegraveme Sage Inernaional drsquoEacuteudes Humanisesours 983089983097983094983097 ed Jean-Claude Margolin (Paris J Vrin orono Universiy o oronoPress 1972) vol 2 pp 571ndash79 Giulio Vallese ldquoEacuterasme e Ciceacuteron Les letres-preacute-aces au lsquoDe offi ciisrsquo e aux lsquousculanesrsquordquo in Margolin ed vol 1 pp 241ndash46 PigmanChomara ldquoSur Erasme e Ciceacuteronrdquo Alber Rabil Jr ldquoCicero and Erasmusrsquo MoralPhilosophyrdquo Erasmus o Roterdam Sociey Yearbook 8 (1988) pp 70ndash90

82 In subsequen years Vlaten would work oward Erasmian educaional and reli-gious reorm see Anon J Gail ldquoJohann von Vlaten d 11 June 1562rdquo Bieenholz andDeuscher vol 3 pp 414ndash16

83 983107983127983109 vol 26 p 472 Chomara Grammaire vol 1 p 356 84 o Marcanonio Flaminio Longueil wries ldquohellip insigni illa baavi oraoris suliiardquo

cied by Charles Fanazzi ldquoVives versus Erasmus on he Ar o Leter-Wriingrdquo in Van Houd e al eds p 52 n 47 rom Chrisophori Longoli oraiones duae pro deen-

sione sua Eiusdem episolarum libri quatuor (Florence heirs o Philippus Ju na 1524)ol 148

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

85 On Erasmusrsquo comparison o Budeacute and Bade is conexs he reacions i produced in

France and his modi 1047297caion o he passage in he second ediion o Ciceronianus seeKnot in 983107983127983109 vol 28 pp 330ndash32 420ndash21 and 586ndash87 nn 672 ndash76

86 983107983127983109 vol 28 pp 429 595 nn 757ndash59 Fanazzi ldquoVives versus Erasmusrdquo pp 50ndash54 87 Jardine Erasmu s p 138 983107983127983109 vol 28 pp 426 592 nn 721ndash22 88 On he gap beween Erasmusrsquo ideals and his behaviour in conroversy see especially

Rummel and Hoffmann pp 71ndash95 On he effecs o he Sack o Rome on Ialianscholarship see Gouwens Remembering

89 Glareanus was a prominen Swiss humanis and direcor o a privae residenialschool a Basel He srongly suppored Erasmusrsquo heological wriings and religious views See Friz Buumlsser ldquoHenricus Gla reanus o Gla rus June 148 8ndash278 March 1563rdquoBieenholz and Deuscher vol 2 pp 105ndash08 When he Reorm movemen conqueredBasel Glareanus lef o seek reuge in Freiburg im Breisgau on 13 April 1529 and wasollowed soon afer by Erasmus whom Glareanus calls ldquoparens ac praecepor noserrdquo

(cied in Jean-Claude Margolin ldquoUn eacutechange de correspondance humanise agrave l a veil-le de la Reacuteorme Henri Glareacutean991252Oswald Myconius (1517ndash1524)rdquo in La Correspon-dance drsquoErasme e lrsquo eacutepisolographie humanise Colloque inernaional enu en novembre983089983097983096983091 p 151 n 43) In Ciceronianus Erasmus menioned his effors in ldquophilosophy andmahemaical disciplinesrdquo (983107983127983109 vol 28 p 428 c n 745) Berhol born a Ledebergnear Ghen had served or many years as one o Erasmusrsquo amuli bu by 1527 had re-urned o Ghen and married see Franz Bierlaire and Peer G Bieenholz ldquoHilariusBerhol o Ledeberg d c Augus 1533rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 1 pp 141ndash42In Ciceronianus E rasmus used he names o Berhol and anoher o h is assis ansLieven Algoe in an ex ample o an episolary saluaion ha was un-Ciceronian be-cause i reerred o ldquoeverlasing salvaionrdquo (983107983127983109 vol 28 p 372 c noes 215 2 16) buneiher name appears in Nosoponusrsquos review o conemporary candidaes or he ile

ldquoCiceronianrdquo 90 Olin 983107983127983109 vol 61 pp x ixndashx x Manred E Weli ldquoBru no A merbach o Basel 9 De-cember 1484ndash22 Ocober 1519rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 1 p 46

91 Common riends o Erasmus and Symons included Vives and Conradus Gocleniussee Peer G Bieenholz ldquoJan o Heemsede documened in Louvain 1520ndash33rdquo Bie-enholz and Deuscher vol 2 p 171 Vives was serv ing in 1527 and 1528 in he EnglishCour as uor o Pri ncess Mary u nder Queen Caherine o Aragonrsquos paronage unilKing Henry 983126983113 983113983113rsquos ldquoGrea Materrdquo o divorce led o Vivesrsquos house arres rom 25 Febru-ary o 1 Apri l 1528 and his evenual reurn o Bruges See Tomas B Deuscher ldquoJuanLuis Vives o Valencia 6 March 1492ndash6 May 1540rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol3 pp 409ndash13 Goclenius was a proessor a he Collegium rilingue and Erasmusrsquoldquocloses riend in Louvainrdquo see Godelieve ournoy-Toen ldquoConradus Goclenius oMengeringhausen d 25 Januar y 1539rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 2 pp 109ndash11

92 Epiaphia Dorpiana serius accipis orasse quam expecaras sed amen cum oenore quod moram excuse (D7v Ep 1900 ll 130ndash31) C Reekijk Te Poems o Desiderius

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



Erasmu s (Leiden E J Brill 1956) edis Erasmusrsquo epiaphs on Dorp and Volkaerd

113ndash14 as well as on Froben 116ndash17 and Amerbach 108 93 Baeman ldquoexrdquo p 60 94 Allen edis he leter o Uuenhove rom he ediion in is March 1530 sae Baeman

ldquoexrdquo p 74 n 36 noes ha in boh he Ocober 1529 and March 1530 saes ldquohe le-er o Uenhoven ends on page H2vrdquo

95 Ilse Guenher ldquoJacob Volkaerd o Geerruidenberg d beore March 1528rdquo Bieenholzand Deuscher vol 3 p 417

96 One Epiaphium is ldquowrongly ascribed o Vivesrdquo and anoher is ldquoby him bu wronglyprined as a running exrdquo according o Henry de Voch who caalogues publica-ions o he ribues o Dorp in Monumena Humanisica Lovaniensia exs andSudies abou Louvain Humaniss in he Firs Hal o he 983128983126983113 h Cenury Human isicaLovaniensia 4 (Louvain Librairie Universiaire 1934) p 286 n 55 Voch cies heepiaphs Vives himsel sen o Frans van Cranevel and Vivesrsquos objecion o he in-correc ascripion o him o he 1047297rs o he epiaphs published by Froben or hesesee Voch ed Lierae v irorum erudiorum ad Franciscum Craneveldium 983089983093983090983090ndash983089983093983090983096 ACollecion o Original Leters Edied fom he Manuscrips and Illusraed wih Noesand Commenaries Humanisica Lovaniensia 1 (Louvain Librairie UniversiaireUyspruys publisher 1928) epp 175ndash76 261 ll 31ndash35 As Vochrsquos 983117983112983116 noe showsCranevelrsquos correspondence includes several leters discussing Dorprsquos deah includ-ing one in which Alaard o Amserdam sends Maaren Lips a ldquocarmenrdquo on Dorp in1525 suggesing ha Lips also publish a ribue Erasmus replied in June 1525 o Ad-rianus Cornelii Barlandusrsquos repor o Dorprsquos deah ( Ep 1584)

97 On Goclenius and Vives see noe above on Alaardus see Peer G Bieenholz ldquoAlaardo Amserdam 1491-c 28 Augus 1544rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 1 pp 19ndash21Cranevel was a member o he grand council a Mechelen who had ormerly lived

and probably augh privaely a Louvain He me Erasmus hrough Dorp and wasin urn inroduced by Erasmus o More In his riendly correspondence wih Cran-evel Erasmus discusses he conroversies and 1047297nancial d iffi culies ha plagued hi ma Louvain as well as Luherrsquos marriage and King Henry 983126 983113983113983113rsquos divorce See C G vanLeijenhors ldquoFrans van Cranevel o Nijmegen 3 Februar y 1485ndash8 Sepember 1564rdquoBieenholz and Deuscher vol 1 pp 354ndash55 Ba rlandus who since Februar y 1526 had been proessor o eloquence (rheor publicus) a Louvain was a proli1047297c wr ier whose works show srong Erasm ian in1047298uence no leas o a ll in his anholog y o Lucianrsquosdialogues in Erasmusrsquo ranslaion (1512) caalogue o Erasmusrsquo wriings (1516) edi-ion o Erasmusrsquo leters (1520) and Epiome o his Adagia (1521)

98 983107983127983109 vol 28 p 422 In he 1528 Ciceronianus Erasmus also praises Goclenius andBarlandus Bu lephorus commens on ldquohe lucidiy and ease characerisic o Cicerorsquossylerdquo in he wrii ngs o Barlandus Nosoponus calls Goclenius ldquoan ornamenrdquo o he

Collegium rilingue a L ouvain and o ldquohe whole universiy 1047297ne cenre o learningha i isrdquo (983107983127983109 vol 28 pp 424 426)

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150

99 Brie had also iniiaed riendships wih A leandro and Bembo in Venice In Ialy

he became archdeacon o Albi hrough he paronage o Louis drsquoAmboise bishopo Albi and afer reurning o France in 1510 served he chancellor Jean de Ganayand he queen Anne o Britany Erasmus had worked wih Budeacute o pach a quarrel beween Brie and More over Briersquos poem celebraing French naval warare again sEngland He had also encouraged Briersquos ranslaions o S John Chrysosom aferhaving read his ranslaion o De sacerdo io in May 1525 See Marie-Madeleine de laGaranderie ldquoGermain de Brie o A uxerre d 22 July 1538rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 1 pp 20 0ndash02

100 Jardine Erasmu s p 90 101 Baeman commens ha Erasmus seems o have discovered and edied his work

himsel bu noes ha ldquohe may have received he manuscrip rom A lard along wihhe laterrsquos poems on Marin Dorp w hich are also pri ned in he bookrdquo (ldquoexrdquo p 60and p 73 n 26) Erasmusrsquo relaions wih Alaard had soured abou 1519 (BieenholzldquoAlaardrdquo) Ta perhaps makes he inclusion o his poems on Dorp all he more re-markable as an expression o uniy among he humaniss associaed wih he Mar-ens press a Louvain

102 Jardine Erasmu s p 90 and p 239 n 51 ci ing h is Opera omnia ed Clericus Leiden1703ndash1706 I 1013Dndash1014A

103 ldquoHanc oraionem ore naci caeligeris adiecimus quod nihil si eius uiri quamuis exempore quamuis alieno somacho scripum quod non diui niaem quandam praelig seera Quo magis admiror esse qui lucubraiones illius uel preman uel perire sinan Al iquoies duriu s uiu r pronomine Id quoniam sciebam librarioru m incuria nonesse commissum muare noluirdquo See Scolar Press acsimile F7v p 462 ranslaionmine

104 See Allenrsquos noes ( Epp 1900 2088) Te March 1529 ediion adds by Cornarius

wo ribues o Froben991252one in Lain one in Greek991252as well as his Lain epiaphon Wimpeling Te Greek epiaph on Wimpeling ha ollows his is signed only Αυτοσχεδιώς (ldquoimprovisedrdquo ) A scholar orig inally rom Zwickau who had immersedhimsel i n Greek medicine Cornarius was in Basel rom 1528 o 1530 obaining wha work he could 1047297nd rom is priners See Ilse Guenher ldquoJanus Cornarius o Zwickauc 1500ndash16 March 1558rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 1 pp 339ndash40

105 Boniacius was he broher o Bruno and son o Johann Amerbach he Basel priner who had planned he ediion o Church Fahers ha he Froben press coninuedhrough he work o Erasmus and ohers see Manred E Weli ldquoBoniacius Amer- bach o Basel 11 Ocober 1495ndash2425 A pril 1562rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 1pp 42ndash46

106 Virgin ia W Callahan ldquoAndrea Alciai o Milan 8 May 1492ndash12 January 1550rdquo Bieen-holz and Deuscher vol 1 pp 23ndash26

107 Cied by Callaha n in ldquoAlciairdquo 108 Virgina W Callahan ldquoErasmus An Emblemaic Porrai by Andrea Alciairdquo Eras-

mus o Roterdam Socie y Yearbook 9 (1989) pp 73ndash90

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



109 Jardine ldquoPenriendsrdquo p 11 n 24 alered me o Wesseling ldquoAre he Duch Uncivil-

izedrdquo C his subsequen noe ldquoOr Else I Become a Gaulrdquo 110 Nomine sic morum linguaelig amp pro aeligae poliaelig Nullus euonico noior orbe ui Eras-

mus Familiarium colloquiorum opus Froben March 1529 q6r My ranslaion oldquo pro aeligae poliaeligrdquo 1047297s Erasmusrsquo commen on Wimpeling in Ciceronianus ha likeReuchlin ldquohis syle was redolen o his age which was sill raher rough and un-polishedrdquo (983107983127983109 vol 28 p 427) Te version o Beausrsquo epiaph in Briewechsel des Beaus Rhenanus Adalber Horawiz and K arl Har elder eds (Hildesheim GeorgOlms 1966 [acsimile o he Leipzig 1886 ediion] pp 621ndash22 is aken rom ldquoRiegger Amoeni lier Fribu rg 983113983113 p 166rdquo and differs rom he March 1529 and March 1530Froben ediions

111 Mario Pomilio ldquoUna one ialiana del Ciceronianus di Erasmordquo Giornale ialiano di 1047297lologia 8 (1955) pp 193ndash207

112 Fanazzi ldquoVives versus Erasmusrdquo p 50 113 Danilo Aguzz i-Barbagli ldquoPiero Bembo o Venice 20 May 1470ndash18 January 1547rdquo

Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 1 pp 120ndash23 114 See Allen Ep 2106 Franz Bierlaire ldquoKarel Uuenhove o Ghen documened c

1524ndash77rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 3 pp 362ndash63 115 Aguzz i-Barbagli ldquoBembordquo p 122 116 In order o conens his ediion in is wo saes conains he original dedicaion o

Maximilian o Burgundy he revised De reca pronuniaione he dedicaion o Vla-en (revised according o A llen Ep 1948) he Ciceronianus revised ye again he revised Deploraio moris Ioannis Frobenii wih epiaphs on Froben including a new onein Hebrew by Sebasian Munser Erasmusrsquo epiaph on Bruno A merbach AgricolarsquosOraio wih he appended noe Erasmusrsquo leter o explanaion o V laten he ribueso Wimpeling and 1047297nally he leter o Uuenhove Ep 2209 Excep or adding he

Hebrew epiaph and leter i ollows he order o he March 1529 ediion117 Erasmus De conscribendis epis olis ed Jean-Claude Margolin (1971) 983105983123983108 I-2pp 301ndash09 rans Fanazzi 983107983127983109 vol 25 pp 65ndash70

118 Egnazio was one o he original members o he Aldine Academy and assised wihhe 1508 Aldine ediion o he Adagia Public lecurer a Venice since 1520 and aciveas a scholar and oraor he seems o have mainained a cordial relaionship wihErasmus hrough many years See M J C Lowry ldquoGiambatisa Egnazio o Ven-ice 1478ndash4 July 1553rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 1 pp 42 4ndash25 In Ciceronianus Nosoponus praises his ldquouprighness and inegriy a s well a s erudiion and eloquencerdquo(rans K not 983107983127983109 vol 28 p 419)

119 Erasmus had no menioned Zasius a riend o long sanding (Hans Tieme and Se- ven Rowan ldquoUdalricus Zasius o Consa nce 1461ndash2 4 November 1535rdquo Bieenholzand Deuscher vol 3 pp 469ndash73) in he previous wo ediions o Ciceronianus bu

in his Ocober 1529March 1530 revision he added a warm ribue emphasizing heldquohigh praiserdquo accorded Zasius in Germany (rans K not 983107983127983109 vol 28 pp 427ndash28)

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

120 Erasmus had heard a alse repor o Cerainusrsquos deah in he summer o 1529 ( Ep 2197

cied by Marie-Teacuteregravese Isaac and Peer G Bieenholz ldquoJacobus Cerainus o Hoornd 20 April 1530rdquo Bieenholz and Deuscher vol 1 p 289)

121 See J B rapp ldquoJohn Cole o London 1467-d 6 Sepember 1519rdquo Bieenholz andDeuscher vol 1 pp 324ndash28

122 Tomas B Deuscher ldquoAndrea Am monio o Lucca c 1478ndash17 Augus 1517rdquo Bieen-holz and Deuscher vol 1 pp 48ndash50

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


4 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150

(Johann Froben d 26 Ocober 1527 Bruno Amerbach d 22 Ocober 1519 Maaren

van Dorp d 31 May 1525 and Jacob Volkaerd d beore March 1528) ollowed by arecenly discovered oraion o Rodolphus Agricola2 Te wo dialogues De reca

Laini Graecique sermonis pronuniaione dialogus and Ciceronianus have been con-sidered imporan by scholars rom Erasmusrsquo ime o he presen he 1047297rs as a learned

reconsrucion o he ancien pronunciaion o Greek and Lain and as a winess oErasmusrsquo knowledge o vernacular languages he second as a conribuion o heRenaissance conroversy over he imiaion o Lain models especially Cicero Tegenesis o De reca pronuniaione has been ound in Erasmusrsquo annoaions on heNew esamen and boh dialogues have been relaed individually o he religiousconroversies in which he had become embroiled3

Wh ile he secondary bibliography on each dialogue is hereore subsan ial

he relaion beween he wo dialogues and he role hey play in he volume as a whole have received comparaively l itle atenion4 Erasmus and his publishersofen seleced or wroe leters poems and oher occasional works o rame he majorproducs o heir scholarly collaboraion bu scholars have only jus begun o ex plore

heir sraegies o sel-presenaion in par because modern criical ediions remove

works rom heir original conexs o rearrange hem by chronology discipline orgenre5 Sudying as pars o collecions he 1047297rs and subsequen ediions o Erasmusrsquo

De reca pronuniaione and Ciceronianus proves ruiul Te wo dialogues and ap-pended minor works orm a complex inerexual web o commenary and debaeon cenral issues o humanis scholarship and Church reorm while sairizing Ialianhubris ha would dismiss as ldquobarbaricrdquo he conribuions o norhern Europeans

paricularly hose whose 1047297rs languages were Germanic Changes o boh majorand minor works in subsequen ediions appear o srenghen he response haErasmus and his colleagues were making o criicism o heir biblical scholarship

by Church leaders especial ly in Ialy and Spain6 No jus he dialogues bu all he works included should be read ogeher agains he background o he religious

conroversies ha plagued Erasmus during he las wo decades o his lie Teyamoun o a manieso o he Erasmian program o reorm as well as a plea o heChurch o amend is divisive atiudes oward ldquoGermaniardquo and o heal he currenschism by revising is approach o humanis resoraion o Greek and Lain hais o he languages a once ancien ecclesiasical and inernaional Insead odisinguishing an eliis club o Ciceronian Ialians rom norhern barbarians

Chrisian scholars should amend he European Babel o Greek and Lain dialecs

by eaching resored ancien pronunciaion o he nex generaion

7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


6 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


8 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










27








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


10 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


12 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












(Knot983107983127983109







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


14 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


16 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


18 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


6 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


8 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










27








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


10 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


12 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












(Knot983107983127983109







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


14 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


16 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


18 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


6 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


8 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










27








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


10 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


12 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












(Knot983107983127983109







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


14 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


16 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


18 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


8 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










27








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


10 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


12 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












(Knot983107983127983109







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


14 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


16 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


18 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


8 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










27








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


10 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


12 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












(Knot983107983127983109







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


14 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


16 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


18 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


10 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


12 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












(Knot983107983127983109







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


14 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


16 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


18 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


10 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


12 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












(Knot983107983127983109







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


14 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


16 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


18 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


12 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












(Knot983107983127983109







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


14 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


16 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


18 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


12 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












(Knot983107983127983109







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


14 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


16 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


18 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












(Knot983107983127983109







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


14 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


16 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


18 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


14 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


16 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


18 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


16 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


18 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


16 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


18 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


18 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


18 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf





















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


20 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150














7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf














argumen





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


22 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150



















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


24 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


26 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150













Conclusion


7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


28 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





Notes





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf








7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


30 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150







7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


32 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf
















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


34 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150

















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


36 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150











7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


38 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150










7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf












7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


40 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154 983155983151983150













7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


42 983114983157983140983145983156983144 983122983145983139983141 983112983141983150983140983141983154983155983151983150





7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf















7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


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7252019 9573-15742-1-PBpdf


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