L’Histoire de France(préparé par MME Selime Baftiri-Ballazhi: Tinley Park H.S.)

Vercingétorix et Jules César

Vercingétorix• a défendu la Gaule

(ancien nom de France)

• S’est rendu à César dans la ville d’Alésie

• Après 6 ans, décapité

César a unifié les Celtes et

les autres tribus et leur a donné le nom “gaulois” (et “Gaule” au pays qui est maintenant France)

a vaincu (defeated) Vercingétorix

avait une grande influence pendant 5 siècles

Attila et St. Geneviève

ATTILA Attila: le chef des

Huns (un peuple de l’Asie) qui faisaient partie des “barbares”

(leader of Barbarians)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmdPQy6F-dc

ST. GENEVIÈVE Ils sont allés jusqu’à Paris

où ils sont retournés grâce aux prières des habitants qui étaient encouragées par Geneviève, une bergère pieuse. Elle est donc devenue St. Geneviève.

(told people of Paris to pray for the Huns to turn around and not invade Paris, which they did; she is called “saint” because of it)

Clovis, le premier roi de FranceGERMANIC GROUPS WHO ESTABLISHED THEMSELVES IN GAULE AND FOUGHT BARBARIANS

Wisigoths

Burgondes

Francs

• Led by Mérovée et his grandson, Clovis

CLOVIS, PREMIER ROI DE FRANCE Clovis=15 ans quand

il est devenu chef Met Clotilde, a

Christian princess, for whom he converted to Christianisty after his promise to do so upon winning a difficult battle in Tolbiac

Clovis (cont)

a converti à Reims en 496 et depuis 12 siècles, tous les rois y étaient couronnés.

Clovis a regné depuis environ 30 ans.

The Crumbling of the Merovigian Dynasty

After the death of Clovis, the kings of the Merovigian dynasty, established by his grandfather (Mérovée), took little care of the administration and it was thus weakened.

It was then that the prime minister, “Maire de Palais” (Charles Martel) had to take over.

Charles Martel vs. Arab Invasion

Charles Martel was the “Maire de Palais” during the new threat to France by the Arab Invasion.

The Arabs had already invaded Africa and Northern Spain and were now in France. One of their missions was to convert these societies to Islam.

They made it to the town of Poitiers, where they were defeated by Martel in 732.

Arabs Defeated at Battle of Poitiers and the Christian civilization was saved

Pepin le Bref et Charlemagne

Charles Martel’s son, Pepin le Bref took over as “Maire de Palais”, and made himself king.

Established a new dynasty and the kings of this dynasty were called “les Caroligiens”.

Charlemagne (Pepin’s son) was the grandest king of the “Caroligiens” and was crowned emperor in 800.

Contributed greatly to society, by establishing towns, routes and schools and the formation of a clergy. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTTaVnZyG2g

Charles Martel

(maire du palais)

Pepin le Bref(roi)

Charlemagne (empereur)

The end of Charlemagne’s dynasty and the invasion of the Normands

After death of Charlemagne, the “Caroligien” dynasty was divided among his 3 grandsons.

This caused it to weaken, which encouraged new invasions, most notably by the Scandavian people referred to as the “men of the north” (“normands”).

France gave up large area of north to appease this group, and this area was named “Normandie”

Guillaume le Conquérant

Power duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and defeated the king of England at the Battle of Hastings.

Crowned himself King of England Feudalism (upper nobility had power) and

language of Normands brought to Englandhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQ8A5gRe_Dw

France VS. Angleterre

Bloody battles between France and England lasted for centuries.

Kings of England (descendants of Guillaume) , owned, through marriages, almost half of France by now.

For this fact, kings of both countries were in war for so long.

Saint-Louis and the Crusades 11ème siècle: Crusaders wanted to

liberate Jerusalem, which had been occupied by the Turcs

King Louis IX (NEUF) was one of the greatest crusaders, and the son of Blanche de Castille, an intelligent and pious woman.

Took on 2 crusades in Jerusalem and died of the plague during the 2nd crusade.

Is referred to as Saint-Louis and 1 of greatest kings of France

Crusades (cont)

Lasted more than 200 years Led to dissolution of feudalism because

the kings had to sell much of their lands to finance their expeditions

Brought about exchange of ideas and goods between great civilizations of East and West, which encouraged development of towns and long commercial routes

Liberation of Jerusalem never achieved, but Crusades brought much advancement to West

100 Years War (France VS. Angleterre---encore!)

14th century, king Edouard III of England started once again wars between France and England to seize throne of France (called 100 Years War----1337-1453)

Two great battles of this war at Crécy and Azincourt were won by the English

Successors of Edouard III continued war until death of Charles VI (king of France, who, in 1422, signed treaty in which he gave France to England

Jeanne d’Arc

England now occupied a large of France, including Paris, Reims and Bordeaux

Jeanne d’Arc, a courageous and pious young girl wanted to save her country.

Undertook long trip from Domrémy to Chinon to see the eldest son of king of France (le dauphin) to convince him to battle English

Won battle of Orléans

Jeanne d’Arc (cont.)

After victory at battle of Orléans, Jeanne d’Arc and dauphin went to Reims and dauphin was crowned King Charles VII.

Jeanne d’Arc continued to the battle of Compiègne, where she was captured by the Bourguignons, allies of the English.

Bourgignons sold her to the English and accused her of being a sorcerer and she was burned at stake.

100 Years war ended a few years after her death when the English were finally driven out of France.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQydMhY9OpI

Louis XI

After 100 Years War, people realized the importance of one unified central government under a powerful monarch.

Sires of feudal systems voluntarily submitted to king because they had lost power

2 dukes refused to submit to king: Duke of BretagneDuke of Bourgogne wanted to

enlarge duchy

Louis XI et son fils Charles VIII Defeated duke of Bourgogne (led by Charles

de Téméraire) and Bourgogne again became part of kingdom of France.

At death of Louis XI, Bretagne remained the only part that was not united with France.

Louis XI’s son, Charles VIII, married Anne, the duchess of Bretagne and finally Bretagne was once again part of France.

Charles VIII=king of grand united kingdom

Unification of France and François Ier (premier)

With France now having all of its territories, Charles VIII and his cousin, Louis XII, wanted to gain duchies of Naples and Milan in the then weak land of Italy

François Ier succeeded Charles VIII and continued expeditions in Italy

Never acquired parts of Italy, but France was greatly influenced by Italian architecture, in marking the beginning of the Renaissance

Italian influence (Francois Ier cont.) Italian architectural influence is seen in

the beautiful chateaux of Loire valley, including Chatque de Chambord and Fontainebleau (which is not far from Paris).

François Ier encouraged greatly the development of French art, education and literature.

Popular writers and poets at this time: Rabelais, Montaigne, Ronsard (poet)

Henri IV/Catholicism and Protestantism Conflicts

During the Renaissance, a large religious movement, which encouraged protestantism in Germany by Martin Luther began, called la Réforme.

Henri de Navarre, a Huguenot (and protestant) had succeeded his cousin and took over in France, but people would not crown him king because he wasn’t catholic.

Finally converted and was accepted as King Henri IV

Henri IV (cont)

Referring to as “le bon roi Henri” because of the prosperity of France under his reign.

Was best known for his “Édit de Nantes”, which authorized protestants to freely practice their religion. This was the first edict at that time period to have ever been established for religious freedom.

Henri IV was assassinated in 1610 after 16 years of reigning, by a religious fanatic, Ravaillac.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOOInlkhL8A&feature=related

Louis XIII, Marie de Médicis(son and wife of Henri IV)

Son of Henri IV (Louis XIII) was only 9 when his dad was assassinated

Marie de Médicis, his wife, who ruled until Louis XIII became an adult.

When Louis XIII took over, France was in trouble, but luckily had cardinal Richelieu as his adviser.

Richelieu never hesitated to take action when necessary to stop conflicts between nobles, as well as religious conflicts.

Richelieu paved the way for the absolute monarchy of Louis XIV.

Louis XIV and the Absolute Monarchy

“L’état c’est moi”: I am the state. 17ème siècle His living quarters were the most

magnificent in Europe. Had Versailles gardens built, which include

the “Galerie des Glaces”, the Hall of Mirrors.

Encouraged education, literature, arts Named “Roi Soleil” (Sun King) because of

his brilliant court

Louis XIV (cont.)

Reigned 72 years! Fought many victorious battles including against Spain,

England and Germany, which became costly. People of France had to finance these wars by paying

outrageous taxes, and were not happy. He also overturned the Edith of Nantes (that was written by

Henri IV) and made the Huguenots (Protestants) flee France. This caused problems, as they were a very productive part of France.

Despite the unfortunate fleeing of the Huguenots, the Académie Française was established, which conserved the purity, clarity and eloquence of the French language.

Great French writers of this century included Corneille, Descartes, Racine, Molière ( very famous comedian/writer). This time period was called “L’Àge d’Or”.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdX3pe6Bt7c

Louis XV

Great grandson of Louis XIV, took over after Louis XIV.

Committed same errors as Louis XIV, including wars and spending.

Il a dit: “Après moi, le déluge.” (after me, the flood)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D32g88i_i5whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05VRVa_vxBo&NR=1

Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette Marie-Antoinette, Louis XVI’s wife, was an Austrian young lady who

liked to spend a lot. Writers Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau helped “fire up” the

citizens of France who were not happy about the treasury being depleted (France running out of money). They also influenced other European countries and even the colonies in America to want a democracy and independence.

Benjamin Franklin (first American ambassador to the court of Louis XVI) came to France for military and financial aid in the fight for independence from England. Because of England and France’s long history of conflict, Louis XVI was happy to help. They gave the colonies financial and military aide, notable the marquis LaFayette, who helped the colonies.

The treasury was gone and Louis XVI called to action the Etats-Généraux (Estates General), which consisted of the nobles, clergy and bourgeoisie and people of the state. They were to make a decision on raising taxes.

Louis XVI (cont.)/Storming of Bastille Because of the way the system was

set up, the clergy and nobles didn’t have to pay taxes, so the people in the “tier état” (third estate) didn’t have much of a say in decisions of the government.

After being fed up, they stormed the Bastille prison, which held political prisoners and destroyed the prison on July 14, 1789.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4K1q9Ntcr5g&feature=related

Révolution Française

King Louis XVI tried to flee France with his family, but was arrested, emprisoned and eventually beheaded by the guillotine in 1793.

The people abolished the monarchy to establish a republic in France.

Other monarchies in Europe, alarmed by this event, formed coalitions against France, so France was threatened by the outside, as well as the royalists on the inside.

Maximilien Robespierre (Révolution cont.)

Robespierre, a large influence during the French revolution, put to death thousands of suspects who were against France being a republic. This included the Queen Marie-Antoinette.

His reign of terror only ended after his execution.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGy73YM04sc

Nouvelle Constitution

Liberté

Fraternité

Égalité

Napoléon Ier France was still under attack by European

monarchies, so it needed a strong leader. Napoléon Bonaparte, 26, was named

“Premier Consul” (leader of France) and 5 years later, emperor

took the name “Napoléon Ier (premier)” He did a lot of good for Paris, including

editing the civil code (Code Napoléon), which still exists.

Invaded Moscow (in Russia), but were running out of food and protection and it turned disastrous after 2 years.

1814, forced to abdicate (give up throne)

Napoléon Ier (cont.)

Was exiled at island of Elbe, not far from Corse where he was born.

1 year later, people of France were unhappy under the monarchy of Louis XVIII

Napoleon brought his new army all the way to Belgium, where he was defeated by the English 100 days after his return at the Battle of Waterloo by the Duke of Wellington.

Exiled at St. Helene island, until death in 1821

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyFbSyNKVOo

Louis XVIII; Charles X; (Louis-Philippe)

LOUIS XVIII (ENCORE); CHARLES X=MONARCH

After the 100 day Napoléon comeback and re-exile, Louis XVIII took over again with the help of other European monarchs.

Charles X, brother of Louis XVIII, took over after his death and reinstated the monarchy, in the period that is called “la Restauration”.

LOUIS-PHILIPPE=“ROI CITOYEN”

In 1830, the people revolted against this restoration of the monarchy, so he had to step down.

His cousin, Louis-Philippe took over. He was popular because of his simplicity, but not for long, because he was too laid back, and did not appear concerned with the people’s wishes including Universal Suffrage (the right for all to vote, not just men over the age of 21)

Forced into exile by the revolution in 1848

Le Second Empire avec le (triflin’)Napoléon III, and Maximilien Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (nephew of Napoléon) took

over and 3 years after his election,named himself emperor in 1852.

Took name “Napoléon III”. Was ambitious like his uncle and sent troops to take

over in Mexico while Mexico was in political and economic turmoil.

Napoleon told Maximilian (originally from Austria) that he had been chosen by the Mexicans for a monarch, but he only used him as his puppet, and this was, in fact, not the case.

After one year, Napoleon III pulled his army from Mexico, and Maximilien no longer had any support

He was imprisoned and shot by Benito Juarez, the leader of the Mexicans.

Napoleon III’s downward spiral; End of Second Empire

Napoleon had failed his attempt to establish a French empire in the New World

His popularity had declined in France “Premier ministre” of Prussia, Otto

von Bismarck, make Napoleon III declare war on Prussia, knowing nobody would come to his aide.

France lost Alsace and Lorraine End of Second Empire

Troisième République

Constitution of 1875 Unions were established Regulated working conditions for women and

children Guaranteed pensions for working class Public schools were becoming widespread and

higher education was favored

Science

• Louis Pasteur• Marie and Pierre Curie

Literature• Honoré de Balzac• Victor Hugo• Emile Zola• Lamartine (poet)

Colonies Dans Tout le Monde France established colonies all over the

world Asia: Indochine (no longer) Pacific: Tahiti, Nouvelle-Calédonie

(present day) West Hemisphere: Martinique, Guadeloupe South America: Guyane Française (French

Guinea)Africa: many used to be French

colonies, but are all now independent, but still French-speaking (along with other languages)

Première Guerre Mondiale (WWI)

France, Anglete

rre, Russie (plus

tard les E.U.)

Allemagne,

Autriche,

Bulgarie

Traité de Versailles; Deuxième Guerre Mondiale)WWII

Treaty of Versailles gave back Alsace and Lorraine to France, and did not allow Germany to rearm itself.

Adolf Hitler took over and established a dictatorship and rejected treaty and occupied Austria and Czechoslovakia.

France and England declared war on Germany. 1940, Hitler invaded France and at this time,

so did Mussolini (Italian dictator) North of France=occupied by Hitler South of France=temporary government

under Pétain, French hero of WWI

La Résistance; Charles de Gaulle The French resisted this occupation by Hitler’s

troops and formed groups to fight his army. General Charles de Gaulle had escaped from

France and went to Germany, where he formed army called “l’armée de la France Libre” and joined the Allies.

The second group was called “la Résistance” and helped eventually stop Hitler.

Invasion of Normandy was last great invasion of war in Europe

France was liberated in 1945, in Reims, German army surrendered.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PpKVtyZISfQ&feature=related

Quatrième République (a duré 13 ans)

1947: New Constitution was written Monsieur Vincent Auriol=first

president of 4th Republic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PpKVtyZISfQ&feature=related• Much instability during 13 years due

to German occupation, war in Viet-Nam (Indochine), North African countries seeking independence, etc.

Charles de Gaulle Le Cinquième République

René Coty, successor of Vincent Auriol, National Assembly accedpt Charles de Gaulle as the “président du Conseil des Ministres”, who really executed the powers in the government.

De Gaulle revised the Constitution by referendum in 1958.

Colonies of France that voted against the new constitution would automatically gain independence.

Guinée Française in Africa, thus, became independent.

Charles de Gaulle=president of 5th Republic

La Guerre en Algérie

Early 60s, France was losing its influence in Algeria, which was becoming more Arab than French.

Eventually, in 1962, France put an end to the war.

French people living in Algeria did not want Algeria to NOT be a part of France anymore, so they were upset about the decision.

Les Autres Présidents de FranceName Duration of Term Political PartyDe Gaulle 1959-1969 Union for New RepublicAlan Poher (interim) 1969 Democratic CentreGeorges Pompidou1969-1974 Union of Democrats

for the RepublicAlan Poher (interim) 1974 Democratic CentreValery Giscard d’Estaing 1974-1981 Independent

Republicans(‘74-’77)Union for French Democracy-Republican Party (‘77-’81)

François Mittérand 1981-1995 Socialist PartyJacques Chirac 1995-2007 Rally for the Republic (‘95-’02)

Union for a Popular Movement (’02-’07)Nicolas Sarkozy 2007-2012 Union for a Popular Movement

François Hollande 2012-present Socialist Party

Plus de sites

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13361974 (New election-2012)

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/999717.stm (France timeline)