sinh học1

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n chuyn ngnh cng ngh sinh hcPhn l p v nui trng meo ging bo ng xm

PHN I:

TNG QUAN

A. Nm n:

Theo quan nim c, nm l thc vt, nh cc loi cy c khc, nhng l thc

vt khng c sc t xanh (di p lc t). Tuy nhin, nhng nghin cu ngy cng

nhiu v sinh l v bin dng, cho thy rng nm c nhiu im rt khc vi

thc vt:

-Nm khng c kh nng quang hp, ngha l khng th nh nh sng

mt tri tng hp cc cht cho c th t nc v kh cacbonic. Chng sng

bng nhng cht ly t c th sinh vt khc (thc vt, ng vt v c vi sinh

vt).

-Vch t bo ch yu bng chitin v glucan. Chitin l cht g p nhiu

ng vt hn thc vt, thnh phn cu to ch yu ca lp v hoc cnh cng

nhm gip xc (tm, cua) v cn trng.

-Nm d tr di dng glucogen, thay v tinh bt.Mc d vy, nm cng khng th l ng vt v:

-Nm sinh sn ch yu bng bo t (hu tnh hoc v tnh)

-S dinh dng ca nm lien quan n h si nm, nm ly cc cht dinh

dng thng qua mng t bo ca h si nm (tng t r thc vt).

Ngoi ra vi s phong ph ca cc loi nm, d kin mt triu ri loi,

nhng mi ch m t c 65000 loi, y l mt nhm ln, ch ng sau cn

trng ( hn mi triu loi). V vy nm dc tch ra khi gi thc vt v

thnh l p mt gii ring, gi l gii nm.

Nh vy: Nm cng l sinh vt v sinh vt c nhn tht (eukaryotae) khc

vi vi khun l vi sinh vt cha c nhn hon chnh hay cn gi l tin nhn

(prokaryotae). Cu to ca nm c th n bo nh nm men, hoc a bo nh

cc loi nm si (trong c nm n). Do cu to nh vy, nn ni n nm l

ngi ta ngh n nhng si nh li ti v gi chung l mc, meo. Tuy nhin, khi

GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 1SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Th Thy Nhi

Nguyn Th Thanh Tm - Phm Th Thu Thy

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ni n nm n, ngi ta thng ngh ngay n cc tai nm hay qu th nm

(cn gi l cy nm).

Thc t nm n c hai giai on trong i sng ca n:

- Giai on tng trng: thng xut hin rt di. Nm giai on ny ch

yu l dng si. Si t nm (hypha) mng manh v gm hai nhn, c ngun

gc t hai bo t khc nhau ny mm v phi hp li. Si nm hay h si nm

(mycelium), cn gi l h si dinh dng (vegetative mycelium), len li trong

c cht ht ly thc n. Thc n vo t bo s nm thng qua mng t bo.

Khi khi t dt dn mc d nht nh v s lng, g p iu kin thch hp, s

bn kt thnh qu th nm. Trong trng hp bt li, s hnh thnh bo t timsinh hay hu bo t (chlamydospore).

- Giai on pht trin: thng ngn. Lc ny, t nm an vo nhau, hnh

thnh mt dng c bit, khc nhau ty loi, gi l qu th nm hay tai nm

(fruiting body). Qu th thng c kch thc ln v l c quan sinh sn ca

nm. Trn qu th c mt cu trc, ni u t p trung cc u ngn si nm,

l th tng (hymenium). Chnh y hai nhn ca t bo (u ngn) s nh p

li thnh mt, sau d, s chia ra thnh bn nhn con, hnh thnh bo t hu tnh

(sexual spore) m bo t (basidiospore) hoc nang bo t (ascopore).

Tai nm trng thnh, bo t c phng thch, ny mm v chu trnh li

tip tc

Sau cng, khi nim v nm n c th tm tt nh sau:

L sinh vt dng si, c nhn tht. Dinh dng bng cch ly thc n qua mng t bo si nm.

Sinh sn ch yu l bo t, trn cu trc c bit l tai nm hay qu th

nm.



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Hnh: i sng ca nm pht trin trong t nhin

B. Tng quan v nm bo ng:

1. Gii thiu chung v nm bo ng:

Nm Bo ng thuc chi Pleurotus (Fr.)

Kummer c mt s loi thng to cc cu trc

sinh sn c bit gi l th b (Coremia) mang

bo t trn v tnh (Conidia) trong git dch en,

c Oswald Hilber xc lp thnh mt phn chi

(subgenus) mi: Coremiopleurotus Hilber 1982,

khi y mi bao gm 2 loi: loi chun (typus): Pleurotus cystidiosus O.K.

Miller (1969) vP. abalonus Han, Chen & Cheng (1974). Nhng cho n nay

ghi nhn khong 50 loi nm bo ng: P. abalonus, P. cornucopiae, P.

cytidiosus, P. djamor, P. eryngii, P. floridanus, P. globulifer, P. limpidus, P.GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 3SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Th Thy Nhi


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ostreatus, P. pulmonarius, P. sajor-caju, P. salmoneostramineus, P. spicilifer,

P. versiformis hu ht cc loi nm bo ng c nhng c im chung nh:

Nm bo ng l tn dng chung cho cc loi thuc ging Pleurotus,

trong c hai nhm ln: Nhm chu nhit (nm kt qu th t 20 30 oC) v

nhm chu lnh (nm kt qu th t 15 25oC). Nm bo ng cn c tn gi l

Nm S, Nm Hng Trng, Nm Dai

Nm bo ng c chung l tai nm dng phu lch, phin nm mng bo

t ko di xung chn, cung nm gn gc c lp lng nh mn. Tai nm

bo ng khi cn non c mu sm hoc ti, nhng khi trng thnh mu tr nn

sng hn.Chu trnh sng bt u t m bo t hu tnh ny mm cho h si t

dinh dng s cp v th cp, Kt thc bng vic hnh thnh c quan sinh sn

l tai nm. Tai nm li sinh m bo t v chu trnh sng li tip tc. Ni

chung cc loi thuc phn chi Coremiopleurotus c hng v rt c th

trng khu vc v trn th gii a chung.



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Bng: Thnh phn dinh dng ca nm Bo ng (%).

- Nhn vo bng s liu ta thy carbonhydrate v protein l thnh phn

chnh, chim t 70 n 90% trng lng kh qu th, tro ~ 10% cha nhiu loicht khong.

- Cht bo c hm lng thp trong hu ht cc loi, dao ng trong

khong 1 - 2%, ngoi trP. limpidus (9,4%) vL.edodes (8.0%).

- Gi tr v mt nng lng c nh gi trn c s thnh phn protein

th, cht bo v carbohydrate, tr s ny thp khong t 261 - 367 Kcal/100g

cht kh.



Tn loi

Protein

th

Cht

bo

Carbo -

hydrate Si Tro

Nng

lng(Kcal)

P. eous 17,5 1,0 59,2 12,0 9,1 261

P. florida 18,9 1,7 58,0 11,5 9,3 265

P. cystidiosus 25,0 1,8 7,4 11,9 10,7 271

P. ostreatus 10,5 1,6 81,8 7,5 6,1 367

P. opuntia 8,9 2,4 72,9 7,5 15,8 330

P. limpidus 38,7 9,4 46,6 27,6 5,3 313A. bisporus 26,3 1,8 59,9 10,4 12,0 328

L. edodes 17,5 8,0 67,5 8,0 7,0 387

V. diplasia 28,5 2,6 57,4 17,4 11,5 304

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2. c im sinh hc ca nm bo ng xm

Gii nm : MYCOTA hay

FUNGI

Ngng nm Nht : EUMYCOTA

Ngnh ph : BASIDIOMYCOTINA

Lp : HYMENOMYCETES

Lp phu :

HYMEOMYCETDAE

B : AGARICALESH : PLEUROTACEAE

Chi :PLEUROTUS

Tn khoa hc : PLEUROTUS CORNUCOPIAE

M t mu :

Nm Bo Ng Xm (Pleurotus cornucopiae) c th qu to, nh, hnh trn

phu_ qut (ng knh tn ~3.6-8.8cm, dy ~ 8-16mm), mu trng ti, hi c

sc xm nu, mc thnh m trn thnh cy g, cch mt t khong 35-55cm,

mp tn nguyn hi t trn, i khi un cong xung hoc rch nh. Mt trn tn

nhn hi lng bng, thng xm nu. Nhng th qu non hnh trng, hnh chy,

hnh tha mc dy c, mu trng vi chp nh mu xm nu nht. Cung

thng nh lch v mt bn, hnh tr thon di ~ 2.5-7.5cm, ng knh ~ 3.8-

14.5mm, mu trng thng c nhiu t nm khi sinh bao ph, nht l phn gc.Tht nm nc mm, hi mng nc, mu trng, dy ~ 3.3 7.3mm, mng dn

ra pha mp. Phin nm trng, mm xp xen dy, b rng phin dao ng 3

8mm.

Gi tr dc liu

Nghin cu ca S.C.TAM (1986) cho thy Bo Ng Xm (Pleurotus

cornucopiae) c tc dng lm h ng huyt.



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Theo nghin cu ca nh khoa hc Trung Quc - Ph Lin Giang (1985) th

nu n nm vi lng 2.5g/kg sau 40 ngy th lng cholesteroltrong mu s

gim 253.13 mg xung ch cn 193.12mg. nu n nm s vi1 lung cao hn

gp i 5g/kg th sau 40 ngy th lng cholesteroltrong mu gim xung ch

cn 128.57 mg.

Loi ny v c bn khng cha Lipit v tinh bt, giu Protein (21.1%, bao

gm y 8 a.a thit yu, k c Lysine v Methionine). Kh giu Vitamin nh

Vitamin C 33mg, B1 0.2 0.3mg v Niacin 18.2 21.3mg, tnh trn 100g nm

kh. y l loi nm n qu, c Bit cho nhng ngi n chay, dng thng

xuyn c th phng nga ung th v chng khi u.

c tnh khng sinh c bit r vi hp chtPleurotin, xc nh c

t 1947 (Hnh 2). Nm 1993, Myzuno v Cs, tch t phn an

Polysaccharide c cha protein t Pleurotus cornucopiae v chng minh hiu

lc chng u Sarcoma 180 trn chut kha r rng, c th so snh vi hot lc ca

Polysacride, PSK, PSP tch t k ta Grifolafrandosa, nm Donco Lntimula

sdodes, nm Vn chi Trametes versicolor(L Xun Thm et al., 1998, 1999a).

Polysacride khng ung th

Cc loi nm thuc nhiu taxon: Polyporus, Lyophyllum (Shimeiji).

Pleurotus (Hiratake), Lentinus, Grifola, Flammulia (Shiitake), Ganoderma

(Mannentaka), Schizophyllum, Trametes, cc loi th qu nm ti; th khun

ty nm (h si) (k hiu ca Mizuno l YF, YM, YE) c kha nghim cc

nh nghin cu bng cc phng php Sarcoma 180/mice ip hoc po, chngminh rng cc dn xut trao i ca acid nucleic, Polysacchride, Heteroglucan

C-D, Glucan c hot tnh khng ung th mt cch r rt chc nng tng cng

min dch khng ung th ca Polysccharide nm Pleurotus cornucopiae

c chng minh (Zhuang et al.,1993).



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Bng . Hiu lc chng ung th Sarcoma 180 trn chut ca

polysaccharide-protein th tan trong nc tch tP.cornucopiae (theoZhuang et al., 1993)

Nhm thc

nghim

Kch c khi

ua (cm3)

Mc

c

ch

(%)

Thi gian

sngb (ngy)

T/C

(%)

T

l c

ch

ton

T l

chtd

i chng

Fl

Flo

Flo-a

Flo-b

FA-1

FA-2

FA-3

18,98 8,74

2,59 0,07

2,89 0,61

1,75 0,66

11,46 3,73

11,64 4,54

4,83 1,32

12,44 4,99

-

86,4

84,8

90,8

39,6

48,7

74,6

34,5

31,9 7,8

>68,4 16,4

>84,0 0

>84,0 0

53,6 14,6

>64,8 21,4

>74,4 16,5

58,2 19,3

100

>214,4

>263,3

>263,3

168,0

>203,1

>233,3

182,4

0/8

2/5

3/5

3/5

0/5

1/5

2/5

0/5

7/8

0/5

0/5

0/5

1/5

1/5

0/5

1/5



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Bng .Hiu lc chng ung th Sarcoma 180 trn chut ca

polysaccharid-protein th khng tan trong nc tchP.cornucopiae (theoZhuang et al., 1993)



Nhm

thc

nghim

Kch c

khi ua

(cm3)

Mc

c

ch

(%)

Thi gian

sngb (ngy)

T/C (%) T l c

ch ton

bc

T l

chtd

ichng

Fll

Fll-1

Fll-2

Fll-3

Flll-1

Flll-1a

Flll-1b

Flll-2

18,98 8,74

4,43 1,98

1,74 0,99

17,46 4,76

19,14 8,31

7,91 2,34

4,39 1,09

9,19 2,97

2,94 1,21

-

76,7

90,8

8,0

8,4

58,4

76,9

51,6

84,5

31,9 7,8

>54,4 22,3

>72,8 12,4

>47,2 18,4

42,2 18,8

>68,8 16,4

>66,8 19,2

>68,4 20,7

>73,0 19,5

100

>170,5

>228,2

>148,0

132,3

>215,7

>209,4

>214,4

>228,7

0/8

1/5

3/5

0/5

0/5

1/5

1/5

1/5

3/5

7/8

2/5

0/5

2/5

3/5

0/5

0/5

0/5

0/5

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Bng . Hiu lc chng ung th Sarcoma 180 trn chut ca

polysaccharide-protein tinh ch tch tP.cornucopiae (theo Zhuang et al.,

1993)

akch thc khi u : Trung bnh S.D. 3 tun sau khi cy u.

bThi gian sng : Trung bnh S.D. 12 tun sau khi cy u.

cT l c ch hon ton khi u o sau 12 tun cy u.

dT l cht xc nh sau 5 tun cy u.

3. Quy trnh phn l p ging:GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 10SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Th Thy Nhi


Nhm

thc

nghim

Kch c

khi ua

(cm3)

Mc

c ch

(%)

Thi gian

sngb (ngy)

T/C

(%)

T l c

ch ton

bc

T l

chtd

i chng

Flo-a-

Flo-a-

Flo-b-

Flo-b-

Flll-2a

Flll-2b

20,7 4,1

9,7 3,2

10,4 5,0

8,4 4,1

12,7 4,9

0

3,2 2,1

-

53,1

49,8

59,4

31,7

100,0

84,6

28,4 4,9

>43,1 17,8

46,6 19,3

>53,2 13,1

45,4 11,7

>84,4 0

>65,2 15,1

100

>151,8

>164,1

>187,3

159,9

>295,8

>229,6

0/8

1/5

0/5

1/5

0/5

5/5

1/5

8/8

1/5

1/5

0/5

1/5

0/5

1/5

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Ging nm:

Ging nm c th c sn xut trn cc c cht khc nhau: ht i mch,

thc, mn ca, rm r v cc cht ph gia khc

Bao b ng ging cc dng: chai thy tinh, ti nilond trn bao bno, ging nm cng phi m bo cht lng.

-Khng b nhim bnh: quan st bn ngoi ging c mu trng ng nht,

si nm mc u t trn xung di, khng c mc xanh, vng, enKhng

c cc vng loang l.

-Ging c mi thm d chu: nu c mi chua, kh chu l ging

nhim khun.

-Ging khng gi hoc non: nu thy c m so hay cy nm mc trong

chai, mu chai nm chuyn sang vng hay nu en l ging gi. Ging cha

n kn ht y bao b l ging cn non.

S dng ging tt nht khi ging n kn ht y chai sau 3-4 ngy.

- Cc chng ging: ph hp vi iu kin nhit (theo ma v), nng

sut cao c kh nng chng chu su bnh.



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- Qu trnh vn chuyn ging: phi ht sc nh nhng, trnh va chm

mnh, dng ng chai ging. Khng c m nt bng ra xem, ngi, ging

ni thong mt, sch s, khng c nh sng trc tip.

C. Tng quan v ging v meo ging nm:

1. Ging ban u (ging gc):

Khi u ca qu trnh nhn ging, hay lm meo ging l phi c ging

gc. Ging gc hay ging ban u c th thc hin bng nhiu cch:

- Thu nhn v gy ny mm bo t nm.

- Tach si nm t cc c cht c nm mc.

- Phn l p t qu th nm.D lm cch no, th u cn mi trng dinh dng nui si t nm.

Mi trng dinh dng s dng ph bin vn l mi trng thch tng hp,

nhng ty i tng m thay i thnh phn hoc liu lng khc nhau.

Sau khi cy nui mi trng dinh dng, t nm s n trn mt thch

thnh mt lp si trng. Nhng si ny lan dn ra t bo t hoc t m tht nm

cho n khi ph kn c mt thch.

ng thch khng b ln tp v ch mt loi t ca loi nm mun trng ta

c ging gc.

Ging c dng lm ging gc phi t cc yu cu sau:

-L ging thun, khng ln tp.

-T mc khe, chia nhnh u.

-T nm b st mt thch hoc bao vng thnh ng nghim, t t kh

sinh, t ri bngGing gc s dng cho sn xut cn phi rt thn trng, v n thng

c nhn ra vi s lng ln v ch bit kt qu sau mt hoc vi thng, ngha

l sau khi thu hoch nm. Do , s xut khi chn ging s dn n thit hi rt

ln.

Tm li, ging gc l khu quyt nh trong sn xut v nui trng nm,

nn rt cn s cn thn khi thc hin.



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2. Phn l p nm:

Hnh: Phn l p t qu th nm

Nh ni trn, c nhiu cch phn l p nm to ging gc nh: t t

nm, bo t nm v qu th nm.

Nhmg hiu qu nht vn l phn l p t qu th nm, v:

- Bit chc chn nm phn l p nh th no, v phng php s dng l nhn

ging v tnh. Trong khi tch t nm th khng r c ng l nm mun ly

ging khng hay nm mc hoc nm di khc. Cn bo t th cng khng n

gin v nht l y l giai on sinh sn hu tnh, nn nm to thnh c th b

thay i c tnh.

- Han ch b ln hoc b nhim tp bi cc loi vi sinh vt khc, v s dng

trc tip cc m tht nm.

Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l chn tai nm in hnh (tiu biu nht)

v giai on trng thnh, d nh gi cht lng ging. M tht nm nn

tch nhng v tr kn o, t tip xuc vi cc ngun bnh nht.



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Qui trnh phn l p c s ha nh sau :



M tht

ra dd st khunnc ra vtrng

Gi th c t nm

Lau cn

Tch i

Tch tht nmt ln giy

Ngm nc v trng 4h

Cy truyn ln MTPGA trong ngnghim thch nghingKim tra nhim tp

Cy truyn

Nhn ging cho sn xutGi ging

Ging gc

Bo t

Gt sch chtBn bm chn

Tai nm

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S cy truyn, nhn ging trong sn xut:

3. Mi trng dinh dng cho nui cy nm:

Mun nui cy hoc nhn ging bt k loi nm no, iu trc tin l cn

c mi trng dinh dng. Mi trng dinh dng cng thay i theo tng giai

on ca qu trnh nhn ging: mi trng thch, ht, cng v gi mi.

- Trn mi trng thch, ngoi vic cung cp ngun dinh dng d hp

thu cho nm, cn tin cho quan st, pht hin cc mm nhim tp.

- Mi trng ht, lm tng v s lng ging phn b.

- Mi trng gi mi, gip t nm thch nghi vi c cht s nui trng.

Ngoi ra, cn c thm mi trng cng, l dng trung gian, tin li cho

thao tc chuyn ging, ng thi gip mao trong bch ging ng u hn.



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Nh vy, t nm trc khi thnh ging sn xut (nui trng), phi qua mt

lot cy chuyn trn cc loi mi trng dinh dng khc nhau. C th tm chia

thnh hai mi trng dinh dng chnh sau: mi trng thch v khng phi

thch.

a. Mi trng thch:

L loi mi trng dinh dng tng hp, bao gm ba thnh phn c bn:

- ng

- Thach hoc rau cu (agar)

- Cht b sung

ng s dng tt nht cho nm l glucose, nhng cng c th thaybng saccharose (ng ct hoc ng ma). Liu lng cho vo thng t 2

3% (20 30/lit mi trng).

Thch dng nh l mt cht nn v cc sn phm trong nc (Nha Trang

hoc Hi Phng) cng c th s dng cho nm. Thch ni a thng tan chm,

nhng ng nhanh, nn phi nu v khuy cho tan hon ton trc khi chia vo

cc ng nghim. Liu lng cho vo l 2% (20g/lt mi trng).

Cht b sung rt a dng ty theo tng ngi dng, tuy nhin cng c

th chia thnh hai nhm chnh, nh sau: nc chit v ha cht. n gin th

cc loi nc chit: khoai ty, c rt, nm rm, lu ny mm, u, cm...

Lng s dng l t 15 20% (150 200 g/lit mi trng). Nguyn liu s

dng c gt v (khoai ty, c rt), ra sch, ct lt (khoai ty, c rt, nm) v

nu ly nc chit. Phc tp hn th c: nc chit tht, pepton, nm men... Cc

loi ny thng c ch bin thnh dng bt v bo qun trong t lnh (khng chy nc v vn cc). Lng cho vo mi trng l 0,2% (2g/lt mi

trng).

Ha cht dng b sung vo mi trng nui cy nm ch yu l nguyn

t khong, nh K (kali hay P-tt), P (Phosphat hay ln), Mg (Magi)... Cc

cht ny thng dng mui, nh KH2PO4, K2HPO4, MgSO4, KCl, P2O5... Liu

lng s dng t 0,1 0,3% (1 -3g cho mt lt mi trng). Ngoi ra, gip

cho s tng trng ca nm, c th thm vo sinh t (Vitamin), nh B1



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(Thiamin) hay acid amin, nh Asparagin, Glutamic ac... Liu lng cho vo rt

nh t 0,002 0.005% (0,02 0,05g/lit mi trng, tng ng 20 50 phn

triu ppm). Mt vi trng hp, ngi ta cn b sung mt hoc vi loi khng

sinh, nngn chn cc mm bnh. Liu khng sinh dng thng khng nn qu

100 n v (UI- Unit International).

b. Mi trng dinh dng th (khng thch):

S dng trong qu trnh nhn ging. Ty theo qui trnh ca tng ni, m

nguyn liu l c cht c th khc nhau. Ph bin vn l cc loi ng cc, nh

la (la go, la np, lua m, i mch..), go, u, bo bo... .

Cc loi ng cc c ra v loi cc ht lp, sau c th ny mmhoc khng, ri nu cho va chn n. Chia vo cc dng c cha v em kh

trng trc khi cy ging.

cc nc ng Nam A, trong c nc ta, mao ging a ra trng

khng dng ht m phi thm mt hoc hai giai an na. Meo thnh phm

nui trn c cht th v rt gn vi nguyn liu s nui trng. Th d nh meo

nm rm lm bng rm r, tru, meo nm mo lm bng mt ca g...

Nguyn liu thng ngho dinh dng, nn phi trn thm nhiu cht b

sung. Cht thm vo thng l cht bt nh : cm, bp, u, tm, khoai, c...

Lng thm vo thng chim t l kh cao 6 20% (6 20kg/100kg nguyn

liu). Ngoi ra, nhiu cng thc mi trng cn thm cc thnh phn khc, c

th kt hp cht th nh phn chung, tro rm, tro tru, hoc cng c th c ha

cht nh cc loi phn ha hc: ur, DAP, N-P-K, KH2PO4, MgSO4... Cc cht

thm vo nng ti a khng qu 0,5% (0,5 kg/100kg nguyn liu). cngan ny, nguyn liu thng c x l vi nc vi, bng cch ngm hoc

trn vi nc vi (qut tng) nng khong 0,5 1,5% (0,5 1,5 kg/100 lt

nc). Thi gian ngm hoc t 24 48 gi. Sau , vt ra, ra v lm ro

nc (nu ngm) hoc chnh li m thch hp (nu trn nc vi ). Cui

cng, thm cc cht b sung v cho vo dng c cha, em i kh trng.

Ring nc ta, trong quy trnh nhn ging cn c thm cng on lm

ging cng, nhm gip n gin thao tc cy t ht sang nguyn liu th, nhngGVHD: HOANG XUN TH 17SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Th Thy Nhi


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quan trng hn l nm pht trin nhanh v tui meo pht trin ng u hn

(so vi cy ht)

Ging cng c lm t thn rm b ngn, b chui kh, thn cy u,

thn cy bp, thn cy khoai (cy sn), sn thanh g mm... Nguyn liu trc

khi s dng cng c x l vi nc vi 1% v ngm trong 48 gi. Vt ra ra

v lm ro nc, sau b sung thm cm hoc cm bp. Cc cht b sung ch

dng o ngoi nguyn liu, trc khi cho vo dng c cha v kh trng

4. Mt s lu khi cy ging khng b nhim:

Cc thao tc trong phn l p cng nh cy chuyn nm phi ht sc cn

thn v cn c nhng hiu bit v k thut v trng. K thut ny gm:- V trung mi trng dinh dng

- V trung mu cy

- V trung dng c

- V trung ni lm vic

- V trung trong thao tc

a. V trung mi trng dinh dng:

Nguyn liu nui cy nm tt

nht nn qua kh trng. Phng php ph

bin nht hin nay l dng hi nc nng

c hoc khng c p sut.

Trong trng hp s dng hi nc

nng c p sut, dng c thanh trng l ni cao p (autoclave). Nhit trong

ni c th nng ln 121

o

C (tng ng 1atm), thi gian ko di ty nguynliu. Vi cht lng hoc mi trng thch nh PGA, thi gian kh trng t 25

40 pht (tnh t lc t nhit ). Vi nguyn liu th nh: la, mt ca, rm

r..., thi gian kh trng t 1 gi 30 2 gi. c im ca phng php ny l

dit trng tng i trit , nhng nhc im l lm gim cht lng dinh

dng (do nhit cao) v thit b t tin.

Trong trng hp s dng hi nc nng khng p sut,

dng c khng cn kn v chu p lc nh ni cao p.GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 18SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Th Thy Nhi


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Nhit trong ni c th nng ln 90 95oC, thi gian kh trng ko di ty

dung tch ni. Ni ln (t hai khi tr ln) phi ko di thi gian t 5 6 gi.

Ni nh (di hai khi) ch cn 4 5 gi.

c im ca phg php ny l u t thit b re tin hn, t nh hng

n cht lng dinh dng, nhng kh nng dit trng c gii hn.

b. V trung mu nm:

- Nm dng lm mu nn chn tai nm khng b nhim tp, t nc.

- Nn ct gn sch chn nm, loi cht bn dnh gc.

- Dng cn 70o , thm gn lau nh mt ngoi st trng.

c. V trung dung cu:Dng c dng trong phn l p v cy nm gm: n cn, dao m (hoc

kim mi gio), que cy kp cy

Dng c nn chi ra sch s bng nc hoc bng khn t. Khi s

dng phi t nng st khun, nht l ln u tin cn k hn (t ba ln).

t trc tip trn ngn la nh que cy hoc nhng cn t nh: kp cy, dao

m

Sau mt hoc mt vi thao tc, dng c c th b nhim bn, cng cn

phi t li cho an ton.

d. V trung ni lm vic:

Trong trng hp c hay khng c t cy, th vn v sinh ni lm

vic cng rt quan trng. N quyt nh mt phn quan trng trong vn

nhim do cy.Ni thc hnh phn l p hoc cy chuyn ging cn kn gi, v gi s

mang mm nhim t khng kh chui vo ng nghim. Tuy nhin, cng cn lu

rng phng qu kn s lm nhit v m tng cao, dn n s pht sinh ca

nm mc.

Trong phng cy hoc xung quanh ni t phng cy khng c c

ngun nhim nh : bi, rc Do cn trnh t phng cy gn ng xe



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chy, cc xng ca, nh my xay xt Nn thng xuyn dn dp phng cy

cho sch v v sinh.

e. V trung trong thao tc:

Qu trnh thao tc cn phi lu nhng im sau:

- S dung n cn hoc n gas (n Bunsen), to vng an ton, c

bit trong trng hp khng c t cy chuyn bit. Mi n cn c ng knh

st khun l 20 cm. Tt c cc thao tc thc hin quanh ngn n v ngang tm

la. La n cn nn cao t 3 4 cm.

- ng nghim hoc bch ging ch m quanh ngn la n cn v t

th nm ngang, quay ming v hng ngn la. Sau khi m v trc khi ngnt bng li, nn h nh ming ng hoc bch, dit cc mm bnh bay vo.

- Thao tac lm gn kho. Trnh to gi lm lay ng n cn), lm tt

mm nhim vo mi trng nui cy. Trnh lm d p nt m tht nm, nh dng

dao ca nhiu ln mt v tr, gy nhim khun trn m nm.

- Khi thao tc trnh th mnh v pha ngn n, hoc di chuyn lm to

ra gi (k c ngi cy v ngi ph).

- Tranh va chm dng c vo nhng ni khng cn thit, d gy nhim

bn. Nu l va chm bn ngoi, nn t li dng c cy, ri mi lm tip.

Tm li, khi phn l p hoc cy chuyn nm, cng cn thn bao nhiu

cng t nhim by nhiu.

5. Phn bit nhim do cy v nhim do mi trng:

L ging cy sau thi gian xut hin nhim tp, c th do cc nguyn nhn

sau:

- Nhim hng lot:

Mi trng nui cy kh trng khng t, do , cc mm bnh (vi

trng, nm mc) pht trin. L do kh trng khng t cng rt phc tp, nhng

trc tin phi ni n l nhit v thi gian dit trng. Ty tng loi c cht

m c ch x l khc nhau: nguyn liu gin n, nh dung dch, nhit

kh trng c th thp (105o) hoc thi gian ngn li (20 25 pht), nguyn liuGVHD: HOANG XUN TH 20SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Th Thy Nhi


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phc tp hn, nh: la, cm nhit phi cao (121OC) v thi gian cn ko

di hn (1 gi 30 n 2 gi). Cc dng nguyn liu hn hp nh: rm r, mt

ca th ngoi nhit v thi gian kh trng, cn phi k n tnh cht ca

nguyn liu: kch thc, ng u v m ca c cht. Nguyn liu tp, th

kh nng ht m s khng ging nhau v cc thnh phn khng m hoc kh

s kh kh trng hn cc phn cn li. Tt nht nn sng loi bt cht th, to

(dm bo, mt ca), hoc ng, ngm nc thi gian lu hn. Ngoi ra nhng

loi nguyn liu nhim tp trc, cng s kh dit trng hn so vi cc

trng hp khc. V vy, trong qu trnh ch bin c cht nui nm rt quan

trng, khng ch cho s dinh dng ca nm, m cn lin quan n kh nngdit trng. Mt kh nng c th xy ra l ging gc s dng b nhim trc,

nhng khi kim tra do s khng pht hin thy.

- Nhim t l cao:

Nguyn nhn chnh c th lien quan n iu kin ni cy ging. Mi

trng ni lm vic v sinh km, nhiu gi, nhiu bi, ngt ngt, m cao

Nt bng b t, nn mm bng c iu kin xm nhp t nt bng vo bn

trong c cht. Ngi cy k thut km, nhiu thao tc tha dn n gy nhim.

V cui cng, vn c th l nguyn liu khng ng nht (khng cng loi,

cng kch thc, th tch), nn kh trng khng t.

- C nhim nhng t l khng cao:

Lin quan n k nng ca ngi cy v iu kin ni lm vic. Ngi

cy cn thn v c trnh , s gim c t l nhim mc thp nht v ngc

li. Tuy nhin trong iu kin sn xut nm d chin nh hin nay th rt khtrnh kh nng nhin tp, mc d rt thp.

Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh nui vn c th b ly nhim t ngoi vo.

Vic ly nhim ny ch yu do v sinh ni ging, km theo nt ng nghim

hoc chai l khng an ton, b m b nhim bn

C th tm tt cc hin tng nhim v cch khc phc nh sau:

Hin tng

nhim

Nguyn nhn Hng khc phc



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Nhim

hng lot

_ Kh trng khng t

_ Ging b nhim

_ Xem li thi gian v nhit kh

trng

_ Xem li vic x l nguyn liu:

kch thc, m

_ Kim tra ging gc trc khi cy

Nhim vi

t l cao

_Phng cy khng an ton

_ Nt bng b t

_ Thao tc cy cha tt

_ Ging gc b nhim mt

phn

_ Xem li v sinh v che chn gi

_ Nn s dng giy bt u.

_ Khi m ni hp nn ch 10 15

pht, cho hi nng sy kh nt

_ ng nghim hoc ti c cht, saukhi ly ra khi ni hp, khng nn

chng cht ln nhau, nt bng

mau kh.

_ Xem li cch cy, khng th

mnh, khng ni chuyn, khi m

nt bng dng c cha.

_ Kim tra k ging gc trc khi

cy.

C nhim

(t l khng

cao)

_ Phng cy khng kn gi

_ Thao tc cy cha tt

_ Nt bng b t (nhng

khng ng lot)

_ Ni khng v sinh

_ Xem li vic che chn

_ Cn thn trong lc cy ging

_Lm nh cch hng dn trn

_ Xem li ni ging

6.Cc tnh cht ca ging:

a. Ging tt hay xu:

y l vn tng i phc tp, cn c qu trnh v mt s kinh

nghim nht nh. Tuy nhin cng c th nh gi mt ging tt hay xu, thng

qua cc cch sau:



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- Ging thun khit: iu trc tin mt ging c chp nhn l ch

c mt loi t nm (tt nhin l t ca loi nm mun trng) v khng b ln tp

(nm mc hoc cc loi nm tp khc). Trong nui trng thc t, nm vn c

th sng chung vi mt vi loi vi sinh vt c kh nng ng ha, nh x

khun phn hy cht x (cellulose), hay nm mc phn hy tinh bt (amidon)

thnh ng Tuy nhin, vic s dng cng sinh ny nh con dao hai li,

nu gia hot ng ca nhm vi sinh vt ny vi nm trng c s mt cn bng,

s dn n tht bi

- Trng thi h si nm: thng ging nm c cho l tt khi t nm

gn nh ng nht v mu sc v hnh dng, si t mc khe, thng v chianhnh u. t nhng dng t xu, nh: ri bng, mc cu, i mu Ging

khe cng t b nh hng bi nhng thay i nh ca mi trng bn ngoi,

nh s thay i nhit ca ngy v m to hin tng bc thang (vt m lt

khc nhau) trn h si. T ca ging tt thng mc dy, b st mt thch , t t

kh sinh. T kh sinh l dng mc thng ng vi mi trng thch, u t cun

li v gn nh ri bng hoc ri bng, t hi hn l khi si t chuyn mu

hoc tit cht dch c, mu vng.

- H men thy gii (tiu ha): Trong thc t nm phi s dng nhng c

cht kh t rm r, mt ca Mun bin i nhng thnh phn ny thnh

nhng cht n gin hn, nm phi c h men thy gii thch hp, nh: men

amylase thy phn tinh bt (amidon), thnh glucose hoc men protease thy

phn cht m (protein) thnh cc acid amin Do , c th kim tra ging

bng cch nui cy trn mi trng dinh dng thch (thnh phn ng cthay th bng tinh bt hoc cht x), sau khi t mc c hai hoc ba ngy

(khun lc 2 3 cm). Nh iod v nh gi vng trong sut quanh khun lc so

vi nn xanh thm hoc nu tm do n mu iod. Ging nm c men thy gii

mnh, s to thnh vnh khn trong sut (xung quanh khun lc) ln hn. y

l phng php dng kim tra s b (nh tnh) nng lc thy gii c cht

ca nm, mun xc nh hot tnh cc men (nh lng) phng php phc tp

hn v cn c trang thit b phng th nghim.GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 23SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Th Thy Nhi


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- Qua nui trng: ging nm ch c nh gi tng i chnh xc qua

nui trng. Kt qu nui trng gip s b nhn xt hnh thi qu th, nng sut,

tnh cht ca nm nht l c iu kin kim tra c im mun chn. Tuy

nhin, do phi ch nui trng c kt qu, thi gian tng i di, nn nu bo

qun khng kho, ging b thoi ha, khi bt u sn xut, nng sut s khng

cn nh lc nui trng th.

C th tm tt nhng c im chnh cn nh gi cht lng meo

ging nh sau:

Ging tt Ging xuT nm mc thng,

chia nhnh v dy trn

cc loi c cht mi

giai on (thch, la,

cng, gi mi).

B nhim tp: c cht nhy nht, c mu c sa

(nhim trng), c mu sc l (nhim mc)

T mc tha, cun hoc ri bng.

T mu nht thnh tng mng trn bch meo ging.

T trng u.

Mi trng cha kh.

T chuyn mu, chy nc vng.

Mi trng b kh, t nm b co li, nm st mt thch.

Tm li, vic chn v nh gi ging tt, i hi ngoi k nng, bn

lnh, cn phi k n kinh nghim tch ly v quyt nh chnh xc ca ngi

lm ging.

b. Meo gi:

Bnh thng t tng trng n mt mc no , gp iu kin thunli, s kt hch to qu th nm. tuy nhin trong ng nghim hoc bch phi,

khng iu kin cho nm to qu th, th t nm ngng tng trng, sau

tr nn gi dn v c gi l lo ha (senescence).

T lo ha biu hin bng du hiu:

- Kt mng: cc si t vch (ng nghim hoc bch phi) bt u

kt thnh mng mng v tch ri khi thnh, to nn hin tng gi l dp.

Cui cng, t nm st xung c cht (mt thch, que cng hoc rm, tru).GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 24SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Th Thy Nhi


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- Tin nc: trn cc si t khi gi thng xut hin ngy cng nhiu

cc git nc, c mu t trng sang vng trong (khc vi mu vng c khi b

nhim trng). Nc tch t thnh vng hng bch hoc y bch.

- mu: si t nm bnh thng mu trng, nhng khi gi c

khuynh hng chuyn dn sang mu ti, xm tro hoc mu nu. Ring t nm

rm li c mu vng, cn gi l vng lng kh. Hin tng i mu thng khi

u mp thch (ng nghim), c chai (meo ht trong chai) hoc u bch phi,

lan dn ht h si. i khi s i mu, cng xut hin gia khi t, nhng

hin tng ny t lan hoc lan chm hn cc trng hp trn.

- To hu bo t: trng hp nm rm v mt vi loi nm, c khnng to hu bo t (chlamydospore). Hu bo t l dng tim sinh ca nm tn

ti trong iu kin mi trng khng thch hp, nh dinh dng cn kit, nhiu

tp cht

Ty tng loi nm v cch nui cy, thi gian meo ging gi (lo ha) s

khc nhau:

Nm rm: trung bnh 15 20 ngy.

Nm mo, bo ng: trung bnh 30 40 ngy.

Nm ng c: trung bnh 45 60 ngy.

T nm lo ha vn c th trng ra nm, nhng nng sut khng cao, tai

nm mc cng khng ng nht v c khuynh hng gim v kch thc. do

, tt nht nn trnh s dng meo ging gi trng nm.



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Phn II:

QUA TRINH THC NGHIM

A. X l nguyn liu:

1. Mi trng thch:



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Mi trng PGA (ci tin):

Nc chit bao gm: khoai ty 200g, c rt 100g, gi 100g, nc ct,

un si 10-15: lc b sung nc ct cho 1 lt.

Khoai ty, c rt gt v, ct nh, khng s dng khoai ty mc mm hoc

bin mu xanh. un si n chn k khoai ty, c rt, gi ri lc trong qua vi

mn. Sau cho thm thch. B sung nc cho 1 lt, ri un cho tan ht

thch. Phn vo cc ng nghim, lm mi trng thch nghing, cho thchvo khang 1/5 chiu di ng nghim. Sau gi thnh tng b, c bao giy

trnh lm t nt bng. hp kh trng nhit 1210C/20 pht, 1atm.(Khi kh

trng nh x ht khng kh trong ni ra ri mi tng p sut ln 1atm, nu

khng lm nh vy th nhit khng nng ln n 1210C c d p sut

t n 1atm. Mi trng khng cn iu chnh pH).



Thnh phn S lng

Nc chit 1 lt

Glucose 20 g

Cao nm men 1 g

Agar 20 g

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Kh trng xong thng ng ng nghim cho bay ht nc, ri t

nghing mt gc 450C. Cc ng nghim ny c y bng nt bng khng

thm nc, c cht v di va phi (nt ngn v xp qu, d nhim

khun; cht qu si nm kh pht trin v thiu khng kh; di qu d chm vo

mp thch ). i thch ng, b li cho vo t m t0 370C /24h; nu ng no

nhim khun phi lai b. Dng thch nghing cy nm c phn lp,

cy truyn gi ging hay nhn ging cp mt cung cp cho n v sn

xut. gi ging t ng nghim trong t lnh 4-100C.

2. Mi trng la:

Hnh: Phi trn mi trng ht

Thc ngm trong nc khong 12h, un 15 20 (ng chn qu); ly ra

ngm trong nc nng 5, ly ra ro ( m lc 55 60%).

Tin hnh b sung 1% vi v 10% cm go, trn u. Mi trng trn xong cn

a vo chai, khi lm cn c phu trnh nguyn liu dnh vo c chai. Khng

nguyn liu vo y bnh, phi c mt khong cch nht nh gia mi

trng v nt bng. Nguyn liu phn vo chim 2/3 bnh, lm nt bng c bao

giy khng thm nc, em hp kh trng 1210C /1h, 1atm.GVHD: HOANG XUN TH 28SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Th Thy Nhi


Thnh phn S lng

La 90%Cm go 10 20%CaCO3 1%

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3. Mi trng cng:

Hnh: X l mi trng cng

Cng m ngm trong nc vi c t l 0.5% trong 24h. Sau vt ra ro

b sung cm go 5%, trn u v phn cng m vo bch PP 25x15cm (sao cho

khng qu lng hay qu cht) lm nt bng v c giy bao ngoi. em hp kh

trng 1000C/8-9h. Ly ra ngui t0 phng/24h. Sau 1 ngy bch no h loi

ra.

Mc ch ca vic ngm nc vi l lm mm nhanh nguyn liu, ng

thi lm kim ha mi trng, hn ch s sng ca vi khun, nm mc, ngoia2

ra vi cng gip kh c (nh gc Ca2+).

B. Phn lp v nhn nhanh ging:

1. Quy trnh phn lp v nhn nhanh ging:



Thnh phn S lng

Cng m 95%Cm 5%Vi 0.5%

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2. Thuyt minh quy trnh:

To meo cp I:

Hnh: Kh trng t cy v mu phn l p

Giai on kh trng:



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-T cy lau sch bng cn, t n cn t 15-30, cc dng c khc cng

c kh trng trc khi a vo t cy bng cn 700. (nh: dao, banh kp, n

cn, a petri).

-Mu nm: mu c hi t tri DONA (ct b phn gc). Dng bng c

tm cn lau sch qu th kh trng.

Kh trng tay bng cn 700. Sau cho nm vo t cy, t trn a petri.

Tin hnh phn lp:

Hnh: Thao tc phn l p t qu th nm

Dng tay x nm ra lm i, dng dao mi mc ( c h qua ngn

la n cn, ch cho dao bt nng, c th mi dao ln mt phn qu th nm

c x nhng khng phi ni cn ly mu trnh lm cht mu) ct ly

mu theo hnh tam gic hay vt mt mt trn ca mu nhng ng qu mng.

Dng dao ly mu cho vo ng nghim, tin hnh y nt bng v dn nhn

(ngy ly mu phn lp, tn nm va phn lp). Mi thao tc u c th

hin trn ngn la n cn. Cc ng nghim sau khi cy xong nhit 21-230C trong thi gian 7-10 ngy cc t nm lan u khp mt thch. Lc ny

ta c meo cp I tin hnh cy chuyn sang mi trng la nhn ging.

To meo cp II:



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Hnh: Thao tc cy truyn t thch qua mi trng la

T meo cp I cy chuyn sang mi trng ht la, nhm to s lng ging

nhiu hn, bn cnh cng ci thin dn v mt dinh dng ca meo ging

ban u. Thao tc c th tin hnh trong t cy hay bn ngoi (nhng phi v

trng).

V sinh khu vc cy, t dn cn, kh trng tay. Ly ng nghim lan t

u, rt nt bng v h ming nghim (khng h st ngn la s lm v ng

nghim hoc khi ly mu ra s lm cht mu), dng que mc ct thch trong

ng nghim, dng que cy dng tha xc thch trong ng nghim cho vochai la ( rt nt bng v h trn ngn la n cn). y nt bng v dn

nhn (ngy cy, tn nm, ). chai la nhit 21-230C sau khong 10

ngy t nm lan u khp chai la. Ta c meo cp II, ta em i nhn ging

tip.

To ging sn xut:

Hnh: Cy truyn t la sang khoai m

Sau 10 ngy t nm n u chai la, lc ny ta em cy sang mi trngcng. Tin hnh nh trn nhng mi trng la s thay bng mi trng cng.

Dng que cy mc lm ti cc ht la ra (v trong qu trnh bung si cc si

s kt li vi nhau lm cho cc ht la dnh li vi nhau), dng que cy dng

tha xc tng tha cho vo mi trng cng (mi bch cng c th cho t1-2 tha

ht la c meo cp II). Mi thao tc du c tin hnh trn ngn la n cn

nhm hn ch s nhim. y nt bng v tin hnh dn nhn nh trn. Cc bch



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cong m sau khi cy xong nhit 21-230C sau khong 10 -15 ngy th cc

cng m trong bc s c mu trng u lc ny th ta c ging nm.

C. Kt qu:

1. Phn lp t qu th:

Nm mi c phn l p.

Phn l p sau 3 ngy: t m nm t bt u lan ra.



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Sau 6 ngy phn l p: t n di xung dc mi trng thch.

Sau 9 ngy phn l p: t lan gn ht mi trng thch.



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Sau 12 ngy phn l p: t lan ht mi trng thch em nhn ging qua

mi trng ht.



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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Tc lan t

(cm)

3 6 9 12

Thi gian (ngay)

Biu 1: Tc lan tca nmmi

trng thach

t

2. Cy truyn qua mi trng ht:

Nui cy sau 2 ngy: t lan t ming thch qua mi trng la.



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Sau 3 ngy: t n su vo la.

Sau 4 ngy: t lan nhiu ra cc ht la.

Sau 5 ngy: t n gn ht b mt la.



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Sau 6 ngy: t ph kn b mt la.

Sau 7 ngy: t n u ht mi trng la c th nhn ging sang mi

trng cng.



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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Tc lan

t(cm)

2 3 4 5 6 7

Thi gian (ngay)

Biu 2: Tc lan t mi trng hat

t

3. Cy truyn qua mi trng cng:

Sau 2 ngy: t bt u lan ra mi trng cng.



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Sau 4 ngy t mc lan ra nhiu hn.

Sau 6 ngy: t n ht cng m.

Sau 8 ngy: t lan gn ht b mt mi trng.



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Sau 9 ngy t n ht b mt mi trng.

Sau 10 ngy: t ph kn ht mi trngta c c meo ging

sn xut phi .

T bch meo ging ny, mi cng khoai m s c cy vo mt bch mn

ca, mt bch khoai m c th cy c 80 bch mn ca to ra hng trm

qu th nm ging vi qu th nm ban u phn l p.



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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1416

Tc lan

t(cm)

2 4 6 8 9 10

Thi gian (ngay)

Biu 3: Tc lan t mi trng cong

t



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XY DNG TRAI TRNG V CHM SOC

1-Nh trng nm s:

-Di: 50m.

-Rng: 5m.

-Nn nh chn m t: -1,2m.

-Phn tng dng t: +1,2m.

-T nn nh n nh mi nh: 4m (Phn mi nh cao 1,6m)-Tng c xy bng balo (10cm x 20cm x 30cm), tng dy ~15- 20cm.

- Ty theo iu kin kinh t, khong ti chnh, iu kin t ai, kh hu m

xy dng nh trng c quy m ln hay nh, v cch b tr ca, tng, hng

Hnh v cu to mi nh trng:Mi nh trng gm 3 lp lt chnh,v 2 lp tre np ph.

Tc dng cc lp:Lp tre np di c tc dng lm lc nng chocc lp trn; lp tre np trn c tc dng lm lc p cc lp li vi nhau, chng

tc mi; lp tn ximng c tc dng chng thm nc, ng thi chng tc

mi; lp tranh an c tc dng cch nhit bn ngoi, v gi nhit bn trong; lp

nylong c tc dng chng thm v gi nhit.



Lp tre np di

Lp lt tranh an

Lp lt nylong

Lp tre np trn

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Hnh v cu trc khi qut nh trng

Tc dng cc b phn:Vic chn m t s gip gi nhit, v cchnhit tt cho nh trng. Cc ca chnh c b tr cc bc thang ln xung,

v c ca ng v m khi cn thit. Cc ca ph gip to s thng thong, v

cho nh sang khuch tn vo nh trng, cc ca ph c b tr cc cnh ca

bng tranh an, dng c thanh chng v sp li khi cn thit, ngoi ra cc ca

ph cn chn vi li chng cn trng xm nhp. Trn mt tng hai u

nh trng, c b tr cc ca c tc dng nh cc ca ph.

Hnh nh cc ca trn tng hai u nh trng

Bn trong nh trng:Nn nh trm lm bng ximng.Nh trng c chia thnh 7

gian, mi gian di 7m, rng 5m, cc gian c thng vi nhau bi cc ca cao

2,1m, rng 1m. Ti cc gian c b tr gin v dy treo bch.

Gin treo bch:Ta dng cc cy g, tre, st ct v an thnh gintreo. cc gian, ta phi xy tng lm ch gc cc cy gin. Ngoi ra, ta

phi b tr cc thanh chng chu lc chng gia cc gin treo

Ta phi s dng dy nylong treo bch. Dy nylong di 3m, rng 4cm, ta gp

li lm ba theo chiu dc, tng chu lc treo. Ta ct no 3 dy li trn

gin lm mt chm treo bch, cc chm phi b tr cc vng dy bp chm

lm lc gi cc bch li vi nhau. Mi chm ta ch treo 7- 8 bch nm, iGVHD: HOANG XUN TH 44SVTH: Nguyn Trung Dung - Phan Thi Hng Nga - L Th Thy Nhi


4m

50m

-1,2m

+1,2m

Cachnh

Caph

T ngnh

M t t

Minh

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vi cc bch mi treo v rch bch, v giai on ny cc bch nm c trng

lng nng v th tch ln. Cn i vi cc bch p bch, mi chm ta c th

treo 10- 12 bch, v giai on ny cc bch nm c trng lng nh v th tch

nh.

Hnh v cu to gin treo bch:

Vic lm gin treo bch phi ch n bn, tnh chu lc treo ca gin. Do

, ta phi la chn nhng cy g, tre cht chn lm gin treo. ng thi ta

phi phun thuc chng mi mt. Cc dy treo bch phi do dai, c tnh chu lc

tt chng t chm na chng.

Hng ca

nh

trng:

Chiu di ca nh trng c xy theo hng ng Bc Ty Nam. Mc ch

ca vic xy theo hng ny: nh trng trnh c sc gi ma ng Bc,

chng c nng nng Ty Nam, cn cc hng Ty Bc v ng Nam t chu

cc tc hi trn nn ta b tr cc ca hng ny, nhm tip nhn c nh

sng khuch tn v to s thng thong cho nh trng.

Vic chn m t nh trng cn lu : V nn nh trng mcch mt t n



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1,2 m, nn nc c th b ng xung nn. Do , ta cn phi thit k tng

nh phi chc

I-2-Nh m nm s:Di 25m, rng 5m, cao 4m (tnh t nn nh

n nh mi). Nh m chia thnh 6 gian. 2 gian u cha nguyn liu o,

mi gian ny c cnh hnh vung 5m v c phn thnh 2 bi bc tng cao

1m. Mc ch phn thnh 2 : cha nguyn liu ny, v o ng

ny bn kia. Gian th 3 cng phn thnh 2 , th nht c dng ni vo

bch nguyn liu, th hai cha ci un.

Gian th 4 l ni b tr l hp thanh trng.

Gian th 5 l phng m. Mi nh mc thit k ging vi nh trng

Nh m cc ca chnh ra vo, v cc

ca ph hng nh nng khuch tn v to s thng thong cho nh m.

Hng ca nh m c t theo hng Ty Bc ng Nam.

Cc iu kin ca phng m:Phng m phi m bo s thngthong, trnh c gi la v nh nng chiu trc tip, trnh s xm nhp cacn trng, ng thi m bo nhit t 20 26oC, m thch hp cho s

sinh v pht trin ca h si nm. Ngoi ra, ta cn t nhiu vi nc ti lm

m nn nh.

Bn trong phng m c k cc gin t 3 - 5 tng m. Cc gin m

c lm bng g, k cch mt t tnh tng 1 l 0,5m, mi tng cch nhau

0,5m.

Khi cc cht cc bch nm m chng ta cn lu : Cc bch nm cchnhau t 3- 4cm trnh s sy st, nh hng ti s sinh- pht trin ca h si

nm.

I-4-6-m ging:

Sau khi cy ging xong, ta tin hnh cht v xp cc bch ln gin m. Cc

bch c xp cch nhau khong 3- 4cm trnh sy st. Ta m trong vng

25- 30 ngy. Trong qu trnh ny ta phi thng xuyn kim tra s sinh v pht



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trin ca h si nm. Ta phi m bo: Nhit phng m lun mc t 20-

26oC, m bch nm ~ 65 70%, nh sng khuch tn yu, phng m phi

thng thong, khng c cn trng xm nhp.

I-4-7-Treo v rch bch:Sau khi m trn gin c 25- 30 ngy, ta

tin hnh chuyn cc bch m sang nh trng treo v rch bch.

Cch lm dy treo v treo bch: Dng dy nylong di 3m, rng 4cm, ta gp 3

li theo chiu dc tng lc ko ca dy, dy ny lm cht treo. Ta lm cc

vng dy nylong bp gi bch. Cch treo: no tm 3 cht treo li vi nhau

ln gin treo, lun cc vng dy vo 3 cht treo. Sau lun cc bch nm vo,

c khong 1- 2 bch ta dng vng dy bp gi li cho cht. Mi chm ta treo 7-8 bch. Lu : Cc bch phi chc ngc ming khi treo, mc ch chc ngc

ming bch: V nc thot rt theo hng trn xung, nn khi treo ngc li

nc s thm ngc ti cc h si nm, gip cho h si nm c mt m ha

u.

Cch rch bch: Dng dao rch xung quanh bch 3 ng, mi ng di 3-

4cm, rng 2- 3mm, su 1- 3mm, khi rch phi ch n dy treo. Chng ta nn

rch bch theo ng thng. Mc ch rch theo ng thng: V rch thng s

lm cho nc d m d dng chy xung, gim bt s bm ca bi bm, ng

thi trnh c s gy i khi p bch.

I-4-8-Cch chm sc v thu hi:

Cch chm sc: Khi mi treo v rch bch ta khng nn ti nc trc tip

ln bch (k c dng phun sng) m ch ti t v m nn nh, trnh s

ng ca nc vo ch rch. Sau khong 7- 10 ngy nm bt u ra, ta c thti nc trc tip ln bch di dng phun sng (dng bnh bm phun sng

mang vo lng ti khp cc chm bch nm trong nh trng). Trong thi

gian ny ta phi m bo nhit nh trng khong 22- 28 oC, m khng kh

~85- 90%, pH =7, s thong kh, c nh sng khuch tn u, ng thi trnh

c cc loi cn trng ph hoi. Trong giai on ny ta phi chng cc cnh

ca ph ln n nh sng khuch tn, v tng s thong kh. Ta nn b tr



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ca ph cc tm vi mng, trnh s xm nhp cn trng cn ph nm (b

ry, rui xanh, mui vn, kin cnh, b xt). Trong giai on ny, qu th

nm rt cn m, nu thiu nc cy nm s ra cn ci, nh cn, n rt dai.

Ngc li, nu ti nc qu nhiu, nm s c mu vng, thi ra.

Cch thu hi t 1 (trc thi im p bch): Nm s mc tp trung thnh

cm, nn khi nm ln ta cn hi c cm. Hi nm ng tui s t nng

sut, cht lng cao. Nu hi nm qu gi n s khng ngon. Hi nm ng

tui l hi nm trc lc nm pht tn bo t. Khi nhn thy ln khi trng

bay ra t cy nm l cc bo t nm (biu hin nm qu gi). Khi hi nm, ta

cm c khm nm xoy nh theo chiu kim ng h. Ta phi cu sch phn gccn st li. Nu st gc, gc st s chn s ra ca qu th mi, gy kh khn

cho s ra qua th mi, ng thi gc st cn gy ly nhim. Sau khi thu hi ht

mt ln, ta ngng vic ti nc, trong thu hi t 1, ta thu hi khong 2- 3 ln

nm. Mi ln cch nhau khong 12- 15 ngy.

I-4-9-p bch:T khi treo v rch bch n lc p bch khong 40- 45

ngy. Trc tin ta tho cc bch nm khi cc chm treo bch. Tay tri tm

cht ly ming ti v gi yn, tay phi va n nn va xoay bch, to ra lc

p tt hn, ng thi lm cho bch c dng tr trn ln, rn cht thch hp. Ch

: khng p qu mnh, v p mnh s gy gy bch nm v chy st cc si nm.

p xong, ta nhng cc bch nm vo nc sch ra sch v cung cp lng

m thch hp cho bch. Nu bch nm qu kh th ta nn nhng vo nc lu

hn. Sau khi p xong, ta treo cc bch nm vo cc chm nh c, mi chm ln

ny treo khong 10- 12 bch nm. Ta cn rch thm 2- 3 ng na cho nmra.

Mc ch ca vic p bch:-Tp trung dinh dng, tng tip xc ca h si nm vi cc phn t dinh

dng ca nguyn liu cho nm tip tc ra tt hn.

-Lm nh th tch ti nm, nhm tit kim s lng chm dy treo, treo cc

bch nm mi.



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-Gip ta hi nm ng thi im mong mun, c bit l cc ngy rm m lch.

Sau khi p bch, khong 10- 12 ngy nm s bt u ra li, ta tip tc thu hi

t 2.

Cch thu hi t 2 ( sau thi im p bch): Sau khi p bch khong 10- 12

ngy ta tin hnh thu hi t 2, cch thu hi t 2 nh t 1. t 2, ta ch thu

hi c 1- 2 ln nm.

I-4-10-Loi b bch v v sinh nh trng:Sau khong thi gian

55- 60 ngy k t ngy treo v rch bch, ta tin hnh loi b bch v v sinh

nh trng. Cc bch nm loi b: Ta tn dng lm phn vi sinh, hoc dng nui

giun qu. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn xy dng mt nh ring cha cc bch nmloi b, thu c mt lng nm s ng k. V sinh nh trng: Ta s dng

dung dch foocmon 0,5% lm v sinh nh trng. Cch pha foocmon: C 1 lt

foocmon 0,5% ta ha vi 10 lt nc, phun cho 40m2 nh trng (foocmon c

kh nng kh khun rt mnh).

Phn III:



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KT LUN V KIN NGHI

A. Kt lun:Nu tin hnh nui trng th meo ging, ta c th nh gi c cht lng

ca ngun ging phn l p. Tuy nhin v thi gian thc hin n ngn nn

chng em ch c th kho st c s pht trin ca t nm. T kt qu th

nghim, cho thy ngun ging nm t cng ty Dona cho t nm pht trin rt

nhanh v mnh.

Qua qu trnh lm n ti trng, chng em thc hin quy trnh nui

cy meo ging, kho st c s pht trin ca t nm qua cc mi trng nui

cy. Hon thnh c quy trnh nhn ging v sn xut ging nm Bo Ng i

tr c cht lng cao, vi mi trng c cht ch yu l cc cc ph v ph thi

nng lm - cng nghip. Sn phm ca qu trnh nhn ging ny c th ng

dng vo sn xut phi v nui trng nm bo ng. Tc nhn ging nhanh,

ch trong vng mt thng, t qu th nm c th nhn ging thnh khong mt

trm bch phi nm, em ra nui trng s t c hiu qu kinh t cao .B. Kin ngh:

Nui cy meo ging l mt qu trnh quan trng quyt nh cho c qu trnh

sn xut, v vy cn c ch trng v quan tm nhiu hn, t c th ch

ng v sn xut v nng cao hiu qu kinh t.

Hin nay, trc nhng thch chc v c hi mi i vi vic pht trin

nng nghip v nng thn ni chung, cng nh ngh trng nm ni ring, vic

trng nm theo hng sn xut hng ha vi khoa hc v cng ngh sn xutthch hp ang thu ht s quan tm ca nhiu t chc, ban ngnh, c nhn trong

v ngoi nc.

thc y nhanh ngnh sn xut nm ca Vit Nam. Chng ta cn tp

trung gii quyt mt s vn sau:



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To ra cc loi ging nm c nng sut cao, cht lng tt, c tnh chng

chu (chu nhit, chu lnh, sch bnh) t cc ging a phng v ging

nhp ni.

Hon thin quy trnh sn xut ging c bit l khu s l nguyn liu

(c cht) nhn ging nm. h gi thnh ging thng phm xung thp hn

hin nay.

Nghin cu th trng, lin doanh lin kt vi cc cng ty trong v ngoi

nc tin hnh vic xut khu nm.

Hp tc chc ch vi cc nc v cc t chc quc t trn th gii trong

lnh vc nghin cu v sn xut nm.

Cn c nhng nghin cu su hn v nhng hot cht chit t cy nm.

iu quan trng nht theo kin chng em, cn phi thc hin c mi lin

kt cht ch bn nh: nh khoa hc - nh u t cng ngh - nh kinh doanh -

nh nc, nhm m bo tnh bn vng ca cng ngh sn xut nm, n nh

v m rng th trng.



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TI LIU THAM KHO

1) L Duy Thng Trn Vn Minh, S tay hng dn trng nm, NXBNng Nghip.

2) GS.TS.Nguyn Ln Dng, Cng Ngh Nui Trng Nm Tp I, II, NXB

Nng Nghip.

3) Gio trnh in t, Small- scale mushroom culivation.

4) K thut trng nm ca S khoa hc v cng ngh Tin Giang.

Cc trang web tham kho:

1) http://www.google.com.vn

2) http://www.namdona.com

3) http://www.foodsubs.com/Mushroom.html

4) http://www.goldengourmetmushrooms.com/oyster.html

5) http://www.freshes.com/en/mushinfo/xingbao.html


http://www.google.com.vn/http://www.namdona.com/http://www.foodsubs.com/Mushroom.htmlhttp://www.goldengourmetmushrooms.com/oyster.htmlhttp://www.freshes.com/en/mushinfo/xingbao.htmlhttp://www.google.com.vn/http://www.namdona.com/http://www.foodsubs.com/Mushroom.htmlhttp://www.goldengourmetmushrooms.com/oyster.htmlhttp://www.freshes.com/en/mushinfo/xingbao.html

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PH LC HNH NH

Nm bo ng Nht

Nm rm

Nm hu th

Nm linh chi



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Bch phi nm Cy meo ging

Meo nm b nhim mc Bao ng trng

Nm mo Ni hp dung c v mi trng



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sinh học1

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