nursing tics

8/2/2019 Nursing tics

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NursingInformatics


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Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lecture, students will be

able to:

Identify the various roles that computers

play in nursing education, practice,management, and research.

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COMPUTERS in NURSING EDUCATION

Computers are used extensively in nursingeducation; libraries are computerised,nursing educationalists use computers inclassroom teaching and for academic

record keeping. In nursing education, computers are used in

teaching and learning, testing, and studentand course record management. Each of

these are described next.

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Teaching and Learning

Computers enhance academic performance

for both students and faculty through facilitatingaccess to literature, computer-assistedinstruction, classroom technologies, anddistance learning.

Literature access and retrieval: computers

have significantly improved our abilities inkeeping abreast of the information on anysubject. In a fraction of time, continuouslyupdated cumulative indexes of subjects canbe searched electronically.

Once a list of search matches is displayed onscreen, the user can select all or certaincitations and either print them or store them onthe hard disk.

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The text below lists commonly used bibliographic

systems and databases.

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome information onLINE

(AIDSLINE)

CANCER LITerature (CANCER LIT)

Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature(CINAHL)

Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)

Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS)

Mental Measurement Yearbook

Psychological Abstracts (PsychINFO)


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Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI)

Many software programmes help students and

nurses learn and demonstrate learning. Theseinclude drug dosage calculation and ethicaldecision making.

Examples of tutorials include ECG interpretation,drug interactions, and legal aspects of nursing.

Completion of CAI programmes may be anacceptable means of demonstrating continuingeducation activities. For example, nursing facultycan obtain a certificate from the National Institute

of Health (NIH) regarding the protection of humansubjects in research.

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Classroom Technology

New educational buildings are wired toaccommodate technology. This includes electricoutlets and wireless technology for network orInternet access.

For nursing faculty, liquid crystal display (LCD)panels allow computer screens to be displayed tothe entire classroom.

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Testing

This is the second use of computer in nursing

education.Surveys, including anonymous questionnaires, can

be completed online.

For testing, large banks of potential items can be

written and the computer can generate differentexams for each student depending on theselection criteria. Students answers can also bescored electronically and the exam results

analysed quickly. For example, the NationalCouncil Licensure Examination (NCLEX-RN)moved from paper and pencil tests to computertests.

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Student and Course Record Management

Computers are useful for maintaining results ofstudents grades or attendance, for example alZajel. The computer programme can calculatepercentages, sort student scores in order, andprint results for both students and faculty.

Students are frequently asked to evaluate facultyand courses. These data are also scanned intothe computer so that cumulative results can becalculated and stored.

Many schools have now all student records oncomputer. From application through graduation,the registrars office keeps track of names,

addresses, courses taken, grades, and all otherim ortant data.

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COMPUTERS IN NURSING PRACTICE

Computers help nurses collect, record, and useclients data.

Nurses maintain clients data in computer records,assess other departments information about him/

her, and use computers to manage clientschedules.

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Documentation of Client Status and

Medical Record Keeping

Computer can help nurses in service in theirdaily activities by reducing the amount of timeneeded to record in the clients file, to accessdata about the client that may be somewherein the file or elsewhere in the health institution.

Computers can help nurses in accessingstandardised forms, policies, and procedures.

Within the context of the above title, we willdiscuss next bedside data entry, computer-

based client records, data standardisation andclassification, and tracking clients status.

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Bedside Data Entry

Bedside data entry systems allow recordingof client assessments, medicationadministration, progress notes, care planupdating, client acuity, and accruedcharges.

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Computer-Based Client Records

Computer-based patient record (CPRs)

allow client data retrieval by caregivers,administrators, accreditors, and others whorequire the data.

CPRs can improve a clients health in four

ways.Constant availability of clients health

information across the life span.

Ability to monitor quality of care.

Access to stored data.Ability of clients to share in knowledge and

activities influencing their health.

One of the concerns with the CPRs is

maintaining a clients privacy and security ofdata, which can be protected by user

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Tracking Clients Status

Once a CPR has been established, the nursecan retrieve and display a clientsphysiological parameters across time. Forexample, this includes vital signs.

Standardised nursing care plans and caremaps can be stored in the computer andeasily placed in the CPR electronically.

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COMPUTERS in NURSING ADMINISTRATION

Human resources: Employers must maintain adatabase, computerised or not, on eachemployee. Data held about each employeeinclude demographics, salary, life supportcertification, health requirements, andperformance appraisals.

Medical records management: Medicalrecords reflect costs. While it is expensive to

keep records, it is even more expensive not tobe able to access what is in them. Nurses,therefore, need to search client record fortrends including most common presenting

diagnoses, most expensive cases, length ofstay, and client outcomes.

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Facilities management: Computers canfacilitate many aspects of managing building

and non-nursing services. This means thatcomputers can control heating, airconditioning, ventilation, and alarm systems.Security devices such as readers that scan

identification cards and bar codes permit onlyauthorised staff to enter private areas.

Budget and finance: Advantages ofcomputerised billing are that claims are

transmitted much more quickly and have agreater likelihood of being complete andaccurate compared to hand-writtendocuments.

Quality assurance: Both internal and external

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Accreditation: The joint Commission onAccreditation of Health Care Organisations

(JCAHO) requires hospitals to have onlinemechanisms to monitor quality indicators, so asto reduce the difficulty and time involved in theaccreditation process. Another aspect of

accreditation review is demonstratingadequate staffing levels for the number andacuity of clients. Each health care facility mustuse a method of determining the number of

hours of nursing care required for its clients.

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COMPUTERS in NURSING RESEARCH

Computers are invaluable assistants in theconduct of research. In each step of theresearch process, computers facilitategeneration, refinement, analysis, and output

of data. Computers are, therefore, useful inthe following aspects of the researchprocess.

Problem identification: This is the first step in

the research process. The computer canhelp in locating the current literature aboutthe problem. Researchers may be able tolocate a solution, unknown to them, to the

problem.

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Literature review: An exhaustive review ofthe literature can be time consuming.Without computer access to electronic

databases, the researcher must wadethrough huge volumes of publications.

Research design: The design of a researchstudy, including the choice specific

research method, is always driven by theresearch question. At the design stage theresearcher determines whether the studywill be qualitative or quantitative, datacollection tools, the types of analyses that

will be carried out on data to answer theresearch question. Computers in this stagecan be used to search the literature forinstruments that have already been

developed.

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Data collection and analysis: Computersenable the creation of instruments to beused for data collection. This may includeinformed consent, participant informationsheet, and a questionnaire.

Research dissemination: Research is oflimited value if the findings are not widelydisseminated to nurses who can use themto improve clinical practice. Many journalsrequire researchers to submit theirmanuscripts for publication electronically,for example the Journal of Clinical Nursing.Computers speed completion of aresearch project and the availability offindings to the readers.

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PARTIAL PARTICIPANT INFORMATION SHEET

Title of study

Nurses' knowledge and practice of bloodtransfusion in 2

public hospitals, Nablus, Palestine.Introduction

I am an Assistant Professor at An-Najah NationalUniversity. This explanatory note will give

informationabout this research project and what would be

expected

from you if you want to take part.What the study is all about

The purpose of the study is to document currentblood

transfusion knowledge and practice among

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Research grants: Funds are availablefrom many sources for nursing

research. The budget asked for inthe grant application form mayinclude a request to purchase acomputer and/ or software needed

to carry out the project.

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