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29lkhvijr 4>;0

Cjs Dusbmjh ;?uhj khhj `j

suoos

_urvivkccjs hauvjccjs `j

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Cuh `js cjk`jrs ih`ijhs cjs pcus ihgcujhts `u Drsic, Kmdrsia Wicbkcvk, k t ksskssih

jh `ojmdrj `jrhijr prs `j sk oammuhkut, ku su` `u pkys. Dijh quj cjsoiroahstkhojs `j sk mart saijht jhoarj trs oahgusjs jt cjs tmaifhkfjs oahtrk`iotairjs,ic jst gart pradkdcj quj cjs cjvjurs qui aooupjht sah tjrritairj saijht carifihj `j sahksskssihkt.

@at `uhj ckrfj jt puisskhtj okrrurj, Kmdrsia tkit uh trj obkcjurjux jt jxtrkvjrti jt dijhoahhu paur sjs djccjs pkracjs. _k `oahtrkotiah mksqukit uhj gartj vacaht jt uhj pragah`j`tjrmihktiah sj dkttrj paur oj jh quai ic oraykit < ck tjrrj jt ck lustioj paur sah pjupcj.

Cjs mjmdrjs `j sk oammuhkut, Fuyrk Taek au pkys `j caisjku, aht t jxpucss `j cjur tjeabk(ck tjrrj khojstrkcj) `khs cjs khhjs ;90> jt ;9:> pkr cjs cjvjurs jt cjs kfriouctjurs5 ics aht trjcfus `khs uhj pjtitj rsjrvj `l surpjupcj pkr uhj ojhtkihj `kutrjs rgufis fukrkhi.Wiacjhoj, suioi`j jt mkchutritiah y `jvihrjht vitj mahhkij oaurkhtj.

Oj praojssus sjst rjhauvjc `khs taut cj su` `u Drsic a cjs Fukrkhi, ku hamdrj `j :> >>>jhvirah, aht t cjs tmaihs impuisskhts `j ck spaciktiah `j 99% `j cjur tjrritairj kutrjgaisrjoauvjrt `j garts cuxurikhtjs. ^rivs `j cjurs tjrrjs jt `j mayjhs `j sudvjhir cjurs djsaihs, cjsFukrkhi oahhkissjht kulaur`bui cuh `js tkux `j suioi`j cjs pcus cjvs ku mah`j.

Oammj ck pcupkrt `js Fukrkhi, Kmdrsia jt sk oammuhkutrvkijht `j rjtaurhjr `khs cjur tjeabk. Jh 4>>>, ic `irifjk kvjo sahprj ^kpita (uh rjzk`arau objg rjcifijux), cj `pckojmjht `j skoammuhkut bars `j ck rsjrvj paur cihstkccjr `khs uh okmpjmjhtku dar` `uhj rautj praobj `j cjur tjrritairj qui kvkit t rks,octur jt rjoauvjrt `ihtjrmihkdcjs obkmps `j okhhj suorj. Ckvij y tkit `urj cjurs kdris `j gartuhj jh dobjs jh pckstiquj

tkijht oahstkmmjht rjoauvjrts `uh hukfj `j paussirj pravaqupkr cjs okmiahs `aht cihtjhsj trkgio sj pracahfjkit laur jt huit. Cjsjhgkhts y sauggrkijht `j mkchutritiah jt, paur sudvjhir cjursdjsaihs, cjs k`uctjs hkvkijht `kutrj obaix quj `j sj gkirj jmpcayjrpkr cjs gjrmijrs qui aooupjht cjurs tjrrjs.

Cks `kttjh`rj quj cj fauvjrhjmjht prjhhj `js mjsurjs, Kmdrsia jt ^kpita mjhrjht traistjhtktivjs `j raooupktiah `j cjur tjrrj. Ics y russirjht gihkcjmjht ck traisimj, jh 4>>0, jt ckoammuhkut sihstkcck sur uhj pjtitj pkrojccj `j tjrrj ku miciju `js obkmps `j okhhj suorj. Jh4>>9, jh frkh`j pkrtij froj ku pcki`ayjr ihgktifkdcj jt pkssiahh `Kmdrsia, cj mihistrj `j ck

Lustioj rjoahhut jhgih Fuyrk Taek oammj tjrritairj ih`ifhj fukrkhi. Mkis ic hy kvkit pks ciju `jorijr viotairj cjs prapritkirjs tjrrijhs aooupjht cjur tjrritairj lusqu kulaur`bui. Cj pcusihgcujht jt cj pcus puisskht `jhtrj jux jst \ Pjixjirk, uh mjmdrj `u Oahfrs `j cJtkt.

Kmdrsia k t prapucs ku rkhf `j ocdrit mah`ikcj jh 4>>2 carsquic k tjhu cj rcj prihoipkc`khsDir`wktobjrs - Ck Pjrrj `js bammjs raufjs, uh gicm prim sur cjs viacjhts oahgcits qui appasjht cjsFukrkhi kux prapritkirjs tjrrijhs. Mkroa Djobis, cj rkcisktjur `u gicm, k rkoaht pcus tkr` quuhjgais sur pckoj ic kvkit `obir cj sohkria jt ckiss cjs Fukrkhi pkrcjr jt laujr cjur rcj oammj ics

lufjkijht dah `j cj gkirj.Carsquic kssistk ku ckhojmjht `u gicm ku Gjstivkc `u Gicm `j Wjhisj jh 4>>2, ic oahgik uhj

rjprsjhtkhtj `j _urvivkc qui ckooampkfhkit < Lj suis cbammj kdkttrj. [ukh` lj rjtaurhjrki sur mahtjrritairj, ics vijh`raht ojrtkihjmjht mj objrobjr. Kprs ck raooupktiah `j sah tjrritairj, ic kvkit jh jggjtrju `j hamdrjusjs mjhkojs `j mart.

Ck giotiah jst mkcbjurjusjmjht `jvjhuj rkcit. @khs cj gicm, cj pjrsahhkfj `Kmdrsia jstdrutkcjmjht ksskssih kcars quic mhj ck raooupktiah `j sah tjrritairj ku djku miciju `j ck huitpaur vitjr cjs bammjs `j mkih krms ck sac`j `js cjvjurs. Kmdrsia jst cj `jrhijr `uhj cahfujcifhj `j cjk`jrs fukrkhi systmktiqujmjht pris paur oidcjs paur cjur kotivismj.

Kmdrsia Wicbkcvk ;97>-4>;?

Kmdrsia Wicbkcvk Giahk Vktsah/_urvivkc

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ujcqujs-uhjs `js pjihturjs rupjs-trjs `j Psa`ica ku Datswkhk pju-vjht `ktjr `j vihft miccj khs au

pcus. Jccjs saht cuvrj `js khotrjs `js

Dusbmjh oahtjmparkihs. Jh pit trjjh mjsurj `j sj rockmjr oammj cj pcusih`ifhj `js pjupcjs `u mah`j jt `trjcjs `jrhijrs obkssjurs-oujiccjurs `Kgri-quj, cjs Dusbmjh `u Ekckbkri ojhtrkcsaht jh duttj uh fauvjrhjmjht qui jst`tjrmih jh gihir paur taulaurs kvjojux.

Ah sj sauvijh`rk `j ck vkfuj `jxpuc-siahs `js Dusbmjh qui aht kssist im-puisskhts ck `jstuotiah `j cjurs mkisahs,

ck gjrmjturj `j cjur oacj jt `j cjur

pastj `j skht madicj, ku sojccjmjht `jcjur puits jt ck partktiah pkr okmiahs`j cjurs gkmiccjs `khs `j sihistrjs okmps

`j rjcaokcisktiah. Cj fauvjrhjmjht dats-wkhkis prtjh`kit kihsi cjur aggrir cj `-vjcappjmjht jt cihtfrktiah ck vij `jck hktiah. Ku ciju `j ojck, cjs Dusbmjh sj

saht bjurts ck `prjssiah, ckcoaacismjjt ck mkck`ij `khs ojs okmps quics hjtkr`rjht pks kppjcjr cijux `j mart.

Oj qui sjhsuivit, froj ck fhra-sit j miccijrs j sympktbiskhts j _ur-

vivkc, gut cj praos cj pcus cahf quj cjDatswkhk kit oahhu `khs tautj sah bis-tairj. Cjs Dusbmjh sappasrjht oaurk-fjusjmjht ck puisskhoj `j cjurfauvjrhjmjht jt fkfhrjht! Carsquj cjs

lufjs prahahorjht cj vjr`iot jh 4>>7,cj partj-pkracj dusbmkh Tay _jskhk `-ockrk < Oj laur jst cj pcus bjurjux qujhaus, Dusbmjh, kyahs oahhu. Haus haussammjs ckmjhts pjh`kht si cahftjmps,mkis kulaur`bui haus pcjurahs `j laij.

Haus kvahs jhgih t cidrs. Cjs jxpuc-siahs aht t trs `aucaurjusjs paur mahpjupcj. Prkfiqujmjht, pcus `uh`iximj `js pckifhkhts dusbmjh `j ckprjmirj bjurj aht `ispkru kvkht quichj cjur sait rjh`u lustioj.

Mkcfr ck `oisiah `j ck Bkutj Oaursjcah ckqujccj cjs Dusbmjh kvkijht cj`rait `j vivrj jt `j obkssjr `khs ck T-sjrvj `u Ekckbkri ojhtrkc, cj fauvjrhj-mjht oahtihuj j cjs pjrsoutjr uticiskht

ck saig jt ck gkim oammj `js krmjs paurcjs obkssjr `j ck rsjrvj. Cjs Dusbmjhhaht jhoarj koos qu uh sjuc paiht`jku paur kggrahtjr cjs rifujurs `j ckskisah sobj `u Ekckbkri. Ics sahtoahstkmmjht bkrojcs, ihtimi`s, krr-ts jt mmj tarturs pkr ck pacioj pkrkmi-citkirj jt cjs fkr`js garjstijrs. Ckpratjotiah `j ck gkuhj jst uticisj oammjprtjxtj ck viacjhoj.

Tojmmjht, uh `jrhijr oaup part

kux Dusbmjh, k t `ihtjr`irj cjhtrjku Datswkhk `j cjur kvaokt dritkhhiqujFar`ah Djhhjtt qui hj rjut kuouhjjxpcioktiah ojttj mjsurj rprjssivj.

Zhj gih prafrkmmj1

Cj dayoatt `u taurismj ku Datswkhk pjrmjttrk-t-ic kux

Dusbmjh `obkppjr cjur `jstih1

Dusbmjh, `sjrt `u Ekckbkri, Datswkhk, 4>>2 _jdkstia _kcfk`a/Kmkzahks Imkfjs

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Mj Djhhjtt vjhkit kssistjr sjs ocijhts, cjsDusbmjh, qui oahtjstkijht cadcifktiahqui cjur tkit gkitj `adtjhir uh pjrmis

`uhj vkci`it `uh mais paur koo`jr ck rsjrvj, skug kux ;29 pckifhkhts ihs-orits `khs cjs `aoumjhts arifihkux `utriduhkc `ktkht `j 4>>7. Paus cjs kutrjs,

y oampris cjurs jhgkhts fs j ;2 khs jtpcus, saht tjhus `j `jmkh`jr uhj kutari-sktiah. _ics `pkssjht ck `urj `u pjr-mis, ics risqujht `trj krrts. Ojttjrfcjmjhtktiah jst trkhfjmjht simickirj cifhadcj^kss Ckw mis jh pckoj `urkhtckpkrtbji` jh Kgriquj `u _u` qui viskit

oahtrcjr ck oiroucktiah `js Kgriokihshairs jt qui spkrkit cjs jhgkhts `j cjurspkrjhts jt cjs mkris `j cjurs pausjs. _iojttj `ispasitiah ihiquj oahtihuj `trjjh vifujur, `khs qujcqujs fhrktiahs,carsquj cjs ;29 rjqurkhts kuraht taus`ispkru, ic hy kurk pcus `j Dusbmjh `khsck rsjrvj.

^aurquai cjs oitayjhs cjs pcus `muhis`u Datswkhk saht-ics kussi impitaykdcj-mjht jt systmktiqujmjht pjrsouts pkr

cjur praprj fauvjrhjmjht1 Ck rkisah jhjst simpcj, ah cj skit < ck rsjrvj js Dusb-mjh sj trauvj ku our `u pcus riobj fi-sjmjht `j `ikmkhts `u mah`j. Ic suggit

simpcjmjht cimihjr cjs Dusbmjh paursj `dkrrkssjr `j taus cjs pradcmjs cis sah jxpcaitktiah.

_uprmj irahij, sur sah sitj Ihtjrhjtaggioijc ``i ku taurismj, cj Datswkhkpramjut uhj jxp`itiah `khs ck Tsjrvj

oammj uhj jxprijhoj `j `oauvjrtj`uh `sjrt vrkimjht ihtkot jt prsjhtjuhj imkfj i`ycciquj js Dusbmjh jh oas-tumj trk`itiahhjc. Cjs tauristjs saht au-vjrtjmjht jhoaurkfs pragitjr `uhjjxprijhoj dusbmkh fui`s pkr `j v-ritkdcjs obkssjurs qui cjur jhsjifhjrahtcjurs tjobhiqujs `j survij `khs cj `sjrt,hatkmmjht ck obkssj jt ck oujiccjttj. Tk-

rjs sjraht cjs visitjurs skvair quj ojuxquics adsjrvjht `mahtrkht cjurs m-tba`js `j obkssj cki`j `j pcjs rpci-qujs `j cjurs kros jt gcobjs trk`itiahhjcs,

haht hi cj `rait `j obkssjr `khs ck r-sjrvj hi ojcui `y prcjvjr cjku ih`ispjh-skdcj cjur survij `khs cj sjrt. Ojst

paur ojttj rkisah quj _urvivkc k ckho cjdayoatt `u taurismj ku Datswkhk.

Cj dayoatt jst cuh `js rkrjs autics `aht`ispasj capihiah pudciquj paur jxpri-mjr sah paiht j vuj sur cjs kfissjmjhts`js fauvjrhjmjhts khs cj mah`j. Ic hjhuit pks coahamij `uh pkys mkisoampramjt ihoahtjstkdcjmjht sk rputk-tiah. Oj quic gkut rjtjhir ojst quj ojckgahotiahhj < hatrj kppjc ku dayoatt `js`ikmkhts `u Datswkhk jh 4>>6 k

oahtrkiht ck oampkfhij @j Djjrs rj-vjh`rj sah fisjmjht `j `ikmkhts `khsck rsjrvj `uhj vkcjur `j 4,4 miccikr`s`j `acckrs.

_i haus kvahs pu pkrvjhir lusquj ckprs `js `ojhhijs `j okmpkfhjs, haushj `jvahs pks kdkh`ahhjr hatrj oam-dkt jh gkvjur `j ojs `jrhijrs obkssjurs-oujiccjurs `Kgriquj. Haus `jvahsoahtihujr sautjhir cjs Dusbmjh jt `ku-trjs pjupcjs vuchrkdcjs `khs cjurs cut-

tjs paur cjur survij jh tkht quj pjupcjs._i haus hkviahs pks t c, ic hy kurkitpcus kulaur`bui uh sjuc Dusbmkh `khsck Tsjrvj `u Ekckbkri.

@khsj dusbmjh, Hkmidij Drjht _tirtah/_urvivkc

Hatrj kppjc ku dayoatt

`js `ikmkhts `u Datswkhk

jh 4>>6 kvkit oahtrkiht

cj oampkfhij @j Djjrs

rjvjh`rj sah fisjmjht

`uhj vkcjur `j pcus `j

`jux miccikr`s `j

`acckrs.

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Pkeumh, objg ekmkyur, Bkut Rihfu, Drsic. Mictah Furkh/_urvivkc

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jst uh civrj qui kvkit tautpaur mj pckirj. Kprstaut, lj rptj `jpuis `js`izkihjs `khhjs quj cjspjupcjs ih`ifhjs aht

djkuoaup haus kpprjh`rj, oj qui jstdijh prjmirj vuj cj our u mjsskfjquj Lkrj` @ikmah` haus trkhsmjt khssah hauvjc auvrkfj `j vucfkrisktiahsoijhtigiquj. Mkis jst-oj vrkimjht cj oks1

Kprs uh `jmi-siocj pkss gkirj ckhkvjttj jhtrj cjs Jtkts-Zhis jt ck Hau-vjccj-Fuihj paur y tu`ijr cjs aisjkux,@ikmah` `ait kvair uhj trs dahhjoahhkisskhoj `j ccj jt `j ojrtkihs `j sjsbkditkhts. Ic k slaurh `khs cjs `jux

maitis `j ccj, ck ^kpauksij-Hauvjccj-Fuihj jt ck ^kpauksij Aooi`jhtkcj ao-oupj pkr cIh`ahsij. aur cui, ic hj gkitkuouh `autj quj cjs Ha-Fuihjhs sahtkussi ihtjccifjhts quj himpartj qujc ku-trj pjupcj, jt ic k mkhigjstjmjht pkssdjkuoaup `j tjmps rgcobir oj qui cjs`iggrjhoij `j has saoits, quic kppjccjaooi`jhtkcjs, ihstruitjs, ih`ustrikcisjs,riobjs jt `maorktiqujs - cjs prjmirjscjttrjs j obkquj pitbtj garmkht jh kh-

fckis cj sifcj VJIT@, dizkrrj. ^cus suo-oihotjmjht, ics cjs hammj ma`jrhjs.

_ic jh tkit rjst c, ic hkurkit furjirrit quj qujcqujs spoikcistjs j ck Hau-vjccj-Fuihj paur qui sjs `jsoriptjursmkhqujht `j pjrtihjhoj;. Mkis, caih `jskrrtjr c, ic kmkcfkmj kvjo cjs Ha-Fuihjhs `kutrjs saoits quic kppjccjtrk`itiahhjccjs paur prao`jr jhsuitj `js fhrkcisktiahs bkskr`jusjs. Ck pcu-pkrt j sjs ihgarmktiahs khs oj `amkihj

pravijhhjht khtbrapacafujs, jh pkrti-oucijr (paur oj qui jst `j cKmriquj `u_u`) `js tu`js pudcijs pkr Hkpacjah

Obkfhah jt Eim Bicc, `aht cjs hams sahtoits pcusijurs rjprisjs.

Ojrtjs, @ikmah` sifhkcj (jh pksskht,jt skhs sy kppjskhtir) quj tautjs ojs sa-oits aht t pkrtijccjmjht trkhsgarmjs

pkr cjs oahtkots mkis ic hjh pjhsj pksmaihs qujccjs vivjht jhoarj quksimjhtoammj ck gkit cbumkhit lusqukux prj-mirjs arifihjs `j ckfrioucturj kppkrujvjrs ;; >>> kvkht L.-O. `khs cj Oraisskhtgjrticj, sjcah sjs tjrmjs4. Pjccj jst ck tj-hjur `j sah mjsskfj jt cj sjhs `u matbijr `khs cj titrj `j sah auvrkfj. Ojttjoahgusiah jst jxtrmjmjht rpkh`uj jt@ikmah` hj pkssj `kiccjurs pks djku-oaup `j tjmps ck `gjh`rj. Ck quk-

trimj `j oauvjrturj, paur ckqujccj ic kdijh ` `ahhjr sah kooar` mmj si jccjhjst pks `j sk mkih, kggirmj kvjo ck pcusfrkh`j kssurkhoj quj cjs saoits tridkcjsaggrjht uhj imkfj rjmkrqukdcj `j ck mkhirj `aht

has khotrjs aht vou pjh`kht `js micciahs `kh-hjs. (Ojst mai qui saucifhj.)

Oj saht `js gk`kisjs. Hamdrjux sahtcjs objrobjurs qui aht ockirjmjht rgutci`j sjcah ckqujccj cjs fraupjs tridkuxoahtjmparkihs kurkijht `kvkhtkfj

haus `irj sur has khotrjs `ic y k hj sj-rkit-oj quj qujcqujs miccijrs `khhjsquj himpartj qujccj kutrj saoit. Ic vk`j sai quj ckutasuggiskhoj tkit jt rjstjuhj oampaskhtj impartkhtj `u ma`j `jvij `js saoits tridkcjs `u prsjht ku-tkht quj `u pkss5 jt ic jst taut kussi ockirquj hi cjs uhjs hi cjs kutrjs haht lkmkis

6

Cj mah`j lusqu bijrCjs jrrjmjhts `u hauvjku civrj `j Lkrj` @ikmah`*

C'auvrkfj `j Lkrj` @ikmah` Cjmah`j lusqu bijr. Oj quj hauskpprjhhjht cjs saoits

trk`itiahhjccjs, `aht cktrk`uotiah grkhkisj vijht `jpkrktrj kux `itiahs Fkccimkr`(:67 p., 40), sjmdcj prjmirj vuj trkitjr `jsjhsjifhjmjhts quj cjs pjupcjsih`ustrikciss (qu'ic hammjma`jrhjs) pjuvjht tirjr `jspjupcjs ih`ifhjs (qu'ic kppjccjtrk`itiahhjcs). Ic jstimj qujojs `jrhijrs iccustrjht ckmkhirj `aht c'bumkhit vivkitic y k pcusijurs micchkirjs.^aur _tjpbjh Oarry, si cjspjupcjs ih`ifhjs aht skhs

kuouh `autj qujcquj obasj haus kpprjh`rj, ics hjrjprsjhtjht jh kuouhj gkah uhjsurvivkhoj `u pkss. _ahkrtiocj mahtrj quj Lkrj`@ikmah` haus k`rjssj kussi uhkutrj mjsskfj, dijh pcuspjrhioijux ojcui-oi, skvairquj ck pcupkrt `js pjupcjsih`ifhjs sj civrjht `jsfujrrjs ihojsskhtjs jt qujc'ihtjrvjhtiah `j c'Jtkt jsthah sjucjmjht hojsskirj mkisqu'ics c'kooujiccjht drksauvjrts okr jccj sjucj mjttrkit

uh grjih cjur oampartjmjhtdjcciqujux. ^aur Oarry, @ikmah`h'jxprimj c qu'uhj apihiah,gah`j qui pcus jst sur `js`ahhjs gkcckoijusjs au`isoutkdcjs `aht cj sjuc dutjst `j gkirj pkssjr uh mjsskfjpacitiquj. C'auvrkfj `j @ikmah``gjh` uhj visiah oacahikcistj`j ck pkoigioktiah `jsskuvkfjs jt rjprsjhtj uhjmjhkoj paur cjs `raits `jspjupcjs ih`ifhjs.

* Krtiocj pkru `khs.cj mkfkzihj kmriokih@kicyDjkst cj ?> lkhvijr 4>;?. Prk`uotiah grkhkisj `j^ijrrj-Kckih Fjh`rj** @irjotjur fhrkc j _urvivkc Ihtjrhktiahkc

pkr _tjpbjh Oarry**

;. Wair pkr jxjmpcj cjs oritiqujs `j Grj`jrioeJrrihftah, @jdarkb Fjwjrtz, _tukrt Eirsob,Hkhoy _uccivkh, jto.

4. O'jst uh vijux paissah `j mjr simpcistj, `ahtl'ki pkrc kiccjurs (Wair jhtrj kutrjs _. Oarry, Pridkc^japcj's gar Pamarraw's Varc`, Grjjmkh ^rjss,Kcojstjr, 4>;;, pp. 07-06.

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kttjiht `js `jhsits `mafrkpbiqujs oam-pkrkdcjs ojccj quj oahhkissjht has vic-cjs kulaur`bui. @khs oj sjhs, tautjsaoit jssjhtijccjmjht kutasuggiskhtj jt gkidcj jggjotig pjut sjrvir `j paiht j oam-pkrkisah kvjo cjs ma`js `j vij `kvkhtckfrioucturj, `u maihs `khs ojrtkihs `a-mkihjs. Ic hjh rjstj pks maihs quj cjspjupcjs ih`ifhjs hj saht pks `js oapijsoahgarmjs `j has khotrjs.

Zh `js mjiccjurs spoikcistjs khfckis`j ck prbistairj, Obris _trihfjr `u mu-sj `bistairj hkturjccj `j Cah`rjs, k sau-vjht rjcjv cj `khfjr `j oahsi`rjr cjsobkssjurs-oujiccjurs oahtjmparkihsoammj `js gassicjs vivkhts, ihsistkht surcj gkit quj, oammj taus cjs kutrjs pju-

pcjs, cjurs fhjs, cjurs oucturjs jt cjuroampartjmjht haht ojss `vacujr

lusqu kulaur`bui?. Ic haht pu vi-`jmmjht quj obkhfjr okr sihah ics hku-rkijht taut simpcjmjht pks survou.

Hatahs pkr kiccjurs quj, kcars quj sj-cah ck tbsj `j @ikmah` haus kvahs taust pkr cj pkss js obkssjurs-oujiccjurs0

jt quj ojst proismjht paur ojck qujhaus pauvahs vair jh jux uhj imkfj `jhatrj pkss, jh rkcit rkrjs saht cjs Ha-

Fuihjhs qui prktiqujht ck obkssj. Ckpcupkrt `jhtrj jux vivjht `j cjurs ouctu-rjs, jt oj skhs `autj `jpuis `js miccijrs`khhjs. @ikmah` hj mjhtiahhj qujhpksskht cj gkit quj cjur prihoipkc kcimjht,ck pktktj `auoj, jst pradkdcjmjht vjhu`Kmriquj, ic y k pjut-trj qujcqujsojhtkihjs au miccijrs `khhjs. ^jrsahhjhj skit jxkotjmjht `khs qujccjs oah`i-tiahs mkis ojt jxjmpcj `mahtrj lustj-mjht kvjo ck pcus frkh`j ockrt quj ck

mah`ikcisktiah jt cj obkhfjmjht aht jukutkht `jggjts sur cjs pjupcjs trk`itiah-hjcs quj sur cjs kutrjs. @ikmah` cj skitpjrtihjmmjht, mkis ic jst rjfrjttkdcj `joahstktjr quic prgrj hj pks jh tjhiroamptj qukh` sk `mahstrktiah paur-rkit jh ptir.

^cus caih `khs sah auvrkfj, @ikmah``rjssj uhj cistj `uskfjs jt `j oautumjstypiqujs `js saoits trk`itiahhjccjs `ahthaus paurriahs haus ihspirjr kvjo pra-

git. Caukdcj i`j mmj si rijh `j tautojck hkppkrkt pkrtioucirjmjht hauvjkuau rvacutiahhkirj. Ic jst `kvis quj haus

(cjs Kmriokihs jh taut oks) `jvriahs hausjggarojr j rihtfrjr cjs cihqukhts, jhmiskht `kvkhtkfj sur ck rihsjrtiah qujsur ck rprjssiah. Ic oahsi`rj quj haus`jvriahs partjr cjs dds pcus quj oj hjstcj oks kulaur`bui: jt gkirj jh sartj quicssaijht taurhs vjrs ckvkht qukh` hauscjs jmmjhahs kvjo haus (prapasitiah uhpju skufrjhuj qukh` ah pjhsj quj ckpcupkrt `js paussjttjs jt dah hamdrj `jpartj-dds saht l oahus j ojttj gk-ah). Ic haus jhoaurkfj gkirj pcus frkh`oks `j has pjrsahhjs fjs, jt aggrj jh-oarj dijh `kutrjs oahsjics `j oj fjhrj7.Ic hy k rijh rj`irj ojs pkrtijs `j cau-vrkfj, quah paurrkit kssimicjr uh fui`j`j `vjcappjmjht pjrsahhjc jt `aht ojr-

tkihjs rgcjxiahs saht taut gkit stimu-ckhtjs, mkis ah sj `jmkh`j qujc impkotjccjs paurraht dijh kvair sur `jsAooi`jhtkux gartuhs au cjurs fauvjr-hjmjhts.

@ikmah` kttjiht sk vitjssj `j oraisirjcarsquic sihtrjssj gihkcjmjht hatrjrojhtj oahsammktiah jxojssivj `j sjcjt `j suorj jt sah impkot sur hatrjskht. Ah hj skurkit trap saucifhjr oam-dijh ic k rkisah `j rkppjcjr ckufmjhtk-

tiah oahstkhtj `js oks `adsit, `j ooit,`kmputktiahs au `ihsuggiskhoj rhkcj,jto. Jt oj hj pjut trj quuh obao skcu-tkirj jt, lj cjsprj, uh vritkdcj oaup `jsjmahoj, quj `j cirj quic gkut uhj kh-hj uh Ih`ijh ykhamkmi Kmkzahij6

paur oahsammjr ck qukhtit j sjc quahtrauvj `khs uh sjuc pckt `uh rjstkurkhtokcigarhijh.

Cj vritkdcj pradcmj `j @ikmah``khs oj civrj jt ojh jst uh trs fras

jst quic orait quj cjs saoits trk`itiah-hjccjs gaht `js obasjs pauvkhtkdcjs quirjquirjht hojsskirjmjht uhj ihtjrvjh-tiah `j ctkt. _jcah cui, ojs saoits tujhtharmmjht, quj oj sait `khs `js fujr-rjs, `js oks `ihgkhtioi`j, au jhoarjckdkh`ah au cj mjurtrj `j vijicckr`s.Ojst uh paiht sur cjqujc ic rjvijht ihcks-skdcjmjht, oahvkihou quic jst `j pau-vair jxpciqujr cjs rkisahs j ojs prktiqujsjt `mahtjr ck cafiquj grai`j jt impck-

okdcj qui cjs saus-tjh`. Kcars mmj quicrjoahhkt hkvair lkmkis pjrsahhjccjmjhtt tmaih `kuouhj `j ojs prktiqujs taut

ku cahf j sjs prfrihktiahs, ic tkyj sahprapas `khjo`atjs pjrsahhjccjs tirjs`j sjs slaurs jh Hauvjccj-Fuihj kihsiquj `j tautjs sartjs `j `ahhjs oahojr-hkht uh taut pjtit hamdrj `j pjupcjs `aht uhj frkh`j pkrtij pravijht `js kh-tbrapacafujs mjhtiahhs pcus bkut. Dahhamdrj `js gkits quic rkppartj kvjo ca-qujhoj saht bkutjmjht oahtjstkdcjs2.

Kcars, a saht cjs gkits jt a saht cjssimpcjs apihiahs1 Ic jst dijh sr vrki qujhamdrj js pjupcjs quic mjhtiahhj jx-primjht `j ck viacjhoj `j `ivjrsjs gk-ahs < js fjhs jh tujht kutrjs pkrtaut,pjrsahhj hj cj hijrk. Mkis ojs pjupcjsaht-ics paur kutkht uhj prapjhsiah pkr-tioucirj tujr, jt oammjht qukhtigijr cj

pbhamhj1 _jcah @ikmah`, cjs pju-pcjs ih`ifhjs saht hjttjmjht pcus jh-ocihs tujr quj `js saoits `irifjs pkr`js fauvjrhjmjhts hktiahkux. Mkis ic yk pirj. Dijh quic rjoahhkissj mi-vaix,ic jst vrki quj ojrtkihjs saoits, ojquj cah skobj, haht lkmkis gkit ck fujrrj,ojck hj cjmpobj pks kggirmjr bkut jtgart quj ck pcupkrt js pjupcjs ih`ifhjsvivjht `khs uh oahstkht tkt `j fujrrj9.

2

?. Wair pkr jxjmpcj 6/?;/soijhoj/okvj-gih ihfs-rjvivj- jdktj-ah-bumkh-djbkviar.btmc1Qr=>0. Kutrj kggirmktiah simpcistj `aht l'ki `l pkrc.:. Ojttj i`j k t pkrtioucirjmjht dijh `vjcap-pj pkr Ljkh Cij`cagg's `khs Pbj Oahtihuum Oahojpt,;96:.7. @ikmah` `vjcappj pkr jxjmpcj jh `tkic uhjtbarij qu'ic kppjccj pkrkhak oahstruotivj, uhtjrmj dijh skvkht paur pkrcjr `j oj qu'ah kppjccjjh fhrkc pru`jhoj. K lustj titrj, cjs Ha-Fuihjhs prjhhjht frkh` saih `j hj pks `armirsaus `js krdrjs marts, jt c'kutjur haus jhoaurkfj trj pru`jhts carsquj haus mahtahs sur uh

jsokdjku. [ui pjut cui `ahhjr tart1 Mkis kvahs-haus vrkimjht djsaih `j skfjssj khojstrkcj paurhaus jh oahvkihorj16. Ic cjs kppjccj Ykhamkma.2. Ic kggirmj pkr jxjmpcj quj cj gkit `'ihvitjr ihsi-`ijusjmjht uh jhhjmi vjhir pkrtkfjr uh rjpkspaur jhsuitj cj tujr jst skhs pkrkcccj `khs cjsfujrrjs ma`jrhjs. O'jst paurtkht uhj tkotiqujoammuhmjht jmpcayj pkr cjs oacahs tujurs`'Ih`ijhs jh Kmriquj `u Har` jt `u _u`. _'ic sjrjgusj prjh`rj jh oamptj ojs jxjmpcjs pkrojqu'ic hj s'kfit pks `j fujrrj, quj `irj kcars `jc'ihvitktiah gkitj pkr c'krmj kccjmkh`j kuxkutaobtahjs bjrjra jh Kgriquj sj rjh`rj kuprs`js paihts `'jku kvjo ck pramjssj `'uh oaucair `jsourit paur jhsuitj cjs mksskorjr1 Ck pjrgi`ij `j

c'krmj `khs cj mksskorj `j _kh` Orjje jh ;270kux Jtkts-Zhis jst uh kutrj jxjmpcj pjrtihjhtpkrmi tkht `'kutrjs.9. L. @ikmah`, ap. oit., pp. 6:, ;76, 49>, jto.

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Ojs ihjptijs kussi `khfjrjusjs quihv-rigikdcjs (quj `kutrjs kvkht cui aht kvkh-ojs, _tjvjh ^ihejr jh pkrtioucijr;>)trauvjht oahgirmktiah, sjcah cui, si cahokcoucj cj hamdrj j pjrsahhjs tujs ckfujrrj au cars bamioi`js khs cjs pkysih`ustrikciss jt quah rkppartj oj ham-

drj ck papucktiah tatkcj. Ic oampkrj jh-suitj ojs rsuctkts kux okcoucs jggjotuspkr `js khtbrapacafujs `j ck trjmpj `jObkfhah paur `js tridus oammj cjs Yk-hamkmi. _jcah cui, cjs rsuctkts mahtrjhtquj cjs oahgcits tridkux saht pcus viacjhtsjt pravaqujht dijh pcus `j viotimjs qujcjs htrjs.

Oj hj saht dijh sr quj `js mjhsah-fjs, `js mjhsahfjs jt `js stktistiqujs bahts. Ckissahs paurtkht uh ihstkht

@ikmah` cj dhgioj `u `autj `j qujc-qujs `autjs trs oahtjstkdcjs, sihahoahtravjrss. ^kssahs pkr jxjmpcj pkr`jssus ck trs bkutj pradkdicit quj ojrtki-hjs ku maihs `j ojs fujrrjs ihtjrtridk-cjs kijht t jxkojrdjs, au mmj okusjspkr `js ihtrusiahs sur cjur tjrritairj au`kutrjs kotjs basticjs `j ck pkrt `js puis-skhojs oacahikcjs. Lj hj tijh`rki pksoamptj hah pcus `u gkit quj cjs `ahhjsrkssjmdcjs pkr Obkfhah ku oaurs `j

sah trkvkic j tjrrkih objz cjs Ykhamkmi`khs cjs khhjs ;97> hj lauissjht pcus`u maih`rj or`it jpuis js ojhhijs ;4 (dijh quj @ikmah` oitj uh ih-`ioj ihtrjsskht `khs sah civrj < oammj iccj rjcvj cui-mmj, ck maiti `js Kobaht t tus pkr `js hah-kutaobtahjs).

Lj hj mkrrtjrki pks `kvkhtkfj sur cjgkit quj @ikmah` hj gkit rgrjhoj qu`js saoits a `js khtbrapacafujs ahtoaccjot `js `ahhjs sur cjs bamioi`jsskhs rijh `irj `js ojhtkihjs `kutrjs a cjpbhamhj hk pks t tu`i, pjut-trj

pkroj quj `khs ojrtkihs oks `u maihs ic hjxistj taut simpcjmjht pks `j tjccjs`ahhjs. Ic jst kprs taut dijh hkturjcquj `js khtbrapacafujs sauoijux `joahojhtrjr cjurs rjobjrobjs sur ck via-cjhoj jt ck fujrrj hj pjr`jht pks cjurproijux tjmps `j trkvkic `j tjrrkih tu`ijr `js saoits skhs trk`itiah fujr-rirj. Lj cj rptj, lj hj objrobj pks hijrcj gkit quj `js fjhs jh tujht `kutrjs. Ljmihtjrrafj sjucjmjht sur ckmpcjur `u

pbhamhj.Lj orais kvair mkihtjhkht ahh @ik-mah` cj dhgioj `u `autj jt ic jst

tjmps `j rgcobir hatrj bistairj < oam-dijh `j viotimjs has fujrrjs gaht-jccjs1Jt qujccj vkcjur kooar`jr uh okcouc `jck prapartiah js viotimjs pkr rkppart ck papucktiah tatkcj js pkys oahojrhs1

Cjs obiggrjs `ahhs pkr @ikmah` sur cjpaurojhtkfj `j marts ck dktkiccj `Aei-

hkwk jh ;90: pkr rkppart kux papuck-tiahs tatkcjs `js hktiahs oamdkttkhtjs cj rsuctkt quic `ahhj jst `j >,; % sahtmis jh rjfkr` u hamdrj j marts khsuh oahgcit ihtjrtridkc objz cjs @khi jh;97; < ahzj. @ikmah` jh oahocut quj cjsjoah` k gkit prapartiahhjccjmjht pcus

9

Fujrrijrs mkkski, Ejhyk Djoewitb & Gisbjr/_urvivkc

;>. _ ^ihejr, Pbj Djttjr Khfjcs ag Aur Hkturj, KccjhCkhj, Cah`rjs, 4>;;.;;. Wair pkr jxjmpcj Ykhamkmi, _urvivkcIhtjrhktiahkc, ^kris, Cah`rjs, ;99>, p. ;>.

Carsquj @ikmah` rjoahhkt qu'jh rkcit rkrjssaht cjs khtbrapacafujs kvair t tmaihs `jojttj viacjhoj oahstkhtj qu'ic jstimj trj ck harmjobjz ck pcupkrt `js pjupcjs ih`ifhjs, ic oahtaurhjck `iggiouct kvjo `j dijh pkuvrjs krfumjhts < cjsfauvjrhjmjhts hj vau`rkijht pks quj cjs khtbra-pacafujs saijht ck oidcj `js pjupcjs ih`ifhjs mkisic rvcj cj gah` `j sk pjhsj carsqu'ic `ockrj < cjs

fauvjrhjmjhts hj v jucjht pks hah pcus quj cjs khtbrapaca-

fujs saijht krms paur pauvair mjttrj jux-mmjs gih

kux oamdkts pkr ck garoj `js fauvjrhjmjhts aht ihstkur

`js rjstriotiahs `j `pckojmjht lusqu' oj qu'uhj rfiah sait

aggioijccjmjht oahsi`rj oammj pkoigij(o'jst maiqui saucifhj.) @ikmah`, p. ;?4. C'i`j quj `jsfauvjrhjmjhts puissjht rjstrjih`rj cjs `pckoj-mjhts paur cj dijh-trj `js khtbrapacafujs jst

grkhobjmjht risidcj. Carsqu'ics cj gaht, o'jst jhfhrkc paur `issimucjr cjur praprj viacjhoj.;4. _urvivkc Ihtjrhktiahkc,@jhikc ag fjhaoi`j,_urvivkc Ihtjrhktiahkc, Cah`rjs, ;99?.

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`j viotimjs quj ck prjmirj, sait >,;0 %`j ck papucktiah `khi.

Ck viacjhoj objz cjs @khi kurkit kihsit pirj quj ck pcus skhfckhtj j tautjs cjsdktkiccjs `j ck @juximj Fujrrj mah-`ikcj `khs cj ^koigiquj. Gkut-ic rkppjcjrquj cj prihoipkc pkys jhfkf k t cjsJtkts-Zhis, aht cj tjrritairj oahtihjhtkchk pks `u taut oahhu ck fujrrj 1 Hku-rkit-ic pks t pcus lu`ioijux j oahsi`rjrpcutt cj paurojhtkfj `js viotimjs c ack fujrrj k ju ciju 1 Mmj si cah mkh-quj `j obiggrjs prois, ah jstimj quj ck

prapartiah `j oitayjhs `Aeihkwk tuscars `j ck dktkiccj asoiccj jhtrj ;> % jt?? %. _i ah obaisit cj obiggrj cj pcus cjv,ah pjut kcars jstimjr quic y k ju 4:> gaispcus j marts khs ojttj dktkiccj quj `khscj oahgcit `khi, jt oj skhs mmj prjh`rjjh oamptj cjs micitkirjs tus ku oamdkt.

@khs ck mmj vjihj, @ikmah` kggirmjquj cjs viotimjs `j ck damdj ktamiqujckrfuj sur Birasbimk jh kat ;90: hkrjprsjht quuh mihusoucj >,; % `j ck

papucktiah lkpahkisj tatkcj. Mkis qujhjst-ic `j ck dijh pcus pjtitj tridu quahpaurrkit kppjcjr cjs Birasbimijhs jt

`aht cj tkux `j `os k kvaisih cjs :> %paur uhj sjucj damdj 1 [ujc obiggrj jst

cj pcus sifhigioktig 1 Cjqujc kppkrktoammj uh krtigioj viskht tkyjr char-mit sjcah ckqujccj oj saht cjs pjupcjs ih-`ifhjs qui saht cjs pcus viacjhts 1 Jh`mahtrkht sk tbsj `j ojttj mkhirj,jh quai @ikmah` `iggrj-t-ic `j ojux qui`orivjht cjs pjupcjs ih`ifhjs oammj`js skuvkfjs primitigs, au `u maihsoammj pcus skuvkfjs quj haus 1

_i vaus pjhsjz quj ljxkfrj kprstaut @ikmah` huticisj pks cj tjrmj `j

skuvkfj primitig rjfkr`jz oj quj cjsoritiqujs pragjssiahhjcs `isjht `j sah ci-vrj. Kussi dijh cj _uh`ky Pimjs;? dritkhhi-quj quj cj Vkcc _trjjt Laurhkc;0

hjw-yarekis pkrcjht `j tridus primiti-vjs, jt cj ocdrj bjd`amk`kirj kccj-mkh` _tjrh k titr sah krtiocj `u matskuvkfjs jh frkh`js cjttrjs;:.

Ic suggit `j objrobjr jt cah trauvjrktaulaurs `js stktistiqujs tkykht him-partj qujccj tbsj sur cj suljt;7 . Jh

bammj ihtjccifjht, @ikmah` jst pkrgki-tjmjht oahsoijht `j ojs jhljux. Cj pra-dcmj rsi`j `khs oj quic obaisit

`ihocurj au `j saucifhjr jt oj quic pr-grj tkirj au cu`jr.

Hj saubkitkht pks, oahtrkirjmjht @ikmah`, mtjh`rj sur :>> pkfjs, ljckissjrki ioi `j ot ck qujstiah `j cih-gkhtioi`j (quj lki jxkmihj `khs `ku-trjs oahtjxtjs;6) mkis lkimjrkis qukh`mmj irj qujcquj mats sur cj gkit, quicmjhtiahhj pcusijurs rjprisjs, quj ojr-tkihjs tridus kdkh`ahhjht au kdkh-`ahhkijht cjurs vijicckr`s jh gih `j vij,hj cjur ckisskht quuh pju `jku jt `jhaurriturj jt oahtihukht cjur rautj kvjo

;>

Ykhamkmi, @jmihi, Drsic. Giahk Vktsah/_urvivkc

;?. D. Kppcjykr`, 'Vbkt cigj sbauc` dj kdaut'._uh`ky Pimjs, Oucturj, 7 lkhvijr 4>;?. Kykht cu cjcivrj, cj oritiquj pjhsj qu'jh Hauvjccj-Fuihjojrtkihs bammjs vivjht oammj ah vivkit ic y k;>> >>> khs. O'jst dijh sr uhj ihjptij.;0. _. Du`ikhsey, 'Cjt yaur ei`s pcky witb mkt-objs'. Vkcc _trjjt Laurhkc, 0 lkhvijr 4>;?;:. _. @rkg & G. Fcjss, '@jr Vjisbjit `jr Vic`jh'._tjrh, 4: aotadrj 4>;4.;7. Zh obiggrj quj hj oitj pkr jxjmpcj pks@ikmah` oahojrhj cjs 6: >>> oivics `u `istriot `jPrketarazkva`seiy _tkcihfrk` (kppjcahs-cjs uhihstkht ck tridu `j Prketarazkva`seiy). Cjs oam-dkts `j ;904-;90? hj ckissrjht quj ;:> survi-vkhts. Jh `'kutrjs tjrmjs, 99% `js Prketara-zkva`seiyjhs prirjht cars `'uhj sjucj dktkiccj.;6. Oarry, ap.oit., pp. ;74-?. Wair kussibttp

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ck ojrtitu`j kdsacuj quj ck mart hj tkr`j-rkit pks, si mmj ics hj ck btkijht pks`cidrmjht.

Ioi jhoarj @ikmah` jxpciquj ck cafi-quj saus-lkojhtj ojttj prktiquj jt ioikussi ic haus `it quj, froj ck fhrasit`js fauvjrhjmjhts hktiahkux jt cjurokpkoit arfkhisjr uhj `istridutiah jg-giokoj j ck haurriturj, jt pkroj quic jsticcfkc `j tujr cjs fjhs `j ojttj mkhirj,cjs saoits ma`jrhjs aht mis gih ojsgkahs `j gkirj.

Mkis jst-oj dijh cj oks1 Audciahs uhihstkht cjs 0> micciahs `j marts `j ckFrkh`j gkmihj jh Obihj ku `dut `jskhhjs ;97>;2. Mkis qujh jst-ic `jcuskfj rpkh`u, dijh qujh fhrkc trs

`isorjt, oahsistkht `civrjr `j gartjs `a-sjs `j trs gartjs `asjs `apikos kuxpktijhts carsquj ck mkck`ij au cj frkh`fj aht kttjiht uh ojrtkih sjuic1 Ojs `ra-fujs sauckfjht ck `aucjur mkis jccjs ihbi-djht kussi cjs rgcjxjs rjspirktairjs, oj quioah`uit `irjotjmjht ck mart. Jt qujhjst-ic `j ck prktiquj oahsistkht privjr`j haurriturj jt `j ciqui`j `js pktijhts

lufs jh gih `j vij1;9 _jcah ojrtkihjs ar-fkhisktiahs spoikcisjs skhs dut cuorktig,

jhvirah uh micciah `j pjrsahhjs fjsrijh quku Taykumj-Zhi saht saus-kci-mjhtjs au mjurjht mmj `j gkim, yoampris `khs `js bpitkux4>. Kcars qujccj`iggrjhoj jhtrj oj quj has saoits ih-`ustrikcisjs oammjttjht jt cjs prktiqujstridkcjs1 _ammjs-haus taus kussi `jsskuvkfjs1

Ck misj jh jxjrfuj `js `iggrjhojs jh-trj saoits tridkcjs jt ih`ustrikcisjs ktaulaurs t uhj jhtrjprisj pcus paciti-

quj quj soijhtigiquj jt ic skfit `trj trsvifickhts gkoj ojux qui uticisjht cjs stk-tistiqujs paur `mahtrjr cjurs vujs4;.Paut pjh` j ck qujstiah pasj, j quivaus orayjz jt, surtaut, `a vaus vaussitujz carsquj vaus pasjz ck qujstiah.

_i vaus tjs pkr jxjmpcj uh Ih`ijhkfukruhk `u ^rau, kvjo uh pkss `jvjh`jttk aooksiahhjccj rjmahtkht kuxqujcqujs fhrktiahs qui gaht hatrj m-mairj vivkhtj (kuouh Kfukruhk hj skit

qujccj kmpcjur pauvkijht kvair cjs vjh-`jttks ic y k pcusijurs fhrktiahs, jhoarjmaihs ic y k `js miccijrs `khhjs), jt quj

vaus kvjz t rojmmjht obkss `j vasgarts lusqu `js vicckfjs gcuvikux pkrcihtrusiah j oampkfhijs ptracirjs au`j missiahhkirjs, kcars vas obkhojs trjtu pkr uh `j vas oampktriatjs paurrkitdijh pkssjr ojccjs j fjhs pris khs cjsfujrrjs `j ck `rafuj ku Mjxiquj, `khscjs gkvjcks drsicijhhjs au cj _autb _i`j`j Obiokfa.

@khs `j tjccjs oiroahstkhojs cj tkux`bamioi`js sjrkit hkturjccjmjht pcuscjv sur cjs tjrrjs kfukruhk quj pkrmicjs pragjssjurs `uhivjrsit kmriokihsgartuhs, mkis mkcfr taut pcus dks qujojcui `js `tjhus `u fauckf savitiquj,`js okmps j oahojhtrktiah hkzis, au jojux qui prirjht cjs krmjs oahtrj cj r-

fimj oacahikc dritkhhiquj ku Ejhyk auoahtrj ckpkrtbji` jh Kgriquj `u _u`.

_i vaus tjs uh ljuhj bammj h `khsck rsjrvj ih`ijhhj `j ^ihj Ti`fj, kuojhtrj `j ck hktiah ck pcus riobj `umah`j, vatrj jsprkhoj `j vij mayjhhjsjrk pcus oaurtj quj `khs himpartj qujckutrj pkys cjxojptiah `j qujcqujs tktskgriokihs jt j cKgfbkhistkh. _i vaus kvjzck obkhoj `j hj pks trj ksskssih, vausrisqujz qukh` mmj `j maurir `u `ik-

dtj, `kcoaacismj, `j taxioamkhij au `jqujcquj obasj `j simickirj. Zhj gih pk-rjiccj pks ihvitkdcj ojrtjs, mkis trspassidcj hj rsuctjrkit pks `uh obaix`j vatrj pkrt mkis `j ojux jggjotus pkrctkt kmriokih ku oaurs `j ojs `juxojhts `jrhirjs khhjs.

[ujst-oj quj taut ojck haus kpprjh`sur ck viacjhoj ku oaurs `j cbistairj bu-mkihj1 Ckggirmktiah gkhtkisistj sjcah ck-qujccj cjs tkts-hktiahs cktthujrkijht k

pju `j obkhojs `j oahvkihorj djkuoaup`j `issi`jhts russjs au obihais, au jhoarjtidtkihs, jt pks `kvkhtkfj cjs tridus `j^kpauksij aooi`jhtkcj, a cah jstimjquj cihvksiah jt caooupktiah ih`ah-sijhhjs saht rjspahskdcjs `jhvirah ;>>>>> marts (pjrsahhj hj skurk lkmkis cjobiggrj jxkot) jt a ck tarturj tkt pjutkulaur`bui trj visiahhj sur Yau-Pudj44 . Huccj pkrt kiccjurs `khs cjmah`j uh tkt hjst rjspahskdcj `j `k-

vkhtkfj `j mjurtrjs `kutaobtahjs. Jtkcars mmj quj cauvrkfj `j @ikmah` sjgah`j sur sah jxprijhoj ha-fuihjhhj,

ckutjur rjstj mujt sur cjs ktraoits oam-misjs pkr cjs Ih`ahsijhs jt vk mmj

lusqu pkrcjr `u gkidcj hivjku `j via-cjhoj jh Hauvjccj-Fuihj ih`ahsijhhjfroj ku striot oahtrcj jxjro pkr cj fau-vjrhjmjht. Ojst uh `hi jggkrkht `j ckrprjssiah drutkcj mjhj pkr cjs kutari-ts `jpuis `js `ojhhijs oahtrj `jskutaobtahjs pju krms.

Cjs kspjots pacitiqujs u rjfkr` partpkr cjs trkhfjrs sur cjs pjupcjs ih`ifhjsjt ck gkah `aht ics saht trkits pkr ojsmmjs trkhfjrs saht kussi jhtrjmcsquihoahtjstkdcjs < cj trkitjmjht rsjrvkux tridus pkr cjs saoits ih`ustrikcisjs`pjh` `u rjfkr` quj ojs `jrhirjs par-tjht sur jccjs jt `u pragit qujccjs pjuvjht

jsprjr jh tirjr. _aht-jccjs krrirjs,saht-jccjs `js saoits `u pkss, saht-jccjspcus skuvkfjs, pcus viacjhtjs quj haus1

Zhivjrsitkirj jt orivkih prjstifijux,ckurkt `j rijh maihs quj cj ^rix ^ucitzjr,

lauisskht `uhj pasitiah `j pauvair kuVVG jt Oahsjrvktiah Ihtjrhktiahkc,`jux arfkhisktiahs pcus praobjs `jhtrj-prisjs fauvjrhjmjhtkcjs quj `AHF (oj

;;

;2. Ah jstimj fkcjmjht qu'jh Ih`j jhvirah :>

micciahs `j guturjs gjmmjs aht t tujs kvkht aulustj kprs ck hkisskhoj `khs ojttj `jrhirj fh-rktiah pkroj quj o'tkit `js giccjs pcutt quj `jsfkrahs. O'jst pju prs cj mmj hamdrj qujojcui `j tautjs cjs viotimjs `j ck _joah`j Fujrrjmah`ikcj.;9. O'jst hah sjucjmjht uhj prktiquj oaurkhtjmkis qui jst mmj skhotiahhj jh Frkh`j-Drjtkfhj pkr uh jupbmismj quksi arwjccijh. Ahc'kppjccj cj prataoacj `j saihs `j Civjrpaac (ojckhj vaus rkppjccj pks cj Vifkh ^ijr `'Arwjcc1) jtjst oahsi`r oammj uhj dahhj prktiquj. Cjsbpitkux rjaivjht `js gah`s paur ck mjttrj jhuvrj okr jccj cidrj `js cits. Lj hj partj pks ioi `j

lufjmjht tbiquj sur uhj prktiquj qui k `j ham-drjux sautijhs `khs ck pragjssiah, mkis ic krrivj

quj `js mjmdrjs `j ck pkrjht ihtjrvijhhjht jtquj cj pktijht sur cj paiht `j maurir rjprjhhj`js garojs jt vivj jhoarj pjh`kht `js sjmkihjs.4>. Ic gkut kussi mjhtiahhjr ioi cj pckh `j mifrk-tiah paur jhgkhts jh Frkh`j-Drjtkfhj. ^cus `j;?> >>> `'jhtrj jux, lufs risquj gurjht rjtirs cjur gkmiccj jt `parts `khs `j caihtkihs pkys`u Oammahwjkctb, oammj c'Kustrkcij, sauvjhtskhs quj cjs pkrjhts kijht t mis ku oaurkht aukijht `ahh cjur kooar`. Ck pcupkrt `js viotimjs`j oj systmj gurjht pckojs `khs `js ihstitutiahs,jt hamdrj `'jhtrj jccjs gurjht misjs ku trkvkicgaro. Ic jxistj jh autrj `j hamdrjux tmaifhkfjs`j frkvjs sviojs pjrptrs cjur jhoahtrj. Ojttjprktiquj hj gut kdkh`ahhj quj `khs cjs khhjs;96>.

4;. Wair ^ihejr, ap. oit.44. Wair pkr jxjmpcj ;?.

Cjs jhgkhts `kulaur`bui haht pcus taus cjs ktauts jh mkih, mkcaok `j ^uokurquicca, Kmpiykou,^rau. L^T/_urvivkc

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kotivits. Jccj jst uhj oacj, uh bpitkc,uh ojhtrj `'krt a cjs fjhs pjuvjht `-vjcappjr cjur orktivit, stimucjr cjurimkfihktiah, jccj jst kussi uh triduhkc.Ojs prihoipjs, ojs vkcjurs, saht jh trkih`j sj pjr`rj jpuis ck `ispkritiah j haskhoijhs. Haus gkisahs dijh sr qujcqujspjtitjs obasjs, haus y trkitahs ojrtkihjs kg-gkirjs, mkis oj h'jst pks oammj ojck `j-vrkit trj. Lj oahhkis pjrsahhjccjmjhtdijh mjs oautumjs pkroj quj carsquj

l'tki s c'uhivj rs it, l'ki ckrfjmjhtoahsuct cjs khoijhs jt lj pjhsj kvair sk-tisgkit mk ouriasit. L'ki djkuoaup kppris.

O'jst paurquai, si c'ah sj taurhj vjrsc'kvjhir, lj orais jh c'`uoktiah dicihfujpaur quj hatrj ckhfuj jt hatrj oucturjhj sj pjr`jht pks. Ic gkut y kccjr `auoj-

mjht kvjo cjs jhgkhts, lusqu' oj qu'icsoammjhojht oamprjh`rj, pjtit pjtit.O'jst cj mmj trkvkic quj ojcui qui sj gki-skit `khs ck mkcaok, jt mai lj `ais jhsji-fhjr cjs `jux mah`js, pkroj quj c'jhgkhtqui hkt kulaur`'bui h'k pcus taus cjsktauts jh mkih, ic pjr` sk oucturj jh pjr-`kht sk ckhfuj. Dijh sr ic oahhkt qujc-qujs mats, ic oahhkt ojrtkihs obkhts, mkisic jst djkuoaup pcus c'kisj kvjo c'jspk-fhac.

Mkis uh laur a c'kutrj ic kurk djsaih`j sk oucturj jt s'ic h'y k pjrsahhj kutaur`j cui paur c'ki`jr `khs oj sjhs, ic risquj`j rjfrjttjr `j hj pks kvair kppris tautjsojs obasjs. L'ki `js oaccfujs dark qui

pkrcjht pjihj cjur ckhfuj, ics hj skvjhtpks hah pcus c'orirj. [uj pjuvjht-ics jh-sjifhjr kux jhgkhts1 C'Jtkt gihkhoj paur-

tkht cjs tu`js `js mktrjs dicihfujs mkiscj `ipcmj qu'ics rjaivjht h'jst sauvjht

quj gautkisj. C'uhivjrsit s'kooamma`j`j ck pacitiquj mkis sj `sihtrjssj `jcjur garmktiah. Oj pradcmj sj pasj pkr-taut ku ^rau jt c'jhsjifhjmjht sj gkitjh jspkfhac khs ck pcupkrt js oammu-hkuts. Jt oammj cjs jhgkhts h'jhtjh-`jht pcus pkrcjr dark objz jux, hjrjaivjht pks c'`uoktiah `j cjurs pkrjhts,hj oahhkissjht pcus has vkcjurs, lj `isqu'uh laur ics cj rjfrjttjraht.

@iju haus k `ahh obkouh uhj ckh-

fuj paur oammuhiqujr. O'jst trkvjrsjccj quj haus pauvahs lauir `j taut ojqu'ic y k ioi `khs ck gart, cj fidijr, cjsgruits paur haus haurrir, cjs gjuiccjs paurhaus kdritjr. [uj vaucahs-haus `j pcus1Ck mjiccjurj gkah `j vivrj jst `j rjs-pjotjr hatrj oucturj jt `j dijh ck oahhk-trj. _ihah taut vk mkc. ^aurquaikdkh`ahhjr ck mkcaok1

Cj rcj `'uh jhsjifhkht jst trs impar-tkht, kussi impartkht quj ojcui `uhj ar-

fkhisktiah pacitiquj qui `gjh` has tjrrjs.C'jhsjifhkht, cui, jst c paur oahstruirj cksaoit `j c'kvjhir. Ic `ait sj `jmkh`jr

vjrs qujc objmih ic vk. Jt lki dijh pjurquj `'ioi `ix au vihft khs ic h'y kurk pcus

rijh, quj cjs fjhs h'kuraht pcus `'i`jh-tit praprj jt quj, oammj ojck sj pkssj`l, ics tirjht pkrti `j cjur oucturjoammj `uh dusihjss. K Iquitas ic y k `jsDark qui sj `fuisjht jt sj pjifhjht paursj civrjr `j misrkdcjs pkra`ijs `j`khsj, paur adtjhir quai1 Zh mkifrjpaurdairj. Kcars qu'ioi, ic y k `j ck tjrrj ouctivjr, `u fidijr obkssjr, `js gruits oujiccir. Kupkrkvkht mah pjupcj hj mjh-`ikit pks oammj k, cjs fjhs ouctivkijht

cjur lkr`ih, obksskijht, pobkijht, jt cjgruit `j cjur trkvkic, ics cj rpkrtisskijhtjhtrj taus.

^aur mai, hatrj kvjhir jst samdrj,pkroj quj cjs fjhs risqujht `j `jvjhiroammj ojux qui vivjht `khs cjs viccjs,`js fjhs qui hj pjhsjht pks, qui h'ahtkuouhj oahsoijhoj `j oj qu'ics saht jtqui `jvijhhjht ih`ivi`ukcistjs. Ic y k ojr-tkihjs obasjs `khs ck vij qui saht grus-trkhtjs, oammj ojccj `j hj pauvair

oahstruirj uhj garmj `j pjhsjr cjs `juxmah`js.

Ck mkcaok jst ck dksj `j hatrj oucturj, Djtkhik, Kmkzahij pruvijhhj L^ Tkzah/_urvivkc

@khsj ritujccj `khs ck mkcaok. L^T/_urvivkc

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Lkhvijr < ck okmpkfhj `j_urvivkc Ihtjrhktiahkcoahtrj cjs skgkris bumkihs`khs cjs cjs Kh`kmkh, jhIh`j, oahhkt uhj viotairjocktkhtj carsquj ck Oaursuprmj ihtjr`it kuxtauristjs `j oiroucjr cj cahf

`j ck rautj qui trkvjrsj ck rsjrvj `js Lkrkwk. Ck Oaur suprmj ktautjgais kdraf ojttj ar`ahhkhoj pravisairj jh mkrs 4>;? jt_urvivkc k oahtihu gkirj okmpkfhj paur ck gjrmjturj `j ck rautj.

Gvrijr < `khs uh fjstjskhs pro`jht, uh lufjsuspjh` cjs oahojssiahsmihirjs paur pratfjr cjtjrritairj `js Ih`ijhsjmdjrk-ektia ku har`-aujst`j ck Oacamdij.

Mkrs < ck Oaur kgriokihj`js `raits `js pjupcjs lufj

quj cj fauvjrhjmjhtejhykh hj `ait pks jxpucsjrcjs Afije `j cjurs tjrrjs`khs ck gart `j Mku.

Mkrs < uhj oammuhkutfukrkhi `u Drsic ocdrj ckrjoahhkisskhoj aggioijccj `jsah tjrritairj rsjrv sahuskfj jxocusig. Cjs ;6>mjmdrjs `j ck oammuhkut^yjcita Euj/Mdkrkeky, qui

vivjht sur uh ict `j tjrrjjhtrj uhj rivirj jt uhj pckhtktiah `j salk, pjuvjht `sarmkissihstkccjr sur uhj pkrtij `j cjur tjrritairj khojstrkc lusqu oj quj cjpraojssus `j `mkroktiah garmjccj sait tjrmih.

Mki < suitj uhjoauvjrturj m`iktiquj skhspro`jht, qujcqujssjmkihjs kprs cj dayoatt `utaurismj `khs cjs cjsKh`kmkh, jh Ih`j, ckhopkr _urvivkc paur krrtjr cjsskgkris bumkihs qui partjht

kttjihtj kux Lkrkwk, `js kfjhojs `j vaykfj rjlaifhjht cj dayoatt jtpcus `j six miccj pjrsahhjs sjhfkfjht hj pks visitjr cjs cjs lusquoj quj ojttj garmj `frk`khtj `j taurismj sait ihtjr`itj.

Mki < cjs kutaritsdrsicijhhjs ckhojht uhjaprktiah viskht jxpucsjr ahzj gjrmjsiccfkcjs `u tjrritairj

ykhamkmi ku Drsic`khs cj dut `j rjstitujrcjurs tjrrjs kux Ih`ijhs.

Prais gjrmjs ku maihs `j ck rfiah `j Klkrkhi saht`mkhtjcjs. _urvivkc sautijht cjs Ykhamkmi `jpuis `js`ojhhijs. Cj ^kro ykhamkmi k t or jh ;994 kprs `jskhhjs `j okmpkfhj mjhj pkr cjur partj-pkracj @kviEapjhkwk, _urvivkc Ihtjrhktiahkc jt ck Oammissiah ^raYkhamkmi.

Luih < ck tridu sacifkrjmpartj uhjimpartkhtj viotairj

lu`ioikirj kprs quj tautsah staoe `j mijc kit tskisi pkr cjs fkr`jsgarjstijrs. Ckoahgisoktiah `j cjur mijc

oahstitukit uhj viacktiahgckfrkhtj `j ck Cai sur cjs `raits garjstijrs (Ih`ikh Garjst TifbtsKot) `j 4>>7 qui rjoahhkt cjs `raits `js pjupcjs ih`ifhjs vivrj `khs jt `j cjurs garts jt pratfjr jt frjr jux-mmjscjurs tjrrjs. Cjs pjupcjs ih`ifhjs, oammj cjs _acifk, aht vou`jpuis `js fhrktiahs kvjo ck gkuhj skuvkfj jt ck gcarj `j cjursgarts quics aht taulaurs pratfjs. Mkcfr cjs oahtrkihtjssvrjs impasjs pkr cjs fkr`js garjstijrs, ics rjstjht `tjrmihs frjr jt pratfjr cjurs garts `j gkah `urkdcj paur cjsfhrktiahs guturjs.

Luih < `js `izkihjs `jDusbmjh `u Datswkhkmjhkos jxpucsiah,pkroj quics vivjht `khsuhj zahj prapasjoammj oarri`aroacafiquj, rjmpartjhtuhj impartkhtj viotairj

lu`ioikirj `khs cjur cuttjtjrritarikcj. Kprs ckhhahoj `j ck prapasitiah `j orktiah `uhoarri`ar oacafiquj jhtrj ck Tsjrvj `u Ekckbkri ojhtrkc jt cjpkro trkhsgrahtkcijr `j Efkckfk`i, cjs kutarits caokcjs jthktiahkcjs aht garo cjs Dusbmjh `j Tkhykhj quittjr cjscijux. @khs uhj hauvjccj ku`ijhoj, cj triduhkc k luf qukuouhrjprsjhtkht `u fauvjrhjmjht hj pauvkit ihtjrvjhir `khs cjskggkirjs `js Dusbmjh skhs cjur oahsjhtjmjht5 quj cjur puits hj

pauvkit pks trj `mkhtjc jt quj cjurs kvaokts `jvkijht trjihgarms `j tautj hauvjccj tjhtktivj `j cjs rihstkccjr.

4>;? - uhj khhj `j suoos@j ck suspjhsiah `j oahojssiahs mihirjs jh Oacamdij, ku rjljt uhkhimj pkr cjs @ahfrik Eah`b `'uhjmihj `j dkuxitj jh Ih`j, jh pksskht pkr ck oauvjrturj m`iktiquj `aht aht gkit c'adljt cjs Kw,

oahsi`rs oammj ck tridu ck pcus mjhkoj `j ck Pjrrj, `khs cj mkfkzihj Wkhity Gkir, cjs pjupcjsih`ifhjs aht ju `j hamdrjusjs aooksiahs `j ocdrjr cjurs viotairjs jh 4>;?.

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Luiccjt < uhj okmpkfhjhavktrioj jst ckhoj jh Ih`joahtrj cjs prlufs jhrkoihssjcah cjsqujcs cjs pjupcjsih`ifhjs sjrkijht kttkr`sjt primitigs. @j tjccjskttitu`js saht sauvjht

uticisjs paur lustigijr ckspaciktiah `j cjurs tjrrjs jt cjs tjhtktivjs `j cjs garojr obkhfjr `jma`j `j vij. Cj mjsskfj `j ck okmpkfhj ^rau` Hat ^rimitivj(Gijr mkis pks primitig) k t jhtjh`u jh Ih`j. Pbj Bih`u, cuh `jspcus frkh`s laurhkux khfcapbahjs `u mah`j, sjst jhfkf hj pcusuticisjr cj tjrmj primitig paur `sifhjr cjs pjupcjs ih`ifhjs, uhimpartkht suoos paur ojttj okmpkfhj.

Kat < cjs @ahfrik Eah`b`Ih`j rjljttjhtmkssivjmjht cjs praljts `ufkht mihijr dritkhhiqujWj`khtk Tjsaurojs `auvriruhj mihj `j dkuxitj oijc

auvjrt `khs cjurs oaccihjsskorjs `j Hiykmfiri. @auzjvicckfjs `ahfrik aht vat

cuhkhimit oahtrj ck mihj ku oaurs `j oahsuctktiahs ar`ahhjs pkrck Oaur suprmj ih`ijhhj jh kvric 4>;?, ihvaqukht cj gkit quj cjurs`raits rjcifijux, oucturjcs jt saoikux sjrkijht oampramis sicjxpcaitktiah mihirj `jvkit kvair ciju.

_jptjmdrj < cjs Mkkski`j Pkhzkhij ocdrjht ck`oisiah `u ^rjmijr mihistrj`j rjhahojr ku praljt `joahgisqujr 40> >>> bjotkrjs

`j cjur tjrritairj ku ham `jck oahsjrvktiah. Ck rfiah `jCaciah`a rjstjrk `aho kvjo

cjs Mkkski qui, sjcah cj ^rjmijr mihistrj, jh aht pris dah saih`jpuis `js tjmps immmarikux.

Aotadrj < qujcqujssjmkihjs sjucjmjht kprsquj _urvivkc Ihtjrhktiahkckit kppjc ku dayoatt `utaurismj ku Datswkhk, `juxkfjhojs `j vaykfjssuspjh`jht cjurs oirouits`khs cj pkys jt pcusijurs

kutrjs jxprimjht cjur praooupktiah prapas `js pjrsoutiahsoahstkhtjs ihgcifjs kux Dusbmjh pkr cj fauvjrhjmjht datswkhkis.Pkh`is quj cj fauvjrhjmjht datswkhkis uticisj `js imkfjs i`ycciqujs`js Dusbmjh paur pramauvair cj taurismj `khs cj pkys, ic cjs garoj quittjr cjur tjrrj khojstrkcj jh cjur ihtjr`iskht ck obkssj.

Havjmdrj < cj sart `jsKw, ck tridu quj _urvivkcoahsi`rj oammj ck pcusmjhkoj `j ck Pjrrj, jstoahhu pkr `js micciahs `jpjrsahhjs `khs cj mah`jjhtijr froj kux rjpartkfjs

pudcis `khs Wkhity Gkir jt cj_uh`ky Pimjs. Ojs `jux rjpartkfjs saht iccustrs pkr `js imkfjs `uocdrj pbatafrkpbj _jdkstia _kcfk`a. Ckrtiocj u _uh`ky Pimjs

Mkfkzihj pudci cj 40 havjmdrj, kttirj ckttjhtiah sur ck situktiah

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Kotiah urfjhtj

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bkutj oahsi`rktiah.