lis 319 lecture 1 (1)
TRANSCRIPT
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INFORMATION
SERVICES TO
CHILDREN
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LECTURE COVERAGE
Introduction
Importance of studying child
development
Processes and periods of child
development
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What is developmental
psychology?
The scientific study of change in behavior as the
organism grows, matures and gains experience with
the world around them.
Is the study of changes that occur as people mature
Changes can be physical or psychological which
covers the individual’s lifespan from conception(birth)
to death.One’s life starts soon after conception. The child start
to grow slowly while in the mothers womb.
Psychology is the science that deals with mental
rocesses and behavior.
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Rapid Development
Long-term Effects
Window into Adult Behavior Real World Applications
Interesting Subject Matter
The Starting Point
Why is research focused on
infants and children?
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Historical evolution of
developmental psychology?
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6th - 15th centuries
Medieval period
Preformationism: children were seen as little
adults.
Childhood is not a unique phase.
Children were cared for until they could begincaring for themselves, around 7 years old.
Children treated as adults (e.g. their clothing,
worked at adult jobs, could be married, were
made into kings, were imprisoned or hanged as
adults.)
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16th Century
Reformation period
Puritan religion influenced how children
were viewed.
Children were born evil, and must be
civilized.
A goal emerged to raise children
effectively.
Special books were designed for children.
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17th Century
Age of Enlightenment
John Locke believed in tabula
rasa
Children develop in response tonurturing(act of bringing up)
Forerunner of behaviorism
-forerunner-A person or thing
that precedes the coming or
development of someone or
something else.
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tabula rasa / Behaviorism
Theory that
individuals are
born without
built-in mentalcontent and that
their knowledge
comesfrom experience
and perception.
Behaviorism
teaches that
man is nothing
more than amachine that
responds to
conditioning. Our behavior is the
product of our
conditioning March 2013 LIS 319TUDARCo
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18th Century
Age of Reason
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
children were noble savages, born with an
innate sense of morality; the timing of
growth should not be interfered with.
Rousseau used the idea of stages of
development.
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19th Century
Industrial Revolution
Charles Darwin
theories of natural selection and
survival of the fittest
Darwin made parallels betweenhuman prenatal growth and other
animals.
Forerunner of ethology(study of
animal behavior )(Examines
how behavior is determined by
a species' need for survival)
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20th Century
Theories about children's development
expanded around the world.
Childhood was seen as worthy of special
attention.
Laws were passed to protect children,
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Why Study Developmental Psychology?
1: Raising Children
Knowledge of child development can help parentsand teachers meet the challenges of rearing and
educating children
For example,
researchers haveidentified effective
approaches that
parents and other
caregivers can
successfully use in
helping children
manage anger and
other negative emotions
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Why Study Developmental Psychology
cont..
2: Choosing Social Policies
Knowledge of child development
permits informed decisions about
social-policy questions that affect
children
For example, psychological research on
children’s responses to leading interview
questions can help courtsobtain more accurate
testimonies from preschool
children
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Why Study Developmental Psychology
cont…
3: Understanding Human Nature
Child-development research provides
important insights into some of the most
difficult questions regarding human nature
(such as the existence of innate concepts
and the relationship between early andlater experiences)
Recent investigations of development among
children adopted from inadequate orphanages
supports the principle that the timing of experiences often influences their effects
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4. To know how children become so
different from each other Individual differences
among children arise
very quickly in
development
Children’s genes, their
treatment by other people, their
subjective reactions
to other people’s treatment of them, and their choice of
environments all contribute to differences amongchildren, even those within the same family
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Basic Questions about Child
Development
1. How do nature and nurture together shape
development?
2. How do children shape their own development?
3. In what ways is development continuous, and in whatways is it discontinuous?
4. How does change occur?
5. How does the sociocultural context influence
development?
6. How do children become so different from each
other?
7. How can research promote children’s well-being?
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1. Nature and NurtureThe single most basic
question about child
development is how nature
and nurture interact to shape
the developmental process
Nature refers to our
biological endowment,
especially the genes we
receive from our parents
Nurture refers to the wide
range of environments,
both physical and social,
that influence our
development
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Nature and Nurture
Developmentalists now recognize that
every characteristic we possess is
created through the joint workings of
nature and nurture Accordingly, they
ask how nature
and nurture work
together to
shape
development
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Continuity vs. DiscontinuityContinuous development:
Age-related changes occur
gradually, relatively smooth
Discontinuous development:
Age-related changes include
occasional large shifts so that
children of different ages seem
qualitatively different
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Continuity vs. Discontinuity
Depending on how it is
viewed, changes in height
can be viewed as either
continuous or
discontinuous
Examining a boy’s height
at yearly intervals from
birth to 18 years makes
the growth look gradual
and continuous
Examining changes in
the same boy’s height
from one year to the next
makes growth seem
discontinuous
p. 16
Wh d lib i d t t d hild
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Why do librarians need to study child
development
Librarians are responsible for taking careof children of different age groups andbehavior.
Through understanding child developmentwe can know;
-What type of information will be suitable tomeet their information needs
-We can know how to create, package anddisseminate information to childrenthrough appropriate channels and media.
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PROCESSES AND PERIODS OF
CHILD DEVELOPMENT
The pattern of child development is
complex because it is a product of
several processes such as;
-Biological processes
-Cognitive processes
- Social emotional processes
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Cognitive
Cognition literally means “knowing”. The mental processes, such as
perception, reasoning, problem-
solving, etc, which enable humans toexperience and process knowledge
and information.
Cognitive psychologists study internalprocesses including perception,
attention, language, memory and
thinking.March 3013
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PROCESSES AND PERIODS OF
DEVELOPMENT cont……
Biological process involves changes in thechild’s body. Genetic inheritance plays a largepart. Biological processes underlie thedevelopment of brain, motor skills and hormonal
changes
Cognitive Processes
-Involve changes in the child’s thinking, intelligenceand language development.
-This process enables a growing child to memorizethings e.g. poems, problem solving and languagedevelopment.
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PROCESSES AND PERIODS OF
DEVELOPMENT cont……
Social emotional processes
-Involve changes in child’s
relationship with other people
-Changes in emotions e.g
aggressiveness
- Changes in personality.
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CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
Child development can be divided intotwo stages namely;
-Prenatal development
-Postnatal development
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PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
This is the period before birth. For normal humanbeing the gestation period (Pregnancy period)lasts about 280 days Or 9 months.
Pregnancy period can be divided into threeperiods called trimesters ( 3 months each)
-1ST TRIMESTER (0-3 Months)
Begins the development of all internal organs, appendages andsense organs
-The organism is called an embryo
-At the end of 8th week it is about one inch in size.-Microscopic pictures can clearly show the neck, shoulders,
arms, hands, fingers, etc.
-The nervous system becomes operative and the kidney startsto function.
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PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
cont…
-Eyes are developed, but they arefused.
-The end of 8th week and the start of 9th
week mark the end of embryonicperiod and the start of fetal period.
-By the end of 12th week the fetus can
kick, curl its toes and fingers, move itsthumb, the heart beats.
-The size is about three inches
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PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
cont……
2ND TRIMESTER (4 – 6 Months)
-There is continuation of development and
growth of an organism from three inches to
about 7 inches.-A strong heart beat is felt
-There is a well developed digestive system
- Hardening of bones- Eyelids separate and eyelashes are visible.
- They can walk, cry, suck thumbs etc
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PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
cont……
3RD TRIMESTER (7- 9 Months)
-There is rapid gains of fetus's growth and weights.
-Fetal behavior pattern can be detected
i.e periods of sleep and periods of activity
- Most of the fetus’s organs are mature enough to allowthem to function outside the pre-natal environment.
- NB: Premature babies are associated with
-Cerebral pulsy
- Epilepsy
- Hearing difficulties
- Mental retardation
Thus development lag due to low weight, they becomeless active, there is less visual information processingand they are affected in their social interactions.
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PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
cont……
Suggestions for health pregnancy
-Maintain a balanced diet
-Stop smoking
-Abstain from alcohol
- Avoid drug abuse
- Seek to prevent infections
- Stay fit
- Get adequate rest.
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THE END