Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 12197

Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Series Editors

Randy GoebelUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

Yuzuru TanakaHokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Wolfgang WahlsterDFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany

Founding Editor

Jörg SiekmannDFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/1244

Dylan D. Schmorrow • Cali M. Fidopiastis (Eds.)

Augmented CognitionHuman Cognition and Behavior14th International Conference, AC 2020Held as Part of the 22nd HCI International Conference, HCII 2020Copenhagen, Denmark, July 19–24, 2020Proceedings, Part II

123

EditorsDylan D. SchmorrowSoar Technology Inc.Orlando, FL, USA

Cali M. FidopiastisDesign Interactive, Inc.Orlando, FL, USA

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)Lecture Notes in Artificial IntelligenceISBN 978-3-030-50438-0 ISBN 978-3-030-50439-7 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50439-7

LNCS Sublibrary: SL7 – Artificial Intelligence

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of thematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology nowknown or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book arebelieved to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editorsgive a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors oromissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims inpublished maps and institutional affiliations.

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Foreword

The 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCI International2020 (HCII 2020), was planned to be held at the AC Bella Sky Hotel and Bella Center,Copenhagen, Denmark, during July 19–24, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 coronaviruspandemic and the resolution of the Danish government not to allow events larger than500 people to be hosted until September 1, 2020, HCII 2020 had to be held virtually. Itincorporated the 21 thematic areas and affiliated conferences listed on the followingpage.

A total of 6,326 individuals from academia, research institutes, industry, and gov-ernmental agencies from 97 countries submitted contributions, and 1,439 papers and238 posters were included in the conference proceedings. These contributions addressthe latest research and development efforts and highlight the human aspects of designand use of computing systems. The contributions thoroughly cover the entire field ofhuman-computer interaction, addressing major advances in knowledge and effectiveuse of computers in a variety of application areas. The volumes constituting the full setof the conference proceedings are listed in the following pages.

Τhe HCI International (HCII) conference also offers the option of “late-breakingwork” which applies both for papers and posters and the corresponding volume(s)of the proceedings will be published just after the conference. Full papers will beincluded in the “HCII 2020 - Late Breaking Papers” volume of the proceedings to bepublished in the Springer LNCS series, while poster extended abstracts will be includedas short papers in the “HCII 2020 - Late Breaking Posters” volume to be published inthe Springer CCIS series.

I would like to thank the program board chairs and the members of the programboards of all thematic areas and affiliated conferences for their contribution to thehighest scientific quality and the overall success of the HCI International 2020conference.

This conference would not have been possible without the continuous and unwa-vering support and advice of the founder, Conference General Chair Emeritus andConference Scientific Advisor Prof. Gavriel Salvendy. For his outstanding efforts,I would like to express my appreciation to the communications chair and editor ofHCI International News, Dr. Abbas Moallem.

July 2020 Constantine Stephanidis

HCI International 2020 Thematic Areasand Affiliated Conferences

Thematic areas:

• HCI 2020: Human-Computer Interaction• HIMI 2020: Human Interface and the Management of Information

Affiliated conferences:

• EPCE: 17th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and CognitiveErgonomics

• UAHCI: 14th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-ComputerInteraction

• VAMR: 12th International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality• CCD: 12th International Conference on Cross-Cultural Design• SCSM: 12th International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media• AC: 14th International Conference on Augmented Cognition• DHM: 11th International Conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applications

in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management• DUXU: 9th International Conference on Design, User Experience and Usability• DAPI: 8th International Conference on Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive

Interactions• HCIBGO: 7th International Conference on HCI in Business, Government and

Organizations• LCT: 7th International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies• ITAP: 6th International Conference on Human Aspects of IT for the Aged

Population• HCI-CPT: Second International Conference on HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and

Trust• HCI-Games: Second International Conference on HCI in Games• MobiTAS: Second International Conference on HCI in Mobility, Transport and

Automotive Systems• AIS: Second International Conference on Adaptive Instructional Systems• C&C: 8th International Conference on Culture and Computing• MOBILE: First International Conference on Design, Operation and Evaluation of

Mobile Communications• AI-HCI: First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in HCI

Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List

1. LNCS 12181, Human-Computer Interaction: Design and User Experience (Part I),edited by Masaaki Kurosu

2. LNCS 12182, Human-Computer Interaction: Multimodal and Natural Interaction(Part II), edited by Masaaki Kurosu

3. LNCS 12183, Human-Computer Interaction: Human Values and Quality of Life(Part III), edited by Masaaki Kurosu

4. LNCS 12184, Human Interface and the Management of Information: DesigningInformation (Part I), edited by Sakae Yamamoto and Hirohiko Mori

5. LNCS 12185, Human Interface and the Management of Information: Interactingwith Information (Part II), edited by Sakae Yamamoto and Hirohiko Mori

6. LNAI 12186, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: MentalWorkload, Human Physiology, and Human Energy (Part I), edited by Don Harrisand Wen-Chin Li

7. LNAI 12187, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: Cognition andDesign (Part II), edited by Don Harris and Wen-Chin Li

8. LNCS 12188, Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: DesignApproaches and Supporting Technologies (Part I), edited by Margherita Antonaand Constantine Stephanidis

9. LNCS 12189, Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Applications andPractice (Part II), edited by Margherita Antona and Constantine Stephanidis

10. LNCS 12190, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Design and Interaction(Part I), edited by Jessie Y. C. Chen and Gino Fragomeni

11. LNCS 12191, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Industrial and EverydayLife Applications (Part II), edited by Jessie Y. C. Chen and Gino Fragomeni

12. LNCS 12192, Cross-Cultural Design: User Experience of Products, Services, andIntelligent Environments (Part I), edited by P. L. Patrick Rau

13. LNCS 12193, Cross-Cultural Design: Applications in Health, Learning,Communication, and Creativity (Part II), edited by P. L. Patrick Rau

14. LNCS 12194, Social Computing and Social Media: Design, Ethics, User Behavior,and Social Network Analysis (Part I), edited by Gabriele Meiselwitz

15. LNCS 12195, Social Computing and Social Media: Participation, User Experience,Consumer Experience, and Applications of Social Computing (Part II), edited byGabriele Meiselwitz

16. LNAI 12196, Augmented Cognition: Theoretical and Technological Approaches(Part I), edited by Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis

17. LNAI 12197, Augmented Cognition: Human Cognition and Behaviour (Part II),edited by Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis

18. LNCS 12198, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,Ergonomics and Risk Management: Posture, Motion and Health (Part I), editedby Vincent G. Duffy

19. LNCS 12199, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety,Ergonomics and Risk Management: Human Communication, Organization andWork (Part II), edited by Vincent G. Duffy

20. LNCS 12200, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Interaction Design (Part I),edited by Aaron Marcus and Elizabeth Rosenzweig

21. LNCS 12201, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Design for ContemporaryInteractive Environments (Part II), edited by Aaron Marcus and ElizabethRosenzweig

22. LNCS 12202, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Case Studies in Public andPersonal Interactive Systems (Part III), edited by Aaron Marcus and ElizabethRosenzweig

23. LNCS 12203, Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions, edited by NorbertStreitz and Shin’ichi Konomi

24. LNCS 12204, HCI in Business, Government and Organizations, edited by FionaFui-Hoon Nah and Keng Siau

25. LNCS 12205, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Designing, Developingand Deploying Learning Experiences (Part I), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris andAndri Ioannou

26. LNCS 12206, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Human and TechnologyEcosystems (Part II), edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou

27. LNCS 12207, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Technologies,Design and User Experience (Part I), edited by Qin Gao and Jia Zhou

28. LNCS 12208, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Healthy and ActiveAging (Part II), edited by Qin Gao and Jia Zhou

29. LNCS 12209, Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population: Technology andSociety (Part III), edited by Qin Gao and Jia Zhou

30. LNCS 12210, HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust, edited by Abbas Moallem31. LNCS 12211, HCI in Games, edited by Xiaowen Fang32. LNCS 12212, HCI in Mobility, Transport and Automotive Systems: Automated

Driving and In-Vehicle Experience Design (Part I), edited by Heidi Krömker33. LNCS 12213, HCI in Mobility, Transport and Automotive Systems: Driving

Behavior, Urban and Smart Mobility (Part II), edited by Heidi Krömker34. LNCS 12214, Adaptive Instructional Systems, edited by Robert A. Sottilare and

Jessica Schwarz35. LNCS 12215, Culture and Computing, edited by Matthias Rauterberg36. LNCS 12216, Design, Operation and Evaluation of Mobile Communications,

edited by Gavriel Salvendy and June Wei37. LNCS 12217, Artificial Intelligence in HCI, edited by Helmut Degen and Lauren

Reinerman-Jones

x Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List

38. CCIS 1224, HCI International 2020 Posters - Part I, edited by ConstantineStephanidis and Margherita Antona

39. CCIS 1225, HCI International 2020 Posters - Part II, edited by ConstantineStephanidis and Margherita Antona

40. CCIS 1226, HCI International 2020 Posters - Part III, edited by ConstantineStephanidis and Margherita Antona

http://2020.hci.international/proceedings

Conference Proceedings Volumes Full List xi

14th International Conference on Augmented Cognition(AC 2020)

Program Board Chairs: Dylan D. Schmorrow, Soar Technology Inc.,USA, and Cali M. Fidopiastis, Design Interactive, Inc., USA

• Amy Bolton, USA• Martha E. Crosby, USA• Fausto De Carvalho, Portugal• Daniel Dolgin, USA• Sven Fuchs, Germany• Rodolphe Gentili, USA• Monte Hancock, USA• Frank Hannigan, USA• Kurtulus Izzetoglu, USA

• Ion Juvina, USA• Chang S. Nam, USA• Sarah Ostadabbas, USA• Mannes Poel, The Netherlands• Stefan Sütterlin, Norway• Suraj Sood, USA• Ayoung Suh, Hong Kong• Georgios Triantafyllidis, Denmark• Melissa Walwanis, USA

The full list with the Program Board Chairs and the members of the Program Boards ofall thematic areas and affiliated conferences is available online at:

http://www.hci.international/board-members-2020.php

HCI International 2021

The 23rd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCI International2021 (HCII 2021), will be held jointly with the affiliated conferences inWashington DC, USA, at the Washington Hilton Hotel, July 24–29, 2021. It willcover a broad spectrum of themes related to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI),including theoretical issues, methods, tools, processes, and case studies in HCI design,as well as novel interaction techniques, interfaces, and applications. The proceedingswill be published by Springer. More information will be available on the conferencewebsite: http://2021.hci.international/.

General ChairProf. Constantine StephanidisUniversity of Crete and ICS-FORTHHeraklion, Crete, GreeceEmail: general_chair@hcii2021.org

http://2021.hci.international/

Contents – Part II

Augmented Cognition in Learning

Assessing Intravenous Catheterization Simulation Training of NursingStudents Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRs) . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Mehmet Emin Aksoy, Kurtulus Izzetoglu, Atahan Agrali, Esra Ugur,Vildan Kocatepe, Dilek Kitapcioglu, Engin Baysoy,and Ukke Karabacak

Using fMRI to Predict Training Effectiveness in Visual Scene Analysis . . . . . 14Joseph D. Borders, Bethany Dennis, Birken Noesen, and Assaf Harel

Synthetic Expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Ron Fulbright and Grover Walters

The Expertise Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Ron Fulbright

The Dark Sides of Technology - Barriers to Work-Integrated Learning . . . . . 69Camilla Gjellebæk, Ann Svensson, and Catharina Bjørkquist

Exploring the Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality on Learning Outcomes:A Two-Path Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Yongqian Lin, Guan Wang, and Ayoung Suh

Flip-Flop Quizzes: A Case Study Analysis to Inform the Designof Augmented Cognition Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Branden Ogata, Jan Stelovsky, and Michael-Brian C. Ogawa

Metastimuli: An Introduction to PIMS Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118Rico A. R. Picone, Dane Webb , and Bryan Powell

How Gamification Increases Learning Performance? Investigatingthe Role of Task Modularity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Ayoung Suh and Mengjun Li

Increasing Engagement in a Cyber-Awareness Training Game . . . . . . . . . . . 147Robert Wray, Lauren Massey, Jose Medina, and Amy Bolton

Augmented Cognition for Well-Being, Health and Rehabilitation

Acceptability and Normative Considerations in Research on AutismSpectrum Disorders and Virtual Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Anders Dechsling, Stefan Sütterlin, and Anders Nordahl-Hansen

Feedback Control for Optimizing Human Wellness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Bob Hanlon, Monte Hancock, Chloe Lo, John Grable, Kristy Archuleta,Alexander Cohen, Chris Mazdzer, Sandra Babey, Eric Miller,and Alex Nunez

The Case for Cognitive-Affective Architectures as Affective User Modelsin Behavioral Health Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Eva Hudlicka

Gathering People’s Happy Moments from Collective Human Eyesand Ears for a Wellbeing and Mindful Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Risa Kimura and Tatsuo Nakajima

Examination of Stammering Symptomatic Improvement Training UsingHeartbeat-Linked Vibration Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Shogo Matsuno, Yuya Yamada, Naoaki Itakura, and Tota Mizuno

Guided Mindfulness: Using Expert Schemas to Evaluate ComplexSkill Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Mina Milosevic, Katherine Rau, Lida P. Ponce, Nicholas A. Moon,Nisha Quraishi, Alexandria Webber, and Richard L. Griffith

An Overview of Virtual Reality Interventions for Two NeurodevelopmentalDisorders: Intellectual Disabilities and Autism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Anders Nordahl-Hansen, Anders Dechsling, Stefan Sütterlin,Line Børtveit, Dajie Zhang, Roald A. Øien, and Peter B. Marschik

Human Cognition and Behavior in Complex Tasks and Environments

Effect of Robotic Surgery Simulators in Training Assessed by FunctionalNear-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Mehmet Emin Aksoy, Kurtulus Izzetoglu, Atahan Agrali,Dilek Kitapcioglu, Mete Gungor, and Aysun Simsek

Preparing for Cyber Crisis Management Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279Grethe Østby and Stewart James Kowalski

Tracking Technostress: A Task Interruption of Data Entry Study . . . . . . . . . 291Bruce W. Barnes III and Randall K. Minas

Enhancing Reality: Adaptation Strategies for AR in the Field . . . . . . . . . . . . 304Konrad Bielecki, Daniel López Hernández, Marten Bloch,Marcel Baltzer, Robin Schmidt, Joscha Wasser, and Frank Flemisch

Confronting Information Security’s Elephant, the UnintentionalInsider Threat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

Matthew Canham, Clay Posey, and Patricia S. Bockelman

xviii Contents – Part II

Adapting Interaction to Address Critical User States of High Workload andIncorrect Attentional Focus – An Evaluation of Five Adaptation Strategies. . . 335

Sven Fuchs, Stephanie Hochgeschurz, Alina Schmitz-Hübsch,and Lerke Thiele

Information-Theoretic Methods Applied to Dispatch of EmergencyServices Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

Monte Hancock, Katy Hancock, Marie Tree, Mitchell Kirshner,and Benjamin Bowles

Experimental Evaluation of an Adaptive Planning Assistance Systemin Manned Unmanned Teaming Missions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

Felix Heilemann and Axel Schulte

Cognitive Variability Factors and Passphrase Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383Lila A. Loos, Michael-Brian C. Ogawa, and Martha E. Crosby

Variable Self-Efficacy as a Measurement for Behaviors in CyberSecurity Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Ricardo G. Lugo, Benjamin J. Knox, Øyvind Josøk, and Stefan Sütterlin

Probing for Psycho-Physiological Correlates of Cognitive Interactionwith Cybersecurity Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

Nancy Mogire, Randall K. Minas, and Martha E. Crosby

Tracking and Improving Strategy Adaptivity in a Complex Task. . . . . . . . . . 416Jarrod Moss, Gary Bradshaw, Aaron Wong, Jaymes Durriseau,Philip Newlin, and Kevin Barnes

Computing with Words in Maritime Piracy and Attack Detection Systems . . . 434Jelena Tešić, Dan Tamir, Shai Neumann, Naphtali Rishe,and Abe Kandel

Modeling User Information Needs to Enable Successful Human-MachineTeams: Designing Transparency for Autonomous Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Eric S. Vorm and Andrew D. Miller

The Role of Gaze as a Deictic Cue in Human Robot Interaction . . . . . . . . . . 466Efecan Yılmaz, Mehmetcan Fal, and Cengiz Acartürk

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

Contents – Part II xix

Contents – Part I

Cognitive Modeling, Perception, Emotion and Interaction

User Evaluation of Affective Dynamic Difficulty AdjustmentBased on Physiological Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Guillaume Chanel and Phil Lopes

Understanding Challenges Presented Using Emojis as a Formof Augmented Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Mariam Doliashvili, Michael-Brian C. Ogawa, and Martha E. Crosby

Investigation of Biological Signals Under the Stimulation of Basic Tastes . . . 40Masaki Hayashi, Peeraya Sripian, Uma Maheswari Rajagopalan,Runqing Zhang, and Midori Sugaya

Multimodal Analysis Using Neuroimaging and Eye Movementsto Assess Cognitive Workload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Ricardo Palma Fraga, Pratusha Reddy, Ziho Kang,and Kurtulus Izzetoglu

Challenges and Prospects of Emotional State Diagnosis in Commandand Control Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Alina Schmitz-Hübsch and Sven Fuchs

The Platonic-Freudian Model of Mind: Defining “Self” and “Other”as Psychoinformatic Primitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Suraj Sood

A Preliminary Experiment on the Evaluation of Aroma Effects UsingBiological Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Runqing Zhang, Chen Feng, Peeraya Sripian, and Midori Sugaya

Electroencephalography and BCI

A Neuroimaging Approach to Evaluate Choices and Compare Performanceof Tower Air Traffic Controllers During Missed Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Alvin J. Ayeni, Kiranraj Pushparaj, Kurtulus Izzetoglu, Sameer Alam,and Vu N. Duong

A Multi-stage Theory of Neurofeedback Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118Eddy J. Davelaar

Analyses of Impression Changes and Frontal Lobe Activity WhileViewing Videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Anna Endo, Naoki Takahashi, Takashi Sakamoto, and Toshikazu Kato

Visualizing Emotion and Absorption Through a Low ResolutionLED Array: From Electroencephalography to Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . 142

Xiaobo Ke and Christian Wagner

Methodology for Detection of ERD/ERS EEG Patterns Produced by CutEvents in Film Fragments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Javier Sanz Aznar, Carlos Aguilar-Paredes, Lydia Sánchez Gómez,Luis Emilio Bruni, and Andreas Wulff-Abramsson

A Study of Colour Using Mindwave EEG Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Ana Rita Teixeira and Anabela Gomes

Ensemble Usage for Classification of EEG Signals A Reviewwith Comparison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Zaib Unnisa, Sultan Zia, Umair Muneer Butt, Sukumar Letchmunan,and Sadaf Ilyas

A Reliable Neurophysiological Assessment of Stress – Basic Foundationsfor a Portable BCI Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Thomas Zoëga Ramsøy, Alexander Lopera, Philip Michaelsen,Mike Storm, and Ulrich Kirk

AI and Augmented Cognition

No Free Lunch: Free at Last! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217Ali Almashhadani, Neelang Parghi, Weihao Bi, and Raman Kannan

Biomimetic Design in Augmented Cognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226Benjamin Bowles, Monte Hancock, Mitchell Kirshner, and Taniya Shaji

A Field Theory for Multi-dimensional Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Monte Hancock, Nick Nuon, Marie Tree, Benjamin Bowles,and Toni Hadgis

Non-monotonic Bias-Based Reasoning Under Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250Monte Hancock

Explainable Artificial Intelligence: What Do You Need to Know?. . . . . . . . . 266Sam Hepenstal and David McNeish

xxii Contents – Part I

The Way We Think About Ourselves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276Darshan Solanki, Hsia-Ming Hsu, Olivia Zhao, Renyue Zhang,Weihao Bi, and Raman Kannan

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Contents – Part I xxiii