jtt:1il 'ii/{/ii i 'i,', ''''i' · pkosta(~i)rz.llni-polsda...
TRANSCRIPT
10
Kar'cl Oliva - DnllwllIir'" "./t1Io,,"""" "ukialll';o
zakol1ccny na koncovku -nI, lYP S\J('(h~i (() <'0 !Jf.:\'Jtt:1Il dnJJJI(/II{/.I~/I·l.·1I1 ,/ 11 'II/{/II 1·'·li.
11111/> \'.~('ch liällkujlcich, na kteryjsmc naIc-zli n:lkell1 /1 1) dokl'I<li'I. I l.d",·I', "1,,"111.. 1:, l'ysYetlovat atlakei ke koneovee adjeklivni, nebot' subSlallllYlll1l v 1111 10 ,1,,1' ',,1111,,',1.0111"
bez adjcktiva). Ani tyto phpady \'sak nepokhidame za doslacujici III"t" 'I,', pI" ,,,. ''''I' byly takovcto l\'ary lll'adcny YIllnalure jako bcznc uzivane, a uz Yii"",' 111' 1,lk" 1\';11 Y.
ktnc 1llluI'ci cestiny pOl'azllji za "spral'llc".
Pokud sc nyni pokusimc zrckapitlllol'al a shrnout UycdclIa fakta, llliizClllC aSi kOl1statol'at, 2e
I konstrukee dobre moznc \' lal/gue nemuseji byt v korpusu vübce dolozel1y, 2. kOl1slrukee v langue vyloucenc naopak dolozeny byt mollOu, I1ckdy dokollec
bohate.
Z~ver, kter}' z tohe plync, by byle 3$: ll1czno strucne zfan11u!a'.'~~! da !\:r7;cnl. ~~c doslalecne velky korpus (sbirka dokladi'J parole) siee mlJze byt "objekti\izaci" teto paroil', al'sak z prineipiiIinieh dövodi'J nemöze byl "objcktivizaci" langue. Z lohu dille plyne. ze zakiadnim materialem pro gramatieky vyzkum (tj. pro expiikael iangue) je prave tato langue (jako implieitni znalosl jazyka), korpus mlIze byt pro takovou prael "pouze" inspiraei a koreklivem. To je soucasne i odpovedi na treti otazkll z l'lvodu tohOlo prispevku
I KORPUSI JAKO ZDROJ DAT ~(:ESTINL, 2004
SYNTAX TICHA (VP-ELIPSA / GAPPING A IP-ELIPSA I
/ SLUICING) V CESTINE A ANGLICTINE, ANEB: JAK ZiSKAT A TEORETICKY POPSAT NECO, CO NENj ViDiTELNE V KORPUSU?
Peter Kosta
pkosta(~I)rz.llni-polsda m.lle
Abstract: Syntax ur silen~c (\' I'-ciiipsisigappillg and I P-ellipsi>islui~ing) in CZl~(
anu Ellglish, or: hol\' 10 ohlaill and Ihcorelit'ally descrihe sumelhillg Ihal is nl visible in Ihe corpus?
Despilc thc ,tateu prilnary goal ur Ihis anielc to inl'esligate sluicing, any (liscussiun of thc gener cOlldilions Oll elilpsis mUSI begin \\'lIh the best in\csligalcu case, VI' cllipsis III ('lech ~lIld Englls I lhererorc stan wilh these cases, dC5Cnbin)! lhc gencral results ill Ihis arca, ami Ihen mo\L' on sec holl' lhese rcsul15 appl)! 10 SIUiClllg, rcturrJlIlg only briefly 10 VP-l'llipsJS. Thc ('lcch dala a laken from the CI.eeh National Corpus (eNK) whereas lhe Iheory and melhodolngy as weil as I1 FlIgllSh da ta are laken frorn the PhU dlsscrtatlon by J~IS()n ivkrrhallJ (200 i).
I. Idcntita V clipse: Fokus a izomortismus
V nasem prispcvku se budeme zabY\'at e1/P!iOU velflOU, tw. elipsou nazyvam v odbornc hteraturc (ennine\11 .I/II/nllg. V literature zatim nejlcpe pop,allylll fenLlI11L'lle byla elipsa skupiny vcrbalni fraze, lw. elipsa VI', a siee jak v cestine. v allgliclic I' nell1cinc a v holandslille, tak I v jinyeh evropskyeh jazyeieh. Prave proto byehol11 zde ehteli nejprve zastavit prave u lohoto druhu elipsy: dale bychom se ehteli sOllsti'l'( na vlastni elipsu vetnou (dale IP-elipsa).
V Karlik·-Nckula I'leskalova (2002: I ~2) naehazime pod prislusn)'m klicmy' slovclll nasledujiei definiei e(lipsy): "Vypllstena caSI syntaklieke konstrllkee, kteroll \' podle vctneho sehematll occkavame (napr. Smilauer, 1')40; ZCSk, 1962: Me iII, i 987 kteroll Ize rekonslruoval (tim se lisi c. napr. od japoziopeze): elipsoll vznika vela (ko strukee) diptieb. V tom jSOU deliniee llzivane v bohemistiee jcdnolne. [ ... j". Jednntli pOjeti c. sc pak lisi v nasledlljieieh otai'kaeh: zda se jcdna 0 jev eiste systcrnovy ci text vy, popf. za Jakyeh okolnosti jsou splneny podrninky pro jeden nebo drllhy Iyp, zda je jedlloznacnc rekonstruovateilla, zda je eliptieka konstrukce jako vysledek e. vzdy gran tieky spravna. jaky je \'ztah cliptiekc konstrukce k jeji pripadne "nercdukovanc" podo atd.
V nasem prispel'ku byehom sc ehlcli za prve pozaslavit nad otazkou rekonstn "CltdnQ"li e, na zaklade urciteho gramatickelio IlllJddli v famei tcori,' prineipli a p:lf:lme
J7
!'!"ln 1"",1.1
(('IH!n1~;I,<\ )')l).)" !lJc)'; j()():-\, 200n, 2()()LJh) CI /.1 dJII)w 1,,,( 11<.111 ) 1,1111< I 1,<lllkll·IIC\.: tC"nla11Ck~l /~anlcf·cnc n~1 korpuso\'ou problL'Illatikll l"!dC"I! Ilk,\.·.1! 11.1 I.tI.1 pou)iti ":.\JLtni,,'h n1,-'tnd un';i!l~h(1 mOlk!\! popiSl! :1 t'ys\,,~tk!li 'ylll:".,II' I· \(11 I ,,('111:11I11I'Kych
t!aslllosti (', Ila !'lr(l\'nl systcll1o t C' ling\'isti)';y n~lll1 zajisti i Jeji l'lI;lp;111I \;11.1111 L<l1llLxtu ).;orPllSO\'YC h da!.
FULinJj~ üd pr~li 'r~lnci'L'diho (1 f)()2) t-i l.zuGtha (1 ()92a) je zn:nnu, /:. P:i}!1J.'·:n d~'
ill1ll'e l'. ~I vycl'l pOllIlIincK, za ktcr~'ch sc meile eldci cast i jazykon':ho 1I1ateri:i111 11HdHlli \C \,ct0 Cl \' texlu \'ypllstll, odbzlIje k poL!minbl11, /a kter~!ch Inuholl hyl VP v angllctiI1C~ dea).;cel1(mal1c neho akspoi1 fOl1l'tickv rcdllkO\~JIIl' Ona pronkl1lY ISOlI \,j/jny 11~1
obl'clIc' podlllinky distnbllcc ohnisb (d;dc f( OkLISLI)) ud/\'lIcncni ncbnli dcakccIHovani a e, Paklih' se leorl'tiekc sJl'dnoccni oboll t'enol11cl1LJ lkakcl'ntovjni a e. ne/da byt Lel'1a lll'kuntro\l'rZnllll (\IZ Wll1kkr i'N/), ISOli 1l1l1llCe 0 Will, zdali sc jedna 0 renlyi: neblJ (hZ! rö:;Il(' typy }['\'II. /cela jednotnc a robllstni Pran:- proto se blldcll1c snaZit o tabnoLI syntaktid.:ou a scmanlic).;ou anal~!zll, ktcra njm umo/ni zjistit propojel1i techlo dYüU slr;Jui.... k lL.li1)"ch .lC\'li nJ poz~1di urcitchn synt~~ktickcho !!ltH.!elu,
Zdü sc, /l' ldentl1ikaee podml11ek, za kterych \TPllslCna \/P müze byt lkakcenlu\ana (tzn b)t po).;!<ilbnJ ja).;o zadani, \yehazejc Z jeji strukturalni rckonstruovatelnosti, \'iL nlze), neni zcela khb, V tumto clanku bych se ehtel pokllsit 0 1110znoll analyzu srrukluralnich podl1lilll').; dl..'JKLent\)\ani a jcho c\'lllcntnich phkladö nJ l'lrmni ).;Oq)l1SIl l'NK.
Pokusim sc dokzlZat. ZC j~lk vr-c., tak IP-e. jSOU postlz11elne pouze za tzv, podminky Cnkusu (dik pr) a 11',' 73 rodmillky i7()lllorfi~nlll N:lknnec iluSlrll,!i, jak I'C\'idova11:1 \'lT/t' pr 1I11ILe adekvainc /,iskat eclou radu dal v Ci\K, M<i anal~'La \,yc]üzl \' korctidc C:lsli clankll / modl'1u doktorsk0 discrtace Merchanta (2001), AntlclpUjl n0kterc jl'ho \'y'skdky a nazvu konstitucnly, kterc dominllJi vypusrenoll c:ist lvil-frazc, oznJcenim (~P. \'y'}Hlst0ny i11atcflal san10tny' oznJCeninl jj) a proces, kter)' dcrl\'llJC c., jako lieieci (podIe angl. "deletion"),
1.1 Scmantickc pozadi
V ldo cast i se buclu zabyvat n0klcrymi zakladnimi hody lilllll,'t1l1i S"'llIilllliky, ktcra jl' dCtle2ity'm pf'cdpokladell1 pro cltapani liceneovani VYPIISll\lli (l'.) ,;,ko ",VII sl'manIIc).;cho, Mc !coretickc lI\ahy jsoll /CL:la standardni, a pWlo odka/IIJl (11"11;11,', kId') Iyto pi'edpok lady znaj i, na C:1St 1,2,
'Vychazill1 z translace typm ~ IlJgick~ forll1Y (11'), I..lnll IIUP'! "lIkod"vill \"\',skLTc' rL: Ic\'antn i \' lastnosti (az na vy'si konleXlli) pro urcu,; id vyfiliI/li\' \'(~Iu\' ~llllik 111/ Y(\' I ;'lIl1l'1
Icorie l\lontaguea a jinych 1l10deli'J formalni sCl11auli~\', lIi1llr ""/111(11\\'1 u,",1lI Klal /.cr(mc)), Vyra/y LF jsoll ti111 padem pf'da/cny IOI!h ~('11I1I1 ll\lv~\l I (1'1111)1\';'1111 /(k slClndardni predibto\'y kalklli pro L), a tyto vYI:IIV jIt/Y~'1 I h' 1'\IIIIllIJ~ I'h", 1111\"1
prctacni fllnkci[], ktera sc vztahujc k modelu M a ~ I'tlttl/u,h I 1I111~11 .'; (Jlttlllililll 1'10
l.atil11 intcnzionalitll), symbolicky: []\lg
Rl'lcvantnl definici podavam \' (I):
(I) uudiz. lVI '~i~, i , Klil' i~ je dOlIl~II"lI illdl\ i.liil .. : h~ jij:..:ijii.:... , ;iiil~" , I,"'''1.1 pfii'azllje kaide konstante' (indi\idllaJl1i 11('1,," 11t ..,hhht\'~J \' I li~"·"tI \ I
SYNTAX '1'1('11:-\ (VP-ELlPS.\! CAPPI!';(; A IP-EUPSA! SIXJ('JNC) .. , ----- ~-----_.__ .. ~-~---_.---------
Je ti c indivl'Juctlni kO!lst]!i!~l p:Jk i(l ) iL 11 j) 11·('11.'1111\' !ill'dik:il. m;lpUic l' i
s,,'r:!/l'l1llll l' 111 ic i l' Il'n1L'ntü od L: I( P) c L"
Napi. pbti pro JcdnO\'alcncni jircdibty P typu 'e,t 'a ku!!stuntlll.. typu 1'(\
jl' pr<l\di\c \' 1\1 puu/e tchdy, kdy/, !(e) 1(1'1 je lu 1.11;170rIlC'110 I. pr-ikiad0 (2)'
(2) Necht'JcMI <F,I',kdc
L :_ahbi, bell : I i a > Clbby
i h -0 ben
L sing -> :abbyl
PhCl'llt/. [silig(arn\li,~ l tl'hdy d Fl1 tchdy, kdy;~[a] '.1!.1' c: [sing] \11 I', i/I
kdyz abby E:abby:; \'IL modd \' (2).
Zatimco pra\idlo (1) a Ic!m lIpLltn0ni \ (2) fungllJc dobf'c v pI'ipadec1J obsahllj eich POUZt: kUIlstant:v J prc:dik:lly (i.i rC.(~nc iUgh.:kL~ kOllektory). !!lL!~inlt' \' ptiP~l(h> ifliC
pretal'c prol11cnn~'Cb, klcrc se pOllii\aji \ düslcdkti iranslace slup pb pohyou Cl u /iJmc! je<;tc dodat nektert' dod;} (ecne 111 formacc, Forl1lulc sc tl'l'mi promc nnymi j suu C\'J luo\'~11l
vzhleclelll k fllnkcim phf"azuJkil11Jll11 hodnoty,
l'rozatim plalz pro pronlcnne POll/(: t}Pll <c>, ZL' jl' jejlCh phrClLuJlci Iunkec: funkci promcnnyl'il k indi\'iduim \' domtnl:' L Ja).;o phklad madimc funkci bi (7)
(3 ) gl- X -> abby 1 y -). hen z .) :abby~ J
Pou:llvam<: !i (uto pr-if-:.l!.ujici funke!, !11ö/l.'IlW c\'all1o\'at i fammle ja).;o sing(y 'i'at0 f0j-iTiük~ je Pj·ü\'\..h\'J \'zh!ederrl k .~-:' :ll~ t~hJy :! PtlU?I~ tt'hriy, kdy; hodnota. kteroll
\Taci l', je ekmcntem soubonl danym I(sing)
Pouzivamc-li MI a gJ jako pfiklauy, obdrzill1e[sing(y)] \11.~1 I pk[y] \II,~1
[sing] \11.~J; protoi:e gl(y) !JCII, Cl jeliko7 hCII '1- (abby}, pak fOrll1111c sing(y) Je SP:Hl
pod MI a g"
POllka/uji I1Cl fakt, ze necxistllje r()7rlill1ll'/i:[sing(y)]\II,~1 a [Sillg(b)]'\II1'I, TL'I1
döleiity fakt se zua byt klicovym bodem.
Obcene pbt), ze rckllrzimi definice scmanti)';y [] \'zhlcclell1 k modelu M a pi fazujici funkce g Je dana v pl'i)';bdu (4):
(4) PakliZc;e<x inuividualni konstanta nebo prec!Jbt, tlldiz [u] T\i,g ~ [(n)
Kdyz aje prOl11enna, pClk [a] M,g - g(ex),
Tento kratk)' pi'chlcd Latim snad pro nase lied)' poslacl.
1.2 Fokus a podminka izomort1smu
KouLil (i 9~2d), iU/.\ ij(jL d~i-~'2j;i \'~'i·f·"; Fi~::b~ ~.1~~y~ {l (,)()~), !·':.X{!!~l_ljP lit't\ rtl'/
relace mCZl clidovanoll VP (dalc: Vre) a jcjil11 antccedentcl11 (VPa), na co;. llkaZl pfikbd ('i)'
1514 SYNTAX TICHA (VP-ELIPSA / GAPPING A IP-ELIPSA / SLlJICING) ...PellT Kosla
(5) IcdunJuncni relace 2
redundancy relation 2 01-------1
XP,\ XP I
If tI ,rn " 'I) ••• V I" ,\ .. ... V 1 I
z-------Ill
redundJney relation 1
Autofi tvrdi, ze redundancni rclaee I je syntaktiekeJlO razu, a siel' tuto relaei pokladaji za urcity druh pOjmu "rekonstrukce" (rceonstruetion), kterou uvcdli do literatury Fiengo--May (1994) a kterou se blldeme zabyvat niie. Zatimeo Rooth akceplllje lel1tü predpüklJd, vfnuje se redundancnl relaci 2,0 ktcrc ficngo--May (1994) tvnii, ze spada pod teorii dependencni gramatiky (obzvlast' jim Jde 0 syntaktieky izomortismus s paraleini strukturou moduio indices) Rooth dokonee tvrdi, 7e redundancni relace 2 je vc skutecnosti relaee semantieka, 01 IdentltikuJe JI operatorem ~
(Rooth 1985, I992b, 1996). Operator se poji k jednomu konstituentu a a vytadllje, aby cxistoval set alternativ stejneho typu jako a.
Ncbudu zde zaehazet do detaihl; odkazuji ctenare na I3üringa (1995a), ktery podava velmi dobroll analy7u teorie fokusu Rootha. Jeho hypotezu zde cituji: "ellipsis should be possible exaetly in eonfigurations where 1. a verb phrase ean be syntactically rCLonstructcd~ and 2. son1C phrase idcntical \vith or dominating the rcconstructed phrase c::m be rebted by the ~ relation to som!? phrase !denncal w!th or dommatmg the reconstruction antccedcnt '" " (Rooth 199201: 18).
Podminka 2 se da aplikovat na schema v (5): vyzaduje, aby XPi\ - XPE. Tuto (JudluluÄu IlÜiZClllC lIYII; pfeforiilidvvat jako POdüilllkü R-fokiiSii; ;:iZ tukc JGhü3Gii
(1997) a ROl11ero (199701).
(6) Podl11inka R-fokusu u VP clipsy (Roothova vcrze)
YP v Xl,!: muze byt deletovana, pak existuje XP Ä, kdy [XpJ bud' se rovna, nebo obsahuje ~lement [XPE ] .
Roothovu verzi podminky R-fokusu u YP elipsy (6) Ize take vyjadfit za pomoci teorie fokusu Sehwarzsehilda, ktera je zaloiena na definiei pojmu GIYEN (zaklad).
(7) GIVENness (zaklad) (Schwarzschild, v tisku)
1. Neni-li kOllstituent a F-oznaccll, l11usi byl soucasti zakladu (giveness). 2. Yyraz E se poklaJa za zakladni, pak ma E salientni antecedent A a A obsahuje
l11odulo 3-type shifting 1, 01 zarovcn A obsahuje zakonceny element F od E.
(x) F-zakolll:t:Jlost
F-zakoncenost od CI, symholieky F-elo(u). je vysledkcm pi\:l1Iistt'ni F-07l1acc
nych dilö CJ =J-vazanynu promcnnymi patflcndlO druhu.
Shrnuji tyto poznatky do verze Sehwarzsehilda 0 S-fokusovc podminec na VP
eiipsu taktu
(9) S-fokusova podminka na VP c1ipsu
ve a mute byt vypuslena pvu,,:e teiiüy, kdyz a sc rGvl1a nebo JC Obo,3zcna v konstItuentu, ktery je uveden v zakladu (GIVEN).
Znazornime si to na nasledujicieh pfikladeeh:
(10) a. Abby sang becausc [Ben]F did.
b. IP
/~-----... IPl becausc IP2
I I Abby sang IBenJF did [YP &ffigJ.
(lfb) m~ T F v (lOb). kdy je skrtnut~' text znackoll pro ma terülL ktery se nevysiovuje na ürovlli pr (vychazin1 L toho, ZC f}'S, ktcr)r vyvoijva tuto rieleci na üro\'ni PF, je
pfitomen take na uroVI11 LF).
R-focus podminka v (h) vY7aduje, aby [IP!]' E [IP,] r, tzn., zc Aw.sing,,(a) E
{;\.Vv·.~;iigw(X:): X cD }. 'reDtc pC$!edr"!! set je ~k,-,'i,'~l~!1r!1i {~w ~ing .... (a)~ A\v.siIlg\\(b)~e
vM I ·
S-fokus podminka je take spinena: dcktovana YP byla uvcdcna, protozc anleecJent Ahby sang obsahujc "3-typc shifted" deleci VP: x.sing(x). Obdobne lllltJcme porovnat elipsy, ktere obsahuji IP, kdy Abby sang obsahuje vyslcdck pfemisteni F-oznacene frazc [Ben], viP:! pomoei 3-V;1Zane promenne: x.sing(x).
Porovnejme si nyni tento anglieky systcmovy pfiklad s pfikladcm cesk~'m v CNK
( IOe):
(lOc) [ ... ] Hapoelem Tel i\viv na domaci palubovee basketbaliste I3iovcty Brno ve tfetilll kaie EP klubü [/p J Phtom nYtsinu z/Ipasu l'edli. LI': v 16 min o 11 Bonll]F tYPe fve-JHj)) . Brno naslvupilo bez zran0ncho Svobody, ktcrehc vsak dobre <zastoupil> Nemec. Ten spolu s Krejcim a losefem MlISilcl11 dClal soupefi ncjvctsi poti;~e. Po pfestavce se domaeim pi'estaly dai'it stfclba a ryehle protiutoky, postupne se vyfaulovali NCl11ee, Jefabek 01 losef MusiI ...
S-fokus podrninka je spinena, protoze deletovana YPe fvedli} je uvedena pi'es anII'("prlpnt· Pfit01/1 vJt.\'inll zäpasll obsahuic -typove pfemistenou a delctovanou YP I'ed
li:x.(x).
ci--I\'JW \)ll/flllg jl: drllh 0reraCl: shiJiillg, klna riCllIclillJe vyralY na {-"pe <l:'-- a d;;c ni"lcIlClll; Ildlpilll'
argllmcnty
11
Pt.'lt.T Kosl<)
UbJobllc bychom SI 111011!1 pm()\ll~ll l'llPSy pLIvodnc Uh";I/l'lll' \ l' Vl'll' \ 11'): J'rJ
10111 \t!!.~ill/l ::(//)(/,1/1 ohsallllJc \YSklkk prl'stJvcncho kompklllclllll_ Lil'ry !l' I O/l13CCn \ 11'2 pres 3-vazanoll prorm>;n 110 1I , x,n~sl (x),
1.3 Elipsa adjunktu v ccstinc - - . , . l ' ~ I I 1 1. 1 . . I I.. - _ • '!'orovllcJTlW SI lI],n1 lcorcllc!\.l' prl'lIpOKlallY [l'Ulle CIIPSY~, Cllljlllll'I\lH! c,Kllll'lIIU."ll
\' t'_',-:lU C'NK'
(11) 1... 1 PO\:OICil}'Hli pestnil ~-)C zhlubok;] nadechla. nI'J,-~chce :;c :11i D ton1 1111uvit." ,,'1'0
I1c\'adi," Byl Jsem nastvany, "D]U/.ltC n1l ti'! dobry," ,,(OZl"! La co';-' l \.llll Jlll zim tri dolary?"] "Za tnlL!, kterym jsell1 sem prijel, abyeh <zastoupil> \aseilo nlanzelJ u snidanc~ CO~7 byl jcdiny' dÖYOtL proc jstc n1C SC!11 po:"'::!l::!. 7p{1tky to hude dra/.si, PlutUfX Sc budu muset stJvit v Armade spasy, abych sc zbavil toho kabatu a klobouku, ktere jSCI11 slihilllycmal1()\c pfadelnc, kde \'cLuill kobborall ty. [)orazil jSC111 t3.111 pred sestoU. lf bräny st~ll na strü;i Punyk! s al!tonl~-!tl'!11 :1
\ ::I!rikakorpsu, Potfcbuju I11lu\it s jcdnilll kolouselll, rckl j"l'nL kdY;l \l1i pdtl'lil'b <zastoupi!> eestu ,I namif'I1 na l11e autOl11atem, '1'0 JC lak~l/any [:I': 1(11/ Jl' [fal/l
ale !'omylem Jrl J:i 11111 tu du d'.ls\'0dcil. Ne/vaii, Cl~cet [w' /VIAd" ((Im 1/('1/; I'om)'
km'] [11'.; Tcnhlc je i'li/dlll ,)III',/tiil/.] Mne zaciJranil /.i\'lJ[, NaJednoll - \'7dyt' Po
nykl se '
v (11) Je dolni adJlIl1kt pp //um oll/ricin! liccncov;ln pOl11oci pudminky !!o!!l'..rfiSI1111, pnTlcvJrl/Jc llspokojcna podminka fokusu pomoci (1Ia): IPI [[VolIi<' !am afe vVl/lyielll hl ubsJhuic [ukUSOVJiillU cast Jdjunktnl pp ltüm üle i'oiiiylcml,
(1Ia) l!PI Vonjc [tam ale \'omylcm,JFJ
Prablern. ~d~ ':t::!:! '/ !1eg'.)v}!~~ IP=, kter~ j~ prin1):'!11 ~1ntt'(('dr-'111t~nl iP~ '" clc'ic'rov:t
llYI11 adjunktem pp tU/Il o/lldem: cltpsa adjunktu "tam omylem" uspokojuje siel' pod1111nkll R.-fokllsu (6), ale nClIspokojllje podminku izomorfismll, protoze \eta IP 2 jc Ill'gU\JnY'l11 protcjskcl11 vCty kladnc,
Vychazim proto z prcdpokladll, zc PP-delccc intcrniho adjunktll jc liccllcodna Jfirmatiml casti vcty IP:;, kter~l odkazlljc k vct0 IP"
P'l)dobny problCl11 s Sch\\'arzschildovoll tl'arii clipsy sc vyskytllje \'C \'etach, kde Jntcccdcntl'm delctovanc XP jc cela v0ta (IP) nebo dokoncc ccly üsck tcxtu, vi? (12):
(12) [ .. ,] jinou mcntalttu a zccla jiny dTUh hlll1loru, A obojimll jSCl11 sc mllscl eilte neehte prizpüsobo\'Jt. A tak jscm l!Z plano\'al, zc se odst0hujcmc do r:ranciL~ ; ktera Je ml blizka , kdyz pfisla nahidka, abych <zastollpil::> na chvili Milosc For11 11
mana tady nJ lIniverzitc v Nl'\\ Yorku, protoic Oll pr.lvc nataccl Amadca, Tell jediny dopis rozllOdl/PPef. Tri roky jsem zde pak pusobil jako hostujici prol(:sor,
ziepsoval si angltctinll '"
Priklad (12) ukazuje fakt, /.c intcrpretacc dclctovancho adjllnktll (1O/,lrodlloUt o (cm')) je podporodna POllZl' fragl11entl'm tt:'xtu, ktny l11usi byt interpn'(oV;'11I ,,{l'S cdy kuntext.
~"Y~1'_0_~_:n(,HA (VP-ELIPSA I GAPPIN(_; A IP-ELIPSA / SLUI(,I~(iL_
~ Probiem s pojml'm "i.lumortismü"
je 11a~n(J.dc iu/po/,n;,d., ze tcuric clips]' \' r~lIH.:i runnül!1ir~h nHh.lelü fUJ ln;j.llli ~~l'
jiidntiky: (k~it(g.driJln1 nebo 1110ntaguc!J\'skc) neho generativni synt:l'Xc (Ml~,·(.'h~ll1t .?()() I) llL'nl ani /llakka vyresena, Jl'Iiko/. cl11pirick~l data jsoll vctsinoll komplcxni ~l \'Ylllybli sc Il'dno/nacnc dcfll1ici tohu, co se mlt;l,e, sml nl'bo dokoncc musi vyncl'11aL ahy hyla llSpO\...ujcn~l kriteriJ suhc;tJncni nebo for!11~l!ni eknlloll1ie, JJk hyla Ina/nrnClla \' n\)\CI~icll
praclch ChUIIlc,kdlO a Jcho pr-in.icnd\; sm\', Ilornstcin ad, (2()()4), Kust~l (\.' pi'ipran'l Mcrl'ilant (20() 1), i kdyL \ YSt.: u\cdcnc koril' mJji z h!cd:sb \'cdcckL'!J I ) ~! !,_'nlL'!!l_'k,:hl1
zdakka nCJicpsi metodüiogil'kull ÜIOH~I\ pr-c:>tü \ctSinou Ltroskut~l\ali Ha d~Ll1kch
jazyku\'ych jl'VÜ
Jednil11 z nCj\'ctsich problcl11u spojl'nych s teorii syntaktickc rekünstrllkcc jsoll jcdnoduchc pi'iklady na s{Ulcing s implICltnin1l korebty: zna/ornimc SI [0 IIl',lPrv e 11<1
rhkbJech z ::mg!ictiny, jak by!y pod;\ny v ,wjnnvejsi a prozatim nejexplIcltnclSI analvze IP-dipsy (sluicing) v monografii r..krchanta (200 I):
(1:\) J. Abby \\as rcading, hut I don't knut \\hat.
b, Bl'n called guess whcn'
Rclcnnlni konstituenty antcCl:dcntni IP a CP pr, (13<1) PO(!:JV;l111 \' ( I-t) :
( 14)
IP,\ [hUf! don 'f know] CP
,/./'-...-........... /'/~'-...........
/ ...........
/' "" DP, C'Ahh\' I" //"0,., I- /~
,/' ........... ,/ , ! // ""
VP \1)/(// c IP,
/ ~ \I'US V AM}) {'
~ re(J(!ing VP
/'/~ 11'llS v DP,
1I readillK
Jak u/ jsme vid21i vysc, intranzitivni uziti prcdikatu f(} read neuspokoJlIJc po<.lminkll izomorflsmu pro VP-elipsu pfi pOllziti tranzitivnim, klere nlltnc ohsahujc a vyza
dlljc primy objekt. Totcz plati samozfeJfne pro llJ-eilpsu, z<.ie: ii'A Ic jj:;"
I
I"'"Pctcr Kosta
Podobny probiCm nasta\'a vc \ctüch s adJllllkillimi \\/i-iiü/l'llli. kiLl C.!ClUlI gL'II('ro'.:ll1y internc k I p~ sroy Johns\oll ( I lN4). kter}' pOlbd presvcdcllJici argumenty pro tyto pfiradv.
Pti konfrolltaci s kmito daly mölL'me sal1l0zrcJlnc lndiL /l' POSUllutC 11'Ii-fra/C nl'jsou strukturaine pf"itomnc' na üro\'l1i LF, '17 lla kterc sc podminka uplatiluje. Toto t\!7t'1l1 upomina llJ rllznc algontmy se stnpami. ve ktcr~'ch sc llaniIO\aio. aby ~c illtermcdialni stopy dll11l11ovaly na üf()\lli LF (srov. nClprol11ll1Cntnc.i~i tcmii u i asnibSaiia 1(84). Strukturain: odstrancnl stap na LF ak samo/.fejmc ociporuje nÜZOrl1111 nl'.Jn()\C'.i~i
hu \ ~~, \ njc lcuric nlininlalisüHi, kdc :~c <.':1'cha:/1 z n3/oru~ ze LF j~ nejdu!czitejsl üro\-nl M1I11maiistickcho progral1lu, \T ktcrem se potita s lIlillilllalllitll pohyhelll lla ürll\ni Spell-0UTu a s maxilllainim vyu7itim tzv. skrytY'ch pnhyhll na ürovni pravc LF (tzv. (üVCi"t i110YCi11cnt: srov. Küsta (v pripravc)). P3klizc stüpy jJko zJ.\.'azne pr:lzdne kategorie (Kosta i 9(2) ncjsou ani strlllduraine pritol11l1):-mi elementy skrytc synlaxe, jak müzeme n:d0L ze promenne, kterc jsoll zadanc a VYl1l1L'CI1C H'h-fj';l,ll'llli, JSOll platnc') ;\ Jak ~~l,i;iC hyt tran/iti\ni u~>ili slo\'esJ ft'Uc! \. (14a) usrokojc!1o !lehn !icc!lcn\'ann syntaktic
S podobl1ymi problemy js\:m se setkai \' cestil1c \ sOl1\lslosti S ellps<lmi, ktere vZl1ikaji v düsiecikll poitybll \\!t-(h-) elernentli nd ürovni LL V C'NK Jsem nase! cctnc pi"iklady l1a I/v implicitni korLiaty (i/llfJlieir ell/Te/lilcl), sro\. (15): Z sesti vet, kkrc ohsahllJi implicitni korelat "llft' Ill'l'im co", jsem naseln:1sledllJicl doklady:
(I S) l .. ] jscm chlapce ze skolky '1 sli jsme do !3olanlckc /.ahrady , kam chodi\:1 ... l)j,illlnll Ilncd mc \edl k \C7.el1i : zamflzo\anc lImell' .Icskyni . 13ylo nam 7ima . ..--.., "'_'" '. ., __ J __ ., '"':T' J. 1 , v 11 , .'-. .....w-. .---. ,... ~ I ....... Y\T""1,·,iune~lI J;,IIIL LalllaUU LI ;,li L1U J1llSPUui\.) J...t IH..,\..U \..JH_J , -'J.lc nC'~\'jnl co---" , }--lJ.l.-! ~ 11
chlapee. Dostal caJ a oplatek.
nl\1l\by tarn i);J\'crlH.J\'ano bylo pn.1:~i\";;:ch neko!l~~ set \"ojakü ; ll.. s!ouzln1c tO!lH!
za obet' , -- aspoi1 0 pöl eine se cesta nase prodlouzi! ... IJrol11e i ncmiuviia bycb tak, <ale nevim co> to - pryt je 111<1 vsechna dohra ncil:.lda , I1CCO divIH~ho I11nl' tisni, rO/ciluje . " "Mne tl'7, dcerusko I" zvnlala Rona .. " Jako bychom do I1Cp
ke desne propasti Iczly ,jakoby nejaky netvor na nas cihal ..
[ ... ] zaroubikovanych ncphtol11nosti lieli u more, ktcrc /110VU ziskalo ncdotknut('lnost vlastni cxistcnce '1 existuje lIZ jcn pro scbe . Na pobrcZlli pisek vtrhlo ticho
. Co je to? Co se tu dcje? N0co se dcjc , <ale l1evim co> ... Co vlastne ? Jdu po pbzi po cMe te pcny a hlcd[1l11 v sohe ten spravny poeit , co vlastne mas podtit na pisku, kiery !11as zase rod Iloilama . v ryhim a Slal1l'111 pachu . vc vc(ru stale stcjnem'! tvh'; ...
r ... J vysli ,jcStc Jcdnou se HJ/.hlcclli po ccbrnc , alc nepoznali IllC , a tak oddli . ZiJu tcd' v jakl'msi cebnl na zlC I dohrc . Z neznamcho düvodu si pk.iu , ahy rok utikal rychlc , ahy uz neco nastalo , <ale nevim co> . Je tu sllilt . plOlo '''l'lll r[lcl , /e hodnc mrzne Nechcc Sl' mi na I.ahradu , I tam se hojilll lIl'dolJlyclt I!OVlll
2 t\krt'bant (2()() I ) lento Jlrobl0rn t"lmnuluJL' takt(J: "We lI/Duld ~dso ha\t· 10 dn"I01' ;111 all<'llI:lII\'I" il('l'OIIiII o!' Ih,' suhstanlial da la that suggesls thai traccs Illainlalll slruclure al I F, "S!ll"'lid1v 11"111 ",,,li, 1111 II'I"IIIISIIII(· l!ll!! c!E"_·h. !{1l1l1l'n1 (1 ()'!7h). h,\ (tl) appearl: also Saucrland (I 'I'IX l. M,'" 11,1111 (I .. "1'1""11 I ill 1"'11\"1 ;li, sucb a suggeslion Illakes a hash OrlransJlarenll.F, and reduccs tbc iSOllllllphl"lll ,,,"dlll"" I" \ ,llll1lV"
I
l' SYNTAX TlClIA (YP-ELIPSA I GAPPING A IP-ELIPSA I SI,( rICINC) ...
'v' nct!cli jsmc c!lleh I.aj<:! aspo!l pro .Flhlka , ale nenastartO\a! JSCJ1~ . Jak l() st;P·tll je \am 'I .
r . J jako lctuska ilcbo t'lrcdniL:e \- (t-"sh;\'nl kJ.jjLcl~h . UYCdOn1uji s~ ~ Jc' ')nt~nn~! j düskdck sill1c \Tst\·y mejkapll 7:ena je oskliva , ale /[l1()\cn mc I1CSl111rnC phta hu!l' , ve Sl1l1 l11am crekci . MllIvime spolll , <ale ncvinI co> , nevil11 0 CCI1l , pr-ed citJ i11i pojednüii z jakcsi kfiklavc pC'strc" rcktH11ni broL:urky , nebo snad pf"t-_"h:Jrvt'"
ncho plUspckw , jaky kJysi vydavaly ccsll>\Ili kanccLtfl' , J!c lK\'il1l . co 111
pi-clkita, ncvim , proc .
Stradal . Chccte se vühec \Tacct do St:ltü 'I KovhoJ : Ja nevinl , ll\idimc Süclur ka : Urcitc , takhle to prece nejde pofacl . Vile ... Ja se mohü citlm tmchu vinna jllh.U bych ~i l1ceü zjcJIluJu;o\-ala ~ '<ale nc\'inl co~ " i\1o~~n:.i nlY vsichni . ..'\Ie ja: fibl11 , v Praze je sladkcJ ;'Iivot . Dr Slraoal sti~knc caf1ik na d{dkO\'cl11 odadac a obrazovkll \'elkcho pponskcho lelevizorll rozzafl program z vidca . S dlSI1L'yUV S kOi i~a mozrc) mosti
Literatura
/\U:\LY, S (I ')87) 7lic FI/glis/i SOl/li I'/irusc 1/1 I!S SCII!C/I!{U! iI.\J!CI'! PhD theSIS. i\11"1
AISS):";, J. (llJlJ2): Topic and focus in Mayan. !.Ul/gIIUj..;C, 68,.,; 4:1-80. AIIlIHT, eh. (19'):1): ,'llllicl/lg UI/(! \\'cak is!ands. I\ls, University ofCalifornia, Sante\ Cru/ . .~.. l"l:~\!.-'.~.Y~)~ ,!\ !\ :,..: _~\(_;"f)~! ()Pl)l I ()l F_ ( i t)\)(;). P...tl i.1J11ctriLin~ t\C;R: \Vord order, \: rn~}'.Tn1cn
alld EPP-chcckin;, .";'a:::rul l~a!!.L,rztugc und (!!!gu!.\'!!C (henry, j Cl. S. 4'-) I 5Jl) A,,·\(;:o.;()SJ(J!'(I\!()l. E. \ün RIF\!SDIJK, 11 f.\\·.\RTS, F. (eds.) (1997): ,\fa!er/dls Oll !cll dis!,
cu!ion All1stcrdal11: 1. l3cnjal11Jns ;';'O(.'i"';, J. (11';S5): A RraiiiiJiilr (~lanaph()r{1 ('alllbndgc: rviIl~ P!l'~:-"
;\()IIN, J. I3I'Nf\IA\1lJlJN, E. (1998): Minimality. reconstructioll, emd PI-" 1110\Cll1ent. UlIgll/SII
!lu/Uln, 29, s 5(),)-597. ASlILR, N JI·\RI)I, D. BlISl..,llTTS, 1. (19')7): DIscourse parallclisl1l, scope, and cilipsis Ir
!'ronTdlllgs (//!';..tfJ 7 lthaca Corncll Unl\'Clsity. l3.\1 11'\, M PU:~I/Ii, P. (1')%)' f\1ore on reanalysis hypothescs. Lillgll1sllC 1//1//1/1"\'.27 s 127
145. B.\ Y I;R, 1. \ I 99() ): /)irCC!lUllu!i!y ulIJ Lugicu! romr Oll l!rc scopc O!)()CIISSllij..; f!ilrtic!('.\ (/I/
wlr-ill-sir" Oordrecht: Kluwer. BICIIiIOITR, R. (]lJ7üa): Rcdllccd \vh-qllestions. In: HJnkamcr, 1. - Aissen, 1. (cds.): I!UI"\W
sl"d/{'s 1/1 S\·II!U.\ ul/(l SC/lWlIllCS, 2, S . .) i-Cl7. - (I 'J7()b): Redllction in conJoined wh-qlll'sliuliS. In. IlJnkamcr, J. i\isscn. 1. (cds.) ffUrlW
s!lIdics ill S)·III(/.\ Ulld SCII/(//Ilics, 2, s. ()~--12(J
(1')77): A double an:.llysis 01' redllced wh-qllestluns. In: Kegl, J ad (eds.): /vFL'l, 7, S !lJ .) i BI(illill I, F Stowcll, T. (1t)l)7): Oistributlvity and negation. (n: S/abo!csl, A. (cd) /1'<1\\,
seu!Je Iukil/g Dordrecht: Kluwer 13LNNIs, 11 (I ()S()) (Jups ul/d dUllllllies Dordrecht: Foris. I3LN:--':IS, H (-O]nLR, N. ~ den DIKKEN, M. (1')98): PredicatlOn in nOllllllal phrases. T!re .JoIIr",
O!C()IIII'Unllil'e (Jem/(Jlllc Ullguislics, 1, s. 85 117 den BrSTEN, 11. (1978): On thc presence anti absence of wh-elements in Dutch comparative
UII~'lI/SIIC !I/l/lli,)', 9, s. ü4 iü71. - (I %9): ,'lliuhes il/ WCS! (JCr/I/(//IIC s\'nllH. PhD theSIS. Tilburg University.
!3(:(.!-:(:\·!c. :; (! q(5) PClrticipll' 1ll0VCIllcnt :.ImJ sCl'ond position cJiticl/ation in Scrbo-C'roatia 1-11/,1.,'1/(/, ')(), s. 245-L6().
I
/0
Pet{T Kosta
HUI'I()".;, i (i(nij) /\llll'CTdl'Ill'CIJ 1 il:.lll1l'd plOrLJIIII~. e,.occcu'l/lg,1 IJI ( l" L',c.] j(,',
151\1.\,'-.;.\.'-.;, J (1 Ins) ('[)II1P&~!il\l" ckkttOl1 ~\I1d cOI1~trainh 011 trans!")1 ,n:I!!()II'. 1.11/,\::1//1/1: 1/]1;/, VI' i 1 15 '7.-!:-:.
J I 11 I'Ui-:Ui)')', i\'i. ( i 1.1..' tU (.' (ji jIJi"in '-i r(itii('(}/i) niiiif;;;li!j)"j Ui('(ii'\ diiii)i iU_~,L' i-i.....::......)
[1111 )\\'-.;1, \\'. (I f)72). CUl1Julill'd l]'.Il'stion wurds ~lI1d a lill1lta\J1JI1 UI1 Lj1~II;h surfacc stnlclmcs I,II/gl/Islli' //111[1/1'\,\, s 222 2.?(1.
!~I<' ,\\''-.:1'-.;(; !\1.1\ (I 1)~7): .'\'1/11 (>l'l'rulnl' CO/lI/l'/lcllO/lS PhI) ttll'SIS \111 (! lJI)(J): ('f-' rl'cursiol1 ~l!1d Ilw!·! eiTccts f!/lguls!!!' j,JiJ!I!q, 17, S J\7 I~~
iil ln~{ 1 n i i ~){).1d) '{he 5(}i!, S''-C{"I f,ndye (/CCCUI ()/l '/1{-' II/t'UJIlU.1! ()f iO.f!u (Jud tU( 1(,\ Pllf) [11t.:SIS llnl\l'rsIUt Tübingen
\! ()t)5b): ()n thc b~tSC ~;usltlun ~_~r t'plbcddcd cLHlses in C!t'rnl~lrl / , ~ , , -" .I J{ '.~'! (',I! f (' ["' \} ,
37()-3S().
131'1<1'-.:(;, D" 1LW!"I\N:". K, (J I)f)f)) VJ ur nut VT' Ms" University ofTalillnnia, Santa ('rul and Universlty 01 l-ranKlurt
Cl'-.:l)II[', G, (llJI )3) Oll Ille IW,l/lioll o/)){odl/ier.l' In l/te HOl/lal/ce Nfl, 1\1>:, LIlI\'Cr~ltv uf Vel11Ce
- (19lJ9) .·ld\('r!,.1 allc! FI/llcliol/ul !leads A Crossllltglllslics l'cr,IIlCc!il'e Ne\\ Yurk (Chford Srudjcs in ('U!l:p~!~.i!i\t: SynLl.\).
(\ tisku):,ld\('r!JI dlld 1/1I11'(')lul c!ulIse Siruciure CJ/lluridge C.lJnhridgc ['nl\LTsitv PrL';,:., (Oll I:\S, eh, (191)7)' rund eC(}IIU)){)' Call1bridge: MlT Press,
(Ü\IUI(O\SKI, I. (19SlJ): [)Iseourse-linking and the II'/t-isbnd constraint In flwce'l'dlng, u(;\FI..'I, IlJ, s. 78%
(I (jlJ(,): 11/1l'r!'Og"lil'c'/Jhl'iI.,," 'illd Ihe .Iynlilx-sclllilill/l's IIllel:!W('. Dordreehi: KIu'ser, COR\L1C N (1990): TI/(' ,\\'I/IU\ O/I.e:!1 8ranch COn,llrl/etiol1s. PhD theSIS, Ti!hllrg !.lr1!\l'Isily CIII\U\LR, P, (1 1)1J2): Thc ad\l'rb l'fkcl L\lcknce agatnst LCP <Il'C()lIll[s of thc 11/(/1_1 l'lTel'l In
Schafer, A. (cd.) l'rocecl!lllgs o(NFJS, 23, s 97-111.
('111111\1'1<' P r\h )\i,\lil. l.. (cd:>.., (ilJI)SL nlc IlIlIii~ (~( ,IHIi".\ S\"itll ""u' ,\ll/Iut/in." 2') ,)<111 !)!cga. /\c:lde!11!C Prc~c::
[)\II<.Y\lPLl, 1\1 -- SlllrfHR, S PIRIIR.\, F, (1 1)')1): EJlJpsis and hlghcr-mdcr uniticallun. I.ill' gulsltcs I/lld I'i/l/{),\()pio', 14, s. )')9-452,
-- -.' .... ,~ '" I I 'T"'I , .- r I t f ....,. 1
lJl .\( '()1'~, I (! \}") /): 1 Ne .~)'ln/}()Il(' .~/)e[,lCS: 1 ne C()-C\'()lUI/O!1 L~! !Llnguage ana [fIC pru{!!. l~C\\' t OfK. Norton.
DI\III~():\(,III', H, ( 191) I): RCSUII/plll'l' chains In res/rlet/l't' rclal/l'l's, aj!f!IJ.I'III\'cs, al/(l c!ISIOCllliulI slrL/cll/res PhD theSIS, MIT.
[)IlSIi\\i, 1\-1, (11)1)2): 111 dCj il1lles , Call1bndge: MIT Press.
den DIKKL;-.J, M. (1995): ßinding, explctives, and levels, L/IIglllSlic 1//(llIIr)', 26, s, 347 35-l,
den [)IKKI:--;, M. MU~I ':-':liU<., A WILDER, eh (1998): Pseudoclclis In I'ruccedlllgs u/lhe Z,L\ l1'()rl"I.!llJP 0/1 (l'scuJo-)clc/ls Bulin: ZAS.
DOIlRO\'I!:-SURIl\;, c:. (llJ93): 7'1te SFIIllIX oIRofllilllian The Hague: :\Iouton
[)OI<O:", E. (llJ82): The syntax and sell1antics 01' resul11ptive pronouns, TC\(/,I Lillgulslles Forum, i (), Albtill Uni\(;lsity ofTcxJs,
(i (90): /"1/l0\'I'IIICII! ulld VI'-cl/lp-I i.l, Ms" llebre\\' Univcrsity 01' Jcrusalcm, (}lJlJlJ): Y-Illo\'ement and VI'-eiiipsis, In: Lappin, S, - 8enmamoun, E, (eds,) Frag I/{(' 11 1.1'
Sludle,1 In elilpsis IIlld gaf}plllg OxforJ: Ox lord Ulllversity Press, s, 24140. [)()\\ lY, [), ( 1991): Thematic proto-mles and argument selcetion, l,lIllgll(/~e, <>7. s 'i.17 (li ()
[)RI'IlI\;, 8. (19lJ4): Island constraints and the syntactic nature 01' foeus anel aSS0l'1:1II1111 \Vlth l()eus, lrhell"lwplcre de,l SFI] 340, No. 51.
1-:-::-';(jl),\III., E, (1984): Parasltic g;JpS, resumptivc pronouns, alld subject cxlr:lrIIOIl:; I'vh. M;ldisun l.Inlversity of\Visconsin
Lln!Sl ·IIIK-SIIll<., N, (1977): Oll l/tl' lIalllre of islafld COlIslrallll,1 Indi;III;\ 1111l\I'l:dIY 11I1)',lll.slicsClub,
(llJl)2) Resull1ptive pronouns in islands, In: Goodluek, 11 1{lIdll'llll'III,1\1 ('d',) ll/ulld i'iJIII'tralfllS, Dordrecht: KluweL s, 78-108,
EI',\:"'), G. (i 'Jö()): Pronuuns, L!lIgUISIIC i!/(llIIfY, i i, s..\.l7 31l2,
L l
SYNTAX TICHA (VP-ELIPSA I GAPPING A IP-~:UPS:\ I SLUCING) ."
\1·;:1i.L()\\·, Cj. {jl)<)O) Sc!~!!!d)l!!!g y..: .1\j~:-111{)\TlI1cnt. in: (jrC\\'L'11L!{)JI, \J Stnnelel,1 W, (eus I
S('/'al/lhlillg (flic! I)(/rue!'\ /\Il1SIClddlll lk-IIJ,lllmlo;, s. : 1.'1 I'+!) \IU(;\S, D. (ll)?\5)' lllicll,\/()f{u/ de\<.'l"Ij'Jlio!l.\ {lud {he HOl!/:uuc I/II}I){I NL'\\' YUlk
(;~ii l~i1d
1'111 \lORI'., Ch (! ')(1'))' IlIdIU'('1 uhlec! cU/l.l/n/U[(}II,' 111 Flfgll.lll a/lu' Ille (l1',lenllg o/Inllil/ilii/lai!
UIIS The Haguc !\1outOI1, l'I~\J1'I{, D. (I()<J7). C'untr~\;:)li[lg /\'-dCpcih..1cncH.::"; in S!...'!~lY~lrc~:...· .\'u!!!l!!I !.[!!!,~Ii(Jg;' d/U! l.illgllislJ(
'7"" .• 1 C . 1'.11 1')1:.'[1I('on. I'>, ". lil J 1-'-"
,i;;, f'r>nu., K. (lSlI)4) Nes!!,!!,I!"'" iJ/i 'f/lilillt/ie,. dUl/laills I'hD theo;lS, lnll\ero;llY 01 :'-.!a":>dchusetts, Amhers!.
i:!!'.\ljO. R 111'.\~(1. J. L.\~;~<lr~,!!. - R!'!~l!'\l( I, CI' (ll)~X): ThC" s~nt~l\ of\\'h-irl-~'diLl In. j)i"()CC
cdillgs o{ wccrr 7 CSL! StJllford LJnl\crslty. FIU-':(,O, R, M.'\Y, R, ( I ,)lJ-l) 11/(11(cS ({/ld idcIIIIII Call1bndge [\11'1 Press l'ox, 0. ~ 1\)i)~ j: rcollu/JI) uJld .\(ifidJiIi( infcl/Jr,-'ll:tion Ph!J thcsi~l ~'J!l~
-- (v tlsku) Reconstruction. binding thcory, and the interpretatiun ofchains, ri/lKllisllr' 1//{}I,irv
HKAY\, T ( 11)l)8): On su-ca! inl 'sllilCing In Jilp,lt1ese. fvis, Uni\ L'! ~iiy l'!' :JOlithc,n C:;): furn:;l. G\/lHF, (i, Kr 11:'':, F. Pi!! 1\1. CI <-;",(;, I. (I f)85): (,'c/lcrIIl/zet! l'IIIII,Il' ,)'Ill/(/II'-l' (iralllf/lu,.
CJll1bfldge: IIJI'\'arcll.'nl\erslty Pll'SS GIAN"AKIJ)lll , A (1lJ,)7): l!f(' IUIli/scuj!e' o(poiunl\' IICII!.I Phi) lhc:>is, Lni\ lrsily 01' Gruningcl1. --. (llJI)8): /'olurllv .1l'lIslll\IIV 0.1 (1I01l)\'Clldlcallt\ AlllsterdJm: J. 8enpll111lS GI.'\:--JN:\K!J)Ul', A Ml'R\I\\1\ I, l (i i)()(l): On the lt1ll:q)Il:l<1tiun u!' null InJct\nitc objccls
Greek, SI//(1In 111 (,'red I./liglilllics. 17.0;, l-ll IS5 Unl\crsll; ofThessalonlki. (19lJS) Rc\'Crsc sluicing in Engllsh ami Greek Tlte 1./l1gui,llIC 1<el'IC\I', 15, s, 233 25(J,
Cil'\">:AKtPOU,;\, SIA\IWl. rvl (v tisku) ~ominJli/Jtlün Jnd cllipsls in thc <..ire<.'k IW. riT( L//l,\.,TlIisllc RC\'i('1I'
Gj;\\~>~:\KI;)ut 1 /\ Z\\.'.:/~!~. F (lqq~) (,\'u/l)l'cril'!icdfity COJ~.'llrui!l!s on tCJlSc'(J\"e('C! ('ulIlhillali
011.," H'I/ll ll'1I1jjUru( t"O/illt'L/I'it.·.\ (.... 1:-;., ILLC'-L!nl""i2rSlt~: or .:\nlstC'fc1;nll :tnd I :iil\l.,(:)it·." nf Cjro nmgen
(iINI.Hlilüi, J. (1992): (jue:';/iU/iS, (iuerics undjc!c!...,..· .. j ~..,.e!ll{/.1J!i('s nl/d !),-U.~ijjLi{il".)·j(j,. i/{/crrogotire.,
PhI) thcsi:-;, Stan turd LJn l ':crs!! \'.
-'- (v tisku): {luesllOns and lill' s('/lla/lll(',\ u/,,'wi(Jglll' ~y~::;" llcb~:::;'; L':;:;':':;Slty o! -',_'nl~,d(,111
GOOI)lI ~(,K, H I{( ll'IIL\IO:'-J I, M, (eds.) (1 1)')2) Isla/td eU/ls!nunls Iltc(}I'\, a('(//(/slllo/l, UII,
proee.lsllIg Dorurc:cht: Klu\\er. GRI,WH,IJUI<.I, G POII:-;TO, C. (19l)()): DIe <- 'Ich-Konstruktion im Deutschen, Englischen, un
Italienischen In: fanscluw, G . Felix, S, (eds): Siruklu,.ell I//ld Mcrkll1ale s\'lIlaklisclll'I' K(, l('gur/cII Tlibingen: Narr.
(JRI'mLlZ, J, -- POST.-\L, P. (I ')71) Missing anteccJents, L!lIguiSllc l/lqlllr\', 2, s. 2()9~312
(JROIcNi'.NUIJK, J. - SIOKIIOI, 1\1 (llJ91): [)ynamle preJicatc logil' I.illgllisllcs alld 1'!Jllo.\'(}j!I/l, I. s.3LJ-l()().
- ( 11)<)7): 1nterrogati\'cs. In: van 13cnth\:lll, J tel' MeLilen, :\, (eds): Ila/idhouk o( /f!al/tell1aliu
lagie
Gl~OSII, A. (i 973): Oll thc lionunitary n<lturc ür thc cooroma!c s!rurtllre cunstraint Lillguis!,
1/1 {/II 11'1' , 4, s, 88-1}2, (\1)74): Oll the Nature 01' the Left 8ranch Cunditiun U/lgllilllC 11I11/l/n, 5, s. 308 31lJ (llJ81) ApfJrouchcs 10 Islulld p!tCIlO!llC/lU Al11stcruarn: North-Holland,
GROSl.', A L'\!\lJi\1!\N, F, (\998): Strange relatives ur the thirJ kind. Nall/rul I.allg//(/,I',c Sc11 ILI,
Ilc,I', (J, S 125~ 170, Hi\iK, I. (I ')87): Bound VPs that need to be, 1.llIg/lIslles lIlId Flri/osopll)', 10, s 5()3530, IL\0'K:\MU~, J. (\979): fJc!diull 111 ClJUrdlilall' ,\lm('/",.e,1 Ne\\' York: (Jarland lPh.D, thesis, Ya
Unl\ersity, i 07 i j IIMiKAi\1LR, J, SMj, I. (Il)7CJ) Dcep and surface anaphora Unh711islic 1/{(/lIlrl', 7, s. 3lJ 1--428,
11
I
2.3 22
Petcr Kosta
IhFI)I, [) (jl)l)2) VI' ,-,II!j'~ls Jl1d S'-'!1lantlc llkntity In ßcrll1JI1, S IIcst\ik, 1\. (cds,) !'mcc
cd/llgs n/ l!/(' SllillgllrlC! dlll'\/S \\()rks!ln/) ;\rbeitsp~lplere des SonJcrforschun)2slx:relch:, ."\40, Bericht 2 t)
( 199.'1): I'ah j!!/rll,l!' cli//)I!" For/ll, nlcllllillg, <llId /)f'nc('\sllig PhD thesis, Lni\ersity 01' Pennsyhanla, (dlstrlbllu\ano JJ~ü lf<CS I<eport 9."\ 2.'1,
11\I<lns.;, (19M.,) ,\!IIII/('III<I//c(/1 ,lll"IIc/lires n(l<lllgllu,l:e Ne\\ Yurk Intcrsclence Pliblishers I L\SI'F1 \1.\ 1"11, '\1 (1997) Illdc/ill/le /ll'U/WIiI/S 0,;1'01'0 O:\ford l'll1\ersltv Press, 1111',-,(HHI·I'l., .I \\'\1\1), C. ( I ,),) I) ;\ccent amI bOllmi ~lIl~lphor~1. (n,l:.III/lI'C 1~[lIglll,I!lCS, 2, S. I () I
121. I jj:j\i. l. \ 1{)S.2) Tlte .\ciiiuidi( ,'I (~rd(Jjiliic (/;/(/ fil{I(~/;Jla(' ..\'/\. PhI> lhc-.~i.";~ Llni\C"rsity ur ;-VL.l;-'~dCllll
selts, Amhers!. - ( Il)l)()) E-tYVe pronouns and donkey ~maphora LlIIgliislics IIl1d P/II!nsuj!hl', 13, s, 137- 177,
Hit\!. I ,KR\! Ili" A (199X): Seli/</lii/('\ il/ gel/ouli\'e glill/II/Ii!r londun: Black\'-'cll IIm,,;;TI" J (ll)95) Preposltlün stL.lI1dlllg ano reslimpti\ity in West eiermanie In Ilairlcr, fI
()!:;cn. oS \.'il..:n('L S. (C'd~.): S:iil.//\.':," iN \'{;/iit-;dFUli,'c (/i..';"nu;;;ic .\L';i/dl:. Dordrccht: Kli.i\""CI;'':;
95~ 11 S, 11.,,",r,·"'"11 \ I I I',) I" f'....) I l'\.: \ l ~, ~I< 1:\Jn: '~', ( ! \),~:\j)' ()n thc pU'.~ltion GI' inllcetion in \Vest Gcrnl~jjlH... H orioii,'.!.
j)apcrs in jScut{(/i::u~'iu:: S;nfi.l'\, -+-L s. 75 SS Ih)Jfi I', T ( I I)S.1): ./ k:('1/1 in f'r,lg, '\\,Irlcl'll i\ls, Un I\crsi t;it Tli bingen !Ien, ~f. l\' tisku}: Surfacc ~:nd .Jeep ~:n;}phOr~l\ sluppy identit], :.lnJ cxpcrUllcnts :n synt~l\. In
Barss, A - Langendocn, T (eds ), E,pluinil/g f./Ilgllislics Londün' ßbckwell IloJi, 11. - Ft '1(\ Y.\, T (I ')l)')): SlH:allcd s!ulung lTl Japancse and sOll1e implications. !)uJil'l" Jire
\ellled 111 HC('Ff. 18, l.inl\l'rslty 0'- !\n/ona HOI~lill:l\(j, A. PI" I Z,l,( x, eh \ 1995): Thc rule u/ ill/lcl'!{()n 11/ SC([/liltllll\'iulI S\'lIlax OÜoro
(hford I Jniversity PrC'ss !' c' "~.~'• .,--,. '.~ ! !~,!p.()\ !\. , _ , .. .!.! ._.! r!I .. ~" .. 1_. _._._ 1._., --! _. 'I • Ihl"'~ ~Jur. !YI.' I ~':JC\,. I i \." {/fllI ( (Hlff.\lrJ".) 11" Heu" I.... IU"U.) I iJ1/lJIL~I:"'o. LLlllcl1 tJIIl\t"''''''lly
i iO)!l:\j(ilf" [vi \ i ')9ö): A pnonuiugical account of the 'ach-crb c1fect" and Iilal-I vioiations, I'mec
cdings n(lhc I i)l)(j "ICC!llIg (I(the FeHl/lU! Llngllls!lcs SUCKI\' o(:\lul-.,llIIcnciI
}-!UH.:';STEJ;-<. N. (1~)()5): !.o,!!.icu! {'on!!. f~r()n! (;1J!u ,~Iini!!l(/lisnl. ()xforJ: !3LICk\vcl! ~-- (~~)~)~)). j\,1I:)\'~1l1('nt :lnr--f (~llntn:'.i i 111gIJI '.:fu' ill(jlJlI}', -~(), S (~9_l)l.)
11 OR;\STFl:--J , N. - WI'l'-'lll:Rli, i\ (1981) Case theory and preposltion stranding. Ungllislir' !1IC(lIIrr,
12. s, 55 l)1 IIOR;\STFl;\, N. - Nt;:..!::;, l - GROII\L\:--J;\, K, (2004): C'I/derslundillg ;\{iniIl/U!iSIII, All !/llmdlldin/l
Iu Minl/nl/lr"l Sj'lI/(/X Ms. Hil,\'.;(j, C J.,\:'IFS, T. (llJS2) rog/cu! I'elallOl/s 1/1 (/111/1'.11' und l!Je IhcnlT o/grallllllel/' PhD
thesis, MIT. 111'\:"(;, C. - J'\illFS, T. (1lJ84)' On the determination and rcference ofempty pronouns. Ungll!.II/('
!l/r/lIirr, 15, s 531-574. Ci 1-\1), \V (1987): Oll c//ij!sis PhI) thesis, Uni\TrSlty 01' Massachusetls: Amhers!. rPublikovano
19S5 v New York: GarIandj 01.\0. \V, - SI:ILS, P, (1983): On the intcrpretJtlon 01' resumptive pronouns. In: Seils, P, - Joncs.
C. (eds,): f'mc('edillgso/NU.S. 13, s 47-CJI, CII():'1SKY, N, (1981): Leeillres UII ,I!,o\'emll/cl/f und nil/ding Oordrecht: Foris.
- (I nc)) B'IITias. Cambridge MIT Press - (19lJ5): Tlle Min i /I/(1Ii,l1 l'mgrwlI. Carnbridge: MIT Press _. (19lJ8): Mii/I/lirdisl inCjulrles JlII'ji-ulllclI'nrk. Ms" MIT
(2000): ~v1inil1lallst inqUirles The tr~lrnework, In: Martin, 0, - Miehaels, [) LJriagereka, J. (eck): SI<,!) h\' SICP FI,I(/\S on :\hl/lI/IU/iSIII ill ! !unur oj !lnwunl rU,III[!; Canlbndge: MIT Press s 89~155
(2001 a): Deri\·ation by Phase. In KenstowiCl, M, (cd.): Ken !I([lc. A /.i/i, ill !,I/nglll/j.!,c, MIT Press, s, I-52,
, '"'" 1\ I \ I I \ rl I f' 1 • .. I 1l ,f _ ",f I"'~ ~":U\)IU.J. J)t')UIIU f>\jIlUIlU/UI) ,1<1C(jIHH). [\tl::'!., ]\'111.
Cllo\ISKY, N. L:\Sl'IK, H. (1977): FIlters and control. U/ll-,Tuislic Inr/lli1T, X. s..I.!" ')(),I
SYNTAX TICHA (VP-ELlPSA / GAPPING A IP-ELlPSA / SLUICING) ...
(Il)l)j): Thc Theory ot I'rll1Clples and Parameters. In: jacobs,.i. vU11 ~';iL'(h(j\\,:\ Sterncfc!J, \V ad (eck): ,\)'lIlu.\ .111 IlIlerlialio//ul !!alld/wok 0/ CIJI/ICII/I}(),wT Resc([rcll Ikrlln de
Ciru y1er, s 50() 5(Jl) '111'.;lj, S 1"1)\;.'-;;\\\, \V Ml'CIU~Kl:Y, j, (i,-i'j5) Sillicin~', ~1I1l1 Lugic.tl r~cilili. ,\'u'furuf J.c1!1,\;11
([j.!,e Sel/wfllics, 3, S 2J9-2X2. !\(OilSO:\, P. (llJ92) AC]) In " Variable hee SL'Illantics 111 ILuke!' eh ])ll\\ty, [) (eds.)
I'/'{}('cedillgs .Ii·(}11/ Ihc ~l/il c'ol//erellee Oll Sell/uIII[<,S lIlId !ll/glllSIIC 'jj/('O/T, (uiumbu:-.: ühlc>
StJte LJIlI\CISlly J()ii~-';SO~-;, K. \ l<J()7r \Vhat \,'I J ciiipsis can do, anti \\'hai ii L'tlll'i. but j-n)t \\;11> ~'r1s., Linivcr~;ity ut
~'r1;J:~:~achu~-;ctts. /\n1hcrst. .Il'II:"S\\)1'<, M, \ ll)l)4), Tllc SI'IIIOI/I/D uf u<!nr!Jlui Udill/[elS PhD tnl'';ls, \:"il('j';ll, ,,,I' C~i1ir()nll~:'
Santa Cruf JosrTII, l3 ( IlJ8()) R.ecO\'CrY or information in relative c1auses: h iden ce from Creek ami HebrL'\\
)()Lll'llul u/UlI~lIisli('s, I (), s. 237-244 K\~.l!', H. (! n!): .Ä_ theory of' lrllth and discourse representation In uroenendijk, J ad (eos,)
Fomlal II/C!/wds ill l!Je .1'11/(/) ujlal/j.!,lIage AmsterdJm: Math Ccnter, s 2"17 ~\22. }(.\Rl lK, P NLKt:L:\, (\'1. Pt !':.... K. '\i 0\<,.\, .I. (cds.) (2002): J-~n(y.Z!(}pL'ai( k.1'· .\"/(n·nik {-:c.:::!i!p Pr~lha
1'LÜJ. Lidoyc nü\'iny K,\RTH!:\I,';, L PFlTRS, S, (197lJ) Convcntlonallll1plieatlire In Oh, (' -K Dlllllecll, [) (ech)
P!'csuppositiU'! \)'I//(II alld Sl'I/[wllics. I \ Ne\\' York: Acadcmic Press K\ y,-:r:, R (1981) On ccrtain dlfferences between French and English /.il/gui.l!lc Il/ ll[IIIT, 12. S
34 l ) .~71.
___ ( \l)'.I4) l'ltc ll/[!lsV///llleilT u(smlll.\. Call1bndgc: MIT Press, KUIII:R, A. (1993): The effcct 01' establishlllg cohcrence in elllpsis ami anaphora resoiutlon in
emcecdil/gs ur l!Jc 311'1 al/llulIl II/ccli//g oj Ihc Associali()11 Inr CO/lljlIlIUI[()//ul UII,I..,T/IlSlic
(r\C'I,-():,). {)hiO: Co!urnbus, s. (}2--()~l.
Kt<.N;'\iI~U), C'h. (19()7 u). \'r-Jc~ctioil Zind 'DOfipJf:J.sitic' g~ps. r!ng!!!:':!~C jn,/1Jn~\' 2~. s. ()l}j- iD J.
(1997b) !'mj<!C/ll/g Ihe udlcelin" T!ze ,IT//lu.\ lIlid sel/ul/l/ics n/ [!.mdllhl/tl\' al/d ('nil/pur/sm
PhD the,>is, \Jnivcrsity ofCalifornia, Santa Cru!, !plIblIkov{mo i 9'.19 v Ne\\' York: Gallandj }<l."'<llY, rh. _. iVit',Rl H.'\l\T. J. (v tiskü): Attnbüti\'C con1p~r~.HlYC deletion /v'uiuru/ rUil~r.iilj.f~e dU
{,[l/glliSlic T!W(}I'\
KISS, K (19 l)8): loentilicatlonal focus \USUS lIlformation fOCllS, I. ([ngl/agr , 74, s 245 -273 Klzt', l\1. (ll)97) A note on s\uicing in wh-in-situ languages Ms, McGili Unlvcrsity [vYlu
\ l'rocce';lIl~s oISC!!~, MIT \Vorking Papers in LlIlgU1StlCSj KIFl"-', M (I '.177): Appositionelc cUl/sllllelies in he! ,Vl'ilalu/lifs PhO thesis, NiJmegcn Univcrsit) KIUN, W (1993): Ellipse In: Jacobs, J. - \'on Stechow, A. Sternc!cld, \V, Vennel1lann,'
(eds.): Sj'l/la.r An Intcr!lallUnai !JlIndhook ujCnlllellll}()l'u/} Res('url'h 13erlll1 de Gruyter. KU!Ii\IH.R, R., (llJlJ8): On the distinction between strong ami weak Islands: A processing pe
specti\'C, In: Culicover, P. - McNally, L (eds) ne I[fllils o/synl([X S\'nlar und senWI/!lC
29. SJn Oiego: Aeademlc Press, s, 241-279, KOOI'MA", 1\ - SI'ORTIClIF, 1). (1982): Variables and the biJection principk Fhe f.;n,l,'1iISI
Rn'[cll', 2, s, 13lJ-160. KOSTA, P, (\992): !_ecrc Kalrgorie/l il/ de/l sl([\'ischen Sprachcl/ 71/1' Al/ul\'sC leerer Subjeklc [/I
Olyek/c il/ der !?cklio/ls-IJil/dl//lgs-Tlicoric NepubL habil. UnlV Frankfurt am Main (brzy I
Internet online), (v pfipravl:): I{'or'; Order Varialio/l ([lid Ihc ThcOlY oj Mlllimlli lI/o\'('lIIelll II'illiin I/tC P &
Frulllclmrk [1/ Slavic amI o/her P'I/ropcall !~Wlf,l/Qges, KRATI.I'R, A ()lJ80): On the notional category 01' modality In: Eikmeyer, I1 RIeser, H (eds
Wonls, lI'or!ds. al/d cOlliexis, 13erlin: de Gruy1er. _ (1998): Scope 01' pseudoseope'! Are there wide-scope indefinites'l In: Kothstell1, ~. (ed.): I:-\'CI
amI gramlllar. Oordrecht: Kluwer, s, 163-196. KKOCi-i, ,\. (: l)89): /\.iilount qU:.lntificat~or!, refef(?!~tE\1ity., ~lnd long \.th-movcnlcilt. Ms., Univers
01' Pennsylvania.
I
25 2.+
Pdct Küsta
"!'-,(), S T \K\\II, K (i ')lJ7) RCIll~lrks on negatl\!: Isi~lIlJs. 1./1/,l',1I/llil 1111/1111'\', 2S KI. "\H\ln. K, (19l)(1) Multiple- \\h-phrases In elliptical cbuses und "umc aspecl,; ui clelh \\ilh
1111Iiltpil' l\Jc! !-()rt!W(U!J!liiJdC(J('SI().JUjJilll('SC/IIlgIIlS!lCS_'. ,l/iili!'I., .l'i. s tri !!() \[)l ~~.\\\ \\' I)(;\\'T\' f} (1 ()S~~) TO\\;ird (I iH.'i!gr~iinnJ~Hjc~d ~ll'lPtini df thCill~di( ,'ok:s. In
\\"ilklns, \\' (edl: 1111'IIIlllic rcl(/ll()lIs S\'nlilx (//ld SI'I//illIlll'l, 1.1 1\['\\ Ymk"\cllkmic 1""", s, (12 7.+
\I«)I I, (i. (!')()~q f'llll1llllll'-; ~md rckrencl'. Ms (Jlstnbuo\:jiW !L!:.C': \yslD In \lcCi'\k:, (i \j/(I,l, " ~-;3- _~35)
( ! ln()) ()!I.)h:!1 ru!c~ I.u!!g!!uge, ..Ir), s, 027 «'l.l.
( ! ()7~): "!lh.: ~irbltr~lry b~lSl.s i,";flrdllsför:llJtionLil grl.tll1i11ai /.litl).!Jiu)!;;.·, --+S,:1 j(; X7
L \~ljL:\I)()(:", D T. (llJ70): FI,I{,I/Iluls o/Cl/g/islJ grullill/i/r NL'I\' York 11011, Rinehart, and W1I1slon
\I'I'I'i, S I;R,\,'\CT7., \I. (!\}l)-l): l-type pronouns, i-SUlllS, ami donkey ~lIlaphOr~l rll/,'..!,lIill1cs ul/(I 1'111 losophl'. 17, s, .I\} I 42S.
L\')i\IK, H S.IIIU, 1\1. (I'JS-l) On the nature ofpropn gmCrIlllll'nt 1.1I1,f':,li/I·I1, lliqliln, 15, s. :235 ~S{)
I Irjl:\llF!, G ! I()\)7)' MacL'donian clitics in Or. I'm('('cdlllgl ()//:"S(OI. '1)7 )";1Ic
11'\ I'\., 13 RWI'.\i'IWT, ~1 (InS) What tü do \\ith q-lOks. In: \\"ilkin~, W. (cd)" nlelll<!111 rl'!illl()IIS S\'I/Iax ill/d SC/l/ill/llcs, 21. San Diegü: !\cadeillic Press
LUIJHf.:, 1\. (llJlJ 1): The phrJ.se structure 01" ellipsis. In: Rothstein. S (ecl) j>Cl"lpCcllJ'('S Oll phrase Ilmcll/l"c San Dil'go' i\cademic Press, s. 81·-103.
- ( I \)')5) Uhrs!s O\ford: O\fürJ Lnl\Crsity Press.
(1 \}')<)) VI-' ellipsis .md thc' .\lmillla!lsl PrograllL ~ome speculatlons and PlllPllS~tlS In: Lapplll, S. - 13enlllailloun, E. (eds): Fmgll/CIII,I SOlilies ill cllipsis (]lId .l!i/flIJilllZ Chford: O:dlJrlI Uniyt'rs!!\! Press, s. ~J8-! 1_~.
.\1\u:-;c" J SI':,U\<x, R. (1 ')l)5): Stmetural lase, spceificr-heJd r-:btioiiS, ;;ii,l [he: C<.b( "r prcdi-Clle l\Ps In Ilaidn, 11.- Olsen, S -- Viknn, S. (ecls.)· Sllir/ICS 111 ('ollll1</I"(J{/l'C ('-CIIII(/I/I(' sl/rlux Dordrecht: Klu\\'er, s 1(17-\g6,
,\L\~';/T\i, IC (: ')')t;): A minimal,s! thcorv üf welk islands. In: Cülic\i\"cr, P..~ ~\lcNallv. l. (t:lJ~) 7!/(' 11/11111' 0(.1)'1/111.\". S\,IIIUX i/lld sClllanrics, 2\}, San Dicgo: Academie Press, s. IgS-·21 O.
1\1\'\.71:\1, R. ROI :SSO(', A. (I 'JlJ8) A IlllllilllUlist uppruach to t\-lllO'>Clllcnt amI contra!. 1\1s LJni\l'r5it~1 di Firen7.e anJ llni\'ersity 01' Wales, Bungor
~L\R\'I~, T (I l)lJ7): IVh-///(} \'1'1I1l'1I I /IllItL' gCllcrall!'c Ihcon' willt ,1/,cellil rC(l'I"Cllc(' 10 SI(J\'clie Dip\OIna thesis, Uni\C!"sitv 01' LJubljan:.l.
f\L\Y, R, (}\}\}I): Syntax, selllantrcs, and Logical form In Kasher, A, (cd): nie Chol/lskj'O//11I1"il OxL\Jru: Blackwcll, s. ,iJ435\}
f\IcC\\\II'Y, 1. (eJ.) (1976): Noll's from the lingulstie unJergrounu. S\'lIlax alld scmallllcs, 7 Ne\\' York' Acudemic Press
(j 'JiiK) TlIi' .ITlllaUIC IJit('//()//IC//iI ()/LlIghlh ChlCUgll. Cillcugll UniVClsity Pre:ss, (I t)\}8) TI/(' .I\'lIlac!ic phell{}/I/(,!hl 0/ Flig/ish Se('ol/(I cdlilOIl Chicago: C'hieago lJniversily
Press
f\kCIUSKI·Y,1. (!\}\}O): Resulllpti\"C pronouns, A'-binding, und levels ofrL'presL'1l1aliOIl III Irish. In: Henunck, R. (eJ.): Tlte .1\'lIla.\" O{lltc I/Iodcm ('ellic laliguagL'.I', ,\\'IIIi1\ ill/(l .1'/'1111/11111'.1', 23. Ne\\' York: Acadell1lc Press, s. IlJlJ-248.
(I \}l) I): Cluuse structure, eilipsis and proper governlllent in Insh. I.III,~//(I, K'l, s ~J'l()\()2. Mt D,\,'\I!'L, 0, (llJ8\}): Partial anJ multiple wh-Illovement. Ni/lunil l.'I/l,!~//I/,I:I' alltl UlIglllslic
Tltmn, 7, s 5ü5- (J04.
f\ld}\"III, D. McKI;Y, (' f31""STl;I~, 1. (I \}()8): Ho\\' childrl'1I 's rc!;r/(w'; <,011'(' ;, pl\lblclll tlJr Illinilllalislll I.(/nglloge, 74, s, 30g3J4,
1\1',11.("11.,\:-:1', J. (1\}\}8a):' Pselldoslllielllg': Elliptieal c1efts in JapalH'sl' and 1'11):11',11 /11: t\JL'xi;Juou, 1\. Fuhdv~)p, N L~!\y, P. K!('!nh/:n/, I,J. {eds.): :~AS H/u!·.~!!!.~~ !-:lr,'! ~ H! ! U!.t::::.',"I:"r".',', !0 tiö-' 12. 1
SYNTAX TICIIA (VP-EUPSA! GAPPINC A IP-ELIPSA! SUJlCING) ...
( I')l):-\b): I1 '-c!talll IIlUjiJl"/II/t) i/i/d 11'1(/1/(/'\' 111 ('-rcck SllIlcII/,\!., i\1s, lini\erslty uf C.t1Jiornla, Sunt;l ('IU/, and lltrceht lJnl\'crslty. [vYJJe in: SIlIdies I/! (ircck l/Ii,>!,liis/ics. I\) Thessalullikl. l.lnlverslty ofThcssalonikl]
(! ')<)Sc): .".nteccucnt-cuIlLuni.'d (!cIl'llo!l In negative: polarrtv Itcms. Ms, OTS and Ulli\Crslt y 01 Culifornia, SJ.nt3 ('nil. Pfcdncseno na TABU-Dag, Gronlngen, Icdcll I l)\}Ö [rc\'ldolalla vcr7C
vYJde in SI'lIII/X] (I l)\}\}a): L-typc A;~trac('s under SilliclIlg. i'/()[('cd!ngs of we '('FI., !7
(i '.j'i'ih)· i((,SllIlIllIil'C O!JC!u!<J!,\, CIi,I", lind shucing. Ph:dncscno na 75th :lI)nn;t1 meeting 01" the LSA, los Angeles. CA
(1l)l)L)c): Oll thcfo/'111 o(rnllfl/fl!iw-In!!ilillg o[J(:,ra!ors Ms .. Univcrsily of Calilürl1la,
Santa Crul.,
(200 I): The Svn!ax o! ,')'i!e}[cc ,Slll/cin?" lslands, amI fhc T/w()/,r 0/ EI/lflsis Oxforu:
MIT Press. \ \' lIskuj. ELUII\}iI1Y, thc c"py thenry. ~:r:d ;:ntcccdcnt-conUinl'd deletion. I./nglli.lfic Ii/(/ll i I") ,
MILt-\PIIII,.S, 1\1. (llJ\}O): I/SpCCfS olclllp.lls 111 I:'nglrslt ({lid Gred rhD thesis, lJnin'Isily 01' Thess;Jioniki.
ivlIIIFR, P. (1091): (·lilie.... lind (,{)fL\f:!uCJlfs in phrase sfrll{'/lIn' xnllflnldr PhI) thesis] {]trccht
Ulllversity. MiiTWOCii, A. (I t)S2): On the ditTercncc bclween ',-,atin~~' emd 'eatmg sOlllethm{ ~lCti\ities \S
accornpllshlllents. 1>lIIg/llslll' II/qlll/T, 1:\ s \13-\21. MÜLl El" G. (I \}95J: A-b(/I' S\ III(/r fkrlJll. 1\.1outon de Gruyter i\.1\:ULR, G. - STFR'-11'!'!'1 !J, W. (I t}t)\): Illlprupcr 1ll0Velllent anJ unambiguous bmdlllg UIIgllisI1C
IlIqllln', 24, s, 4ül-S07. I\1t':--;~;, i\. (1 \}9<): '1'0/,11'" in Ihl' Q'III01" oml '\clI/lll1lles of coordlll(Jlc .1'11"1/1'1111'1.'.1' PhI) thesis, Unl
\'crSlty nf r-vLn yLtnd _("\ -d lc~t: Pdi"k NINO, M,-c. (l')'n): Ihe llluitipic expressioll ur illllcction;.;l ii"iformation ;::nd gr;::mm;::tlcll arch!
tccture, 111: Corblm, F. ad. (eds.): Fllljl/ric[J1 ISSlIes //1 junI/aI sp/I<n illlil S['II/(/I/Iio Sc!('I'I('(,
popers .from fhc Cu/luquc i!c S)'!ltU\C 1.'1 '/1' s,;/nill/flqlu' dc j1i/rls 1i),}5. Bcrn: Peter Lang, s 27 ! '!7
NISIlIG,\lJCIII, T. (1986) Qumrlijicillloll ;n synfax. PhD theSIS, Unr\ersity 01' Massachusctts Amherst.
-- (I l)9R): 'Muliiple ,llJicing' in Japanese and the functionalnature ofwh-phrases Journ(/Ioff-ils
Asiall Lil/gulsfies, 7, s. 121-152. NISIIIYM.1A, K, -- WIlITMAN, J, - YI, E-Y (11)\)6): Syntaetic lllovcmcnt 01' alert wh-phrases 1
Japanese and Korean. Jil[JilllcsdKorcoll UIIgliisflcs, 5, s, 337-351. OI'I'FNRIFDFR, W. (199 [): Preposition strandlng Im l)eutsche:n') Da \\'111 Ich nichts VOll huren! In
Fansclow, G. -- Felix, S, (eds.): Stmktllrcl/ lind Merkmulc .1)'!l{(Jkflsclter Kafcgoricil Tüblll gen: !\arr, s. 159-173.
PAlnEE, ß. - ßACII, E. (1981): Quantlfieation, pronouns, and VP anJ.phora, in: Grll\:'llCllJijk, J. StokhoC M. Janssen, 1'. (eds_): Formal /IIcf/lOds ill fhe sflldv oflangllogc J\msterdam: Mat Centrulll.
PERLMUTTER, D. (1\}71): Dccp iI/IIl sllrj(/{'c sfmcfllrc cOl/sfra;llfs 11/ svnfax Ne\\' York· Holt, Rin hart, and Winston.
PESETSKY, D. (19R2): Pi/llts mut cllfcgor{es PhD thesis, MIT. - (I ()87): Wh-in-situ: Movement and unsdective binding In: Reuland, E, -- ler Meulcn, A. (eds
The rcprCSCl/fallofi o/(ln)dcjinifcllc.I'.I'Cambridge: MIT Press, s. 98- 12\). -- (l\)98a): Some Optimality pnnciples ofsentence pronunciatilln, In f3arbosu, P ad. (eds,): 11' J!
bc."/ gn(){! "lJn7Jf~" ') ramhridgc: MIT Press. - (1998b): Phrasal movell1ent J.nd its kin. Ms., MIT. POLl_ARD, C. - SN;, I. (19lJ4): Ilcad-dril'clI phrase sfrl/cfllrc gramlllar Chlcago' University
Chicago Press. POSTAL, P. (1992): rltc slaflis oIdlc cuurdinafe sfrucfllre conslrailil. Ms" IßM
I
26 17
Peter Kosta
(llJ%) Is!u!/ds Pfec!neseno na WLCOL%, Universlty ofCaliforllla, S~II1t;1 Crul ( I ()lJS): Ihr<'<' ill1'c.II igollollS 0/ ('\Iru<l iOIl ('alllbndge: ;-"11T Press.
PI{I'';( '1, F (I ()()()): Synta\ dnd dlS(OlilSe :\ look al rl'SUtllptlll' pronouns UIS I (), s -IS2 --I()7 PI<l)( J()\ ,\l , i, (i ()ln j: ,10'./1111('/ cooro'.ll/(/I/o!l !\is, \Vayne Stall' LJni\'l'rsity P"C'sr, I1 (I ()lJ3): (;U!I!lill,'! ulld /1' UIIU!IIIII/"(/ PhD thesis, Uni\'ersity of Alllsterd~111l
PI<l:S 1, H - S(I 1.\, R (llJ')()) VI' ellipsis Induccs clausal parallellsill. In: Bok-l3cnncllla, R. CuupmallS, P. (cds) /.111,1:,111.,1/(., III/!JC :\'CI!W/!UIIl!.1 19YO DUlelICl:!Jt. FUlis,:O. 12,) 132.
PRC'sr, 11. \'~ln den 111·1~(;, 1\'1 SCll.\, R. (1()()4): [)iscoursc gr~linnlar ~ind \Trb phrase anaphora
ring:uisfics und !>/;//osuphy, ! 7, ~..;. 2(; 1 1,27 Pi:1 I [ \1, Ci !.\\j\KY, t\. ll0lJij. UU'//'il/,l'. O(/I/O.I(Jc!/(·)L'ulilin bl .1l'I//(/C/lC rll/n. Ti/c kc\ 10
(/I1>:iliurI' rcdll('/llll/. Ph.'dneseno na The ISA annual meetlll~, Chlcago. Pl'SK.\S, G. (llJ9ö)' WOl'd order iII 1I1I1I,l',arlUlI 7ltc S\lIlux {)(A'-f!osili{)lIs. 1\15, l!ni\"crsity of"
Geneva F),"L!~~! L\E"! .. 'r. (! S)~}7): Qu:!!:tif!cr scopc: !~O\\' LÜ)I.}!" i~ d!,.. !Jcd b,:t'.'.'('('r1 QR :l!1d cho!cc runct!u!i~.
Ullgllis!w.1 ullcll'llI!wo[lh" 20, s. ,\J5J()7. .. R!-,!s. ~1. (1 i)B5): S:ll/.~i!1lcilcf!dc Struktun:r: in: [)cutschcI1. L:bcr (~C)i\!P. !-L.lupt~ und I'jcb('ns~i!/c.
W-Bc\\cgung und die Doppc!küpLma!ysc. !n !\brah~l!1l, W (cd.): !:'I'klär,!!d, S\ii!UX des Ikll!sC!lCIl Tübingen: Nicll1eycr, s 271 .I I!
\.Jr1 f{!!-"SL ll.lK, ~1 (1 ~)7g): A case _,lud,· in srn!aclic !J!ur/{cdncss T!Jc hintling !lu/ure (~(prcpu.,,:·i!i
Olld! /,!lr<lses Dordrecht: foris (1')~U): Ihe case 01" liernlJn Jdjcctl\"cs 111: Ilcny, I'. Rlchards,13 (cds.): 1,1I1,f;IIIS!lc ("(I!cgo
ne.1 ,Il/\lliurics <llId rc!riled Jllcdes I Dordrecht: Rcidel. -, ( 1'Jn). Let! dislocatloll In. AnagnoslOpoulou, E. ad. II 'YJ7), s. 1-12.
RI/iL L. (1 <)<)0): Rcfl/!i\'I::.ed IIlillil/lalil\ Call1bridt!e: MIT Prcss. (l(Y)~): ,~rgürncnt/f'\d.iünct (A;syrnrnctric~ In. ('inquc. (j. ~Jd. (cd:.;.) f )('j t/;,'·; Ir ;'~l 'li rtf.,,- [/ij i ,'(-";-.,\/1,1
Grullllllur \V{l~ltillgl\lll \JL:~J1gl'l\l\\11 L!lIl\ PIL:S~, ~ 3(11-,'i6. --~ (llJlJ5) Oll 1!lI! !I!/i pel'lpltcn. Ms., Urll\erSllY of (Jcl1e\'a Rrl!l\!-\:-;, R (I ()76): Seil!)<' ph\'!l'll1W!l:I, '11l(l\'l.'I1ll.'n! transformations', and relative c!auscs !n:
Pan Cl', ii. (cd.): AfoIlIO!;I!!' (;ru,,11/wr Nl'W Ymk' ÄCI1;CI11IC Prc~~, ~ i 6'1-- i 7rl RO\1r:"o, M. (1997a): Reculel{lbillty CUl1dllillllS f"ur sluicing In Corblin, F. ad. (cds): Fl/lpirica!
iSSliCS ill j(lrllw! S)'II/a.>: UI/(/ sell/wllies ,)'e!edcd paper.l.ji-oll/ /lle CO!!OijUC de sl'lIlaxe el dc
s(://[([lIli(I/Ie dc I)([ris 1<)1)5. l3ern: Peter Lang, s. IlJ3 21 (1.
--- (I <)lJ7b): The correiJtion betwecn scope reconstuellon and cOlllleetillly elTects. I'u)('ccdillgs u/
WCCFI,16
_., (v tisku): FoclIs U/[(/ !"('colIslnte/ioll e//L'c/S ill \\,II-/)II/'{/.\('s PhI) theSIS, Uni\"ersity of MassachuscHs, Alllherst. [slrany a pfiklady CllUjl podle eisel \l'r/e / r !IJ()ö, kap 2 'The role of focus in SllllClllg']
RO\JTll, M (llJ85): AS.IO<'lulioll \1'illr Foc/ls PhO thesis, Unl\"crslty ofM;1Ss;1chusetls, Amherst. - (IlJlJ2a): UI'psls redulldancy and reduction redundancy In: l3erl11an, S - Ilcsl\'ik, A. (eds.)
J>w('ccdillgs u( lire SllIlIgarler e!Ii/)sis \1 'orksllOp , Arbeltspapine des Sonderforschungsbercichs 3-10, l3ericht 2()'
( I ()l}2b): A theory of focus interpretation. l\'alllra!l.allg/lugc Sell/alilics, I, s. 75-11 (). (I ()lJ(l). fOClls. In: Lappin, S. (cd.): 7'111' !/ulldhuok u(cuIlIC/lI[lUI"U/)' sC/llunlic IIreor.1'. Oxf"ord
nlackwclL s. 271-297. \'an Rüu), R. (I 9lJS): Modal subordination In a dynal11ic sel11antics. I)roceedillgs o/Twel/<!ia!
ROSI:-':, C. (I <)7ü): Guess what abouflln: l'l"{)('('cdillj;s o(NFL)', Ü, s 205-211, Ross, 1. R (llJü7): ('ol/s/ruillls UII \'([ria/J!es 111 sy"/ar. PhD thesis, MIT.
(1%()) Guess \\ho'/ In: l3innick, R Da\'ISOn, Ä ad. (eds.): I'ro('('e<!illl!s o/('I.S, 5. s 252 28ü.
(198(») IlIjillilc !:>y"lax' Nor\\'ood, NJ: Ablcx. :~i. ~:):~,,', C. (1985;: .'1.\;;('':'':'\' !.~( Ridgiir/lui XYiitl.i.;:: ('unip!L'njCiiti~crs lind "r:''h ,'niis/riu'ti«·jiiX. (~Gltiill
bus: Sla\"ica Publlshers. S ,\1, IR ,K (i (ji)/;): Ve!lli-ie I"i/ll/lge (//11/ !"('('Oll ,'Irl/CI/OII ill :1 '-eiU//II\ i\Ils , HlIl)',n~ i ill!v,'! ~!ly
SYNi'AX~L!E.~.!.~\(VP-ELlPSA / G:\l'l'l:\fG A IP-ELlPS,\,,' S!X!C!:\G) '"
';\", I (I ()f(l): /)c!clillll ulld !uglcu!pmll PhI) theSIS, \'111' ':\\ 'I Rl .\~,;!), LJ. (llJlJü): (jucss hOlI') In /'/{'(ccd",,\!.\ II/"('III/\II!" S 2')7 ,\ 11
( I ')'):--;) nil' 1I1<'<lIlil/g II( CIIlIlIlS I'hU thCSIS, MiT. ''l{ li\\·.\i(/ ....;~·iiiLj), R. (\ tisKU) Cji\·\..... l1i1('~:l l..~nd optilll~d fncus .\'~!!U!·~tI ! d".~I1{/5!,l) \f'IIUII/ril.\
[str:lI1ky a pf'iklady ul<idilll podle rukopisu I r IlJ1)R.j ~IIII:I\II{, S PLRIIR.\, F. D.\I R)\II'II', 0.1 (llJ()(l) Interactlol1s ol"scopc ~lI1d cllllNS 1.11/.1.'.1/1\/1<'
<!II<! !'I"lo.I(J/l/n, 1'), s. -:'27 552 ~~lll\l()Y \\1.\. J. tl t)<J5): ()n 'Sill/Cll!)!. {!! jUI'lJ.1!C\e i\i...; t.Jni\"Cr~il;.- ur I"L.1;');')ulhü:')(tt:-;, /'\.nülc.:.;t
~;: I1 ()';~;:';Y, U. (! 988): C'ümp!cmcnt!/cr-c!!t!cinlion In Helm.?\\' aml the r-:ll1ptv l'ategory Pnnclpic /"<I/I,r,,1 !.<lII,l'.ll<lgC lilld i.i1l,i!,lU.,li( rlIL()/T, Ö, S Il) 1- 205
SI'L1S, P. (Il)ö-l): '\'\'II/U,\ (/lid SCIIIUII/ies o!rc,I/I/IIplil'C /lroI/UIlI/\ ['hU thcsls, lnll\etsil)" 01" \lassa
chusetts, Amherst. I'on SIICIIU\\" A. (llJ')(»): Agalnst LI-' picd-piping. Nalum! /,ulIgl/(/ge ,'\('I1/II/IIIC.\,~, s)"j i jO. S'.·":-:'):':I!.'S, p (Il)()..t) !iI',{}(,//i/('/l! IICXIIS SI/hon!/llu/c !lrcc!icul/f!ll .\ll"Ile/llI"<'., 111 (ligll.l/[ ullefll"
s(ulidll/U\ldli !ullj;lId,l.;n Ph!) thesis, Unilcisity ofCalifornlJ, SanU ('nu
S\\ !~,(:! L. I<. (1~)95) (in I!Jt J !)/'ns()(/\' dlU! .\.\ilii.l.Y (~rrigl1i 11()(!C rui:d!!)!.. ()uJ.liryin~ p:!Jll'T, 1. ~ni\'Cr~l
ty <.)fC~d!r'llllJ:l. S;II1Ll Cm/. S/\ll()1 (SI, .\ -I.\\'\\{ I S, F (1 <)()3)' Wl'ak Island~ and algebrJIl' Sl'l11antlcs !"or scope la"in~ :\"1/11
1"(/!l("'!.!.'I(I,\~" Sellldlllics. I, s. 23) 2S4. S\lIL.-\I'IIC V (!1)-I7\ Elipsa (üspora slO\'niho I·yra/u). in: f)ntlt,: IIII\'II/T 0 ('nk(:11/ !u:;\cc, Prah~1
s. ·1.\ -I') T..\K\II\SIII, D. (llJlJ-I): SllIictng in JapJnesc. journal ojI'asl ,-Isioll ringIlIS!/n, .\. s. 2(l) 3l)() T:\K,\,\II, K. (llJ<j2) l'rC[lu.\I!loli slnllldlllg' FruII/ srll/()c!lclujilllclioIlU! Ulic/ll"", lkrill1: i\1oulO
de Gruvter. . • I .... .. 4" I "'~
'r:\"~~'Rl Dl. ('h.' t~)l)U}: >!ot un!y c~'!..~!!, DU! C\'(~n nil/I" I\IS; lviii.
_ ~ i 992, 1h)ei/(Jii, ,fl"til"l·,-'n;/ng. lu,.:l prcs::pposilion PhlJ thcs!s, )\/1 rl 'I \i{\l.l)SE:-;, K T (Il)g(»): .)'U/Il al1Ll the binding thcory In Hellan, L. ChllStcnsen, K (cds.
TO/l/n ill SC(/IlJil/uviulI sm/ax. Dordrecht: SCldcl, s 149-184 'j'( l\lIUK:\. S. (1 <)tJS). [FücuslF rcstncts scopc: QU:.lntdicrs In \,'p ciiipsis. in: !)rfJcccdill;;.\ (~r·\·":l
<; Ith;1CJ: C:ornclILJni\'Crsity, (1 ()%) On the l11isl11atch betwl'en \'Jrlablc binding Jl1d sloppy Idel1tity In C'al11acho, J
Chouciri, L - Watanabe, M. (eds.) j'rocecdings or W('( FI., 14. Stanforc!: CSLI, s. 541-55ü TI{ISSLlR, S (1<)1).\) P-stranding im Deutschen In: d'A\'IS, F.-j ad ledsj: E\lrak/lon I,
J)elllscllcll !. Arbeitspapiere des Sonderforschungsbereichs 3-10 13cm:hl Nr. 3-1, s 247·2<) I. V ·\1, 1. (1 <)S I): Lcft dislocatlon, connectedness, and reconstructlon (/-1( ;t., 20. Pfetisteno 1I
Anagnostopoulou, E. ad. (llJlJ7), s. 67-l}2
VIK'iER, S (I'NI) Relative der and other Co elements in Danish 1,lIIg11U, S-I, S. IOlJ-!.\(). (llJ<)S) J 'erh lI/u\'('lIlclll ulld c-"p!eli\'c sllhjec/.I' il/ l!Je (,'c,.,,/(/llic !UI/,l::111Ig('\ Oxford: OXfl)1
lJIlIl'l'ISlty Press W\:IlI'llllI11, Ci ll()92): I'ril/cipl('s ulld J!(l/wIlL'ler.l' uf ,\.IlIlu<!l( sullirulwl/ O\ford: OXf"Ol
Unil'Crsity Press \VII IJI.R, Ch (I ()lJ5): SUll1e properties of ellipsis In coordlllation, (/Cl/C\'([ (/ell('l"([li\'e 1)(111('1".1',
s. D() l. \VII I I\I\IS, E (!lJ77): Discourse anel Logical Form UlIguiSlic IIIC/llin', S, s. 10.\- 1."\9.
(llJS-I): nlerc-insertion Ullgllislic Illquirl', 15, s. 131-153 _ (llJÖ(l): A reassignment of thc functlons 01" LF Ullguis!tc jl/qui/T, 17, s 2()5 2l)<).
WIt':KtIR, S (llJl)7) Ellipsis and inf"ormJtlon slructure in English and Gcrl1lan: The phonologlc rcduction hypothesis Ar!Jeilspupiere <!es SFn 340, NI. 121.
\VI!':TII{, Y. (llJ97): Choice functions Jnd the scopal scmantlcs 01 111l.1etll1ltcs. !.lllglll.llles (/,
j'III!UI()/)!Iy, 20, s 39<)-467. (l <)()S): F/cri!Jlc H(}(}!c,!!! Sf'!!!(!I!!ic.'· PhI) th,~~i~, I ilrecht lJniversity.
ZW\"I, J W. (llJ<)3): nIlIch .1)'llla:c 11 Mlllil//(/ils/ upprouch rhD thesis, Unlicbity of Groi1ingc