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J. Rad. Res. Appl. Sci., Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 697 - 715 (2012)

Growth Inhibitory Effects of Taxodium Distichum Extract on Gamma Irradiated Cotton Leaf Worm Spodoptera Littoralis (Boisd) El-Naggar, S.E.M.; Magdia, A.M. Hazaa and Ibrahim, R.S.H. Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt E-mail: [email protected] Received: 01/07/2012. Accepted: 19/07/2012.

ABSTRACT

Taxodium distichum extracts were investigated in laboratory against Spodeptra littoralis (Boisd.). The ethanol extract exhibited powerful growth inhibition activity as it prolonged the larval and pupal periods, reduced pupation and adult emergence percentage and also growth index as it reached 1.3 at 10% concentration. The toxic symptoms of poisoned larvae included reduction in weight gain and increased mortality of larvae and pupae.

The larval mortality ranged from 31.1% at 10% to 12.2% at 0.625% ethanol extract. Other developmental aspects as survival, growth inhibition, sex ratio and adult male and female longevity were clearly affected by increasing the concentration increments of plant extract. The combined treatment of 100 Gy gamma radiation and 1.25% ethanol or 2.5% water extract of Taxodium distichum had clear effect on total larval and pupal mortality percentage observed; it reached 80% with the treatment of 1.25% ethanol extract plus 100 Gy gamma radiation. Also pupation, adult emergence percentage; growth index, survival, mean larval and pupal weight were clearly reduced in the combined treatments. Also, reduction in F1 progeny and growth inhibition obviously increased where the reduction in F1 progeny became 74.4 and 76.6 in the combined treatments of 100 Gy plus 2.5% Taxodium distichum (water) and 100 Gy plus 1.25% Taxodium distichum (ethanol) respectively. The least value of growth index (1.3) was recorded in the combined treatment of 100 Gy plus 2.5% Taxodium distichum (water).

The combination of gamma radiation and Taxodium distichum showed synergetic response especially in biochemical studies as the combined treatment clearly increased the level of Cytochrome P450 enzyme among these treatments indicating detoxifying role of this enzyme in insect. Also, the enzyme level and activity ratio clearly decreased among F1 to reach 1.05 and 1.06 among the

El-Naggar et al., J. Rad. Res. Appl. Sci., Vol. 5, No. 4(2012) 698

treatment of 2.5% water extract and 1.25% ethanol extract of Taxodium distichum adult males. This means that these treatments interfered in function with this enzyme representing a good tool for this pest control.

Key words: Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera), Gamma irradiation, Taxodium distichum, Cytochrom p450

INTRODUCTION

The cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) is one of the most harmful insect pests to the agricultural crops around the world.

The intensive use of chemicals to control this pest and other insects lead to many problems to the environment, damage to non-target species (biological enemies) and permanent pollution to the Earth’s surface.

The search for a new technology in pest management has been the aim of recent work by entomologists. Among several means of new pest control technology, is the use of insects to control themselves. In other words, releasing sterilized or incompatible insects into wild population result in significant reduction in wild population1.

Researchers suggested the use of substerilizing doses of radiation to produce sexually competitive moths. Furthermore, by using this method, the F1 offspring of irradiated lepidopterous species are often partially or completely sterile; thus; reproduction is suppressed in at least two generations with only one release. This phenomenon is known as F1 sterility or inherited sterility.

Large number of natural products is produced by arid land plants. These compounds, which are stored in roots and aerial parts, include terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolics and amino acids, which are used in defense against phytophagous insects and pathogens. These are environment friendly and biodegradable, but biologically active, natural products with low mammalian toxicity2-5. Such of those isolated active compounds might be friendly with the use of Inherited Sterility Technique (I.S.T.) program.

The present study aimed to investigate the biological and biochemical effects of ethanol and water extract of Taxodium distichum if it used alone or combined with gamma radiation in its application; as these extracts are safe compounds for suppressing the pest population before applying the Insect Release Technique (I.R.T.), wishing that this technique is used on a large scale for the control of this serious pest.


MATERIALS AND METHODS

Culture

The culture of the cotton leaf worm S. littoralis was reared and maintained for several generations in the laboratory at 25 ± 20C and 65% R.H. Larvae were fed on fresh castor oil plant leaves, Ricinus communis according to David et al.6.

Irradiation Technique

Treatments of full-grown male pupae of S. littoralis with 100Gy were achieved by using a gamma cell (cobalt-60 source) installed at the laboratory of the Middle Eastern Regional Radioisotope Center for the Arab Countries, Cairo (Egypt). The radiation dosimetry of the source applied was about 5.84 rad per second ±5% at the beginning of the experiment.

Newly emerged males resulting from the irradiated pupae were paired with their untreated opposite sex and continue till F1 generation.

Preparation of Plant Extracts

Taxodium distichum leaves were selected on the basis of previous work of many investigators7-9. The plant leaves were dried for 2-3 weeks at room temperature and grounded in an electric mill into fine powder. 200 g of the powder plant materials was soaked in the solvents (ethanol in a large flask for 72 hrs). The flask was then shaken for 30 min in a shaker and its contents were filtered. The solvents were evaporated at 50oC under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator. The extract, which was in the form of a crude gum, was weighed and re-dissolved in the solvent to give 20% (W/V) stock solution. Concentrations of 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25 and 0.625% (W/V) were prepared by diluting the stock solution by the solvent.

Preparation of Aqueous Plant Extract

50 gm of leaves powder of Taxodium distichum was soaked in one liter of hot water and left to stand for 12 hours, and then the extract was filtered over cheese cloth. Additional water was added to make up one litter of filtrate10.

Bioassay of the Plant Extract

In all bioassay, the newly molted fourth instar larvae of S. littoralis were fed on fresh leaves of castor bean treated with tested plant, extracted with


ethanol and dissolved in water at concentrations of 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25 and 0.625%, using the leaf dipping technique11.

For biological evaluation of Taxodium plant leaves extracts alone; a group of non-irradiated 4th instar larvae was treated with different concentrations of Taxodium extracts. Then the emerged P1 moths were crossed with non-treated opposite sex to obtain the F1 male line. The developmental aspects (Larval and pupal duration, pupation%, adult emergence and sex ratio) of different ethanol concentrations of Taxodium leaves extract were assessed. Control treatments were done by feeding larvae with leaves treated with solvent only and other with water only.

Second group of experiments were set up to evaluate the biological effects of Taxodium leave extracts on the F1 progeny produced from irradiated pupae with 100 Gy at the parental generation. Groups of F1 larvae were fed on castor bean leaves treated with 1.25% ethanol Taxodium extract or 2.5% water Taxodium extract. Then the produced F1 male moths from male line were crossed with opposite sex of un-irradiated adults. Parallel groups of individual treatments (irradiation treatments alone and plant extracts treatments alone) were used for comparison between individual and combined treatments. In addition, un-irradiated ones were used as control groups.

The growth inhibition (GI) = number of dead larvae/total larvae used.

Relative growth inhibition (RGI) = GI treatment/GI control12

Percentages of reduction in F1 progeny were calculated according to the following equation:

Growth index = % of adult emergence / Total period.

Biochemical Analysis

Cytochrom P450

Analysis of Cytochrome P450 reductase activity was done by the aid of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay kit (ELISA) for insects Cytochrome P450 Reductase (CPR) according to Mc Lean and Day13.


Statistical analysis

Data was analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique and the mean separation was determined by Duncan’s14 multiple range test at P = 0.05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effects of Plant Extracts

Biological effects of ethanol extracts

Data in tables (1 and 2) shows the biological effects of Taxodium ethanol extracts on 4th larval instar of Spodoptera littoralis. Results in these tables discussed what happen when resolved the crude of Taxodium ethanol extracts on water. Regarding the effects of ethanol extracts, mortality among the fed larvae varied from concentration to another. Results obtained showed that all the concentrations of plant extracts have toxic effect on the treated larvae compared with the control. The highest mortality (85.8%) was obtained with 10% Taxodium extract. The lowest percentage of total mortality was recorded at 0.625 concentrations which gave 40%. Many authors obtained similar results for the mortality of lepidopteran insects as a result of treatment with plant extracts; Rashad et al.15 on Earias insulana and Pectinophora gossypiella. Also Sileem16 found that the treatment of Agrotis ipsilon with Melia azedrach fruits or Schintis terebinthifdies leaves extract reduced the development of larvae and pupae and inhibited adult emergence. There are big variations between means of larval developmental period at all treatments. All treatments prolonged the larval period especially at 10% concentration where it reached 19.10 days compared to 12.2 day in the control. (Table 1)

The data presented in the same tables also shows that pupal durations of males and females were extremely affected at all tested concentrations of plant extract compared to the control.

The pupation percentages were reduced by increasing the concentrations of the applied plant extract. The lowest pupation percentage of 71.10% was observed at 10% concentration compared to 94.4% in the control which could be due to the increment of mortality percentage.


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In regard to the percentage of emergence, the lowest percentage of adult emergence (45.3%) resulted from the treatment of larvae with 10% concentration of Taxodium extract. While the highest percentage (72.15%) resulted from the application of 0.625% extract concentration. Similar results of lower pupation and adult emergence percentage were noticed by Osman17 on Agrotis ipsilon and Abd El-Zaher18 on Spodoptera littoralis and P. gossypiella. El-Shall et al.19 found that the treatment of Spodoptera littoralis with the extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis increased the mortality percentage of larvae and pupae compared to the control.

The data given in table (2) shows that the sex ratio among the different concentrations of Taxodium extract was most likely about 1:1 (male: female) and with some fluctuation at 1.25% concentration. It was in favor of male at all used concentrations of the plant extract. The longevity was decreased by increasing the concentrations of the plant extract. Also, adult emergence was found to be inversely proportional with applied concentrations; consequently, the reduction in F1 progeny also increased by increasing the concentration of the plant extract.

Table (2): Effect of Taxodium distichum ethanol extracts on some developmental aspects of the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis treated as 4th larval instar

Plant Extracts Conc. % Sex ratio Longevity of adult (day)S.E. Reduction in

F1 progeny Males Females Males Females Control solvent (water) 0 1 1 12.000.07 11.000.05 0

Taxodium distichum

10 5

2.5 1.25 0.625

1.2 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.1

1 1 1 1 1

07.600.08 08.600.07 08.900.04 09.160.08 10.400.03

07.200.07 08.200.08 08.100.05 09.100.06 10.000.03

65.06 56.62 49.39 39.75 31.33

The data in table (3) shows that the growth inhibition and relative growth inhibition were increased by increasing plant extract concentration. These results disagree with the results obtained by Cespedes et al.20 on Spodoptera frugiperda and Tenebrio molitor who found that growth inhibition decreased by increasing the plant extract concentration.

The data also shows that larval feeding on plant extract treated with different concentrations resulted in clear decrease in the average larval weight


as observed at the highest used concentration. Consequently, the average pupal weight decreased by increasing the plant extract concentrations. The plant extract treatments obviously decreased the survival percentages more than that of the control (Table 3). The above mentioned results indicated a high toxic effect of these extracts against this insect pest. This may be due to using two polar solvents, ethanol and water.

Table (3): Growth inhibitory effect of ethanol extracts of Taxodium distichum on the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis treated as 4th larval instar

Plant extracts Conc. % GI RGI Mean Larval weight (g) Mean Pupal weight (g)

Survival %

Control solvent (water) 0 0.06 1 0.340 0.323 90

Taxodium distichum

10 5

2.5 1.25 0.625

0.29 0.27 0.22 0.17 0.12

4.833 4.500 3.660 2.830 2.000

0.150 0.160 0.190 0.200 0.230

0.220 0.230 0.250 0.270 0.280

32.22 40.00 46.66 55.55 63.33

GI= growth inhibition RGI= Relative growth inhibition

Effect of Combined Treatment on Biological Potential

Mortality percentage, developmental period, pupation, adult emergence and growth index of the combined treatment of Spodoptera littoralis with 1.25% ethanol or 2.5% water extracts from Taxodium distichum and gamma radiation (100 Gy) are shown in table (4).

All treatments of irradiation or extracts of Taxodium distichum used either alone or in combined treatment increased the mortality of larvae and pupae compared to the control. Mortality percentage recorded by Taxodium distichum ethanol extracts when used alone was 50.00% and in case of using 100 Gy alone was 28.00% (Table 4). The mortality percentage radically increased at the combined treatments where it was 80.00% compared to control or any of the individual treatments. Also, combined treatment of 2.5% water extract of Taxodium distichum plus 100 Gy gamma radiation follows the same trend of ethanol extract.

In the combined treatments, larval durations were more affected and prolonged compared to the control and the other ethanol and water extracts from Taxodium distichum treatments when used alone. The larval duration was 20.47 days at the combined treatments of 100 Gy and 1.25% ethanol extract from Taxodium distichum, compared to 12.2, 16.45 and 16.07 days recorded in control, 100 Gy and Taxodium distichum, respectively, and it was 25.12 days


in combined treatment of 2.5% water extract from Taxodium distichum and 100 Gy compared to 18.10 days in water extract alone (Table 4).

The male pupal duration was prolonged at the two combined treatments (15.28 & 18.00 days) compared to the control (11.18 days). While the female pupal duration was prolonged to 15.10 and 17.8 days at the treatment of 100 Gy combined with 1.25% ethanol extract or 2.5% water extract from Taxodium distichum respectively compared to 11.3 days at the control. The treatments of Taxodium distichum ethanol or water extract alone prolonged the female pupal duration to 15.3 and 17.00 days respectively.

The percentage of pupation at the F1 generation was obviously reduced. The reduction was more pronounced among the combined treatment of 100 Gy and 1.25% ethanol extracts from Taxodium distichum (32%) in comparison with the control and other comparable treatments. The same trend was observed with combined treatment of 100 Gy and 2.5 % water extract. Also, the percentage of adult emergence at F1 generation was clearly reduced (62.5% & 59.46%) among the treatments of 100Gy and either 1.25% ethanol extract or 2.5% water extract from Taxodium distichum compared to 93.50% at the control and also with other treatments.

Many authors obtained similar results for the mortality and survival of Lepidopteran insects treated with plant extracts and/or gamma irradiation. El-Shall et al.19, in their study on S.littoralis, found that ethanol, petroleum either and chloroform extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis induced serious chronic effect on larvae, pupae and adult emergence when used alone or combined with gamma radiation. As well, El-Naggar et al.21 reported that the effect of gamma irradiation and extracts from Tafla leaves Nereum oleander and nabk Flacourtia indica on Spodoptera littoralis either used alone or combined with gamma radiation reduced the development of larvae or pupae and inhibited adult emergence. In addition, Sileem16 declared that, the effect of gamma irradiation and extracts from Malissa azedrach fruits or Schintis terebinthifdies leaves on Agrotis ipsilon, either used alone or combined, reduced the development of larvae or pupae and inhibited adult emergence. Sharma and Seth22 in their study of Malia azedrach and its combination with gamma radiation on S. litura found that the growth and the development of larvae were reduced.


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The Growth index of F1 generation was obviously reduced. The reduction was more pronounced among the treatment with 100 Gy and 2.5% water extract or 1.25% ethanol extract, it was 1.3 and 1.75 compared to the control and other comparable treatments (3.9, 3.1, 2.4 and 2.3) (Table 4).

Accordingly, the sex ratio of F1 generation declined more in favor of male at the treatments of 100 Gy plus 1.25% ethanol extract or 2.5% water extract, it was 1.2:1 in both treatments compared to the other treatments where it was around 1:1 in the control and 2.1:1, 1.6:1 in other treatments when used alone. (Table 5)

Adult longevity of the males was slightly longer than females at all treatments. Males and females longevities of F1 generation at both combined treatment of 100 Gy plus 1.25% ethanol extract or 2.5% water extract were decreased; they became 7.5 and 6.30 days compared to 11.5 and 11.0 days at the control and other treatments.

Reduction in F1 progeny was more obvious at both combined treatments. The reduction, at the combined treatments of 100 Gy plus 1.25% ethanol extract and 2.5% water extract, was 76.7% and 74.4% compared to 0% at the control and 28, 39.70 and 30.23% at other treatment of 100 Gy and Taxodium distichum extracts when used alone (Table 5). This reduction may be attributed to reduced adult emergence percentage as a result of mortality percentage increment. The results obtained agree with El-Sinary23 who stated that there is a reduction in F1 progeny in tuber moth Phthorimaea opercutella at F1 progeny resulting from irradiated male parents and treated with pumpkin Cucurbita pepo plant extract. Reduction in F1 progeny was increased by increasing the treatment concentrations it was obviously reduced more than control in most treatments. This reduction was clearly observed in combined treatments compared to using gamma irradiation or plant extract treatments each of them alone.

Data in table (6) shows that the mean larval and pupal weight clearly decreased in combined treatments. The reduction, at the combined treatments of 100 Gy plus 2.5% water extract and 1.25% ethanol extracts, was more obvious; it was 0.13, 0.12g for larvae and 0.156 and 0.0165g for pupae, compared to the control treatment. The results obtained agree with those of Hazaa et al.24 who stated that the mean larval and pupal weight of S. littura at F1 progeny resulting from irradiated male parents and treated with red gum plant extract, Eucalyptus camaldulensis were clearly reduced compared to control. The obvious


reduction in the mean weight of larvae may be attributed to the disturbance in digestion process and utilization of the digested food. Also, in the same table, the growth inhibition and relative growth inhibition clearly increased by either treatments of gamma irradiation alone or combined with plant extracts, and the most delayed effects in the growth inhibition and relative growth inhibition were observed at treatment of 100 Gy plus 1.25% ethanol extract of Taxodium distichum. The percentage of F1 larvae that survived to the adult stage severely decreased to 22% among the combined treatment of 100 Gy plus 2.5% water extract of Taxodium distichum compared to their control treatment; 100 Gy treatment; or with 2.5 % water extract of Taxodium distichum when used alone.

Table (5): Combined effect of Taxodium distichum ethanol or aqueous extracts with gamma radiation on some biological aspects of the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis

Treatment Sex ratio Longevity of adult

(day)S.E. Reduction in F1 progeny

Male Female Male Female Control solvent (water) 1 1 11.50.06 11.000.09 0 100Gy 2.1 1 8.110.03 7.800.04 28 Taxodium distichum (1.25% ethanol.) 1.60 1 9.160.08 9.100.06 39.7

Taxodium distichum (2.5% water) 1.2 1 8.600.07 8.200.08 30.23

Taxodium distichum (1.25% ethanol) + 100Gy

1.20 1 7.500.06 6.300.03 76.70

Taxodium distichum (2.5% water) + 100Gy 1.2 1 7.500.02 6.300.03 74.40

Table (6): Growth inhibitory effect of Taxodium distichum ethanol or aqueous extracts either alone or combined with gamma radiation on the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis

Treatment GI RGI Mean of Larval

weight (g)

Mean of Pupal

weight (g)

Pupation %

Survival %

Control solvent (water) 0.08 1.000 0.300 0.258 92.00 86

100Gy 0.18 2.25 0.280 0.230 82.00 72.00 Taxodium distichum (1.25% ethanol.) 0.17 2.13 0.200 0.270 83.30 55.00

Taxodium distichum (2.5% water) 0.25 3.13 0.150 0.210 75.00 60.00 Taxodium distichum (1.25% ethanol.) + 100Gy 0.68 8.50 0.120 0.165 32.00 20.00

Taxodium distichum (2.5% water) + 100Gy 0.63 7.88 0.130 0.156 37.00 22.00

GI = growth inhibition RGI = Relative growth inhibition


Generally the percentage of total mortality of larvae and pupae increased as a result of the combination of irradiation and plant extracts. The larval and pupal developmental periods were obviously prolonged at the two types of combinations. The combination of irradiation and plant extracts resulting in the reduction of the pupation percentage as well as the percentage of adult emergence. These results agree with those obtained by El-Naggar et al.21 who stated that joint treatment of irradiation plus plant extracts was more toxicant than the plant toxicity or irradiation separately. These deleterious effects of combined treatments of gamma irradiation and plant extracts increased the susceptibility of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) F1 larvae to all the tested insecticides. Seth and Sehagel25 stated that the growth index in S.littura of F1 progeny resulting from irradiated male parents decreased by increasing gamma irradiation dose. Hazaa et al.24 also stated that the growth index in S. littura of F1 progeny resulting from irradiated male parents and treated with red gum plant extract, Eucalyptus camaldulensis was obviously reduced more than control in most treatments.

Also, Mikhaiel26 stated that the adverse effect on growth and reproduction of the progeny of Sitotroga cerealella moth, descending from irradiated male pupae with 175 Gy and treated with four plants extracts was increased by increasing the concentrations applied.

Chemical Investigation

Effect of Gamma Radiation and/or Taxodium distichum (1.25% ethanol extract and 2.5% water extract) on Cytochrome P450 reductase at P1 and F1 generation

The result in Table 7 indicates that the Cytochrome P450 reductase level at P1 and F1 generation was decreased significantly as compared with control at 100 Gy treatment where it was 29.48 at F1 generation compared to 33.56 at P1 generation.

The Cytochrome P450 level at P1 and F1 adults previously treated as fourth instar larvae with the Taxodium distichum (1.25% ethanol or 2.5% water extract) is illustrated in table 7. It was found that they significantly increased from control at P1 and F1 generations. On the other hand, the Cytochrome P450 enzyme activity ratio at F1 adults showed slight decrease from its corresponding value among P1 but it was still more than the control value.


Table (7): The deleterious effect of either gamma radiation treatment to full grown male pupae or Taxodium distichum extracts treatment to 4th larval instar of Spodoptera littoralis on Cytochrome P450 Level among P1 and F1 adult male

Treatment Cytochrom P450 reductase

(mean S.E) (mmol/min/100mgtissue)

Activity Ratio

P1 Control 35.170.16 c --- 100Gy 33.560.16 b 0.95 Taxodium (2.5% waterextracts) 39.810.16 e 1.13 Taxodium (1.25% ethanolextracts) 39.470.16 e 1.12

F1 100Gy 29.480.31 a 0.84 Taxodium (2.5% waterextracts) 37.220.14 d 1.05 Taxodium (1.25% ethanolextracts) 37.310.10 d 1.06 L.S.D 0.41

Activity ratio = Within a column, different letters mean significant differences at 0.05 level of probability

Effect of combined treatment of gamma radiation and Taxodium distichum extracts

Table 8 shows that the deleterious effect of treating F1 fourth instar larvae of Spodeptra littoralis previously treated as full grown male pupae with 100 Gy plus Taxodium distichum ethanol and water extracts on Cytochrome P450 level and its activity ratio. The results indicated that Cytochrome P450 enzyme level was significantly increased by combined treatment of 100 Gy and Taxodium distichum (1.25% ethanol or 2.5% water extract). Also, the activity ratio obviously increased reaching its maximum value (1.31) at the treatment of 100 Gy plus 1.25% ethanol extract. These results indicated that this enzyme may play a role in detoxifying the tested compounds as a self defense to protect the insect as stated by Bull27. On the other hand, increasing in Cytochrome P450 enzyme activity may be due to that these tested compounds act as juvenile hormone analogues, which were Cytochrome P450 inducers in insect28 and ecdysteroids29. The Cytochrome P450 activity monooxygenise system of enzymes is generally considered as an energetically expensive system and its inducibility upon exposure to certain xenobiotics has been interpreted as an energy conservation mechanism30.


From the above biological and biochemical results, we can conclude that both extracts of Taxodium distichum synergistically act or integrate with gamma radiation sub sterilizing doses in the integrated control management of Spodoptera littoralis. Table (8): The deleterious effect of combined treatment of gamma radiation &

Taxodium distichum extracts (1.25% ethanol or 2.5% water) on Cytochrome P450 Level among F1 adult male of Spodoptera littoralis

Treatment Cytochrom P450

reductase (meanS.E) (mmol/min/100mgtissue

Activity Ratio

Control 35.170.16 a --- 100Gy 29.480.31 d 0.84 Taxodium (2.5% waterextracts) 39.810.16 c 1.13 Taxodium (1.25% ethanolextracts) 39.470.16 c 1.12 100Gy + Taxodium (2.5% water extracts) 45.24 0.04 b 1.28 100Gy + Taxodium (1.25% ethanol extracts) 46.11 0.04 b 1.31 L.S.D 0.41

*Activity ratio =

Within a column, different letters mean significant differences at 0.05 level of probability

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اإلشعاعیةاإلشعاعیةبحوث بحوث مجلة المجلة ال والعلوم التطبیقیةوالعلوم التطبیقیة

)٢٠١٢( ٧١٥ – ٦٩٧ ص ص ٤عدد ٥ مجلد

مستخلص التكسودیوم دستیكم على حشرة دودة ورق لللنمو ھتأثیرات المثبطال المعاملة بأشعة جاما) بویسد(القطن سبودوبتیرا لیتورالیس

إبراھیمسید حسن رضا ـھزاع محمد مجدیة عبد الرحمنـ سمیرة السید مصطفى النجار

ة الذریةقسم التطبیقات البیولوجیة، مركز البحوث النوویة، ھیئة الطاق

تم أختبار تأثیر مستخلصات نبات التكسودیوم دستیكم فى المعمل على حشرة اسبودبترا

و قد أظھر المستخلص اإلیثانولى لنبات التكسودیوم تأثیرا مثبطا للنمو، و قد تمثل ذلك التأثیر . لیتورالسنسبة الخروج للحشرات نقص واضح فى نسبة التعذیر ووفى طول فترة العمر الیرقى و أعمار العذارى؛ و قد أشتلمت مظاھر تسمم الیرقات %. ١٠عند تركیز ١٫٣الكاملة؛ و كذلك مؤشر النمو حیث أنھ وصل

% ٣١٫١و % ١٢٫٢على نقص فى وزن الیرقات و العذارى بینما زادت نسبة الموت حیث تراوحت بین نسبة الحیاتیة و معدل تثبیط تأثرت المظاھر األخرى للنمو كال أیضا%. ١٠و % ٠٫٦٢٥بین التركیزین

النمو و النسبة الجنسیة و كذلك فترة عمر الفراشات الذكور و اإلناث تأثرًا واضحًا بزیادة تركیز .المستخلص النباتى

جراى من أشعة جاما مع أى من التركیزین ١٠٠وقد وجد أن المعاملة المشتركة للجرعة للمستخلص المائى للتكسودیوم دستیكم ذات تأثیر واضح على % ٢٫٥للمستخلص اإلیثانولى، أو% ١٫٢٥

على التوالى؛ و قد نقص كًال من % ٧٨و % ٨٠نسبة الموت الكلیة للیرقات و العذارى حیث أنھا كانت نسبة التعذیر، نسبة خروج الفراشات الكاملة، مؤشر النمو، النسبة الحیاتیة، متوسط وزن الیرقات و

و قد زاد أیضًا معدل . خالل الجیل األول لإلشعاع المعامل بالمستخلص النباتى العذارى نقصًا واضحًاو ٧٤٫٤نقص تعداد أفراد الجیل األول و معدل تثبیط النمو فى المعاملة المشتركة حیث كان ذلك النقص

% ١٫٢٥+ جراى ١٠٠تكسودیوم مائى و % ٢٫٥+ جراى ١٠٠فى كًال من المعاملتین ٧٦٫٧% ٢٫٥+ جراى ١٠٠فى المعاملة ١٫٣نولى على التوالى؛ و كانت أقل نسبة لمؤشر النمو تكسودیوم إیثا

.تكسودیوم مائىوقد وجد أن ألشعة جاما تأثیر مساعد للمستخلص النباتى فى التأثیر على حشرة دودة ورق

المشتركة فى المعاملة ٤٥٠سیتوكروم ب حیث زاد مستوى إنزیم من الناحیة البیوكیمیائیةالقطن خاصًة للسمیة فى الحشرة بینما نقص مستوى نشاط مثبطعنھ فى المعامالت الفردیة مما یؤكد دور ذلك اإلنزیم ك

% ٢٫٥فى كال المعاملتین ١٫٠٦و ١٫٠٥اإلنزیم خالل الجیل األول فى كل المعامالت لیصل إلى لتوالى و ھذا یعنى تداخل للمستخلص اإلیثانولى للتكسودیوم دستیكم على ا% ١٫٢٥للمستخلص المائى و

.تلك المعاملة مع وظیفة ذلك اإلنزیم فى الجیل األول مما یعنى أیضًا وسیلة مكافحة جیدة لتلك األفة

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