f2fluidisation

8/10/2019 F2fluidisation

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Content Page

Content Page Number

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Aim of Experiment1.2 Background Information

1.2.1 Packed Bed

1.2.2 Minimum Fluidization Velocity1.2. !"eoretical Approac"

3-7

##$%

2. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE

2.1 Material& and E'uipment

2.2 Additional Experimental Information2. (afety Precaution&

2.# Procedure&

-!

)

)*

*

3. CALCULATION AND RESULT 1"-21

#. DISCUSSION#.1 +ompari&on of Experimental re&ult&

#.2 Error Analy&i. Impro,ement for t"i& experiment

22-2$22$2-

22%

$. CONCLUSION 27

%. RE&ERENCES 2

APPENDICES A' atta()e*


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Experiment F2 Fluidization

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. A+m o, Eer+ment

!"e aim of t"i& experiment to &tudy t"e follo/ing&0

a. Mec"ani&m of fluidi&ation and atc" fluidi&ation in a &olid$fluid &y&tem.

. Effect of &uperficial fluid ,elocity on t"e ed c"aracteri&tic& and t"e pre&&ure drop

acro&& t"e ed.

c. Effect of particle &ize on t"e minimum fluidi&ation ,elocity and t"e terminal

&ettling ,elocity.

1.2. /a(0groun* In,ormat+on

1.2.1. Pa(0e* /e*

A packed ed i& u&ually a "ollo/ cylindrical ,e&&el u&ually a pipe or tue t"at i& randomly filled

/it" packing material. !"ey may al&o contain catalytic particle& or ad&orent&. Packed ed& are

typically utilized to impro,e contact et/een t/o p"a&e& $ for our experiment &olid and fluid.

!ype& of packed ed include packed ed reactor& $ tuular reactor& filled /it" &olid cataly&t&.

!"e&e are fre'uently u&ed to catalyze ga& reaction&. !"e ad,antage of u&ing packed ed reactor&

i& a "ig"er con,er&ion compared to ot"er catalytic reactor& per unit /eig"t of cataly&t. !"e

reaction take& place on t"e expo&ed &urface& of t"e cataly&t. Anot"er type of packed ed i& a

packed column u&ed for &eparation proce&&e& &uc" a& a&orption &tripping and di&tillation. !"e

de&ign of packed ed a&ed unit operation& i& "ig"ly influenced y t"e packing matrix /"ic" i&

in turn go,erned y t"e morp"ology and dimen&ion& of t"e particle&. 3ptimum de&ign of

particle& can oo&t catalytic acti,ity and tran&port p"enomena of t"e &y&tem. Farication co&t&

and re&i&tance to p"y&ical /ear and tear are factor& t"at al&o &"ould e taken into account.

2


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1.2.2 M+n+mum &u+*+at+on eo(+t4

Flo/ t"roug" a packed ed can e regarded a& fluid flo/ pa&t &ome numer of &umerged

o4ect&. In mo&t ca&e& t"e o4ect& are uniform &p"erical particle& of diameter 5 (V. 6"en t"ere i&

no flo/ t"roug" t"e packed ed t"e net gra,itational force act& do/n/ard. 6"en flo/ egin&

up/ard friction force& act up/ard and counteralance t"e net gra,itational force. For a "ig"

enoug" fluid ,elocity t"e friction force i& large enoug" to lift t"e particle&. At t"e on&et of

incipient fluidization 7packed ed ecome& fluidized8 t"e &uperficial fluid ,elocity i& kno/n a&

t"e minimum fluidization ,elocity 9mf. 9mfincrea&e& /it" particle &ize and particle den&ity and i&

affected y fluid propertie&.

1.2.3 T)eoret+(a Aroa()

6"en a packed ed of particle& i& &u4ected to a &ufficient "ig" up/ard ,elocity flo/ of fluid a

point i& reac" /"en t"e particle& are lifted y t"e fluid t"e &eparation of t"e particle& increa&e&

and t"e ed ecome& fluidized. !"e /eig"t of t"e particle& i& &upported y t"e drag force exerted

y t"e fluid on t"e particle& and t"e particle& ecome freely &u&pended or fluidized.

6"en t"e fluid flo/ed t"roug" t"e ed of particle& t"ere i& a pre&&ure lo&& in t"e fluid due to t"e

frictional re&i&tance increa&e& /it" increa&ing fluid flo/. At t"e point of fluidization t"e up/ard

drag force exerted y t"e fluid on t"e particle& ecome e'ual to t"e apparent /eig"t of t"e

particle& in t"e ed. !"e &uperficial fluid ,elocity at /"ic" t"e packed ed ecome& a fluidized

ed i& kno/n a& t"e minimum fluidization ,elocity

A force alance acro&& t"e fluidized ed can e expre&&ed a& follo/

gAHPA mffpmf = 1 718

6"ere :P ; Pre&&ure drop acro&& t"e ed

A ; +ro&&$&ectional area of ed


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p ; ?en&ity of particle&

f ; ?en&ity of fluid

3r

( )( )gH

Pfpmf

mf

=

1 728

!o deri,e an e'uation for minimum fluidization ,elocity umf. 6e can e'uate t"e expre&&ion for

pre&&ure lo&& in a fluidized ed 7E'n. 18 /it" t"e expre&&ion for pre&&ure lo&& acro&& a packed

ed. !"e Ergun e'uation i& u&ed for all type& of flo/ in packed ed.

psps D

u

D

u

H

P

2

2

2 817

%-.1

817

1-@

+

=

78

6"ere > ; Bed ,oid fraction

& ; &"ape factor

?p ; particle &ize

u ; (uperficial li'uid ,elocity

; Ci'uid ,i&co&ity

< ; Bed "eig"t

By e'uating t"e expre&&ion of Ergun e'uation /it" t"e pre&&ure lo&& at t"e point of incipient

fluidization a 'uadratic e'uation for minimum fluidization ,elocity umfi& otained.

ps

mff

mf

mf

ps

mf

mf

mf

fsmf

D

u

D

ug

2

22

2 817%-.1

8171-@88717

+

=

7#8

For &mall particle& only t"e laminar flo/ term of Ergun e'uation i& &ignificant. !"e e'uation for

minimum fluidization ,elocity /"en Dep2@

4


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=

mf

mffsps

mf

gDu

11-@

22

7-8

In ,ie/ of large particle& t"e laminar flo/ term /ill ecome negligile and u mf ,arie& /it"

&'uare root of t"e particle &ize. !"e e'uation for Dep1@@@

( ) 2=1%-.1

=

f

mffsps

mf

gDu

78

!"roug" plot of pre&&ure drop acro&& t"e ed again&t flo/rate or t"e &uperficial ,elocity 7a&

&"o/n elo/ in Figure.1 t"e minimum fluidization ,elocity could t"e otained grap"ically.

Figure.1: Example of a fluidization plot

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At fir&t /"en t"ere i& no flo/ t"e pre&&ure drop zero and t"e ed "a& a certain "eig"t. A& /e

proceed along t"e rig"t arro/ in t"e direction of increa&ing &uperficial ,elocity tracing t"e pat"

AB+? t"e pre&&ure drop gradually increa&e& /"ile t"e ed "eig"t remain& fixed. !"i& i& a region

/"ere t"e Ergun e'uation for a packed ed can e u&ed to relate t"e pre&&ure drop to t"e ,elocity.

6"en t"e point B i& reac"ed t"e ed &tart& expanding in "eig"t /"ile t"e pre&&ure drop le,el& off

and no longer increa&e& a& t"e &uperficial ,elocity i& increa&ed. !"i& i& /"en t"e up/ard force

exerted y t"e fluid on t"e particle& i& &ufficient to alance t"e net /eig"t of t"e ed and t"e

particle& egin to &eparate from eac" ot"er and float in t"e fluid. A& t"e ,elocity i& increa&ed

furt"er t"e ed continue& to expand in "eig"t ut t"e pre&&ure drop &tay& con&tant. It i& po&&ile

to reac" large &uperficial ,elocitie& /it"out "a,ing t"e particle& carried out /it" t"e fluid at t"e

exit. !"i& i& ecau&e t"e &ettling ,elocitie& of t"e particle& are typically muc" larger t"an t"e

large&t &uperficial ,elocitie& u&ed.

After fluidization it &ettle& ack into a more loo&ely packed &tate0 t"i& i& /"y t"e con&tant ed

"eig"t on t"e return loop i& larger t"an t"e ed "eig"t in t"e initial &tate. If /e no/ repeat t"e

experiment y increa&ing t"e &uperficial ,elocity from zero /eGll follo/ t"e &et of cur,e& E+?

in ot" direction&. Becau&e of t"i& rea&on /e define t"e ,elocity at t"e point + in t"e figure a&

t"e m+n+mum ,u+*+at+on 5eo(+t4 V.

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2. MATERIALS 6 PROCEDURE

2.1. Mater+a' 6 Eu+ment

A &et of t"ree gla&& column& 7-.@) cm I?8 packed /it" &p"erical gla&& ead& of different diameter

&ize& [email protected] 1mm mm8.

Mater+a' 6 Eu+ment 8uant+t4

Fluidization &etup 2 rotameter /it" different ad4u&tale flo/ rate& 2 differential

pre&&ure meter& and 1 pump for eac" column a total of

column containing particle& of different &ize&

(H ottle& and particle& (e,eral ottle& and an ade'uate 'uantity of particle& for

determining of particle den&ity /ere i&&ued

Mettler P@@@ /eig" &cale 1 7for /eig"ing of particle /eig"t8

Caoratory drying o,en 1 7for e,aporation of /et ottle& and particle&8

Table 1: Materials and Equipment for Fluidization experiment

2.2. A**+t+ona Eer+menta In,ormat+on

1 ?iameter of column& - cm

2 6eig"t of packed ed in column 1 ** g

6eig"t of packed ed in column 2 * g

# 6eig"t of packed ed in column )1 g

- ?en&ity of /ater at 2@ o+ **).2 Jg=m

Vi&co&ity of /ater at 2@ o+ *.* x 1@$#

Table 2: Given information for calculation in Fluidization experiment

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2.3. Sa,et4 Pre(aut+on

+are mu&t e taken /"en ad4u&ting t"e flo/ rate of t"e fluid to pre,ent t"e o,erflo/ of fluid

and fluidized ed.

Additional precaution& to e o&er,ed during mea&urement of particle den&itie& u&ing

&pecific gra,ity ottle& and petri di&"e&. Hla&&/are may reak /"en not "andled /it" care

and do not touc" t"e roken piece& /it" are "and in t"e e,ent of reakage.

?uring t"e experiment no one &"ould attempt to di&a&&emling or di&mantling any part& of

t"e experimental &etup. A& t"i& experiment in,ol,ed /orking fluid running at "ig" ,elocity

/"ic" may e cau&e unde&irale effect& /"en not "andled properly.

2.#. Pro(e*ure

1. !"e initial "eig"t of packed ed in column 1 /a& recorded.

2. !"e needle ,alue connecting to column 1 /a& cracked open.

. Flo/ rate /a& increa&ed &lo/ly at le&& t"an or e'ual to @.1 C=min inter,al&.

#. Flo/ rate inlet pre&&ure outlet pre&&ure and ed "eig"t /ere recoded.-. Flo/ rate /a& increa&ed till con&ecuti,e delta P /ere otained and &lo/ly ad4u&t ack to

zero at le&& t"an or e'ual to @.1 C=min decrement.

. (tep& 1 to - /ere repeated for column 2 and .%. Empty /eig"t of a 2- ml &pecific gra,ity 7(H8 ottle /a& mea&ured and recorded.

). !"e (H ottle /a& filled /it" column 1 pack ed material to approximately 1= of it& ,olume

and /eig"ed.

*. 6ater /a& introduced to t"e (H ottle to fill up t"e 2- ml ottle and final /eig"t /a&

mea&ured.1@. Mea&ured &ample particle& and /ater /ere poured into a petri di&" and placed in o,en for

drying.

11. (tep& % to 1@ /ere repeated for column 2 and particle&.

K(H ottle mu&t e capped /"ene,er it& /eig"t i& eing mea&ured

3. CALCULATIONS 6 TA/ULATION

.1 !alculation for column 1

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; .@- g=cm;@- Jg=m

Q(L/min)

Pin Pout P (Psi) P (Pa) H (m) U (m/s)Porosi

y

0.00 2.19 2.19 0.00 0.00 0.344 0.000000 0.53

0.10 2.30 2.19 0.11 758.42 0.344 0.000849 0.53

0.20 2.44 2.19 0.25 1723.69 0.344 0.001699 0.53

0.25 2.49 2.19 0.30 2068.43 0.344 0.002123 0.53

0.30 2.55 2.19 0.36 2482.11 0.345 0.002548 0.53

0.35 2.60 2.19 0.41 2826.85 0.347 0.002972 0.54

0.40 2.62 2.19 0.43 2964.75 0.350 0.003397 0.54

0.45 2.62 2.20 0.42 2895.80 0.355 0.003822 0.55

0.50 2.62 2.20 0.42 2895.80 0.361 0.004246 0.55

0.55 2.63 2.20 0.43 2964.75 0.368 0.004671 0.56

0.50 2.62 2.20 0.42 2895.80 0.360 0.004246 0.55

0.45 2.62 2.19 0.43 2964.75 0.353 0.003822 0.54

0.40 2.59 2.20 0.39 2688.96 0.349 0.003397 0.54

0.35 2.55 2.19 0.36 2482.11 0.347 0.002972 0.54

0.30 2.50 2.19 0.31 2137.38 0.346 0.002548 0.53

0.25 2.39 2.19 0.20 1378.95 0.346 0.002123 0.53

0.10 2.28 2.19 0.09 620.53 0.346 0.000849 0.53

0.00 2.22 2.19 0.03 206.84 0.346 0.000000 0.53

Table : Tabulated results column 1 of glass bead size ="."#cm

9


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Figure :$lot of 9P 5' 'uer,+(+a 5eo(+t4 Ufor column 1

From Figure t"e minimum fluidization ,elocity 9mfi& @.@@*% m=&

Figure %: $lot of be* )e+g)t : 5' 'uer,+(+a 5eo(+t4 Ufor column 1

From Figure # t"e ed "eig"t at minimum fluidization


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Figure #: $lot of oro'+t4 ; 5' 'uer,+(+a 5eo(+t4 Ufor column 1

From Figure - t"e poro&ity at minimum fluidization >mf ; @.-# m

!"erefore t"eoretical pre&&ure drop for column 1 can e calculated y u&ing e'uationL

And t"e t"eoretical minimum fluidization ,elocity 9mf for column 1 can e otain y u&ing

Ergun e'uationL

11


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6"ere

9mfcan t"en e otained y &ol,ing 'uadratic e'uation

!"eoretical 9mffor column 1 ; @.@1@ m=&

.2 !alculation for column 2

=2.#-# g=cm;2#-# Jg=m

Q(L/min)


y

0 2.20 2.20 0.00 0.00 0.353 0.000000 0.43

0.1 2.22 2.21 0.01 68.95 0.353 0.000849 0.43

0.2 2.23 2.21 0.02 137.90 0.353 0.001699 0.43

0.3 2.25 2.21 0.04 275.79 0.353 0.002548 0.43

0.4 2.27 2.21 0.06 413.69 0.353 0.003397 0.43

0.5 2.28 2.21 0.07 482.63 0.353 0.004246 0.43

0.55 2.29 2.21 0.08 551.58 0.353 0.004671 0.43

0.6 2.30 2.21 0.09 620.53 0.353 0.005096 0.43

0.65 2.31 2.21 0.10 689.48 0.353 0.005520 0.43

0.7 2.32 2.21 0.11 758.42 0.353 0.005945 0.43

12


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0.75 2.33 2.21 0.12 827.37 0.353 0.006369 0.43

0.8 2.34 2.21 0.13 896.32 0.353 0.006794 0.43

0.85 2.35 2.21 0.14 965.27 0.353 0.007219 0.43

0.9 2.36 2.21 0.15 1034.21 0.353 0.007643 0.43

0.95 2.37 2.21 0.16 1103.16 0.353 0.008068 0.43

1 2.38 2.21 0.17 1172.11 0.353 0.008493 0.43

1.05 2.39 2.21 0.18 1241.06 0.353 0.008917 0.43

1.1 2.40 2.21 0.19 1310.00 0.353 0.009342 0.43

1.15 2.41 2.21 0.20 1378.95 0.353 0.009766 0.43

1.2 2.42 2.21 0.21 1447.90 0.353 0.010191 0.43

1.25 2.43 2.21 0.22 1516.85 0.353 0.010616 0.43

1.3 2.44 2.21 0.23 1585.79 0.353 0.011040 0.43

1.35 2.45 2.21 0.24 1654.74 0.353 0.011465 0.43

1.4 2.46 2.21 0.25 1723.69 0.353 0.011890 0.43

1.45 2.47 2.21 0.26 1792.64 0.353 0.012314 0.43

1.5 2.49 2.21 0.28 1930.53 0.353 0.012739 0.43

1.55 2.51 2.21 0.30 2068.43 0.353 0.013163 0.43

1.6 2.52 2.21 0.31 2137.38 0.353 0.013588 0.43

1.65 2.53 2.21 0.32 2206.32 0.353 0.014013 0.43

1.7 2.54 2.21 0.33 2275.27 0.353 0.014437 0.43

1.75 2.56 2.21 0.35 2413.17 0.353 0.014862 0.43

1.8 2.57 2.21 0.36 2482.11 0.353 0.015287 0.43

1.85 2.58 2.21 0.37 2551.06 0.353 0.015711 0.43

1.9 2.59 2.21 0.38 2620.01 0.353 0.016136 0.43

1.95 2.60 2.21 0.39 2688.96 0.353 0.016561 0.43

2 2.61 2.21 0.40 2757.90 0.353 0.016985 0.43

2.05 2.62 2.21 0.41 2826.85 0.359 0.017410 0.44

2.1 2.62 2.21 0.41 2826.85 0.360 0.017834 0.44

2.15 2.62 2.21 0.41 2826.85 0.362 0.018259 0.45

2.1 2.62 2.21 0.41 2826.85 0.359 0.017834 0.44

2.05 2.61 2.21 0.40 2757.90 0.358 0.017410 0.44

2 2.61 2.21 0.40 2757.90 0.355 0.016985 0.44

1.95 2.60 2.21 0.39 2688.96 0.353 0.016561 0.43

1.9 2.59 2.21 0.38 2620.01 0.352 0.016136 0.43

1.85 2.59 2.21 0.38 2620.01 0.351 0.015711 0.43

1.8 2.57 2.21 0.36 2482.11 0.351 0.015287 0.43

1.75 2.56 2.21 0.35 2413.17 0.351 0.014862 0.43

1.7 2.55 2.21 0.34 2344.22 0.350 0.014437 0.43

1.65 2.54 2.21 0.33 2275.27 0.349 0.014013 0.43

1.6 2.52 2.21 0.31 2137.38 0.349 0.013588 0.43

1.55 2.51 2.21 0.30 2068.43 0.349 0.013163 0.43

13


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Figure ': $lot of be* )e+g)t : 5' 'uer,+(+a 5eo(+t4 Ufor column 2

From Figure % t"e ed "eig"t at minimum fluidization


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!"erefore t"eoretical pre&&ure drop for column 2 can e calculated y u&ing e'uation

And t"e t"eoretical minimum fluidization ,elocity 9mffor column 2 can e otain y u&ing

Ergun e'uation &"o/n pre,iou&ly


!"eoretical 9mffor column 2 ; @.@@#) m=&

. !alculation for column

=2.#- g=cm;2#- Jg=m

Q(L/min)


y

0.00 2.19 2.19 0.00 0.00 0.310 0.000000 0.42

0.10 2.20 2.20 0.00 0.00 0.310 0.000849 0.42

0.20 2.20 2.20 0.00 0.00 0.310 0.001699 0.42

16


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0.30 2.21 2.20 0.01 68.95 0.310 0.002548 0.42

0.40 2.21 2.20 0.01 68.95 0.310 0.003397 0.42

0.50 2.22 2.20 0.02 137.90 0.310 0.004246 0.42

0.60 2.22 2.20 0.02 137.90 0.310 0.005096 0.42

0.70 2.22 2.20 0.02 137.90 0.310 0.005945 0.42

0.80 2.23 2.20 0.03 206.84 0.310 0.006794 0.42

0.90 2.23 2.20 0.03 206.84 0.310 0.007643 0.42

1.00 2.24 2.20 0.04 275.79 0.310 0.008493 0.42

1.10 2.24 2.20 0.04 275.79 0.310 0.009342 0.42

1.20 2.25 2.20 0.05 344.74 0.310 0.010191 0.42

1.30 2.25 2.20 0.05 344.74 0.310 0.011040 0.42

1.40 2.26 2.20 0.06 413.69 0.310 0.011890 0.42

1.50 2.26 2.20 0.06 413.69 0.310 0.012739 0.42

1.60 2.27 2.20 0.07 482.63 0.310 0.013588 0.42

1.70 2.28 2.20 0.08 551.58 0.310 0.014437 0.42

1.80 2.28 2.20 0.08 551.58 0.310 0.015287 0.42

1.90 2.29 2.20 0.09 620.53 0.310 0.016136 0.42

2.00 2.30 2.20 0.10 689.48 0.310 0.016985 0.42

2.10 2.31 2.20 0.11 758.42 0.310 0.017834 0.42

2.20 2.32 2.20 0.12 827.37 0.310 0.018684 0.42

2.30 2.33 2.20 0.13 896.32 0.310 0.019533 0.42

2.40 2.34 2.20 0.14 965.27 0.310 0.020382 0.42

2.50 2.35 2.20 0.15 1034.21 0.310 0.021231 0.42

2.60 2.36 2.21 0.15 1034.21 0.310 0.022081 0.42

2.70 2.36 2.21 0.15 1034.21 0.310 0.022930 0.42

2.80 2.38 2.21 0.17 1172.11 0.310 0.023779 0.42

2.90 2.39 2.21 0.18 1241.06 0.310 0.024628 0.42

3.00 2.40 2.21 0.19 1310.00 0.310 0.025478 0.42

3.10 2.41 2.21 0.20 1378.95 0.310 0.026327 0.42

3.20 2.42 2.21 0.21 1447.90 0.310 0.027176 0.42

3.30 2.43 2.21 0.22 1516.85 0.310 0.028025 0.42

3.40 2.44 2.21 0.23 1585.79 0.310 0.028875 0.42

3.50 2.45 2.21 0.24 1654.74 0.310 0.029724 0.42

3.60 2.46 2.21 0.25 1723.69 0.310 0.030573 0.42

3.70 2.47 2.21 0.26 1792.64 0.310 0.031423 0.42

3.80 2.49 2.21 0.28 1930.53 0.310 0.032272 0.42

3.90 2.50 2.21 0.29 1999.48 0.310 0.033121 0.42

4.00 2.51 2.21 0.30 2068.43 0.310 0.033970 0.42

4.10 2.54 2.21 0.33 2275.27 0.310 0.034820 0.42

4.20 2.55 2.21 0.34 2344.22 0.310 0.035669 0.42

4.30 2.56 2.21 0.35 2413.17 0.310 0.036518 0.42

17


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4.40 2.57 2.21 0.36 2482.11 0.310 0.037367 0.42

4.45 2.57 2.21 0.36 2482.11 0.312 0.037792 0.43

4.50 2.57 2.21 0.36 2482.11 0.313 0.038217 0.43

4.55 2.58 2.22 0.36 2482.11 0.315 0.038641 0.43

4.60 2.58 2.22 0.36 2482.11 0.315 0.039066 0.43

4.55 2.58 2.21 0.37 2551.06 0.315 0.038641 0.43

4.50 2.57 2.21 0.36 2482.11 0.314 0.038217 0.43

4.45 2.58 2.22 0.36 2482.11 0.313 0.037792 0.43

4.40 2.58 2.21 0.37 2551.06 0.312 0.037367 0.43

4.35 2.57 2.21 0.36 2482.11 0.312 0.036943 0.43

4.30 2.57 2.21 0.36 2482.11 0.312 0.036518 0.43

4.25 2.57 2.21 0.36 2482.11 0.311 0.036093 0.42

4.20 2.56 2.21 0.35 2413.17 0.311 0.035669 0.42

4.15 2.56 2.21 0.35 2413.17 0.310 0.035244 0.42

4.10 2.54 2.21 0.33 2275.27 0.309 0.034820 0.42

4.00 2.53 2.21 0.32 2206.32 0.309 0.033970 0.42

3.80 2.51 2.21 0.30 2068.43 0.309 0.032272 0.42

3.60 2.49 2.21 0.28 1930.53 0.309 0.030573 0.42

3.40 2.47 2.21 0.26 1792.64 0.309 0.028875 0.42

3.20 2.45 2.21 0.24 1654.74 0.309 0.027176 0.42

3.00 2.44 2.21 0.23 1585.79 0.309 0.025478 0.42

2.80 2.39 2.21 0.18 1241.06 0.309 0.023779 0.42

2.60 2.37 2.20 0.17 1172.11 0.309 0.022081 0.42

2.40 2.35 2.20 0.15 1034.21 0.309 0.020382 0.42

2.20 2.33 2.20 0.13 896.32 0.309 0.018684 0.42

2.00 2.32 2.20 0.12 827.37 0.309 0.016985 0.42

1.80 2.29 2.20 0.09 620.53 0.309 0.015287 0.42

1.60 2.27 2.20 0.07 482.63 0.309 0.013588 0.42

1.40 2.26 2.20 0.06 413.69 0.309 0.011890 0.42

1.00 2.24 2.20 0.04 275.79 0.309 0.008493 0.42

0.50 2.21 2.19 0.02 137.90 0.309 0.004246 0.42

0.00 2.19 2.19 0.00 0.00 0.309 0.000000 0.42

Table #: Tabulated results column of glass bead size ="."cm

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Figure ): $lot of 9P 5' 'uer,+(+a 5eo(+t4 Ufor column

From Figure * t"e minimum fluidization ,elocity 9mfi& @.@%% m=&

Figure ': $lot of be* )e+g)t : 5' 'uer,+(+a 5eo(+t4 Ufor column 2

From Figure % t"e ed "eig"t at minimum fluidization


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Figure (: $lot of oro'+t4 ; 5' 'uer,+(+a 5eo(+t4 Ufor column

From Figure ) t"e poro&ity at minimum fluidization >mf ; @.#2 m

!"erefore t"eoretical pre&&ure drop for column can e calculated y u&ing e'uation

And t"e t"eoretical minimum fluidization ,elocity 9mffor column can e otain y u&ing

Ergun e'uation &"o/n pre,iou&ly


!"eoretical 9mffor column ; @.@1* m=&

20


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21


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#. DISCUSSION

#.1 Comar+'on o, eer+menta re'ut'

Experimental P (Pa)

Theoretical P(Pa)

Experimental Um(m/s)

Theoretical Um(m/s)

!olumn"

2964.7468 3264.32 0.003397 0.0103

!olumn#

2826.8516 2863.13 0.017410 0.0048

!olumn$

2482.1136 2566.03 0.037367 0.0169

Table &: Experimental data comparison *it+ t+eoretical values calculated using Ergun

Equation

From t"e ra/ data taulated and grap"& plotted it can e o&er,ed t"at t"e pre&&ure drop NP

increa&e& /it" flo/ rate until t"e minimum fluidization ,elocity /"erey t"e ed expand& andporo&ity increa&e& and t"e pre&&ure drop remain& at t"e &ame ,alue after t"at /it" furt"er

increment of fluid ,elocity.

!"e ed "eig"t& initially remain t"e &ame and increa&ed at t"e minimum fluidization ,elocity and

&tay increa&ing /it" increment in t"e fluid ,elocity a& t"e fluid drag force and uoyancy force

"a& o,ercome t"e gra,itational force. !"e fluid ,elocity i& decrea&ed &lo/ly ack to @ C=min

"o/e,er t"e ed "eig"t i& found &lig"tly "ig"er t"an t"eir original ,alue t"i& could e due to

t"eir inertial force.

A& &"o/n in t"e !ale t"e experimental pre&&ure drop& at t"e minimum fluidization for t"e

column& are only &lig"tly lo/er a& compared to t"e t"eoretical pre&&ure drop&.

!"e minimum fluidization ,elocitie& otained y t"e experimental data are far "ig"er t"an t"e

t"eoretical ,alue& calculated y u&ing Ergun E'uation.

Coumn Part+(e S+e< =mm> M+n+mum &u+*+at+on 5eo(+t4 Um, =m?'>

1 @.- @.@@*%

2 1 @.@1%#1@

@.@%%

Table ': Minimum fluidization velocit, for t+e columns

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From !ale % it i& found t"at a& t"e particle &ize increa&e& t"e minimum fluidization ,elocity

al&o increa&e&.

!omparison %et&een Theory (Point '!) an* Experiment (Point

'!) !olumn " +esult

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'!) !olumn # +esult

24


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'!) !olumn $ +esult

Ba&ed on t"e compari&on ao,e ot" column 1 and 2 follo/& t"e &"ape 'uite clo&ely to t"e

t"eory.


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t"e ,alue of @ to t"e moment it egin to fluidize.


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#.3 Imro5ement ,or t)e eer+ment

(ample& from flo/ rate of @ and -@ ml=min could e repeated to en&ure accuracy.

Flo/ rate of t"e &y&tem can e c"ecked y u&ing a mea&uring cylinder and &top /atc"e&

to confirm t"e pump& are /orking fine.

(y&tem can e run at e,en more different flo/ rate& to otain etter correlation et/een

t"e re&idential time and con,er&ion rate.

$. CONCLUSION

From t"e experimental data it can e concluded t"atL

a. At t"e point of minimum fluidization ,elocity t"e pre&&ure drop acro&& t"e packed ed

/ill not furt"er increa&e linearly /it" t"e &uperficial ,elocity ut /ill remain con&tant.

. Bed "eig"t and ed ,oid fraction increa&e linearly /it" increa&ing &uperficial ,elocity

/"en minimum fluidization condition i& reac"ed.

c. It could e al&o &een t"at t"e ,elocitie& 7ot" terminal ,elocity and minimum fluidization

,elocity8 increa&e& linearly /it" t"e particle &ize.

d. !"e experiment fluidization ,elocity i& to a certain extent clo&e to t"e calculated

fluidization ,elocity.

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%. RE&ERENCES

1. Jing Fa"d 9ni,er&ity of Petroleum Mineral&. +"emical Engineering ?epartment.

+"apter #L Flo/ t"roug" packed fixed and fluidized ed&.

"ttpL==faculty.kfupm.edu.&a=+

f2fluidisation

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