dr. kaswanto, sp, msikaswanto.staff.ipb.ac.id/files/2014/03/vii-landscape... · 2014. 3. 24. ·...
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LANDSCAPE STRUCTURES:EDGES AND BOUNDARIES
Dr. KASWANTO, SP, MSi
PENGANTAR EKOLOGI LANSKAP (ARL 230) DEPARTEMEN ARSITEKTUR LANSKAP
SEMESTER GENAP
JADWAL KULIAH PENGANTAR EKOLOGI LANSKAP
Week
Date Topic PIC
1 11 Feb 2013 Introduction to Landscape Ecology HSA
2 18 Feb 2013 FOUNDATION: Times Changes, Objective
HSA
3 25 Feb 2013 Development of Landscape Ecology; Landscape Ecology Today
HSA
M Patches KAS4 4 Mar 2013 Patches KAS
5 11 Mar 2013 Corridors and Connectivity SWI
6 18 Mar 2013 Mosaics SWI
7 25 Mar 2013 Edges and Boundaries KAS
8 Mid‐term Exam (UTS)
References:References:
1.1. Principles and Methods in Landscape Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology Ecology AlmoAlmo FarinaFarina
2.2. Landscape ecology principles in Landscape ecology principles in Landscape Architecture and Land use Landscape Architecture and Land use Landscape Architecture and Land use Landscape Architecture and Land use Planning Planning WencheWenche E. E. DramstadDramstad, , James D. Olson, Richard T.T. James D. Olson, Richard T.T. FormanForman
3.3. International JournalsInternational Journals
PPT would be uploaded to the BLOGPPT would be uploaded to the BLOG
Source: Wynne (2007)
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Source: Wynne (2007)
Source: Wynne (2007)Source: Wynne (2007)
Source: Wynne (2007)Source: Wynne (2007)
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Fig.1 & 2 show simple ecotones with equal and homogeneous surfaces in both cases. Fig.3shows an inclusion of each medium in the other, creating multiple ecotones, which are shown in a more complex form in figure 4. Fig. 5 & 6 show the edges of forests or banks treated in such a way as to lengthen the ecotone considerably without excessively modifying the environment. Fig.7 shows a common interpenetration of media (such as that found at the edge of a forest). Fig.8 shows an ecotone that could have been formed by an animal modifying its environment.
EDGES AND BOUNDARIESBOUNDARIES
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CORRIDORSAND CONNECTIVITYCONNECTIVITY
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Source: Wynne (2007)
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BoundariesThe transition zone between two distinct landscape elements landscape elements (e.g. patch and matrix) is variously called:• an edge• an ecotone• a boundary
This transition area possesses some characteristics of b h l d l b i i h l l
Boundaries
both landscape elements but is neither completely one nor the other. Therefore, some people refer to an ecotone as a landscape element (habitat type) unto itself.
Edges are often drier and hotter, with more weedy species, than the patches of which it is an edge. Others recognize that although it may have some emergent
i d / /b d ’ i properties, an edge/ ecotone/boundary’s primary function is as a barrier (permeable or impermeable) to ecological flows (movement of matter [including organisms] and energy).
The transition may be subtle (a "soft" boundary, e.g. d b i d k b h d k d)
Boundaries
edge between mixed oak‐beech stand to pure oak stand) or quite sharp ("hard," e.g. edge between forest and clear‐cut), with implications for movement of matter and energy across the landscape.
Soft boundaries may be traversed with relative ease, whereas a hard boundary may hinder, slow, or even d fl l i l fl deflect ecological flows.
Edge effects create a "patch within a patch" situation (i.e., interior patch within patch as a whole). For example, Wilcove (1985) showed that nesting birds suffer greater predation the closer to forest edges they nested. 55‐‐1. Aerial view of existing 1. Aerial view of existing
situation.situation.
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55‐‐2. Aerial view after 2. Aerial view after conventional development.conventional development.
55‐‐3. Aerial view after 3. Aerial view after creative development.creative development.
66‐‐1. Aerial view of existing 1. Aerial view of existing situation.situation.
66‐‐2. Aerial view after 2. Aerial view after conventional development.conventional development.
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66‐‐3. Aerial view after 3. Aerial view after creative development.creative development.
77‐‐1. Aerial view of existing 1. Aerial view of existing situation.situation.
77‐‐2. Aerial view after 2. Aerial view after conventional development.conventional development.
77‐‐3. Aerial view after 3. Aerial view after creative development.creative development.
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