d. lefèvre et al. meust 2010 - marseille oxygen dynamics in the ocean lefèvre, d., a. robert,...

D. Lefèvre et al. Meust 2010 - Marseille

Oxygen Dynamics in the Ocean

• Lefèvre, D., A. Robert, C.Tamburini, M. Boutrif, S. Martini K. Arnaud, S. Beurthey, M. Billault, M. Garel, G. Grégori, P. Payre, S. Escoffier; C. Curtil, JJ Destelle, A. Maurin, A. Mendes, C. Gojak, K. Bernardet, K. Mahiouz, Z. Hafid, Y. Lenault

• LMGEM, CPPM & DT INSU


Autonomous Line with a Broad Acoustic Transmission for Research in Oceanography and Sea Sciences

(ALBATROSS)


Why monitoring O2

To follow a decrease in oxygen concentration related to an increase in temperature (reducing the deep ocean ventilation), and linked to climate change

To follow water mass changes

To follow the deep oxygen consumption due to biological activity CO2 increase, ocean acidification Carbon exportation to the deep ocean. Sarmiento et al. 1998, Matear et al. 2000, Plattner et al. 2001, Bopp et al. 2002,Keeling & Garcia 2002.

The potential for larger O2 declines in the future suggests the need for an improved observing system for tracking ocean O2 changes.

13.35


The Breathing Planet

CO2 and O2 atmospheric trend

Planet earth : A living organism


Why tracking O2 dynamics? Why times series ?

• Imbalance metabolism of the surface ocean:– The Ocean : Source or sink for CO2

• Discrepancy between geochemistry, bulk approach and in vitro derived fluxes.

• Dark ocean : • Assess the dark ocean remineralisation rates

MOTIVATION


ChallengeZone Epipelagic Mesopelagic Bathypelagic

O2 consumption (µmol O2 dm-3 h-1) 0.13 6.5 10-4 2.3 10-4

Aanderaa®Winkler SBE43® Presens®

Accuracy

(µmol O2 dm-3)

Sensitivity

(µmol O2 dm-3 h-1)

0.02 2% sat < 8

< 8

1 10-

3

0.005 6 0.5

Del Giorgio & Duarte (2002) Del Giorgio & Williams (2005)Del Giorgio & Duarte (2002) Del Giorgio & Williams (2005)

Tools available


– High frequency measurements of in situ bulk properties• Fixed instrumented mooring lines with various

sensors (POM-DOM, O2, …) . Dynamics of these properties derived from time series measurements

– In situ incubations• In situ Oxygen Dynamics Auto-Sampler : IODA

NEED for New Tools & New Strategy


Processes impacting O2 distribution

Redrawn from R. Hamme

To understand P and R processes we need :

Time series data of Hydrological & BGC parameters

Water column profile of Hydrological & BGC parameters


hourly to weekly scaleUpon incubation time

[O2] = f(T, S, p) & Photosynthesis & Respiration

Physical oceanography Biological oceanography

“Instantaneous” O2 dynamics

CTD – O2 Optode Aanderaa® IODA6000

weekly to yearly scale, upon water circulation & mixing

Strategy

Time integrated O2 dynamics


O2

T (°C)

Mixing Line

MW1, T, S, O2

MW2, T, S, O2

AOU = Departure from mixing line

In Situ O2 = Time integrated Biological Activity

Months to years, upon water circulationIODA = Oxygen dynamics : Biological Activity

Daily to weekly scale

Obs [O2]

MW = Mode Water

AO

U

Biological activity evaluation: different time scales


COM implication into IL07

SV

O2

100

SV

O2

SV

O2

100

O2 optode sensor (Aanderaa® 3830) [O2]

MicroCAT CTD T, S (2287m depth)

CTD SBE 37 M T, S, P (2193m depth)floor 6

floor 4

floor 3

(2302m depth)

ADCP


IODA6000 for ANTARES Line 12

2 O2 optode sensors: 1 external and 1 internal

435m from the bottom

IODA6000 : In situ Oxygen Dynamics Auto-sampler

25th level @ Z= 1935 m


2450 m

INSTRUMENTED MOORING LINEDARK VADOR

Microcat 37SMP

Aquadopp

IODA6000

Acoustic releaseAR 861 CSNS 229Arm 0440Release 0455Dialog 0449

Weight 500kg

Floats 3*25kg

Floats 5*25kg

Kevla

r 8.5

mm

= 4

35 m

Depth

= 2

000

m

Kevla

r 8.5

mm

= 4

35 m

Depth

= 1

500

m


MOORINGRaw Data=f(t)

Microcat CTp

Conductivity Pressure Correction

MicrocatCT

ConductivityT090

Pressure

SalinityDepthThetaSigma

O2 saturation

Vertical profile@ once a year/month

Correction for sensor “drift”Cross parameter validation

Calibration coefficient

Calibration coefficient

Level 1 Internal calibration

Level 2 External Validation

“Validated” time seriesDataase

Scientific Community


12.9

12.9

12.9

12.9

12.9

12.9

12.9

12.9

38.46 38.47 38.47 38.48 38.48 38.49 38.49 38.50

Salinity

Pote

ntia

l te

mpe

ratu

re (

°C)

070501

090123

MI-COM-2200m

Microcat-2300m

2007 May2009 January2200m time series2300m time series

Uncorrected data


2007 May profile2200m time series 20082300m time series 20082009 January Profile

Corrected data


2008

2009

2010

Time Series and CTD ProfilesTheta vs Salinity

LIW

LIW

LIW

WMDW

WMDW

WMDW

nWMDW

nWMDW

nWMDW

BW

BW

BW

2008 May 2007 Jan 2009

2009 Jan 2009 May 2009 Dec 2009 2010

Dec 2009 May 2010


Temperature, Salinity, O2 time-series (IL07)

Electro-optical cable down

Evolution trend of in situ dissolved oxygen : -5.1 µmol O2 dm-3 a-1

Raw data not validated

Electro-optical cable out of order


IODA time seriesIODA6000 on L12: from Nov. 2009 to April 2010

Average respiration rates of each cycle

Internal oxygen

External oxygen

Average consumption :

-0.39 ± 0.13 µmol O2 dm-3 d-

1


Deep Oxygen content Apparent decrease

over time Around 5 µM a-1

Raw Data


SwitchEthernet

ROVConnector

Generic sensors BioCam Extra connectors

Power Supply

Ethernet 100 BaseT

RS232

400 VDC

RS232

PC104

Linux

PowerSystem

DC/DC Converter

Slow Control

IP – RS232

Converter

- Turbidity

- CTD

- ADCP

- Optode

Mii100 Base T400 VDC

BJ S

1000 BaseT Fx500 VAC

FromANTARES BJ

ESONET - Antares Merged call ALBATROSS

Autonomous Line with a Broad Acoustic Transmission for Research in Oceanography and

Sea Sciences

This project aims at deploying generic oceanographic sensors for real time observations of the deep ocean.


Instrumented Interface Module

C.Gojak, K.Mahiouz, Y.Lenault, K.Bernardet, Z.Hafidi (DT INSU)

O2, CTD, P

BioCam

CourantometerTurbidityElectronic Container

CDC Connector for

extension

Interlink Cable


Optode O2 Microcat CTD

Turbidity Paro ScientifiqueTurbidity Pressure sensor

13.265

13.27

13.275

13.28

13.285

13.29

13.295

199.5

200

200.5

201

201.5

202

202.5

203

203.5O2 µM

temp °C

13.276

13.278

13.28

13.282

13.284

13.286

13.288

13.29

13.292

4.597

4.598

4.599T in Siu °CConductivity S.m-1

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1282

1283

1284

1285

1286

1287

1288

1289

1290

1291

1292

EcoBB-Ref

EcoBB-NTU

250.68

250.69

250.70

250.71

250.72

250.73Pressure (bar)


A Broad Acoustic Transmission for Research in Oceanography and Sea Sciences

(ALBATROSS)

A Broad Acoustic Transmission for Research in Oceanography and Sea Sciences

(ALBATROSS)

acoustic modem 100 Base T 400 VDC

BJS

Depth (meter)

500

1500

1000

2000

2500

Scientific instrumentation

On the line: IODA: 512byte /3 min /storey CTD : 256 byte /3 min/storey Aquadopp : 1024 byte / 3min/storey

82 kbyte h-1 Line-1

Ind

ucti

ve D

ata

Tra

nsfe

r

Data transmission on the line

• Data concentrator for each floor

• Transmission by inductive modem

• Data storage and Acoustic transmission in floor 3

Acoustic Data transmission

• Distance from Mii 2000 m

• M ulti channel for several lines

• Data transmission @ 200 Bit/s

Acoustic release

transponder

Dead weight

Buoy

Acoustic transponder (ANTARES acoustic field

for positioning during sea operation)

Acoustic Data

Transfer

1000 BaseT Fx

500 VAC From

ANTARES BJ

MII

Ind

ucti

ve D

ata

Tra

nsfe

r

Beam pattern : Omni directionalAcoustic source level : 179 dB (1m)Frequency : 9 – 13.5 kHz

Data Stored :2 Mbyte per day

Data transmission:

Compressed and averaged hourly29 kbyte per dayi.e. 20 minutes

BJ 400 m BJS 50 m Acoustic Modem 2000 m Line

2350 m

Open to new instrumentation


Internet

Database and Web site projectfor interdisciplinary development

Database and Web site projectfor interdisciplinary development

AntaresData Base

Real time

AntaresAntares

Secure and user friendly interface.Data analyse and work space.

(Analyse tools, elog book, etc…)

Administration interface

PublicPages

DataQuality

Data

MetaData

Dedicated Web

Server

– Meta Data– Data Quality– Site Administration– …

Local DB

Real t

ime

Other Other Instrumented lineInstrumented line

as AAMISas AAMISALBATROSSALBATROSS

To other Data Base


Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

2010 2011

2020

Elec

tron

ic t

est

Line

des

ign

and

impl

emen

tation

thr

ough

out

2010

In s

itu

test

, lo

cal

depl

oym

ent

Elec

tron

ic d

evel

opm

ent

SJB , Im

plem

enta

tion

com

plet

ed

MII

Dep

loym

ent

Alb

atro

ss A

uton

mou

s lin

e de

ploy

men

t

Und

erw

ater

inte

rven

tion

s w

ith

the

Pega

so R

OV

END

of ES

ON

ET n

oE

Time series observationAntares-Mermex-MEUSTTime series observationAntares-Mermex-MEUST

MEU

ST

Aco

ustic

Mod

em T

est


Conclusion

• Setting up of time series for BGC observation

• Innovative results– Hydrology monitoring– Bioluminescence

– O2 dynamics

• Development of new technology to aggregate science


“That’s one small step for Oceanography, one giant leap

for Environmental Science”

d. lefèvre et al. meust 2010 - marseille oxygen dynamics in the ocean lefèvre, d., a. robert,...

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