conference of professor lenore grenoble -...

1

Conference of Professor Lenore Grenoble

University of ChicagoUniversity of Chicago

DDL / LED-TDR – Nov 24, 2009

2

• Cette présentation a fait partie de la Journée de Revitalisation de l’Axe Transversal LED-TDR au sein du Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage le 24 novembre 2009. Les numéros des diapositives de ce présentation sont indiqués en bas à droite sur la vidéo.

• This presentation is part of the Revitalization Day promoted by the LED-TDR Axis at the DDL Laboratory on Novenber 24, 2009. The number on the video’s lower right corner indicates the current slide on the .ppt version.


Revitalization in the Arctic: The State of the Art, The State of the State

Lenore A. Grenoble

[email protected]

4

Language Revitalization (in the Arctic & elsewhere)

• All communities are different& there are differences within communities

• Assessment of resources

• Assessment of factors involved in shift (& support for maintenance, or lack of support)

• Setting (realistic) goals

5

Case studies:Siberia and Greenland

7

The case studies

• West Greenlandic, Kalaallisut

• Evenki

in Evenkija, the Evenki Municipal District

in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

9

Arctic Monitoring & Assessment ProjectBoundary

10

How many languages?

• Arctic: 40+• Greenland: 1 (Greenlandic, or Kalaallisut,

but with three main dialects: North, East and West Greenlandic)

• Siberia: 36-40 maybe

11

Assessing vitality

• problem with census data and self-identification

• problems with identifying ethnicity

• confusion between language and ethnicity

• problem with identifying the “last” speaker

14

The Languages: Kalaallisut

• Inuit-Aleut (Eskimo-Aleut) language, polysynthetic

• Fishers, hunters (sea mammals, caribou, musk ox), still partially subsistence

• Ethnic population: 55,000 in Greenland• Speakers: 50,000 or more in Greenland

(maybe 8000 in Denmark)

15

Greenland

• 2,166,086 km2

• population: 57,564 (2008)

• 88% Inuit

18

Présentation de Leonore Grenoble

Journée de Revitalisation LED-TDR

24 Novembre 2009

Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage

Université Lumière Lyon 2

19

Conference of Leonore Grenoble

Revitalization Day proposed by LED-TDR

November 24, 2009



20


Journée de Revitalisation AALLED

24 Novembre 2009



21



November 24, 2009



22

Macro-level and micro-levels

1. The global level

2. The extra-national level

3. The national level

4. Regional factors

5. Micro-variables and local variables

(Grenoble & Whaley 1998, 2006)

23

The global level

1. Global language (English)

2. Global warming

3. Global policies & international law

24

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of

Indigenous Peoples

Article 13

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to revitalize, use, develop and transmit to future generations their histories, languages, oral traditions, philosophies, writing systems and literatures, and to designate and retain their own names for communities, places and persons

13 September 2007

25

The extra-national level

1. Extra-national organizations

2. Extra-national policies & laws

3. Climate change

27

Extra-national organizations

1. Arctic Council{& its permanent participants}

1. Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC)2. Russian Association of Indigenous

Peoples of the North (RAIPON)3. Aleut International Association (AIA)4. Arctic Athabaskan Council5. Gwi’chin Council International6. The Saami Council

28

The Salekhard Declaration

26 October 2006 5th Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council

Ministers of the eight Arctic States should “encourage Member States and other parties to support the cultural diversity of the Arctic and especially uphold and revitalize the indigenous languages”

29

The national level

1. Language laws and policies

2. Language planning & education

3. Government support for (or resistance to, or indifference to) revitalization

4. Language attitudes

30

The regional level

1. Language laws and policies (where regions have true legal authority)

2. Language density

3. Population density


31

The local level

• language density• levels of multilingualism• literacy• use of language in different domains• religion• financial resources• human resources: number, age & fluency

of speakers• presence/absence of activist-leaders

32

Greenland

• Extra-national:Danish colonizationICC (and Arctic council)Global warmingGlobal economyEnglish as a global language

• National:Relationship to Denmark

33

Greenland

• 10th c.: Norse settlements

• 1721: Christian mission sent, seen as beginning period of modern colonization

• 1860’s: orthography established, literacy develops

• 1953: official status as colony ends, becomes “official constituency”

34

Greenland

• 1979: Act No. 56 grants Home Rule to Greenland

• passes by 63%• grants significant autonomy, incldg

right to elect own Parliament• Danish & Greenlandic are official

languages• Danish predominates in

administrative settings

35

Greenland

• Home Rule Government creates

Oqaasileriffik, the Greenlandic Language Council

its purview:

Greenland Language Council

Greenland Place Names CommitteeCommittee for Personal Names

36

Greenland

• Referendum for Self Government– passes November 2008 (75% in favor)

NB: 72% of all eligible voters voted– effective 21 June 2009

37

Greenland

• Self Government: distinct people with right to self-determination

• responsibility for legal & judicial systems

• legally tied to Kingdom of Denmark• Denmark has authority in defense and

foreign policy

38

Language

• Kalaallisut (West Greenlandic) is the official language

• Danish: status is official but not primary

• English is recommended

• Current policy, still being formulated

guarantees all citizens access to language instruction in Kalaallisut, Danish (and maybe English)

39

• Survey data: Greenlanders consider knowledge of their language to be essential to their identity

(Poppel 2009)

Levevilkår i Grønland (6) - Det grønlandske sprog – en status ved

Selvstyrets indførelse. Sermitsiaq 14 July 2009.

http://sermitsiaq.gl/kronik/article90103.ece


40

Issues• insufficient proficiency in Greenlandic (among

Danes)• insufficient proficiency in Danish (among Inuit)• problems of adult learners (+small workforce)• need for pedagogical materials• need for higher education in Greenland

– University of Greenland: no hard sciences– Technical Institute in Sisimiut

42

Languages of the North, Siberia and the Far East

43

• Russian-Siberian contact for centuries• long-standing multilingualism • 1917: “small-numbered” languages (less

than 50,000) largely undescribed

• Bolshevik govt: sent linguists to region to create orthographies & standardize written languages

• Part of Bolshevik education campaign

44

• By and large, written forms of these languages never caught on

45

• The indigenous peoples of the Russian North = 2% of the entire northern Russian population, numbering approx. 200,000, 40 different ethnic groups

• most numerous: Nenets; least numerous Enets (209) and Orok (109)

{census: Enets: 236; Orok: 346}

46

• subsistence area of the indigenous peoples = ~ 60% of the overall territory of the Russian Federation

• The indigenous people of the Russian North have depended on traditional hunting, fishing, and gathering for thousands of years and, for several hundred years, on reindeer herding.

47

• between 1990 and 2000, number of indigenous people employed on northern livestock farms, as well as in hunting and fishing, fell by 37%

• rate of unemployment in indigenous settlements: 40-50% of the economically active population.

• Small villages of Autonomous Okrugs: face unemployment rate of 75-80%

• social ills: mortality among indigenous peoples increased by 35.5% in the 1990’s

• young adults at risk: due to injuries and suicides

48

Levels of endangerment (from Krauss 1997)

a the language is spoken by all generations, including all, or nearly all, children

a- the language is learned by all or most childrenb the language is spoken by all adults, parental age and up, but

learned by few or no childrenb- the language is spoken by adults in their thirties and older but not by

younger parentsc the language is spoken only by middle-aged adults and older, in

their forties and upc- all speakers in their fifties and older-d all speakers in their sixties and olderd all speakers in their seventies and olderd- all speakers in their seventies and older, and fewer than 10

speakerse extinct, no speakers

49

Long-term vitalityKrauss 2002 censusa 100% Nonea-b 65.3% Forest Nenets & Tundra Nenets

27.6% Chukchia-c 27.1% Koryak

15.6% Evenki25.7% Northern Sel’kup (all varieties)36.7% Northern Khanty (all varieties)

a?-c 23.1% Even20.2% Ket46.0% Nganasan12.5% Northern Mansi (all varieties)15.6% Kildin Saami (all varieties)

c Naukan, Alyutor, Nanai, Sakhalin Nivkh, Eastern Mansic? Negidal, Ul’chc-d Itel’men, Oroch, Orok, Udihe, Amur Nivkhd Inuit, CIA, Aleut, Kolyma Yukagird- Kerek, Yug, Southern Sel’kup, Akkala-Babinsk-Saamid-e Southern Khanty

50

• Only Nenets is spoken by more than half of its ethnic population

Nenets: 27,206 speakers

(65.9% of population of 41,302)

• Fluency rates of others are shockingly low:

Yupik: 197 speakers

(11.3% of a population of 1750)

Even: 4743 speakers

(24.9% of 19,071)

Evenki: 5335 speakers

(15.0% of 35,527)

51

Constitution of the Russian Federation

Article 681. The Russian language shall be a state language on the whole territory of the Russian Federation.

2. The Republics shall have the right to establish their own state languages. In the bodies of state authority and local self-government, state institutions of the Republics they shall be used together with the state language of the Russian Federation.

3. The Russian Federation shall guarantee to all of its peoples the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development.

52


Article 69

The Russian Federation shall guarantee the rights of the indigenous small peoples according to the universally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation.

53


• the right to use one’s native language is guaranteed as a basic right of all citizens;

•

• Russian is the state language;

• • Republics have the right to establish other

official state languages.

54

Siberia

The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

versus

Evenkija (Evenki Municipal Region), Krasnoyarsk Territory

56

The Languages: Evenki• Tungusic language, agglutinating, left-branching,

SOV, ATR vowel harmony

• Historically, nomadic reindeer herders• Territory larger than any other Siberian people• Ethnic population: 35,257• Speakers: 5335 (15%)

[2002 Russian Census]

57

Sakha/Yakutia Krasnoyarsk Territory

• 3,103,200 km2

• population: 949,280 • 41.15% ethnic

Russians• 45.54% Sakha/Yakuts • 1.92% Evenki

(18,232)• 1.23% Even

• 2,166,086 km2

• population: 3,023,525• 88% Russians• 0.29% Evenki• 0.21% Nenets• 0.08% Sakha (Yakuts)• 0.05% ket

58

Sakha/Yakutia Greenland

• population: 949,280 • 45.54% Sakha/Yakuts• 1.92% Evenki

Krasnoyarsk Territory• population: 3,023,525 • 88% Russian• 0.29% Evenki

• population: 57,564• 88% Inuit

59http://www.npolar.no/ansipra/image/Arctic05.jpg

61

Evenki written language

• 3 basic dialect groups:– Northern hulaki: ‘fox’ ahi ‘woman’

– Southern sulaki: asi– Eastern sulaki: ahi

• morphological differences

• Evenki standard: created in 1930’s• southern dialect as basis; now extinct

63

Evenkija(Evenki Municipal Region)

• Evenki Autonomous District– founded December 1930

– dissolved 31 December 2006

• Evenki Municipal Region, part of Krasnoyarsk Territory since January 2007

• Administrative center: Tura

64


• Tura: population 5616• Krasnoyarsk: population 3,023,525

• Evenki Municipal Region

total population: 16,979

indigenous population: 3029

Evenki population: 2794

65

Krasnoyarsk Territory Evenkija

• 2,166,086 km2

• population: 3,023,525• 88% ethnic Russians• 1.92% Evenki

(18,232)

• 767.60 km2

• 0.03 people/ km2

• Tura: administrative center

• population: 5615• of which, ~1000 Evenki

67

“On the languages of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)”

Article 5

Evenki, Even, Yukagir, Dolgan and Chukchi are recognized as official local languages in regions where these groups live and “are used on a par with the state languages.”

68

Sakha/Yakutia

• indigenous groups which maintain a traditional lifestyle have higher language retention

• boarding school system (historically & today)

69

Law for nomadic schools in the Republic of Sakha

• 22 July 2008• targets: Even, Evenki, Yukaghir, Chukchi• October 2008:

first school opened in Taimyr with

1 teacher, 1 field telephone, 2 laptop computers

70

• government is required:• to update and publish textbooks and other

pedagogical materials

• to create and publish teacher training manuals, not only on language but also on teaching traditional culture.

71

7 different models

Basic types:• preschool in village where children live• combination of traditional schooling in villages &

home schooling by parents• nomadic network schools, moving from one herd

to another; combines with home schooling• private tutor accompanies herds

• theoretically take into account age & levels of children

72

Issues

• Lack of teachers• Lack of teacher training• Lack of pedagogical materials

• Lack of consensus on written language

• Need for more IT resources• Commitment of communities

73

Summary

• Global level: English, climate change

• Extra-national: International policies, organizations

• National: differing government policies

• Regional: regional power or lack thereof; leadership

74

Summary

• Local:

demographics (population density, levels of multilingualism, differing dialects); overall economic stability;

role of formal education;

[traditional] lifestyle;

local-level activism & leadership

1

1

Conference of Professor Lenore Grenoble

University of ChicagoUniversity of Chicago


2

• Cette présentation a fait partie de la Journée de Revitalisation de l’Axe Transversal LED-TDR au sein du Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage le 24 novembre 2009. Les numéros des diapositives de ce présentation sont indiqués en bas à droite sur la vidéo.

• This presentation is part of the Revitalization Day promoted by the LED-TDR Axis at the DDL Laboratory on Novenber 24, 2009. The number on the video’s lower right corner indicates the current slide on the .ppt version.


3

Cliquez pour ajouter un titre

Cliquez pour ajouter un texte

Revitalization in the Arctic: The State of the Art, The State of the State

Lenore A. Grenoble

[email protected]

4

Language Revitalization (in the Arctic & elsewhere)

• All communities are different& there are differences within communities

• Assessment of resources

• Assessment of factors involved in shift (& support for maintenance, or lack of support)

• Setting (realistic) goals

5

Case studies:Siberia and Greenland

7

The case studies

• West Greenlandic, Kalaallisut

• Evenki

in Evenkija, the Evenki Municipal District

in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

9

Arctic Monitoring & Assessment ProjectBoundary

10

How many languages?

• Arctic: 40+• Greenland: 1 (Greenlandic, or Kalaallisut,

but with three main dialects: North, East and West Greenlandic)

• Siberia: 36-40 maybe

11

Assessing vitality

• problem with census data and self-identification

• problems with identifying ethnicity• confusion between language and ethnicity • problem with identifying the “last” speaker

14

The Languages: Kalaallisut

• Inuit-Aleut (Eskimo-Aleut) language, polysynthetic

• Fishers, hunters (sea mammals, caribou, musk ox), still partially subsistence

• Ethnic population: 55,000 in Greenland• Speakers: 50,000 or more in Greenland

(maybe 8000 in Denmark)

15

Greenland

• 2,166,086 km2

• population: 57,564 (2008)

• 88% Inuit

16

16


• Cliquez pour ajouter un plan

18


Journée de Revitalisation LED-TDR

24 Novembre 2009



19



November 24, 2009



20


Journée de Revitalisation AALLED

24 Novembre 2009



21



November 24, 2009



22

Macro-level and micro-levels

1. The global level

2. The extra-national level

3. The national level

4. Regional factors

5. Micro-variables and local variables

(Grenoble & Whaley 1998, 2006)

23

The global level

1. Global language (English)

2. Global warming

3. Global policies & international law

24

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of

Indigenous Peoples

Article 13

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to revitalize, use, develop and transmit to future generations their histories, languages, oral traditions, philosophies, writing systems and literatures, and to designate and retain their own names for communities, places and persons

13 September 2007

25

The extra-national level

1. Extra-national organizations

2. Extra-national policies & laws

3. Climate change

27

Extra-national organizations

1. Arctic Council{& its permanent participants}

1. Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC)2. Russian Association of Indigenous

Peoples of the North (RAIPON)3. Aleut International Association (AIA)4. Arctic Athabaskan Council5. Gwi’chin Council International6. The Saami Council

28

The Salekhard Declaration

26 October 2006 5th Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council

Ministers of the eight Arctic States should “encourage Member States and other parties to support the cultural diversity of the Arctic and especially uphold and revitalize the indigenous languages”

29

The national level

1. Language laws and policies

2. Language planning & education

3. Government support for (or resistance to, or indifference to) revitalization


30

The regional level

1. Language laws and policies (where regions have true legal authority)

2. Language density

3. Population density


31

The local level

• language density• levels of multilingualism• literacy• use of language in different domains• religion• financial resources• human resources: number, age & fluency

of speakers• presence/absence of activist-leaders

32

Greenland

• Extra-national:Danish colonizationICC (and Arctic council)Global warmingGlobal economyEnglish as a global language

• National:Relationship to Denmark

33

Greenland

• 10th c.: Norse settlements

• 1721: Christian mission sent, seen as beginning period of modern colonization

• 1860’s: orthography established, literacy develops

• 1953: official status as colony ends, becomes “official constituency”

34

Greenland

• 1979: Act No. 56 grants Home Rule to Greenland

• passes by 63%• grants significant autonomy, incldg

right to elect own Parliament• Danish & Greenlandic are official

languages• Danish predominates in

administrative settings

35

Greenland

• Home Rule Government creates

Oqaasileriffik, the Greenlandic Language Council

its purview:

Greenland Language Council

Greenland Place Names CommitteeCommittee for Personal Names

36

Greenland

• Referendum for Self Government– passes November 2008 (75% in favor)

NB: 72% of all eligible voters voted– effective 21 June 2009

37

Greenland

• Self Government: distinct people with right to self-determination

• responsibility for legal & judicial systems

• legally tied to Kingdom of Denmark

• Denmark has authority in defense and foreign policy

38

Language

• Kalaallisut (West Greenlandic) is the official language

• Danish: status is official but not primary• English is recommended• Current policy, still being formulated

guarantees all citizens access to language instruction in Kalaallisut, Danish (and maybe English)

39


• Survey data: Greenlanders consider knowledge of their language to be essential to their identity

(Poppel 2009)

Levevilkår i Grønland (6) - Det grønlandske sprog – en status ved

Selvstyrets indførelse. Sermitsiaq 14 July 2009.


40

Issues• insufficient proficiency in Greenlandic (among

Danes)• insufficient proficiency in Danish (among Inuit)• problems of adult learners (+small workforce)• need for pedagogical materials• need for higher education in Greenland

– University of Greenland: no hard sciences– Technical Institute in Sisimiut

41



42

Languages of the North, Siberia and the Far East

43


• Russian-Siberian contact for centuries• long-standing multilingualism • 1917: “small-numbered” languages (less

than 50,000) largely undescribed • Bolshevik govt: sent linguists to region to

create orthographies & standardize written languages

• Part of Bolshevik education campaign

44


• By and large, written forms of these languages never caught on

45

• The indigenous peoples of the Russian North = 2% of the entire northern Russian population, numbering approx. 200,000, 40 different ethnic groups

• most numerous: Nenets; least numerous Enets (209) and Orok (109)

{census: Enets: 236; Orok: 346}

46

• subsistence area of the indigenous peoples = ~ 60% of the overall territory of the Russian Federation

• The indigenous people of the Russian North have depended on traditional hunting, fishing, and gathering for thousands of years and, for several hundred years, on reindeer herding.

47

• between 1990 and 2000, number of indigenous people employed on northern livestock farms, as well as in hunting and fishing, fell by 37%

• rate of unemployment in indigenous settlements: 40-50% of the economically active population.

• Small villages of Autonomous Okrugs: face unemployment rate of 75-80%

• social ills: mortality among indigenous peoples increased by 35.5% in the 1990’s

• young adults at risk: due to injuries and suicides

48

Levels of endangerment (from Krauss 1997)

a the language is spoken by all generations, including all, or nearly all, children

a- the language is learned by all or most childrenb the language is spoken by all adults, parental age and up, but

learned by few or no childrenb- the language is spoken by adults in their thirties and older but not by

younger parentsc the language is spoken only by middle-aged adults and older, in

their forties and upc- all speakers in their fifties and older-d all speakers in their sixties and olderd all speakers in their seventies and olderd- all speakers in their seventies and older, and fewer than 10

speakerse extinct, no speakers

49

Long-term vitalityKrauss 2002 censusa 100% Nonea-b 65.3% Forest Nenets & Tundra Nenets

27.6% Chukchia-c 27.1% Koryak

15.6% Evenki25.7% Northern Sel’kup (all varieties)36.7% Northern Khanty (all varieties)

a?-c 23.1% Even20.2% Ket46.0% Nganasan12.5% Northern Mansi (all varieties)15.6% Kildin Saami (all varieties)

c Naukan, Alyutor, Nanai, Sakhalin Nivkh, Eastern Mansic? Negidal, Ul’chc-d Itel’men, Oroch, Orok, Udihe, Amur Nivkhd Inuit, CIA, Aleut, Kolyma Yukagird- Kerek, Yug, Southern Sel’kup, Akkala-Babinsk-Saamid-e Southern Khanty

50

• Only Nenets is spoken by more than half of its ethnic population

Nenets: 27,206 speakers

(65.9% of population of 41,302)

• Fluency rates of others are shockingly low:

Yupik: 197 speakers

(11.3% of a population of 1750)

Even: 4743 speakers

(24.9% of 19,071)

Evenki: 5335 speakers

(15.0% of 35,527)

51


Article 681. The Russian language shall be a state language on the whole territory of the Russian Federation.

2. The Republics shall have the right to establish their own state languages. In the bodies of state authority and local self-government, state institutions of the Republics they shall be used together with the state language of the Russian Federation.

3. The Russian Federation shall guarantee to all of its peoples the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development.

52


Article 69

The Russian Federation shall guarantee the rights of the indigenous small peoples according to the universally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation.

53


• the right to use one’s native language is guaranteed as a basic right of all citizens;

• • Russian is the state language;•

• Republics have the right to establish other official state languages.

54

Siberia

The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

versus

Evenkija (Evenki Municipal Region), Krasnoyarsk Territory

56

The Languages: Evenki• Tungusic language, agglutinating, left-branching,

SOV, ATR vowel harmony

• Historically, nomadic reindeer herders• Territory larger than any other Siberian people• Ethnic population: 35,257• Speakers: 5335 (15%)

[2002 Russian Census]

57

Sakha/Yakutia Krasnoyarsk Territory

• 3,103,200 km2

• population: 949,280 • 41.15% ethnic

Russians• 45.54% Sakha/Yakuts • 1.92% Evenki

(18,232)• 1.23% Even

• 2,166,086 km2

• population: 3,023,525• 88% Russians• 0.29% Evenki• 0.21% Nenets• 0.08% Sakha (Yakuts)• 0.05% ket

58

Sakha/Yakutia Greenland

• population: 949,280 • 45.54% Sakha/Yakuts• 1.92% Evenki

Krasnoyarsk Territory• population: 3,023,525 • 88% Russian• 0.29% Evenki

• population: 57,564• 88% Inuit

59http://www.npolar.no/ansipra/image/Arctic05.jpg

61

Evenki written language

• 3 basic dialect groups:– Northern hulaki: ‘fox’ ahi ‘woman’– Southern sulaki: asi– Eastern sulaki: ahi

• morphological differences• Evenki standard: created in 1930’s• southern dialect as basis; now extinct

63


• Evenki Autonomous District– founded December 1930– dissolved 31 December 2006

• Evenki Municipal Region, part of Krasnoyarsk Territory since January 2007

• Administrative center: Tura

64


• Tura: population 5616• Krasnoyarsk: population 3,023,525

• Evenki Municipal Region

total population: 16,979

indigenous population: 3029

Evenki population: 2794

65

Krasnoyarsk Territory Evenkija

• 2,166,086 km2

• population: 3,023,525• 88% ethnic Russians• 1.92% Evenki

(18,232)

• 767.60 km2

• 0.03 people/ km2

• Tura: administrative center

• population: 5615• of which, ~1000 Evenki

66



67

“On the languages of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)”

Article 5

Evenki, Even, Yukagir, Dolgan and Chukchi are recognized as official local languages in regions where these groups live and “are used on a par with the state languages.”

68

Sakha/Yakutia

• indigenous groups which maintain a traditional lifestyle have higher language retention

• boarding school system (historically & today)

69

Law for nomadic schools in the Republic of Sakha

• 22 July 2008• targets: Even, Evenki, Yukaghir, Chukchi• October 2008:

first school opened in Taimyr with

1 teacher, 1 field telephone, 2 laptop computers

70


• government is required:• to update and publish textbooks and other

pedagogical materials• to create and publish teacher training

manuals, not only on language but also on teaching traditional culture.

71

7 different models

Basic types:• preschool in village where children live• combination of traditional schooling in villages &

home schooling by parents• nomadic network schools, moving from one herd

to another; combines with home schooling• private tutor accompanies herds

• theoretically take into account age & levels of children

72

Issues

• Lack of teachers• Lack of teacher training• Lack of pedagogical materials

• Lack of consensus on written language• Need for more IT resources• Commitment of communities

73

Summary

• Global level: English, climate change

• Extra-national: International policies, organizations

• National: differing government policies

• Regional: regional power or lack thereof; leadership

74

Summary

• Local:

demographics (population density, levels of multilingualism, differing dialects); overall economic stability;

role of formal education;

[traditional] lifestyle;

local-level activism & leadership

75



conference of professor lenore grenoble -...

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