polish soil classification, 6th edition – principles...

71Polish Soil Classification, 6th edition – principles, classification scheme and correlationsSOIL SCIENCE ANNUALVol. 70 No. 2/2019: 71–97

DOI: 10.2478/ssa-2019-0009

http://ssa.ptg.sggw.pl/issues/2019/702* prof. dr hab. Cezary Kaba³a, e-mail: [email protected] No: +48 71 3201943

CEZARY KABA£A1*, PRZEMYS£AW CHARZYÑSKI2, JACEK CHODOROWSKI3,MAREK DREWNIK4, BART£OMIEJ GLINA5, ANDRZEJ GREINERT6, PIOTR HULISZ2,MICHA£ JANKOWSKI2, JERZY JONCZAK7, BEATA £ABAZ1, ANDRZEJ £ACHACZ8,

MARIAN MARZEC9, £UKASZ MENDYK5, PRZEMYS£AW MUSIA£10, £UKASZ MUSIELOK4,BO¯ENA SMRECZAK11, PAWE£ SOWIÑSKI8, MARCIN ŒWITONIAK2, £UKASZ UZAROWICZ7,

JAROS£AW WAROSZEWSKI1

1 Wroc³aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Protectionul. Grunwaldzka 53, 50-375 Wroc³aw, Poland

2 Nicolai Copernicus University in Toruñ, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Department of Soil Science and Landscape Managementul. Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruñ, Poland

3 Maria Curie-Sk³odowska University in Lublin, Department of Geology and Soil Science, ul. Kraœnicka 2cd,20-718 Lublin, Poland

4 Jagiellonian University, Institute of Geography and Spatial Management, Department of Pedology and Soil Geographyul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland

5 Poznañ University of Life Sciences, Department of Soil Science and Land Protectionul. Szyd³owska 50, 60-656 Poznañ, Poland

6 University of Zielona Góra, Institute of Environmental Engineeringul. Szafrana 15, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland

7 Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Department of Soil Environment Sciences,ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland

8 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Soil Science and Land ReclamationPlac £ódzki 3, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland

9 Bureau for Forest Management and Geodesyul. Piastowska 9, 49-300 Brzeg, Poland

10 Bureau for Forest Management and Geodesyul. Leœników 21, Sêkocin Stary, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland

11 Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivationul. Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pu³awy, Poland

Polish Soil Classification, 6th edition – principles, classificationscheme and correlations

Abstract: The sixth edition of the Polish Soil Classification (SGP6) aims to maintain soil classification in Poland as a modernscientific system that reflects current scientific knowledge, understanding of soil functions and the practical requirements ofsociety. SGP6 continues the tradition of previous editions elaborated upon by the Soil Science Society of Poland in consistentapplication of quantitatively characterized diagnostic horizons, properties and materials; however, clearly referring to soil genesis.The present need to involve and name the soils created or naturally developed under increasing human impact has led to moderni-zation of the soil definition. Thus, in SGP6, soil is defined as the surface part of the lithosphere or the accumulation of mineral andorganic materials permanently connected to the lithosphere (through buildings or permanent constructions), coming from weathe-ring or accumulation processes, originated naturally or anthropogenically, subject to transformation under the influence of soil-forming factors, and able to supply living organisms with water and nutrients. SGP6 distinguishes three hierarchical categories:soil order (nine in total), soil type (basic classification unit; 30 in total) and soil subtype (183 units derived from 62 uniquedefinitions; listed hierarchically, separately in each soil type), supplemented by three non-hierarchical categories: soil variety(additional pedogenic or lithogenic features), soil genus (lithology/parent material) and soil species (soil texture). Non-hierarchi-cal units have universal definitions that allow their application in various orders/types, if all defined requirements are met. Thepaper explains the principles, classification scheme and rules of SGP6, including the key to soil orders and types, explaining therelationships between diagnostic horizons, materials and properties distinguished in SGP6 and in the recent edition of WRBsystem as well as discussing the correlation of classification units between SGP6, WRB and Soil Taxonomy.

Keywords: soil classification, soil order, soil type, soil origin, World Reference Base, Soil Taxonomy

72 CEZARY KABA£A et al.

INTRODUCTION

Transformation of soils, progress in soil scienceand changing socio-economic conditions are majordriving forces for the changes in soil classification, ifthe classification is to be understood as a modernreflection of current knowledge about soils and theirfunctions in the natural environment and for humanlife (Arnold 2002). Therefore, every classification ofsoils, including the Polish Soil Classification, must beregularly verified and improved (Brevik et al. 2016).At the same time, it should not be forgotten that theclassification system, and in particular the terminolo-gy used, reflects local scientific traditions, which sho-uld not be abandoned hastily (Krasilnikov et al. 2009).The sixth edition of the Polish Soil Classification(Systematyka gleb Polski 2019, later cited in anabbreviated form as SGP6), developed by the Com-mission for Soil Genesis, Classification andCartography of the Soil Science Society of Poland,attempts to fulfill the abovementioned mission andexpectations of different groups of professional users.SGP6 continues the tradition of previous editions ofsoil classification, in particular its fifth edition(Systematyka gleb Polski 2011), in the aspect ofconsistent application of precisely and quantitativelycharacterized diagnostic horizons, properties andmaterials. Quantitative clarification and digitizationof classification criteria do not mean giving up thetraditions of genetically oriented soil science. Allclassification units in SGP6 were determined inaccordance with their genesis; some were evenintentionally separated to emphasize the impact ofvarious pathways of soil development (soil-formingprocesses) on their present morphology, properties andfunctions, even if it is not explicitly stated in theclassification criteria.

The aim of this paper is to explain the principlesand classification scheme of the Polish Soil Classifi-cation, 6th edition (Systematyka gleb Polski 2019). Thecorrelations of diagnostic horizons, materials andproperties as well as classification units at variouslevels with WRB (IUSS Working Group WRB 2015,later cited in an abbreviated form as WRB2015) andSoil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff 2014, cited in anabbreviated form as ST2014) is also given andbriefly explained to indicate the close relationshipsbetween modern Polish soil classification and majorinternational systems.

THE OBJECT OF CLASSIFICATION

The soil definition often depends on the require-ments for which this definition and related classifica-

tion are made (Ibanez and Boixadera 2002). For manyexperts, the concept of soil was defined through theneeds of agricultural and forest productivity (i.e. theusefulness for growing plants). Another perspectivecomes from an ecological approach, where soil can bea basis for every ecosystem, both naturally developedand human made, including those ecosystems consi-dered unproductive or degraded (Jankowski andBednarek 2000, Krupski et al. 2017, Musielok et al.2018). Based on an ecological approach, it is verydifficult, if at all possible, to determine the minimumsoil contour area (or soil volume), if only cubiccentimeters or decimeters of regolith accumulated ina rock crevice may create the basis for unique naturalecosystems (Miechówka and Drewnik 2018; Skiba andKomornicki 1983). In this context, questions areincreasingly asked about the soils of ecosystemsartificially created by humans or created by naturalforces in an environment that has been substantiallyaltered or created by man; for example, soils of roador railway embankments, earth covers on bunkers andother constructions, on green roofs, in niches onbuildings and ruins filled with "anthropogenic rego-lith" etc. (Charzyñski et al. 2013a, 2013b, 2015; Uza-rowicz et al. 2017, 2018). In all these ecosystems,there are similar minerals that build natural soils,similar microorganisms enabling the circulation ofmatter and energy flow typical for soils, as well asenabling plant growth and soil fauna occurrence.Therefore, these are soils that build self-functioningecosystems and which are relatively stable in time andspace. However, not each accumulation of soilmaterial lasts and functions as described above; forexample, an earthy material accidentally accumulatedon tractor wheels and on agricultural machinery orgrowing substrate on greenhouse benches (tables)or in pots on the windowsill. Therefore, in the PolishSoil Classification (SGP6), soil is defined as thesurface part of the lithosphere or the accumulationof mineral and organic materials permanently connectedto the lithosphere by buildings or permanent construc-tions, coming from weathering or accumulationprocesses, originated naturally or anthropogenically,subject to transformation under the influence ofsoil-forming factors, and able to supply the livingorganisms with water and nutrients.

DIAGNOSTIC HORIZONS,MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES

The Polish Soil Classification, since its fourthedition (1989), is based on soil features, being thecombined results of soil-forming factors and processes,defined in terms of diagnostic horizons, diagnostic

73Polish Soil Classification, 6th edition – principles, classification scheme and correlations

materials and diagnostic properties, all of which tothe highest possible extent should be observable andmeasurable in the field. General concepts anddetailed criteria for many diagnostic horizons/mate-rials/properties are taken from WRB2015. However,original Polish concepts, not reflected in an interna-tional soil classification, or local specific features ofsoil cover have led to adding a number of uniquediagnostic horizons/materials and changing detailedcriteria in the original definitions of many others. Toavoid misunderstanding and incorrect classification(correlation), the names of all diagnostic horizons, ma-terials and properties have changed spelling, mainlyby replacing the standard ending "-ic" with "ik".All diagnostic horizons, materials and propertiesdefined in Polish Soil Classification, along with briefexplanation of their relationships with WRB2015, arelisted in tables 1–3.

The criteria for diagnostic horizons/materials/pro-perties generally are not fully disjunctive; however,horizons that have similar characteristics differ in atleast one disjunctive, restrictive or exclusive criterion,which refers to the specific impacts of pedogenic factorsor processes, creating a unique theoretical basis for agiven diagnostic horizon. A separate key to diagnostichorizons has not been prepared, but the general key tosoil orders and soil types (table 4) clearly indicatesthe order of analysis/elimination of diagnostichorizons, i.e. suggests which criteria should be takeninto account first. In a case of humus-rich dark-colo-ured topsoil horizon this means for example, that firstto be checked are the criteria for histik/murszik/folikhorizons (the order of organic soils is placed firstin the key), then for hortik/antrik (anthropogenic soilsare placed on the second position in the key) andfinally for arenimurszik/mollik/umbrik. Similarly, in

6PGS 5102BRWotnoitaleR

kibla rofekilairetirc;tnelaviuqeon lairetamcibla :)noitazilozdopfotluser(noitelpedsumuhdnalA,eFotsrefer; 5≥ fo%0ssenkciht;sgnitaocsumuh)-eF(foeerfsniargdnas ≥1 mc

kirtna rofekilairetirc;tnelaviuqeon seitreporpcirhtna tea³abaK(stset3hcilheMdnadicacirticotreferstimilsurohpsohp;ssenkciht;)8102.la ≥ mc03

kizsruminera rofekilairetirc;tnelaviuqeon cirbmu/cillom kaewdnaerutxetydnastub,)ruoloc,tnetnocnobraccinagro,ssenkciht(rettamcinagrofoselcitrapdnanoitcarflarenimfognidnib ≥( cinagro;sgnitaocsumuhonsahselcitrapdnasfo%01

)gnihguolp(gniximdnaeganiardybdevirednetfo;)etatsyrdnignidnirgliostasniargdnasmorfsetarapesylisaerettamfo kizsrum/kitsih )6102a³abaKdnazaba£(liosbusydnasgniylrednuhtiwsnoziroh

kigra deriuqer;)sgnitaocyalcelbisivtuohtiwnoitaitnereffiderutxet(b2noiretircgnidulcxe,cigraekil ≥ yalc%02sgnitaoc/gnigdirb

kiwule rofekilairetirc;tnelaviuqeon lairetamcibla eerfselcitrapdnas:)egavissel/noitaivulefotluser(noitelpedyalcotsrefer;;nozirohgniylrednuotderapmoctnetnocyalcrewol,setagreggelarutcurtsnosgnitaocon,segdirbdnasgnitaocyalcfo

ssenkciht ≥ mc1

kilof ekil cilof

kitsih ekil citsih tub, cinagro lairetam seriuqer ≥ nobraccinagrofo%21

kitroh ekil citroh ssenkcihtderiuqertub, ≥ Hpderiuqerdnamc03 w ≥ noitarutasesabfodaetsni(5.5 ≥ surohpsohp;)%05)8102,.latea³abaK(stset3hcilheMdnaneslOotreferstimil

kiclak ekil ciclac OCaCfoecnereffidevitaler(b2airetircgnidulcxe, 3 dna)reyalgniylrednuotnosirapmocnitnetnoc)ciclacortep(3

kibmak ekil cibmac dewollasisgnitaoc/segdirbyalcfoecneserpregral;dedulcxeerasessalcerutxetydnastub,)kigraotyratnemelpmoc,%02<(

killom ekil cillom ssenkcihtderiuqertub, ≥ Hpderiuqerdnamc03 w ≥ noitarutasesabfodaetsni(5.5 ≥ )%05

kizsrum rofekilairetirc;tnelaviuqeon citsih rofekilstnemeriuqerlanoitiddahtiwnoziroh cihsrum taepotsrefer;reifilauq)tnempolevederutcurtsdnanoitacifimuhgnidulcni(noitamrofsnartcinegodeprehtrufdnaeganiardoteudnoitadarged

kibur airetirc;nigirotnereffidfosretawdnuorgfotcatnocehttanoitatipicerpecafrusbus)nM+(eFotsrefer;tnelaviuqeonotralimis cibur amorhcdna)lairetamtnerapnahtredderdna(RY5.7nahtreddereuhtub,reifilauq ≥ ssenkciht;5 ≥ mc51

kiredis oteugolananaderedisnoc;tnelaviuqeon cibmac rofekilairetirc(sessalcerutxetydnasnidepolevedtub,nozirohcinurb amorhcdna6–4eulav,RY01roRY5.7sruolocllesnuMa;)reifilauq ≥ lairetamtnerapfi(deriuqereratsiom3

,sruolocdenoitnemevobasah kiredis tnerapnahteulavruolocrewolro/dnaamorhcrehgihro/dnaeuhreddersahssenkciht;)lairetam 51≥ mc

kidops ekil cidops

kirbmu ekil cirbmu ssenkcihtderiuqertub, ≥ Hpdnamc03 w )%05<noitarutasesabfodaetsni(5.5< )8102zaba£dnaa³abaK(

kitrew ekil citrev

TABLE 1. The relationships between diagnostic horizons in Polish Soil Classification (SGP6) and WRB2015


6PGS hsilgnEnoitalsnart

5102BRWotnoitaleR

napigarf napigarf rofekil cigarf stnemeriuqerssenkcihtontub,noziroh

anarbmemoeg enarbmemoeg roelbaemrepmi,sreyalliosgnidividroecafrusliosgnirevocenarbmemcitehtnys;tnelaviuqeonsagdnaretawotelbaemrepyldrah

eikobê³geinazseimyw

gniximpeed (peed;tnelaviuqeon ≥ fostnemgarf,noitanozirohliosfonoitcurtsed(sliosfognixim)mc05,)gnihguolp(noitavitlucpeedyrev)1(oteud,).cteeliforpliosnihtiwdetacolsnartsnoziroh

detaveletonyllacipytecafruslios;yradnuobrewolprahs;skrownoitcurtsnoc)2(ro

ellemal eallemal rofekil cillemal tnemeriuqerepytbusotdevomairetircssenkcihttub,reifilauq

a³aksatil suounitnockcor

ekil kcorsuounitnoc noitcesssorcehtfo%5<ypuccoskcarctub,

awtsrawatilanzcinegonhcet

cinegonhcetreyaldrah

ekil lairetamdrahcinhcet

æœo³g¹iceinanzcinegotil

cinegohtilytiunitnocsid

ekil ytiunitnocsidcihtil laivullocdnalaivullamorfgnitlusernoitaitnereffidlarutxettub,dedulcxesinoitatnemides

nytzsro nietstro ekil cinietstro reifilauq

kicalp cicalp ekil cicalp eifilauq

awoinradadur norigob rofekil cirref )selttom(a1airetircdnaemulovreyalafo%02>mrofseludon-nM-eFtub,nozirohotsnoitaler(2dna cihtnilp deredisnoctonera)

icœowicœa³wewojelg-owotnurg

ciyelgseitreporp

ekil iyelg seitreporpc

icœowicœa³wewojelg-owodapo

cingatsseitreporp

ekil cingats seitreporp

einelosaz ytinilas rofekil;tnelaviuqeon cilas CEderiuqertub,noziroh e ≥ mSd4 1– Hpdna, e RASdna,5.8< e < 31%51<PSEro

einelosaz¹jcakifydosz

htiwytinilasnoitacifidos

rofekil;tnelaviuqeon cilas CEderiuqertub,noziroh e ≥ mSd4 1– Hpdna, e ≥ RASdna,5.8 e ≥ 31PSEro %51≥

ajcakifydos noitacifidos rofekil;tnelaviuqeon cilas CEderiuqertub,noziroh e mSd4< 1– Hpdna, e RASdna,5.8< e ≥ 31PSEro ≥ %51

æœowokeicazanlaiwule

laivulegniugnot

ekil citer gnidulcni(seitreporp eassolgcivulebla )

einezsawkazewonazcrais

etaflusnoitacifidica

rofekil cinoiht deificepserasnoitalumuccasuounitnocsidfosruolocyllanoitiddatub,nozirohamorhcdnawolleyeromroY5.2euh( ≥ )6

TABLE 2. The relationships between diagnostic properties in SGP6 and WRB 2015

6PGS hsilgnEnoitalsnart

5102BRWotnoitaleR

³airetamynzcinagro

cinagrolairetam

ekil lairetamcinagro rofretawhtiwdetarutasslairetamnitub, ≥ tsomnisyadevitucesnoc03,deniardro,sraey ≥ C%21 gro syad03<rofretawhtiwdetarutasslairetamnielihw,deriuqersi

≥ C%02 gro deriuqersi

³airetamynlarenim

larenimlairetam

ekil lairetamlarenim rofretawhtiwdetarutasslairetamnitub, ≥ tsomnisyadevitucesnoc03C%21<sraey gro sraeytsomnisyad03<rofretawhtiwdetarutasslairetamnidnaderiuqersi

deriuqersigroC%02<

)staep(yfrot

yworbiffrot taepcirbif rofekileussittnalpelbazingocerrofairetirc cirbif nideificepsairetirchtped/ssenkciht,reifilauqsnoitinifedepytbus

ywomehfrot taepcimeh rofekileussittnalpelbazingocerrofairetirc cimeh nideificepsairetirchtped/ssenkciht,reifilauqnoitinifedepytbus

yworpasfrot taepcirpas rofekileussittnalpelbazingocerrofairetirc cirpas nideificepsairetirchtped/ssenkciht,reifilauqsnoitinifedepytbus

)slairetamcinmil(enzcinmily³airetam

anzcinagroaityg ajttygcinagro rofairetirclarenegehtsteem;tnelaviuqeon slairetamcinmil sniatnoc, ≥ nobraccinagrofo%21OCaCfo%02<dna 3 gniebretfaepahsotnikcabgnirpsotelba(etatstsiomanitneiliser;

sganiardretfasenalplatnozirohgnolagnikcarc;)desserpmoc

TABLE 3. The relationships between diagnostic materials in SGP6 and WRB 2015


case of subsurface diagnostic B horizons, the order ofanalysis/elimination, related to the key to soil ordersand types, is as follows: spodik, rubik, siderik, kambik.

One of crucial differences between SGP6 andWRB2015 is the required organic carbon content inthe organic materials. In soils saturated with waterfor >30 consecutive days in most years (or drained)≥12% of organic carbon was established at a suffi-ciently high to enable ecosystem services typical fororganic soils (Piaœcik and £achacz 1990). In soilssaturated for less than 30 consecutive days per year,the required organic carbon content is ≥20%, similarto that for WRB2015 (table 3). This difference influ-

ences the definition of the histik horizon (table 1) andsoil allocation to order and type in the key, in parti-cular the distinction between Histosols and HisticGleysols (table 4). The other differences in diagnostichorizons are as follows:– the mollik and umbrik (and also antrik and areni-

murszik) horizons must be ≥30 cm thick (com-pared to ≥20 cm in WRB2015) that prevents aninvolvement of many normally ploughed soils intochernozemic soils,

– the argik horizon requires higher content of claycoatings/bridgings (≥20% instead of ≥5% inWRB2015) that also influences the wider reco-

awonalgêwaityg suoeraclacajttyg

rofairetirclarenegehtsteem;tnelaviuqeon slairetamcinmil sniatnoc, ≥ nobraccinagrofo%21dna ≥ OCaCfo%02 3 retfasenalplatnozirohgnolagnikcarc;etatstsiomaniecneiliserkaew;

eganiard

ywok¹³ñeipaw wodaemenotsemil

)lram(

rofairetirclarenegehtsteem;tnelaviuqeon slairetamcinmil nobraccinagrofo%21<sniatnoc,dna ≥ OCaCfo%02 3

ynzcytenmil³um enirtsucaldum

sekalwollahs,sdnopnidetnemides–)taepyratnemides(lairetamcinmilotralimis;tnelaviuqeonsniatnoc;.cte ≥ niatnocyamtubreifilauqcirpasfoairetircehtsteem,nobraccinagrofo%21

roflacipytecneiliserfosecnediveon,seudisertnalpdesopmocednufosreyal/sesnel ajttyg

ynzcytamlet³um dumcitamlet tewdedoolfyllanosaesnidetnemides–)taepyratnemides(lairetamcinmilotralimis;tnelaviuqeonfoairetircehtsteem,nobraccinagrofo%52–21sniatnoc;syellav cirpas ehtgnidulcxereifilauq

eulavruoloc,stnemgarfdoowdnastoor ≥ amorhcdna2 ≥ ylisaesniatnocyllacipyt,tsiom2lacipytecneiliserfosecnediveon,snoitcarflarenimfo).ctesesnel,sreyal(erutximdaelbazingocer

rof ajttyg

)slairetamcinegohportna(enzcinegoportnay³airetam

ytkafetra stcafetra ekil stcafetra neewtebedamsinoitcnitsidlanoitidda; stcafetralamron dna stcafetraevitcaersetsawgninim,sgniliat,gninrublaocdnagnitlemslatemmorfgalsdnahsa,emilnoitcurtsnoc(

yrtsudnilacimehc,setsawyrtsimehcortep,muspygohpsohp,ruflusevitandnasediflusgniniatnoc).ctesenob,setsaw

³airetamikobê³gynapysan

paehkcihtlairetam

lateleksniatnocyam(lairetamnehtrae,esool;reifilauqcitropsnartotralimistub,tnelaviuqeonfo%02<gnivah,)noitcarf stcafetra fo%01<ro( stcafetraevitcaer yllanoitnetninagnimrof,)

reyaldetcurtsnoc ≥ eht;)gnillifnidnuorg-wolebropaehdnuorg-evobanarehtie(kcihtmc05gniylrednuotyradnuobtcnitsidroprahs:deriuqersignipaehlanoitnetnifonoisserpxegniwollof

smrofro,)elbburnoitcurtsnocrohsa.g.e(stcafetrasniatnoclairetamgniylrednuro,lairetamevitan).cte,tnemknabme(dnuoma ≥ hgihmc051

)slairetamlarenimrehto(enlarenimy³airetamenni

³airetamynlaiwuled

laivulloclairetam

teehs(hsawepolsfoesruocnidetalumuccastnemidesotdetimiltub,lairetamcivullocekillaivulf,nailoenasallewsa(dedulcxeerastnemevomssamrehtodnasedilsdnalsaerehw,)noisore

eranoitalumuccadnahsawepolsfosecnedivegniwollofeht)a(;)noitalumuccacinegoporhtnadnacinagrodeirubro,).cteteltuoenivar,partnoitalumucca,epolstoof(noitacolelbaruovaf:deriuqer

ro,reyalsumuhro ytiunitnocsidcinegohtil foeromroeno)b(dna;liosevitanhtiwtcatnocehtnita(tnetnocnobraccinagronisegnahclacitrevralugerri:deriuqersigniwollofeht ≥ cinagro%2.0

(nobraccinagrofotnetnocsuoenegomohro,)sreyalehtfoenotsaeltaninobrac ≥ )%2.0ronoitacifitartsro,nozirohsumuhrocinagrodeirubseilrevotahtreyalehttuohguorht

tneserperaserutcurtsnoitatnemides

ynlaiwulf³airetam lairetamcivulf ekil civulf lairetam

³airetamywoteleikzsoburg

citeleks-esraoclairetam

%53>sahdna)retemaidnimm2>(stnemgarflateleksfo).lov(%06>sniatnoc;tnelaviuqeonstnemgarfkcorresraocrosenotsfo).lov(

³airetamywokzcrais

cidifluslairetam

cinagroniehtdna,deriuqersigniggolretawtnenamreprolanosaestub,lairetamcidiflusrepyhekilrufluslatototnobraccinagrofooitarahtiwdecalpersitnetnocrufluscidiflus ≥ 02

Table 3 continued


gnition of kambik horizon and enables a transitio-nal form of kambik with more prominent clay illuvia-tion (Bwt horizon),

– the albik and eluwik horizons are distinguishedinstead of albic materials (WRB2015) to reflectpedogenic depletion of Fe/Al/humus and clayfraction in these horizons, respectively,

– the murszik horizon is (traditionally in Poland)separately distinguished from histik to reflectpedogenic transformation after drainage, includingthe development of pedogenic structure in organichorizons (Marcinek and Spychalski 1998; Piaœcikand Gotkiewicz 2004; Piaœcik and £achacz 1990;Rz¹sa 1963),

– the arenimurszik horizon is a kind of mineral, sand-textured mollik or umbrik horizons, separatelydistinguished to reflect very weak binding oforganic matter particles to mineral (sand) grains intopsoil layers developed mostly by advanceddegradation of murszik horizons (£abaz and Kabala2016),

– rubik horizon is a kind of subsurface horizon ofFe (and Mn) accumulation at the contact of vario-us kinds of ground waters, featured by red colours(Jankowski 2013),

– siderik is considered the sandy equivalent for thekambik horizon; it may be easily correlated witha Brunic qualifier in WRB2015 (Bednarek 1991).Many diagnostic properties distinguished in SGP6

(table 2) have the same or very similar definitions totheir equivalents in WRB2015, in particular stagnicand gleyic properties. A number of properties in SGP6have in WRB2015 close equivalents in diagnosticmaterials (e.g. lita ska³a/continuous rock, litawarstwa technogeniczna/technic hard material),or in diagnostic horizons (e.g. ruda darniowa/ferric(Czerwiñski and Kaczorek 1996), fragipan/fragic(Szymañski et al. 2011), zasolenie/salic, zakwasze-nie siarczanowe/thionic (Hulisz 2007, Hulisz et al.2017)), or in qualifiers (lamellic, ortsteinic, placic).SGP6 provides unique definitions for geomembraneand deep mixing (in situ), both applied to classify thetechno-genic soils (table 2). Also, numerous specificdiagnostic materials, besides the materials similarto those present in WRB2015 (table 4), are distingu-ished in SGP6:– the terms fibrik, hemik and saprik are applied to

peats only as for primary organic materials,– gyttja (£achacz et al. 2009), lacustrine and

telmatic organic muds (Kalisz and £achacz 2008;Mendyk et al. 2015, Okruszko 1969, Roj-Rojew-ski and Walasek 2013), and meadow limestone/marl(Jarnuszewski and Meller 2018) are distinguishedamong limnic matterials,

– thick heap material (g³êboki materia³ nasypany)is a soil layer ≥50 cm thick, poor in artefacts,intentionally displaced/transported to create theconvex relief form (e.g. dam, road/railway embank-ment etc.), or to fulfil the concave form, or to levelthe ground surface (Charzyñski et al. 2013b),

– artefacts have been distinguished into "normal"(for example concrete and stones) and "reactive"(e.g. ash, slag, tailings), to reflect their differentreactivity and toxicity in soil environments(Charzyñski et al. 2013a, Uzarowicz et al. 2017),

– coarse skeletic material reflects the specificcomposition of many mountain soils, influenced byweathering, denudation and slope processes (Drew-nik 2008, Kacprzak et al. 2006, 2013; Skiba andKomornicki 1983),

– colluvial material (materia³ deluwialny) hasa definition related to the results of surface wash(sheet erosion) accelerated mainly by humans (dueto removal of native vegetation and ploughing) andnot to the landslides, creep and other slope massmovement/wasting (Œwitoniak 2014, 2015).

CLASSIFICATION SCHEME

The SGP6 is a scientific system of soil units'allocation, hierarchical at the higher level of classifi-cation, and non-hierarchical (optional) at a lowerlevel. There are three hierarchical categories in SGP6:soil order, soil type and soil subtype, supplemented bythree non-hierarchical categories: soil variety, soilgenus and soil species. Hierarchical units have a strictaffiliation (allocation) to higher-order units and indi-vidual (unique) definitions, i.e. sets of requirements/criteria. Non-hierarchical units, on the other hand, arein the majority not assigned to particular higher-order units, but due to their universal definitions, theycan be added to any order, type or subtype, if all thecriteria listed in their definitions are met. Soil subtypeshave an intermediate position, because on one handthey are listed in a hierarchical sequence, exclusivefor each soil type, but many subtypes have universaldefinitions, identical through the classification (thatmake them similar to the principal qualifiers in WRB2015, which also are hierarchically listed within eachReference Soil Group, but have universal definitions/criteria).

Soil type is the basic classification unit of SGP6.It is distinguished based on a specific sequence ofgenetic horizons, developed from a specific parentmaterial and under specific environmental conditions.Thus, the soil type is featured not only by the presenceof certain genetic or diagnostic horizons, but also thepresence of associated properties or materials of


primary importance for the soil origin and the uniqu-eness of its physicochemical and biologicalproperties. For distinguishing soil types, the traditionsof Polish pedology have high importance.

The highest classification category is the soilorder. It is distinguished based on the presence (orabsence) of diagnostic horizons that reflect theaction of particular soil-forming processes thattransform the original parent material under specificenvironmental conditions, with a smaller or largerhuman contribution; taking into account the timeperspective, i.e. the duration of pedogenic processesfrom the exposure, deposition or redeposition of theparent material. Soil orders are sets of soil types(basic classification units) and are distinguishedmainly for systematic ordering of soil units andhigher clarity of classification, as well as for acomprehensive review of the impact of main soil-forming factors and processes on the soil coverstructure in Poland. Technically, the soil orderssupport rapid allocation of soils under classificationto appropriate classification units. The limitednumber of nine orders makes it easy to remember thestructure of classification and to understand thefundamental differences between the major classi-fication units. First of all, however, the soil orders, asa collective and the highest classification categories,indicate the priorities of classification system,particularly useful where more than one diagnostic

horizon or various diagnostic properties and materialsare simultaneously present in the soil profile. ThePolish Soil Classification (SGP6) distinguishes 30 soiltypes grouped in nine orders (fig., tables 4–5). Thesequence of soil orders is retained after earlierversions of Polish Soil Classfications, i.e. starts withweakly developed soils, followed by better developedmineral soils with diagnostic horizons, then hydro-morphic soils, organic soils, and antrhropogenic soilsas the last order (table 6). This sequence reflects theadvancement of (mineral) soil development and isregarded the formal construction of SGP6.However,the arrangement of soil orders in the key (table 4) isdifferent, that was technically necessary to highlight thepriotrities of diagnostic features and to simplify theclassification process.

The soil subtype is distinguished to emphasize thediversity of morphological or physicochemicalfeatures within the soil type, having high importancefor the interpretation of the soil origin and its expectedfuture evolution, as well as to stress the specific envi-ronmental soil functions. Among the subtypes, thefollowing categories are distinguished:1. "typical" subtypes – represent the most characte-

ristic for the type expression of soil features,including the sequence of genetic horizons or com-binations of diagnostic horizons and properties; inthe list of subtypes they are logically alwaysplaced as last;

FIGURE. Architecture of the SGP6


TABLE 4. Key to soil orders and soil types

SREDROLIOS SEPYTLIOS

gnivahslioS lairetamcinagro ,:rehtie

gnitrats.1 ≥ dnaecafrusliosehtmorfmc03nihtiwgnivah ≥ ecafrusliosehtmorfmc06

fossenkcihtdenibmoc ≥ ro;mc03agnivahdnaecafrusliosehttagnitrats.2

fossenkciht 1≥ gniylrevoyltcerid,mc0kcorsuonitnoc ehtstnemgarfesraocro

lairetamcinagrohtiwdelliferahciwfosecitsretnifohtpedehtot ≥ ecafrusliosehtmorfmc03

ENZCINAGROYBELG

gnivahslioscinagrO kizsrum noziroh 3≥ kcihtmc0ewozsrumybelG

,hcihwslioscinagrorehtO kizsrumwoleb evah,)tneserpfi(kcihtmc03<nozirohtaep fo%05>etutitsnoctaht lairetamcinagro nihtiw ≥ llafo%05>romc001

airetamcinagro mc001fohtpedehthcaertonseodtifilewofrotybelG

gnivahslioscinagrorehtO lairetamcinmilewonmilybelG

slioscinagrorehtOewok³óicœybelG

:sliosrehtOnagnivah.1 kirtna ro kitroh noziroh ≥ mc05

ro;kcihtgnivah.2 reyaldrahcinegonhcet ro

enarbmemoeg liosehtnossenkcihtynafonihtiwgnitratsroecafrus ≥ liosfomc001

ro;ecafrus.3 deximylpeed gnivahro paehkcihteht

lairetam owtesehtfonoitanibmocagnivahro,htpedehtgnihcaerserutaef 5≥ mc0

rofssenkcitehtlliftuftonodyehtyllaudividnifi(gniximpeed ro lairetampaehkciht ;

:gnivah.4)A( ≥ fo)egareva.hgiew,.lov(%02 stcafetra ni

otro(reyalliosmc001reppueht suounitnocreyaldrahcinegonhcet/kcor ro,)rewollahsfi

)B( ≥ fo)egareva.hgiew,.lov(%01 evitcaerstcafetra otro(reyalliosmc001reppuehtni

reyaldrahcinegonhcet/kcorsuounitnoc fi)rewollahs

ENZCINEGOPORTNAYBELG

:htobteemtahtslioSnaevah)a( kirtna ro kitroh noziroh ≤ rofairetircehtlliflufro,kcihtmc05 peed

gnixim %02<niatnocdnatnemeganamtserofrolarutlucitroh,larutlucirgaybdesuacfo)egareva.hgiew,.lov stcafetra dna,ecafrusliosehtmorfmc001fohtpedehtot

evahtonod)b( enarbmemoeg ro reyaldrahcinegonhcet gnitrats ≥ ehtmorfmc001ecafruslios

enmeizorutlukybelG

sliosrehtOnzcinegonhcetybelG e

a)a(htobgnivahsliosrehtO kitrew nozirohgnitrats ≥ dna,ecafrusliosehtmorfmc001

)b( ≥ liosehtmorfsreyalliosllaniyalc%03ehtotecafrus kitrew noziroh

EC¥JEINZCEPYBELG

redroliosehtrofairetircehttahtsliosllAelositreW

agnivahsliosrehtO kirbmu,killom rokizsruminera (noziroh ≥ )kcihtmc03

ENMEIZONRAZCYBELG

nagnivahslioS kizsruminera nozirohetawozsrumybelG

gnivahdnasecarretlaivullaenecoloHehtnodetacolsliosrehtO lairetamcivulf gnitrats≥ mc051 ecafrusliosehtmorf

enmeizonrazcydaM

gnivahsliosrehtO killom rosuoeraclacderehtaew/suounitnocaevah)a(:dna,nozirohgnitratskcormuspyg ≥ ro,mc04

reyalaevah,nozirohsumuhehtwolebyltcerid)b( ≥ otnwodro(kcihtmc03fi,kcorsuounitnoc rewollahs enifehtni)muspygro(setanobracsniatnochcihw,)

dnashtrae ≥ ehtnistnemgarfkcormuspyg/suoeraclacfo)egareva.hgiew(%01.e.i(noitcarfnoteleks ≥ ro,)retemaidnimm2

reyalaevahnozirohsumuhehtwolebyltcerid)c( ≥ fokcihtmc03 lairetamcinmilgniniatnoc ≥ OCaC%04 3

enmeizonrazcynizdêR

foreyalecafrusehtgnivahsliosrehtO lairetamlaivulloc ≥ ro,kcihtmc05 ≥ mc03ehtseilrevolairetamlaivullocehtfi,kciht lairetamcinagro

nmeizonrazcenlaiwuledybelG e

HpdnanozirohkillomagnivahsliosrehtO w ≥ mc001fohtpedaotgniliaverp5.5:gniwollofehtfohtobroenognivahdna,ecafrusliosehtmorf

)a( seitreporpciyelg ro,)b( seitreporpcingats gnivahdnanoitces-ssorcreyalliosehtfo%08>gnirevoc

fossenkciht ≥ ehtwolebyltceridro(ecafrusliosehtmorfmc08gnitratshtob,mc52)kcihtmc08>fi,nozirohsumuh

eimeizenrazC


Table 4 continued

SREDROLIOS SEPYTLIOS

)a(gnivahsliosrehtO killom gniniatnocreyalehtronozirohkiclak)b(dna,nozirohgnitratshtobsetanobrac)cinegodep(yradnoces ≥ ecafrusliosehtmorfmc051

ymeizonrazC

agnivahsliosrehtO killom ro kirbmu noziroherazsybelG

nagnivahsliosrehtO kigra gnitratsnoziroh ≤ 001ecafrusliosehtmorf

ENMEIZOWO£PYBELG

redroliosehtrofairetircehtteemtahtsliosllAewo³pybelG

agnivahsliosrehtO kidops gnitratsnoziroh≤ gnitratsro,ecafrusliosehtmorfmc001 7≤ 5

fiecafrusliosehtmorfmc citeleks-esraoclairetam liosehtmorfstratsdnatneserpsi

ecafrusENMEIZOCILEIBYBELG

redroliosehtrofairetircehtteemtahtsliosllAwocileibybelG e

:rehtie,gnivahsliosrehtO.1 seitreporpciyelg gnitrats ≤ ehtmorfmc03

ro;ecafrusliosgnirevocseitreporpcingats.2 ≥ liosehtfo%05

stratstahtreyal ≤ dnaecafrusliosehtmorfmc52htiwreyalybnialrednuyltceridsi ciyelg

seitreporp ro,.3 seitreporpcingats gnirevoc ≥ liosehtfo%05

morfgnitrats)nozirohbusyreveni(reyal ≤ mc52ssenkcihtgnivahdna ≥ romc05 ≤ fi,mc52ybnialrednuyltcerid kcorsuounitnoc ro

reyallios)elbaemrepyldrah(elbaemrepmiENMEIZOJELGYBELG

htiwslioS seitreporpciyelg gnitrats ≥ ecafrusliosehtmorfmc03wojelg-owotnurgybelG e

sliosrehtOwojelg-owodapoybelG e

agnivahsliosrehtO kiredis,kibmak ro kiburnoziroh steemtahtnozirohBagnivahsliosro,

,erutxetfotpecxe,nozirohkibmakrofairetircehtnozirohehtfotrapaniydnasebyamhcihw

ENMEIZONTANURBYBELG

agnivahslioS kibur noziroheworhcoybelG

serohsekal/aesnialpro,sredlop,secarretlaivullaenecoloHehtnodetacolsliosrehtOgnivah lairetamcivulf gnitrats ≤ ecafrusliosehtmorfmc051

entanurbydaM

:hcihw,sliosrehtOgnitratskcormuspygrosuoeraclacderehtaew/suounitnocaevah)a( ≤ ehtmorfmc04

ro,ecafrusliosotnwodro(mc06otnwodmc03morfreyalehtni)b( kcorsuounitnoc fi,

dnashtraeenifehtni)muspygro(setanobracsniatnoc)rewollahs ≥ .hgiew(%01.e.i(noitcarfnoteleksehtnistnemgarfkcormuspyg/suoeraclacfo)egareva ≥ nimm2

)retemaidentanurbynizdêR

agnivahsliosrehtO kibmak nozirohntanurbybelG e

sliosrehtOewazdrybelG

O sliosrehtENAWOT£ATZSKUOBA£SYBELG

:gnivahslioSehtotsreyallarenimdnacinagrollafossenkcihtdenibmoc)a( kcorsuounitnoc ≤ 01

ro,mc,lairetamesoolani)tneserpfi(snozirohCB+B+E+A+Ofossenkcihtdenibmoc)b(

gnidulcni lairetamciteleks-esraoc , ≤ mc01enlajciniybelG

serohsekal/aesnialpro,sredlop,secarretlaivullaenecoloHehtnodetacolsliosrehtOgnivah lairetamcivulf gnitrats ≤ ecafrusliosehtmorfmc05

ewicœa³wydaM


2. "concurrent" subtypes – substitute the "typical"subtype in soil types, if at least two subtypes havethe features equally typical for the soil type (e.g.fibric, hemic and sapric subtypes in peat soils, orordinary, leached and acid subtypes in brown soils);they are listed at the beginning of the list of subtypes;

3. "principal" subtypes – refer to additionalfeatures of primary importance for the interpre-tation of soil genesis, land use or environmentalfunctions of the soil; their names are used insteadof (replace) the name of soil type, also in combina-tions with other subtypes; however, the prioritysubtype does not combine with any other prioritysubtype; unique names of the priority subtypes aimsto preserve the traditional soil nomenclature, i.e.soil names that have become established in Polishpedology, and to simplify (shorten) the soil names;the primary subtypes are marked with the symbol *(asterisk) in the hierarchical lists;

4. "transitional" subtypes – refer to the presence ofthe horizons and properties that are diagnostic forother soil types, but in a given soil type are consi-dered less important (e.g. the kambik horizon in achernozemic soil) or are weakly developed (e.g.have Fe-illuvial horizon that does not meet thecriteria for spodik), or occur too deep (e.g. strong gleyicproperties at a depth of 50–70 cm);

5. "supplementary" subtypes – indicate a specialexpression of pedogenic features or the presence ofspecific soil properties or materials.

A new, non-hierarchical classification category isthe soil variety. Its concept is derived from the Classi-fication of Forest Soils of Poland (Klasyfikacja glebleœnych Polski 2000) and is close to the concept ofsupplementary qualifiers of WRB 2015. Soil varietyis optionally added to indicate (a) lithogenic or pedo-genic (secondary) features accompanying the mainsoil-forming process, (b) particularly strong, oradversely, relatively poor expression of featurespotentially important for soil classification, (c) restric-tions for soil use, including anthropogenic transfor-mation, salinity and soil pollution, (d) soil trophicpotential for forest habitats (Bro¿ek et al. 2000), etc.Soil varieties have the same (universal) definitions thro-ughout the classification that allows an identificationof a given soil feature regardless of the soil order ortype. Moreover, the third and subsequent subtypes, iftheir diagnostic features were identified in the soil underclassification, may be listed as soil variety (taking intoaccount that only two subtypes may be applied in thisrank). Also, the subtype not included in the hierarchi-cal list of subtypes within the particular soil type ofSGP6 may be indicated as an additional soilvariety, if its diagnostic features were identified in asoil profile under consideration (table 6).

The non-hierarchical category of soil genusdetermines the kind of parent material from which thesoil was developed, taking into account its variability(lithological discontinuity) within the profile. And thelast, non-hierarchical category of soil species deter-

Table 4 continued

:hcihw,liosrehtOgnitratskcormuspygrosuoeraclacderehtaew/suounitnocaevah)a( ≥ liosehtmorfmc03

ro,ecafrusotnwodro(mc06otnwodmc03morfreyalehtni)b( kcorsuounitnoc sniatnoc)rewollahsfi,

dnashtraeenifehtni)muspygro(setanobrac ≥ kcormuspyg/suoeraclacfo)egareva.hgiew(%01.e.i(noitcarfnoteleksehtnistnemgarf ≥ ro,)retemaidnimm2

reyalaevah)c( ≥ gnitrats,kcihtmc03 ≥ deniardfo,ecafrusliosehtmorfmc03 lairetamcinmilOCaC%04>gniniatnoc 3

ewicœa³wynizdêR

agnivahsliosrehtO kcorsuounitnoc gnitrats ≥ ecafrusliosehtmorfmc05yreknaR

lairetamlaivullocforeyalecafrusehtgnivahsliosrehtO ≥ ro,kcihtmc05 ≥ laivullocfikcihtmc03lairetamcinagroehtseilrevolairetam

ewicœa³wenlaiwuledybelG

:gnivahsliosrehtOhtpedaot)sessalcdnasymaolrodnas(erutxetydnasa)a( ≥ dnaecafrusliosehtmorfmc001

dna,)latotni(kcihtmc01<erutxetreniffosreyalehtfohtpedaot,tnemevapeniarom/laicalgirepdeirubehtgnidulcxe,stnemgarflateleksfo%04<)b(

dna,ecafrusliosehtmorfmc001gniniatnoc)s(reyal)c( ≥ OCaC%2 3 03<romc05fohtpedaotmc01<ssenkciht)latot(asah

ecafrusliosehtmorfmc001fohtpedaotmcelosonerA

sliosrehtOelosogeR


mines the soil texture (particle-size distribution)throughout the soil profile, also taking into accountpossible variability (that may be both of pedogenic orlithogenic origin). The names of texture classes in SGP6are used after the Soil Texture Classification of SoilScience Society of Poland (2009).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION AND CORRELATIONOF MAJOR SOIL UNITS

The correlation table (table 5) includes the closestEnglish translations for the Polish names of soilorders, types and subtypes (SGP6), as well as theirmost common and typical equivalents in WRB2015and ST2014 classifications. The correlation table wasdeveloped taking into account previous statements ofKaba³a et al. (2016) and Œwitoniak et al. (2016).

The first order, weakly developed soils (glebys³abo ukszta³towane), brings together soils (a) at theearly (initial) stage of development, where the thick-ness of soil profile (regolith) to the continuous rock is≥10 cm or the combined thickness of all genetichorizons (O+A+E+B, if present) in an unconsolidatedmaterial is ≥10 cm, and (b) soils at early stage ofdevelopment, thicker than initial (raw) soils, butwithout any diagnostic horizon except for folik.WRB2015 allocates such soils among different RSGscharacterized by little or no profile differentiation. Thefirst type of raw mineral soils (table 5) consists ofsix subtypes of raw siliceous rocky and raw rendzinarocky soils correlated with (Calcaric) Lithic Lepto-sols, raw siliceous debris and raw rendzina debrissoils correlated with (Calcaric) Hyperskeletic Lepto-sols (Lasota et al. 2018), raw alluvial soils (Fluvi-sols) and raw unconsolidated soils (Protic Regosols).The other five soil types include weakly developedsoils, but thicker than raw (initial) soils. Rankers,siliceous soils with continuous rock at ≥50 cm belongto Leptosols; however, they may have a sequence ofclearly developed (but not diagnostic) horizons.Ordinary rendzinas are in the majority shallow andskeletal soils rich in primary (lithogenic) carbonates(Calcaric Leptosols), but may have a folik horizon(Miechówka and Drewnik 2018). Ordinary rendzinasdo not have diagnostic horizons in terms of SGP6;whereas they may have mollic in line with WRB2015requirements (if A is ≥20 cm thick). In this case, thehumic ordinary rendzinas are correlated withCalcaric Leptic Phaeozems (Kaba³a 2018, Kowalskaet al. 2019). The type of ordinary alluvial soilsinvolves young soils on Holocene terraces, developedfrom fluvic material, lacking diagnostic horizons(Fluvisols). Ordinary colluvial soils are featured byevidence of successive accumulation of soil material

(thicker than 50 cm, or 30 cm if settled directly onpeat) eroded from the above-located arable hill-slopes(Colluvic Regosols or Colluvic Arenosols). Arenosolsin SGP6 are weakly developed sandy soils correlatedwith Arenosols in WRB2015, but the soil type in SGP6is much "narrower" than its equivalent in WRB anddoes not include the initially developed and colluvialarenosols. Also, the Brunic Arenosols (WRB 2015),termed rusty soils in Poland, are moved from areno-sols to rusty soils due to a thick subsurface Bvhorizon, considered a diagnostic horizon (siderik)in SGP6. And the last soil type, regosols, may be easilycorrelated with Regosols in WRB2015.

The 2nd order, brown earths (gleby brunatnoziem-ne), brings together soils that have kambik, rubik orsiderik diagnostic horizons (comments regardingthese horizons are summarized in table 1). Therefore,particular types of brown earths of SGP6 can becorrelated with different RSGs of WRB2015. Brownsoils (a type) typically refer to Eutric and DystricCambisols; brown rendzinas are correlated withCalcaric/Dolomitic Cambisols (Kowalska et al. 2017,Zagórski 2003) and brown alluvial soils are correlatedwith Fluvic Cambisols (Ligêza 2016). The mainreason to separate the brown rendzinas and brownalluvial soils from "ordinary" brown soils is thedifferent parent material, different landscape positionand different ecosystem/habitat functions of thesesoils. The other two soil types, ochrous and rustysoils are primarily sandy soils (developed fromglaciofluvial, eolian and older alluvial sands), thusbelonging to Arenosols in WRB2015. However, theyhave well-developed rubik or siderik subsurfacediagnostic horizons, not recognized in WRB 2015, buteasily correlated with Rubic/Chromic or Brunicqualifiers, respectively (Jankowski 2013).

The 3rd order, podzolic soils (gleby bielicoziemne),covers the soils with a spodik horizon, merged in onesoil type – gleby bielicowe, closely related to Podzolsof WRB2015. The soil type includes several subtypesrelated in the majority to redoximorphic features andvarious organic horizons developed at the soil surface(Chodorowski 2009, Kaba³a et al. 2012, Waroszew-ski et al. 2013). In Polish tradition, podzolic soilshaving and lacking topsoil A horizon are distinguishedinto separate units, a fact which also influences thenumber of subtypes and their combinations in SGP6.Moreover, only the podzols with clearly preservedeluvial horizon (albik) are considered the "typical",whereas podzolic soils laking albik are classified aslatent podzolic soils ("krypto-podzols"). The place-ment of podzolic soils after, not before, the chernozemicsoils in the key to soil orders excludes the soils withmollik/umbrik horizons from podzolic soils in SGP6.

82C

EZ

AR

Y K

AB

A£

A et al.

TABLE 5. English translations and the closest typical international equivalents for soil orders, types and subtypes distinguished in the Polish Soil Classification (2019)

epytlioS epytbuslioS

emanlanigirOhsilgnE

noitalsnart

nistnelaviuqE;5102BRW

4102TS

emanhsiloPlanigirO noitalsnarthsilgnE tnelaviuqe;5102BRW tnelaviuqe4102TS

–enawot³atzskuoba³sybelG–1redrO –sliosdepolevedylkaew:.gnE slositnE:4102TS–slosivulF,slosonerA,slosogeR,slosotpeL:5102BRW

enlajciniybelGlarenimwaR

slios

,slosotpeL,slosogeR;slosonerA

,stnehtrOstnevulF

*elosotil 1 sliosykcorsuoeciliswar)slosohtil(

slosotpeLcihtiliduN/cihtiL stnehtrodUcihtiL 2

etsilaksenlajciniynizdêr sanizdnerykcorwar slosotpeLcihtiLciraclaC stnehtrodUcihtiL

ewozsomurenlajciniynizdêr sanizdnersirbedwar slosotpeLciteleksrepyHciraclaC stnehtrodUcipyT

enlajciniydam slioslaivullawar )citorP(slosivulFciyelG stnevulfidUciuqA/cipyT

ewozsomurenlajciniybelg sliossirbedsuoeciliswar slosotpeLciteleksrepyH stnehtrodUcipyT

enŸulenlajciniybelg sliosdetadilosnocnuwar slosogeRcitorP;slosonerAcitorP stnehtrodUcipyT;stnemmaspidUcipyT

yreknaRsreknaR

;slosotpeL,stnehtrO

stpedU

ewopyt sreknarlacipyt )cirhcO(slosotpeLcitelekScirtuE/cirtsyD stnehtrodUcihtiL

enzcinhcórp sreknarcimuh )cimuH(slosotpeLcitelekScirtuE/cirtsyD stpedurtsyDcihtiLcimuH

e³aintanurbz sreknarnworb slosotpeLcirtuE/cirtsyD stnehtrodUcihtiL

enawocileibz sreknarcilozdop )cidopsotorP/ciblA(slosotpeLcirtsyD stnehtrodUcihtiL

ewoniwtub sreknarsumuh-war slosotpeLciloFcirtsyD stpedurtsyDcimuH

ynizdêRewicœa³wyranidrOsanizdner

ciraclaC;slosotpeL

,stnehtrOstpedurtuE

ewopyt sanizdneryranidrolacipyt )cirhcO(slosotpeLcitimoloD/ciraclaC stnehtrodUcihtiL/cipyT

*ewicœa³wynizdêrarap sanizdnerarapyranidro slosogeRciraclaC;slosiclaCcitelekS stpedurtuEcipyT,stnehtrodUcipyT

ewozsomur sanizdneryranidrosirbed slosotpeLciteleksrepyHciraclaC stnehtrodUcipyT

enroizejop sanizdneryranidrocinmil slosivulFciraclaC stneuqavulFcilloM/cipyT

enzcinhcórp sanizdneryranidrocimuh ;)cimuH(slosotpeLcitimoloD/ciraclaCsmezoeahPcitpeLciraclaC

sllodnerlpaHcitnE/cipyT

ewoniwtub sanizdneryranidrosumuh-war slosotpeLciloFciraclaC stpedurtuEcihtiLcimuH

ydaMewicœa³wyranidrO

slioslaivulla

;slosivulFstnevulF

ewopyt slioslaivullayranidrolacipyt )cirhcO(slosivulFcirtuE/cirtsyD stnevulfidUcipyT

enzcinhcórp slioslaivullayranidrocimuh ;)cimuH(slosivulFcirtuE/cirtsyDsmezoeahPcivulF

stnevulfidUcilloM

ewojelg-owotnurg slioslaivullayrandirociyelg slosivulFciyelG stnevulfidUciuqA

ewojelg-owodapo laivullayranidrociyelgongatsslios

slosivulFcingatS stnevulfidUciuqayxO

1 Asterisk * indicates a principal soil subtype (its name replaces the soil type name, when used; principal subtype cannot be combined with any other principal subtype).

2 Some raw mineral soils, rankers and rendzinas located in the highest parts of the Carpatian and Sudeten Mountains may have cryic soil temperature regime, thus may belong to the repective subgroups ofCryorthents, Dystrocryepts and Haplocryepts.

83Polish Soil C

lassification, 6th edition – principles, classification schem

e and correlationsTable 5 continued

ybelGenlaiwuledewicœa³wyranidrOlaivulloC

slios

civulloCslosogeR

,slosonerA;)civulloC(

stnehtrO-iztrauQ

p stmemmas

ewopyt lioslaivullocyranidrolacipyt slosonerA;)cirhcO(slosogeRcivulloC,civulloC(slosonerAcirtuE/tcartsiD

)cirhcO

cipyT;stnehtrodUcipyTstnemmaspiztrauQ

enzcinhcórp slioslaivullocyranidrocimuh slosonerA;)cimuH(slosogeRcivulloCsmezoeahPcilpaH;)cimuH,civulloC(

)civulloC(

cipyT;stnehtrodUcipyT;stnemmaspiztrauQ

ewofrotan taepnoslioslaivullocyranidro civulloC;)civulloC(slosotsiHcivoNslosonerAcirtuE/cirtsyDro(slosogeR

slosotsiHrevo)civulloC(

stsimeholpaH/stsirpasolpaHcirreT

ewojelg-owotnurg slioslaivullocyranidrociyelg ;slosogeRciyelGcivulloC)civulloC(slosonerAciyelG

ciuqA;stnehtrodUciuqAstnemmaspiztrauQ

ewojelg-owodapo laivullocyranidrociyelgongatsslios

slosogeRcingatScivulloC stnehtrodUciuqayxO

elosonerAslosonerA

;slosonerA-iztrauQ

mmasp stne

ewopyt slosoneralacipyt )cirhcO(slosonerAcirtuE/cirtsyD stnemmaspiztrauQcipyT

etawozsrum slosoneracihsrumimes )cihceN,cimuH(slosonerAcirtuE/cirtsyD stnemmaspiztrauQcipyT

enzcinhcórp slosoneracimuh )cimuH(slosonerAcirtuE/cirtsyD stnemmaspiztrauQcipyT

ewazdr slosoneraytsur slosonerAcirtuE/cirtsyD stnemmaspiztrauQcipyT

enawocileibz slosoneracilozdop )cidopsotorP(slosonerAciblA stnemmaspiztrauQcidopS

ewojelg-owotnurg slosoneraciyelg slosonerAciyelG stnemmaspiztrauQciuqA

elosogeRslosogeR

;slosogeRstnehtrO

ewopyt slosogerlacipyt )cirhcO(slosogeRcirtuE/cirtsyD stnehtrodUcipyT

ewozsomur slosogersirbed slosogeRcitelekS stnehtrodUcipyT

enzcinhcórp slosogercimuh )cimuH(slosogeRcirtuE/cirtsyD stnehtrodUcipyT

e³aintanurbz slosogernworb slosogeRcirtuE/cirtsyD stnehtrodUcipyT

enawocileibz slosogercilozdop )cidopsotorP,ciblA(slosogeRcirtsyD stnehtrodUcipyT

–enmeizontanurbybelG–2redrO shtraenworb:.gnE slositpecnI:4102TS–slosonerA,slosibmaC:5102BRW–

entanurbybelGsliosnworB

;slosibmaCstnehtrO

ewicœa³w sliosnworbyranidro slosibmaCciraclacodnE/cirtuE stpedurtuEcipyT

enawogu³yw sliosnworbdehcael slosibmaCcirtsydipE/cirtuE stpedurtuEcirtsyD

enawocileibz sliosnworbcilozdop )cidopsotorP(slosibmaCcirtsyD stpedurtsyDcidopS

enœawk sliosnworbdica slosibmaCcirtsyD stpedurtsyDcipyT

enzcinhcórp sliosnworbcimuh ;)cimuH(slosibmaCcirtsyD/cirtuEsmezoeahPcibmaC

stpedurtsyD/stpedurtuEcimuH

ewojelg-owotnurg sliosnworbciyelg slosibmaCciyelG stpedurtsyD/stpedurtuEciuqA

ewojelg-owodapo sliosnworbciyelgongats slosibmaCcingatS stpedurtsyD/stpedurtuEciuqayxO

ewozsomur sliosnworbsirbed slosibmaCcitelekS stpedurtsyD/stpedurtuEcipyT

84C

EZ

AR

Y K

AB

A£

A et al.

ynizdêRentanurb

nworBsanizdner

ciraclaCslosibmaC

cillodneR;stpedurtuE

ewopyt sanizdnernworblacipyt slosibmaCcitpeLciraclaC/citimoloD)cirhcO(

stpedurtuEcillodneR

*entanurbynizdêrarap sanizdnerarapnworb slosibmaCciraclaC stpedurtuEcillodneR/cipyT

ewozsomur sanizdnernworbsirbed slosibmaCcitelekSciraclaC stpedurtuEcillodneR

enzcinhcórp sanizdnernworbcimuh ciraclaC;)cimuH(slosibmaCciraclaCsmezoeahPcibmaC

stpedurtuEcillodneR

entanurbydaMnworB

slaivulla

civulF;slosibmaC

citnevulFstpedurtuE

ewopyt slioslaivullanworblacipyt )cirhcO(slosibmaCcivulF stpedurtuEcitnevulF

*ewazdrydam slioslaivullaytsur slosogeRcinurB;slosonerAcinurBcivulF)civulF(

stnemmaspidUcipyT

enzcinhcórp slioslaivullanworbsumuh civulFcibmaC;)cimuH(slosibmaCcivulFsmezoeahP

stpedurtuEcitnevulF

ewojelg-owotnurg slioslaivullanworbciyelg slosibmaCciyelGcivulF stpedurtuEcitneqavulF

ewojelg-owodapo slioslaivullanworbciyelgongats slosibmaCcingatScivulF stpedurtuEciuqayxO

eworhcoybelGsliossuorhcO

cimorhC/cibuR;slosonerAstnemmasP

ewopyt sliossuorhcolacipyt )cirhcO(slosonerAcimorhC/cibuR stnemmaspidUcipyT

enzcinhcórp sliossuorhcocimuh )cimuH(slosonerAcimorhC/cibuR stnemmaspidUcipyT

ewojelg-owotnurg sliossuorhcociyelg slosonerAciyelGcimorhC/cibuR stnemmaspidUciuqA

ewazdrybelGsliosytsuR

cinurB;slosonerAstnemmasP

ewopyt sliosytsurlacipyt )cirhcO(slosonerAcinurB stnemmaspidUcipyT

*entanurb-owazdrybelg sliosytsur-nworb slosogeRcinurB;slosonerAcinurBcirtsyD)cinerA(

stnemmaspidUcipyT

enawocileibz sliosytsurcilozdop slosonerAcinurBciblAcirtsyD)cidopsotorP(

stnemmaspidUcidopS

enzcinhcórp sliosytsurcimuh )cimuH(slosonerAcinurB stnemmaspidUcipyT

ewojelg-owotnurg sliosytsurciyelg slosonerAciyelGcinurB stnemmaspidUciuqA

–enmeizocileibybelG–3redrO slioscilozdop:.gnE slosodopS:4102TS–slozdoP:5102BRW–

ybelGewocileib

slioscilozdoP

;slozdoP,sdohtrO

sdouqA

ewopyt slioscilozdoplacipyt )cirhcO(slozdoPciblA sdohtrolpaHcipyT

*ecileib slozdop slozdoPciblA sdohtrolpaHcipyT

*ecileibojelg slozdop-yelg slozdoPciblAciyelG sdohtrolpaHciuqA

*ewocileibojelgybelg slioscilozdop-yelg )cirhcO(slozdoPciblAciyelG sdohtrolpaHciuqA

*ecileibongats slozdopongats slozdoPciblAcingatS sdohtrolpaHciuqayxO

*ewocileibongatsybelg slioscilozdopongats )cirhcO(slozdoPciblAcingatS sdohtrolpaHciuqayxO

ewofrot slozdopytaep slozdoPcitsiHciyelG sdouqaipE/sdouqaodnEcitsiH

ewozsrum slozdopcihsrum )cihsruM(slozdoPcitsiHciyelG sdouqaipE/sdouqaodnEcitsiH

etawozsrum slozdopcihsrumimes )cimuH(slozdoPciyelG sdouqaipE/sdouqaodnEcirbmU

Table 5 continued

85Polish Soil C


e and correlations

etsaifrot slozdopytaep-larenim )cimuH(slozdoPciyelG sdouqaipE/sdouqaodnEcipyT

ewonytzsro slioscilozdopnietsro slozdoPcinietstrO sdohtrolpaHcipyT

*ewocileibotyrksybelg slioscilozdoptnetal slozdoPcitnE sdohtrolpaHcipyT

ewozsomur slioscilozdopsirbed slozodoPcitelekS/citeleksrepyH sdohtrolpaHcihtiL/cipyT

–enmeizowo³pybelG–4redrO slioslaivulli-yalc:.gnE slosiflA:4102TS–slosongatS,slositeR,slosonalP,slosivuL:5102BRW–

ewo³pybelGlaivulli-yalC

slios

,slosivuL,slosonalP

,slositeR;slosongatS

slosiflA

ewopyt slioslaivulli-yalclacipyt )cirhcO(slosivuLciblA sfladulpaHcipyT

enawodorez slioslaivulli-yalcdedore slosivuLcilpaH sfladulpaHcipyT

enleizduwd laivulli-yalcdetsartnocyllarutxetslios

)cimaolodnE,cineraipE(slosonalPcivuL sflaulpaHcinerA

ewollemal slioslaivulli-yalccillemal )cinerA(slosivuLcillemaL sflaulpaHcillemaL

enzcinhcórp slioslaivulli-yalccimuh ;)cimuH(slosivuLciblA/cilpaHsmezoeahPcivuL

slloblaigrAcipyT;sflaulpaHcilloM

e³aintanurbz slioslaivulli-yalcnworb )cibmacoeN(slosivuLciblA sfladulpaHcipyT

ewazdr slioslaivulli-yalcytsur )cinurB(slosivuLciblA sfladulpaHcinerA

enawocileibz slioslaivulli-yalccilozdop ;)cidopsotorP(slosonalPciblA)cidopsotorP(slosilAciblA

sflaulpaHcinerA

ewokitrew slioslaivulli-yalccitrev slosongatScitreVcivuL;slosivuLcitreV

e³komdop slioslaivulli-yalcdeggolretaw )civuL(slosyelGcirtuE sflauqaodnEcipyT

ewojelg-owotnurg slioslaivulli-yalcciyelg slosivuLciyelG sfladulpaHciuqA

ewojelg-owodapo slioslaivulli-yalcciyelgongats slosivuLcingatS;slosongatScivuL sfladulpaHciuqayxO

ewokeicaz slioslaivulli-yalcgniugnot slositeRciblA sfladussolGcipyT

–enmeizonrazcybelG–5redrO slioskcalb:.gnE slositpecnI,slosilloM:1102TS–slosirbmU,smezoeahP,smezonrehC:5102BRW–

ymeizonrazCsmezonrehC

;smezonrehCsllodU

ewopyt smezonrehclacipyt smezonrehCciclaC/cilpaH slloduiclaCcipyT

enawogu³yw smezonrehcdehcael )ciclacyhtaB(smezoeahPcilpaH sllodulpaHcipyT

enlaiwuli smezonrehclaivulli-yalc smezonrehCcivuL slloduigrAcipyT

e³aintanurbz smezonrehccibmac )cibmaC(smezonrehCciclaC/cilpaH slloduiclaC/sllodulpaHcipyT

ewojelg-owodapo smezonrehcciyelgongats )cingatS(smezonrehCciclaC/cilpaH slloduiclaC/sllodulpaHciuqayxO

eimeizenrazCshtraekcalB

cingatS/ciyelG,smezoeahP

cingatS/ciyelG;smezonrehC

sllouqA

ewopyt shtraekcalblacipyt ;smezoeahPcingatS/ciyelGsmezonrehccilpaHsmezonrehCciyelG

)cingatS(

sllouqaipE/sllouqaodnEcipyTsllouqaiclaCcipyT

etawozsrum shtraekcalbcihsrumimes )cihceN(smezoeahPciyelG sllouqaodnEcipyT

enawogu³yw shtraekcalbdehcael smezoeahPcingatS/ciyelG sllouqaodnEcipyT

e³komdop shtraekcalbdeggolretaw slosyelGcilloM sllouqaodnEcipyT

enlaiwuli shtraekcalblaivulli-yalc smezoeahPcingatS/ciyelGcivuL sllouqaigrAcipyT

e³aintanurbz shtraekcalbcibmac smezoeahPcingatS/ciyelGcibmaC sllouqaipE/sllouqaodnEcipyT

ewokitrew shtraekcalbcitrev )cingatS(smezonrehCcitreV sllouqaodnEcitreV

ewokiclak shtraekcalbciclac ;)cingatS(smezonrehCciclaCsmezonrehCciclaCciyelG

sllouqaiclaCcipyT

Table 5 continued

86C

EZ

AR

Y K

AB

A£

A et al.

ynizdêRenmeizonrazccimezonrehC

sanizdner

cizdneR;smezoeahP

sllodneR

ewopyt sanizdnercimezonrehclacipyt smezoeahPcizdneR sllodulpaHcihcaP,sllodnerpaHcipyT

enroizejop sanizdnercimezonrehccinmil )cinmiL(smezoeahPcizdneR citneuqavulF,sllodnerpaHcipyTsllouqaodnE

e³aintanurbz sanizdnercimezonrehcnworb smezoeahPcizdneRcibmaC sllodnerpaHcitpecnI

ydaMenmeizonrazccimezonrehC

laivullakcalb/sanizdner

civulF;smezoeahP

citnevulF,sllodulpaHsllouquodnE

ewopyt slios-laivullacimezonrehclacipyt smezoeahPcivulF sllodulpaHcitnevulF

e³aintanurbz slioslaivullacimezonrehcnworb smezoeahPcivulFcibmaC sllodulpaHcitnevulF

ewazdr slioslaivullacimezonrehcytsur )cinurB,cinerA(smezoeahPcivulF sllodulpaHcitnevulF

ewojelg-owotnurg slioslaivullacimezonrehcciyelg smezoeahPciyelGcivulF sllouqaodnEcitneuqavulF

ewojelg-owodapo laivullacimezonrehcciyelgongatsslios

smezoeahPcingatScivulF sllouqaipEcitneuqavulF

ybelGenlaiwuled

enmeizonrazccimezonrehCslioslaivulloc

smezoeahP)civulloC(

,sllodulpaHsllouqaodnE

ewopyt slioslaivulloccimezonrehclacipyt )civulloC(smezoeahPcilpaH sllodulpaHcitnevulF/cipyT

ewofrotan noslioslaivulloccimezonrehctaep

slosotsiHrevo)civulloC(smezoeahPcilpaH stsimeholpaH/stsirpasolpaHcirreT

ewojelg-owotnurg slioslaivulloccimezonrehcciyelg cilloM,)civulloC(smezoeahPciyelG)civulloC(slosyelG

,sllouqaodnEcitneuqavulF/cipyTsllodulpaHcitneuqavulF

ewojelg-owodapo cimezonrehcciyelgongatsslioslaivulloc

)civulloC(smezoeahPcingatS ,sllouqaipEcitneuqavulF/cipyTsllodulpaHcitneuqavulF

ybelGetawozsrum

cihsrumimeSslios

cirbmUslosyelG,)cimuH(

ciyelGslosirbmU;)cihceN(

stpeuqamuH

ewopyt slioscihsrumimeslacipyt )cimuH,cinerA(slosyelGcirbmU/cilloM stpeuqamuHcipyT

*etsazsrumybelg slioscihsrumtsop ;)cihceN,cinerA(slosyelGcirbmU)cihceN,cinerA(slosirbmUciyelG

stpeuqamuHcipyT

ewazdr slioscihsrumimesytsur )cihceN,cinerA(slosirbmUciyelGcinurB stpeuqamuHcipyT

ewocileib slioscihsrumimescilozdop )cihceN,cinerA(lozdoPcirbmU stpeuqamuHcipyT

ewocwadur slioscihsrumimesgob-nori )cimuH,cirreF,cinerA(slosyelGcirbmU stpeuqamuHcireA

e³komdop slioscihsrumimesdeggolretaw )cihceN,cimuH(slosyelGcirbmU stpeuqamuHcipyT

erazsybelGsliosyerG

,smezoeahP;slosirbmUstpedumuH

ewopyt sliosyerglacipyt smezoeahPcilpaH stpedumuHcirtuE

*elosirbmu slosirbmu slosirbmUcilpaH stpedumuHcitnE/cipyT

e³aintanurbz sliosyergcibmac slosirbmU/smezoeahPcibmaC stpedumuHcirtuE/cipyT

enlaiwuli sliosyerglaivulli-yalc slosirbmUcilA/civuL,smezoeahPcivuL sfladulpaHcilloM

ewocileib sliosyergcilozdop slozdoPcirbmU stpedumuHcitnE

ewojelg-owotnurg sliosyergciyelg slosirbmU/smezoeahPciyelG stpedumuHciuqA

ewojelg-owodapo sliosyergciyelgongats slosirbmU/smezoeahPcingatS stpedumuHciuqayxO

–ec¹jeinzcêpybelG–6redrO sliosgnillews:.gnE slositreV:4102TS–slositreV:5102BRW–

elositreWslositreV

;slositreV,stredUstreuqA

ewopyt slositrevlacipyt )cingatS(slositreVcilpaH stredulpaHciuqayxO

enmeizonrazc slositrevkcalb )cilloM(slositreVcilleP stredulpaHcipyT

ewojelg-owotnurg slositrevciyelg )ciyelG(slositreVcilpaH streuqaodnEcipyT

Table 5 continued

87Polish Soil C


e and correlations

–enmeizojelgybelG–7redrO slioscimezyelg:.gnE slositpecnI,slositnE:4102TS–slosongatS,slosyelG:5102BRW–

ybelG-owotnurg

ewojelgslosyelG

;slosyelG,stneuqaodnE

stpeuqamuH

ewopyt slosyelglacipyt slosyelGcirtuE/cirtsyD stneuqaodnEcipyT

endowdop slosyelgcitauqabus slosyelGcitauqabuS stnessawolpaHcipyT

ewofrot slosyelgytaep slosyelGcitsiH stpeuqamuHcitsiH

ewoityg slosyelgajttyg )cinmiL(slosyelGcirtuE/cirtsyD stneuqaodnEcipyT

ewo³um slosyelgyddum )cinmiL(slosyelGcitsiHcivulF stpeuqamuHcitsiH

ewozsrum slosyelgcihsrum )cihsruM(slosyelGcitsiH stpeuqamuHcitsiH

etawozsrum slosyelgcihsrumimes )cihceN,cimuH(slosyelGcirtuE/cirtsyD stpeuqamuHcipyT

etsaifrot slosyelgytaep-larenim )cimuH(slosyelGcirtuE/cirtsyD stpeuqamuHcipyT

enzcinhcórp slosyelgcimuh )cimuH(slosyelGcirtuE/cirtsyD stpeuqamuHcipyT,stneuqaodnEcilloM

enawocileibz slosyelgcilozdop )cidopsotorP(slosyelGciblAcirtsyD stneuqaodnEcitpeuqamuH

ewocwadur slosyelggob-nori )cirreF(slosyelGcirtuE/cirtsyD stneuqaodnEcireA

ybelG-owodapo

ewojelgslongatS

;slosongatSstneuqaipE

ewopyt slosongatslacipyt slosongatScirtuE/cirtsyD stneuqaipEcipyT

*ewojelgipeybelg slosongatsipe slosongatScirtuE/cirtsyD stneuqaipEcipyT

*ewojelgifmaybelg slosongatsihpma slosongatSciyelG stneuqaodnEcipyT

ewozsrum slosongatscihsrum )ciniarD(slosongatScitsiH stpeuqamuHcitsiH

etsaifrot slosongatsytaep-larenim )cimuH(slosongatScirtuE/cirtsyD stneuqaodnEcilloM/citpeuqamuH

enawocileibz slosongatscilozdop )cidopsotorP(slosongatSciblA/cirtsyD stneuqaipEcipyT

–enzcinagroybelG–8redrO –slioscinagro:.gnE slosotsiH:4102TS–slosyelGcitsiH,slosotsiH:5102BRW

ewofrotybelGsliostaeP

;slosotsiH,stsirpaS,stsimeH

stsirbiF

*ewofrotanybelg sliostaepderevoc-htrae )civoN(slosotsiHcirpaS/cimeH/cirbiF /stsirpasolpaHcirreTstsirbifolpaH/stsimeholpaH

eworbif sliostaepcirbif slosotsiHcirbiF stsirbifolpaH,stsirbifongahpS

ewomeh sliostaepcimeh slosotsiHcimeH stsimeholpaH

eworpas sliostaepcirpas slosotsiHcirpaS stsirpasolpaH

ewozsrum sliostaepcihsrum slosotsiHcihsruM stsirpasolpaH

ewoityg sliostaepajttyg )cinmiL(slosotsiHcihsruM stsimeholpaH/stsirpasolpaHcinmiL

ewo³um sliostaepyddum )cinmiL/civulF(slosotsiHcihsruM /stsirpasolpaHcitneuqavulFstsimeholpaH

ewonmilybelGslioscinmiL

slosotsiH;)cinmiL(

cinmiL/stsirpasolpaH

stsimeholpaH

*ewoitygybelg sliosajttyg )cinmiL(slosotsiHcirpaS stsimeholpaH/stsirpasolpaHcinmiL

*ewo³umybelg sliosyddum )cinmiL/civulF(slosotsiHcirpaS stsimeholpaH/stsirpasolpaHcinmiL

endowdop slioscinmilcitauqabus )cinmiL(slosotsiHcitauqabuS stsissawolpaHcimeH/cirpaS

ewofrot slioscinmilytaep )cinmiL(slosotsiH stsimeholpaH/stsirpasolpaHcinmiL

ewozsrum slioscinmilcihsrum )cinmiL(slosotsiHcihsruM stsirpasolpaHcinmiL

Table 5 continued

88C

EZ

AR

Y K

AB

A£

A et al.

ybelGewozsrum

slioscihsruM

cihsruM;slosotsiH

stsirpaS,stsimeH

stsirbiF

*ewozsrumanybelg slioscihsrumderevoc-htrae )civoN(slosotsiHcihsruM stsirpasolpaHcirreT

eworbif slioscihsrumcirbif slosotsiHcirbiFcihsruM stsirbifolpaHcimeH

ewomeh slioscihsrumcimeh slosotsiHcimeHcihsruM stsimeholpaHcirpaS

eworpas slioscihsrumcirpas slosotsiHcirpaScihsruM stsirpasolpaHcipyT

ewoityg slioscihsrumajttyg )cinmiL(slosotsiHcihsruM stsirpasolpaHcinmiL

ewo³um slioscihsrumyddum )cinmiL/civulF(slosotsiHcihsruM stsirpasolpaHcinmiL

eikty³p slioscihsrumniht slosyelGcitsiH,slosotsiHcihsruM stsirpasolpaHcipyT

ybelGewok³óicœ

slosotsiHciloFstsiloF

ewopyt slosiloflacipyt slosotsiHciloF stsilofidUcipyT

etsilaks slosilofykcor slosotsiHcikcoRciloF stsilofidUcihtiL

ewozsomur slosilofsirbed slosotsiHciwaMciloF stsilofidUcihtiL/cipyT

ewonizdêr slosilofsuoeraclac )ciraclaC(slosotsiHciloF stsilofidUcihtiL/cipyT

–enzcinegoportnaybelG–9redrO slioscinegoporhtna:.gnE levelredrotastnelaviuqeon:4102TS–slosonhceT,slosorhtnA:5102BRW–

ybelGenmeizorutluksmezorutluC

;slosorhtnAslosilloM

*elositroh slositroh slosorhtnAcitroH sllodumreVcilpaH,sllodulpaHcihcaP

*elosortna slosorhtna )cihcaP,cirhtnA(smezoeahPcilpaH sllodulpaHcihcaP

*elosogir slosogir )citacoleR(slosogeRcirtuE/cirtsyD )slositnE(tnelaviuqeon

ewojelg-owotnurg smezorutlucciyelg ;)cihcaP,cirhtnA(smezoeahPciyelG;)cihcaP,cirhtnA(slosirbmUciyelG

)citacoleR(slosogeRciyelG

–

ybelGenzcinegonhcet

cinegonhceTslios

;slosonhceT/citroporhtnA

cisnedorhtnAstnehtrodU

*elosonarke slosonarke slosonhceTcinarkE stnehtrodUcisnedorhtnA

*elosibru slosibru slosonhceTcibrU stnehtrodUcitroporhtnA

*elosirtsudni slosirtsudni slosonhceTcilopS stnehtrodUcitroporhtnA

*elosifide slosifide ;)cilofotorP(slosonhceTcitalosIslosonhceTcitalosIciteleksonhceT

tnelaviuqeon

*elosotkurtsnok slosotcurtsnoc slosonhceTciniL;slosonhceTcitalosI stnehtrodUcitroporhtnA/cisnedorhtnA

*elosoregga slosoregga )citropsnarT(slosogeRcirtuE/cirtsyD stnehtrodUcitroporhtnA

*elosibrut slosibrut )citacoleR(slosogeRcirtuE/cirtsyD tnelaviuqeon

enzcinhcórp slosonhcetcimuh )cirbmU/cilloM/cimuH(slosonhceT )sllodulpaH(tnelaviuqeon

ewojelg-owotnurg slosonhcetciyelg )ciyelG(slosonhceT –

ewojelg-owodapo slosonhcetciyelgongats )cingatS(slosonhceT –

Table 5 continued


The 4th order of clay-illuvial soils (gleby p³owo-ziemne) consists of one soil type (gleby p³owe) thatbrings together various soils with an argik horizon.The placement of this order (in the key to soil orders,table 4) after the chernozemic soils excludes soils withmollik/umbrik horizons, whereas its placement beforepodzolic soils and gleyzemic soils gives a higherpriority for the argik horizon compared to the spodikhorizon and stagnic/gleyic properties. Only the soilswith "complete" sequence of crucial genetic (E-Bt) anddiagnostic (eluwik-argik) horizons are considered"typical", whereas soils featured by Ap-Bt morpho-logy are distinguished as eroded (truncated) clay-illuvial soils (Kobierski 2013, Œwitoniak 2014,Œwitoniak et al. 2016). All these soils may be corre-lated with Luvisols in WRB2015 if the stagnicproperties are weak to medium strong, or with LuvicStagnosols if stagnic properties are stronglydeveloped and start ≥25 cm from the soil surface(Waroszewski et al. 2018). Many of such soils, bothsilty- and loamy-textured, have eluvial tongues inan argik horizon, thus commonly were classifiedas Albeluvisols in accordance with previous WRBversions (Szymañski et al. 2011). Former Albeluvi-sols were also correlated with texturally contrastedsoils (gleby p³owe dwudzielne), i.e. soils with sandytopsoil and an abrupt textural difference at ≥50 cmfrom the soil surface, if eluvial tongues were presentin the Bt horizon. At present, the texturally contra-sted soils with stagnic properties are correlatedwith Planosols (irrespectively of the presence oftonguing) or with Retisols, if stagnic properties areweak (or absent) and tonguing is clearly developed(Komisarek and Sza³ata 2008; Koz³owski and Komi-sarek 2017; Musztyfaga and Kabala 2015; Waro-szewski et al. 2019). This complicated system ofequivalents is due to splitting the soils with an argichorizon into several separate RSGs in WRB 2015.In contrast, in SGP6, all these features are indicativeof separate subtypes listed hierarchi-cally (table 5),that may be used to name the soil individually or incombination, still within one type of clay-illuvialsoils (gleby p³owe). Extremely leached clay-illuvialsoils, featured by very low base saturation and podzoli-zation (gleby p³owe zbielicowane) have to be corre-lated with Alisols, and particularly wet (waterlogged)clay-illuvial soils (gleby p³owe podmok³e) withgleyic properties starting near the surface, have theirequivalent in Gleysols (Luvic). Most of arable clay-illuvial soils in Poland have a plough layer thickerthan 20 cm (due to the standard depth of ploughing)that may fulfil the requirements for a mollic horizonaccording to WRB2015 and result in soil „transfer”to Phaeozems. To avoid an inappropriate classi-

fication of many ordinary arable Luvisols as cherno-zemic soils, SGP6 requires significantly higher thick-ness for the mollik (and umbrik) horizon, i.e. 30 cm,instead of the 20 cm required in WRB2015. However,SGP6 allows simple correlation with WRB2015 byintroducing the subtype of humic clay-illuvial soils(table 5), which have a mollic horizon in terms of WRB2015.

The 5th order of black soils (gleby czarnoziemne)brings together soils with mollik, umbrik and areni-murszik horizons allocated into seven soil types. Thedefinition of chernozems (czarnoziemy) in SGP6 isbroader than of the respective RSG in WRB 2015because the mollik (but not chernic) horizon is required(≥30 cm thick) and secondary carbonates must occurat ≥150 cm, irrespectively of the thickness of themollik horizon (£abaz et al., 2018). Black earths(czarne ziemie) have a mollik horizon and strongredoximorphic features, either as gleyic or stagnicproperties (Konecka-Betley et al. 1996, £abaz andKaba³a 2014, Orzechowski et al. 2004). Some ofthese black earths have kalcik horizons below themollik and therefore may be correlated with Gleyic/Stagnic Chernozems in WRB 2015; the other blackearths, free of secondary carbonates, usually meetthe requirements of Gleyic/Stagnic Phaeozems;whereas, the waterlogged black earths may fulfillthe criteria of Mollic Gleysols. The next three types ofsoils with a mollik horizon correspond to Phaeozems.Chernozemic rendzinas (rêdziny czarnoziemne)developed from carbonate (or gypsum) rockscorrelate well with Rendzic Phaeozems. The type alsoincludes the specific subtype of limnic chernozemicrendzinas developed of drained calcareous gyttjaor highly calcareous meadow/lacustrine marl(Lemkowska and Sowiñski 2018; Uggla 1976).Chernozemic alluvial soils (mady czarnoziemne)typically correlate with Fluvic Phaeozems, andchernozemic colluvial soils (gleby deluwialneczarnoziemne) may be classified as Phaeozems witha Colluvic qualifier (Œwitoniak 2015). The uniquetype of semimurszik soils (gleby murszowate)requires an arenimurszik horizon featured by elevatedcontent of organic matter and weak binding of organicparticles to mineral grains. The concept and definitionof an arenimurszik horizon has a long tradition inPolish pedology and it allows distinguishing betweenseveral steps of organic material degradation andtransformation of organic layers into mineral-organicand mineral soil horizons after drainage (£abaz andKaba³a 2016, Mocek 1978, Rz¹sa 1963). Typically,these sandy soils correlate with Gleyic Umbrisolsor Umbric Gleysols. And finally, the grey soils (gle-by szare) accommodate all other soils with mollik


or umbrik horizons, which do not fulfil the criteriaof any other above listed type of chernozemic soils.They are mostly correlated with Umbrisols, but somesoils with mollik horizons, but lacking secondarycarbonates and strong redoximorphic features, maycorrelated with Haplic Phaeozems in WRB 2015.

The 6th order of swelling soils (gleby pêczniej¹ce)involves one type of soils with a wertik horizon andclayey texture throughout – wertisols, correlatedsimply with Vertisols of WRB2015. The most commonand most important are black vertisols (wertisoleczarnoziemne), correlated with the Pellic Vertisols(Mollic), and previously referred to as Smolnicasoils (Mocek et al. 2009, Prusinkiewicz 2001).

The 7th order of gleyzemic soils (gleby glejoziemne)consists of two soil types: (a) soils featured withgleyic properties starting ≥30 cm from the soil surface,well correlated with Gleysols (WRB 2015), and (b)soils featured with strong stagnic properties at ashallow depth, generally correlated with Stagnosols(WRB 2015). However, the definitions of gleysols andstagnosols in SGP6 are narrower than the respectiveRSGs definitions in WRB2015 and do not include soilswith diagnostic horizons such as mollik, umbrik,argik and spodik, all of which are keyed outearlier (table 4).

The 8th order of organic soils (gleby organiczne)brings together soil developed of organic material,which have a histik/murszik/folik horizon ≥30 cmthick. Although the required thickness of organichorizon for Histosols (table 4) and the requiredcontent of organic carbon in an organic material(table 3) differ in SGP6 and WRB2015, these unitsare in general well correlated. Separate types of peatsoils, limnic soils, murszik soils and folisols, subdividedinto numerous respective subtypes, provide a broadpossibility to reflect the different organic soil origin,composition, transformation or degradation paths, andfunctions in natural and human-impacted ecosystems(Glina et al. 2017; Kalisz and £achacz 2008, £achaczet al. 2009, Mendyk et al. 2015, Okruszko 1969,Roj-Rojewski and Walasek 2013; Skiba and Komor-nicki 1983; Wasak and Drewnik 2012). The uniquetype of murszik soils (gleby murszowe) includes soilsdeveloped of various primary organic materials (peat,gyttja, mud etc.); those surface layers have pedogeni-cally transformed to a depth of at least 30 cm aftersoil drainage and under crop cultivation or forestmanagement (Glina et al. 2016, Marcinek andSpychalski 1998, Mocek 1978, Piaœcik and £achacz1990; Rz¹sa 1963). The resulting murszik horizonmeets the criteria of histic horizon (WRB2015), but

consists in the majority of non-fibrous, humifiedorganic material (sapric) and has higher bulk densityand aggregate structure (Glina and Bogacz 2016;Piaœcik and Gotkiewicz 2004), reflected in aMurshic qualifier (WRB2015).

The last, 9th order – anthropogenic soils (glebyantropogeniczne) – consists of two types of (a) soilsdeeply mixed and fertilized to create a thick "cherno-zemic-like" topsoil horizon aimed to improve theiragricultural productivity – culturozems, correlated withAnthrosols (WRB2015), and (b) transformed orcreated in the course of intentional industrial orconstructional activity, often consisting of artefacts(tab. 3) – technogenic soils, in the majority correlatedwith Technosols (WRB2015). The first soil type,culturozems (gleby kulturoziemne), is traditionallydistinguished if a thick (>50 cm) hortik or antrikhorizon is present, or the soil is deeply mixed (rigo-sols) (Krupski et al. 2017). A new soil type of techno-genic soils brings together three previous types ofurbanozemic, industriozemic and saline soils (Syste-matyka gleb Polski 2011). The soil subtypes aredistinguished based on the presence of specific kindof artefacts – urbisols and industriosols (Greinert2015, Uzarowicz et al. 2017, 2018), the presence ofthe (near) surface soil coverage/sealing withimpermeable layer of concrete, asphalt etc. – ekrano-sols (Charzyñski et al. 2013a), or the presence of ageomembrane or technogenic hard layer within the soilprofile (constructosols), including the concretebunkers/fortification (Charzyñski et al. 2013b). Soilson the ruins, degraded walls or roofs of buildings aredistinguished as edifisols (Charzyñski et al. 2015). Allthese soils are simply correlated with Technosolsaccompanied with respective Principal qualifiers(table 5). Additiolenally, technogenic soils in SGP6involve the aggerosols – soil developed from earthmaterial poor in artefacts (thick heap material),transported more or less locally that forms an antropo-genic convex relief form (e.g. dam, road embankment)or fulfills concave forms. These soils may be correlatedin WRB2015 with Regosols (Transportic) that seemsinappropriate in case of soils existing in intentionallyconstructed relief forms. Also, the soils transformed/degraded due to deep mixing (in situ) of native soil atconstruction or other non-agricultural activity, termedturbisols, are distinguished as a subtype of technogenicsoils in SGP6, but in WRB2015 must be correlatedwith Regosols (Relocatic). An indication of soil con-tamination (toxicity), alkalinization, salinization,excessive fertilization etc. may be added as a variety(table 6).


RULES FOR SOIL CLASSIFICATION

The only appropriate way for soil classification(naming) in SGP6 is to follow the key to soil ordersand types (table 4) because the key reflects the priori-ties of classification (i.e. the diagnostic features thathave higher priority than others are listed earlier(higher) and have to be considered first). When classi-fying soils, the following rules must be applied:1. Classification must always start from the begin-

ning of the key.

TABLE 6. Soil varieties in Polish Soil Classification (SGP6): original names, English translations and their WRB closest equiva-lents

2. Classification must stop in a first (the earliest) clas-sification unit if all those requirements are met bythe soil under assessment. In other words, classifi-cation may follow to the next unit in the key only ifthe soil does not meet all criteria listed in the unitplaced earlier in the key.

3. The soil classification begins at the order level (i.e. thesoil must be first allocated to an appropriate soil order).

4. The key to soil types in a selected order can befollowed, when the soil certainly meets the criteriaof this order and does not meet all the criteria of theprevious order (placed earlier in the key).

6PGS)mroflarulpaniseman(

noitalsnarthsilgnE 5102BRWnisreifilauQ

3( dr )yteiravasadesuepytbus 3eht,emanliosanidesuneebydaerlaevah)mumixamdewolla(sepytbus2fI dr txenyllautnevedna(.)seiteirav(yteiravsadeddaebyam)sepytbusfotsillacihcrareihehtmorfsepytbus

)yteiravasadesuepytbusdettimo( nidetacidnitontub,6PGSnidenifedepytbusarofairetircehtsteemnoitacifissalcrednuliosehtfI.yteiravasaemanliosotdeddaebyam,epytliosnevigrofsepytbusfotsillacihcrareiha

retawdnastoorrofsreirraB

)rf(ewonapigarf napigarf cigarF

)cp(ewokicalp cicalp cicalP

)ur(ewocwadur norigob cirreF

)ro(ewonytzsro nietstro cinietstrO

)gz(enozczsêgaz deifisned nozirohhguolpehtgniylrednureyalehtotdetimiltub,cisneDekil

)ls(ewollemaloba³s rallemal-otorp ;)mc5<ebyam(deificepstoneallemalfossenkcihtlatottub,cillemaLekilcillemal-otorP

serutaefcinegodepdna-ohtiL

)wl(ewonalgêwonmil -inmilsuoeraclac

sniatnoctahtlairetamcinmiLsahmc001fohtpedehtot;tnelaviuqeon %02≥OCaC 3 reyalani ≥ kcihtmc02

)ac(ewonalgêw suoeraclac reyalasah;tnelaviuqeon ≥ romc05fohtpedehtotkcihtmc01 ≥ ehtotmc02sniatnochcihw,mc001fohtped ≥ OCaC%2 3 shtraeenifni

)wg(ewonalgêwokobê³g suoeraclacpeed ciraclacyhtaB

)ig(ewospig suoespyg kcordrahcirispygasah;cirispyGhtiwdetalerrocebyamnetfotub,tnelaviuqeonfohtpedehtta ≤ noteleksehtnistnemgarfkcorcirispygfo%05>dnamc051

noitcarf

)xm(enazseim dexim ehttakcorsuoeraclac/cirispygahtiwsliosanizdnerotdeilppa;tnelaviuqeonfohtped ≥ noteleksehtnistnemgarfkcorsuoecilis)1(evahtaht,mc051

shtraeenifehtnignitanimod)dnasztrauq.g.e(slairetamsuoecilis)2(ro,noitcarf

)zp(etyrkyzrp derevoc civoN,civullocipE,ciloeA

)zc(enowrezc der )RY5.7nahtredder,tsiom,euhruoloc(cidohR,cimorhC

)hg(enzcinhcórpokobê³g cimuhpeed cihcaP

)sz(enolosaz enilas cilasotorP

)ss(ewodos-ono³s cidos-enilas cidoSdnacilasotorP

)ds(enzcilakla-owodos enilakla-cidos cilaklA,cidoS

)sk(ewonazcrais-onœawk cidicaetaflus cinoihT

)rs(ewokzcrais cidiflus cidiflusrepyH

)ro(enzcinegotinro cinegohtinro feilerorcimgnivahsetisgnitsendribfosliososlasedulcnitub;cihtinrOekilsnoitcurtsnoctsenoteuddegnahc

)xxb(enabezrgop deirub )nozirohcitsongaidelpmisfodaetsni(liosevitanotdeilppatub,-otpahTekillioscinegoporhtnarolaivullocnredomrednudeirub


Table 6 continued

serutaefcihpromixoderkaew/peeD

-owotnurgokobê³goinderœ)ggs(ewojelg

ciyelgpeedmuidem mc031dna08neewtebseitreporpciyelgtub,ciyelgodnEekil

-owodapookobê³goinderœ)gos(ewojelg

peedmuidemcingats

mc031dna08neewtebseitreporpcingatstub,cingatsodnEekil

ewojelg-owotnurgokobê³g)ggg(

ciyelgpeed mc031wolebseitreporpciyelgtub,ciyelgyhtaBekil

ewojelg-owodapookobê³g)gog(

cingatspeed mc031wolebseitreporpcingatstub,cingatsyhtaBekil

)ggs(ewojelg-owotnurgoba³s ciyelgylkaew ciyelg-otorPekil,tnelaviuqeon

)gos(ewojelg-owodapooba³s cingatsylkaew cingats-otorPekil,tnelaviuqeon

erutaefcinegoporhtnA s

)wo(enoindowdo deniard ciniarD

)wz(enoindowaz yllaicifitradeggolretaw

ciyelgrocingatstub,ytivitcanamuhtneceroteuddeggolretaw;tnelaviuqeondepolevedtonseitreporp

)bz(enozrubaz debrutsid mc05<fohtpedehtottub,citacoleRekil

)sn(ewopysan depaeh kcihtmc05<tub,citropsnarTekil

)rz(enawowytlukerz demialcer -iretcarahccitropsnarTtocitacoleRhtiwsliosroslioscinegonhcet;tnelaviuqeonnozirohsumuhevah,noitamalcerlacigoloibrolacinhcetretfascits ≥ kcihtmc01

)xt()enzcyskot(eno¿aks )cixot(detanimatnoc cixoT

)zk(enmeizorutluk cimezorutluc cirhtnA,citroH

)lm(ewozreleimop elip-laocrahc reyalasah;citerProfairetircteemyamtub,tnelaviuqeon ≥ tahtkcihtmc02noitcudorplaocrahcremroffosetisniyltsom;laocrahcfo).lov(%5>sniatnoc

)wa(ewolgêw-oportna cinobrac-oporhtna cinobraC

)sa(ewokzcrais-oportna cidiflus-oporhtna slairetamcinegoporhtnaotdetimiltub,cidifluSekil

)za(ewonazcrais-oportna citaflus-oporhtna rofairetirclifluftahtnigirocinegoporhtnafosetaflusniatnoc;tnelaviuqeon stcafetra

sliostserofniserutaefcinegoporhtnacificepS

)pl(enlorop elbara-tsop reyalhguolpevah;noitatseroffaerofebdetavitlucliostserof;tnelaviuqeon ≥ mc02rokciht ≥ noitategevnisecnereffidelbatcetedylraelcdnakcihtmc01

)al(enzcifortorga cihportorga tahtstneirtunhtiwdehcirneyltnacifingistub,yteiravelbara-tsopekil;tnelaviuqeonnoitategevnotcapmiraelcsahllits

)sl(enwarpuiwlys larutlucivlys reyaldexim/hguolpevahtahtliostserof;tnelaviuqeon ≥ tserofoteudkcihtmc02noitavitluc

)yl(enzcifortiwlys cihportivlys tahtstneirtunhtiwdehcirneyltnacifingistub,yteiravlarutlucivlysekil;tnelaviuqeonnoitategevnotcapmiraelcsah

)zl(enawozilaklaz dezilaklayllaicifitra fonoissimioteuddezilaklareyalliospotevahtahtsliostserof;tnelaviuqeontsudlairtsudnienilakla

)nosirapmocetisrofronoitatseroffarofdennalpsliostserof-nonotdeilppaebyam(tatibahtseroffosutatscihporT 3

)yd(enzcifortsyd cihportsyd cirtsyDhtiwsetalerroctub,tnelaviuqeon

)lo(enzcifortogilo cihportogilo cirtsyDhtiwsetalerroctub,tnelaviuqeon

)em(enzcifortosem cihportosem cirtuEhtiwsetalerroctub,tnelaviuqeon

)ue(enzcifortue cihportue cirtuEhtiwsetalerroctub,tnelaviuqeon

slioscinagro-larenimdnacinagroniepytylppusretaW

)mo(enzcinegorbmo suoenegorbmo cirbmO

)rz(enzcinegilos suoenegilos retawgnirpsotdetimiltub,ciehR

)wf(enzcinegoiwulf suoenegoivulf retaw)doolf(revirotdetimiltub,ciehR

)ab(ewonesab retawdnuorgdeilppus

retawdnuorgotdetimiltub,ciehR

)os(ewokots retawepolsdeilppus

sepols-llihnoretawdnuorgdnaecafrusotdetimiltub,ciehRekil

3 according to trophic soil index (SIG) (Bro¿ek et al. 2011).


5. There is no exclusive key to soil subtypes, but thelist of subtypes within a certain type is hierarchical(strictly ordered), i.e. the subtype placed earlier inthe list has a higher priority than the subtypesmentioned below. Thus, the selection of subtypesshould always start from the beginning of their list.

6. Soil subtypes can be combined if the soil hasdiagnostic features of more than one subtype. Whencombining subtypes, the following rules apply:a) the "typical" subtype is excluded from thecombinations (may be used as single only); itmeans that the "typical" subtype is used if none ofthe earlier listed subtypes can be applied;b) two subtypes may be combined at maximum;the third and more subtypes, if necessary, can beadded to soil name as the variety;(c) combined subtypes cannot exclude each otherin any of the listed criteria;d) any concurrent subtype and primary subtypecannot be combined with other concurrent subtypeor primary subtype;e) the order of subtypes in the combination mustfollow their order in the hierarchical list of subty-pes; thus, the concurrent/primary subtype will bealways placed before the transitional or supplemen-tary subtype;(f) rules c-e apply differently in peat soils becausethe layers of different organic materials mayoccur in the soil profile in various combinations(the rules are separately specified).

7. Soil varieties are used optionally only, but forvarious reasons, it is recommended to record themin all fieldwork. The following rules apply atrecording of soil varieties:(a) the varieties are given in brackets after the typeand subtype(s), but before the genus and species;(b) the varieties are separated by a comma(s);(c) the varieties in the soil name are listed in thesame order as varieties are listed in the classification.

CLASSIFICATION OF BURIED SOILS

Although the Polish Soil Classification (SGP6),similarly to other contemporary international andnational systems, refers mainly to soils that arecurrently forming and existing on the land surface, itmay be also used for naming of the buried (fossil)soils – due to the absence of alternatives. However, itshould be stressed that its use for classification ofthe buried (subsurface) soils cannot distort the senseof surface (modern) soil classification because theclassification priorities are established taking intoaccount current productivity and environmentalfunctions of soils identified on the land surface.It is assumed that the buried soils will be distingu-ished rather exceptionally, mainly for scientific requ-irements.

SGP6 can separately classify the surface (modern)soil and the buried soil using the following rules:1. Buried soil is a soil covered by younger sediments.

The presence of the secondary soil-forming processthat overlaps the original soil profile withoutphysical coverage with the younger sediment is nota basis for distinguishing buried soil.

2. Buried soil and the overlying younger material areclassified as one (surface/modern) soil, when as awhole they meet the criteria of:(a) organic, gleyzemic or anthropogenic soilorders,(b) the subtype of texturally contrasted clay-illu-vial soils,(c) alluvial or colluvial soil types (in the orderswhere they are distinguished).

3. Surface soil (developed from the younger coveringmaterial) may be classified separately from theburied soil if:(a) the covering material is >50 cm thick, and(b) the surface soil meets all diagnostic criteria fora given soil type, and

Table 6 continued

ssenkcihtdnasepytdnaltaeP

)tp(eikty³p wollahs citsiH

)wt(ewoksiwofrotokosyw gobdesiar ytirojamnisessomhtiwgobdesiarcihportsyd;tnelaviuqeon

)pt(ewoksiwofrot-owoicœjezrp goblanoitisnart noitategevsuoiravhtiwgoblanoitisnartcihportosem;tnelaviuqeon

ewoksiwofrotoksin)mnt(ewoksiwohcem

nefssom ytirojamnisessomhtiwnefcihportue;tnelaviuqeon

ewoksiwofrotoksin)tnt(ewoksiwocyzrut

nefegdes ytirojamniseicepsegdeshtiwnefcihportue;tnelaviuqeon

eworawuzsewoksiwofrotoksin)snt(

nefdebdeer ytirojamninoitategevdebdeerhtiwnefcihportue;tnelaviuqeon

ewoseloewoksiwofrotoksin)ont(

nefdnaldoow )redlayltsom(noitategevtseroftnanimodhtiwnefcihportue;tnelaviuqeon


(c) separate classification of surface soil does notinterfere with the classification of soil as a whole.

4. If the thickness of the younger covering material is<50 cm, the buried soil is classified with priority(like surface soil) and the presence of thin coveringmaterial is indicated as a variety.

5. In the case of anthropogenic and colluvial soils, itis possible to indicate the name of native soil (defacto buried) as the variety; however, this supple-mentary information does not change the classifi-cation of the modern soil recognized as an anthro-pogenic or colluvial one.

CLOSING WORDS

Classification, as a system comprehensivelycovering all pedological knowledge on soil genesis andrelationships, should be periodically revised inaccordance with the state-of-the-art. We hope themodernized sixth edition of Polish Soil Classificationwill allow for enhanced, both precise and synteticdescription of soil resources in Poland, their diversityand environmental and utility functions, and willbecome a platform for new cartographic studies,preparation of modern soil databases and initiation ofnew interdisciplinary scientific studies at thehighest international level. SGP6, benefiting from theachievements of global soil science, offers at the sametime a number of essential modifications and innova-tive solutions for international classification systems.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank all members of the Com-mission for Soil Genesis, Classification and Carto-graphy of the Soil Science Society of Poland and allother people who actively supported preparartion ofSGP6 with kind suggestions, professional discussionand field testing, in particular: Prof. Renata Bedna-rek, Prof. Stanis³aw Bia³ousz, Prof. Adam Bogacz,Prof. Józef Chojnicki, Prof. Danuta Czêpiñska-Ka-miñska, Dr Wojciech Kwasowski, Prof. AndrzejMocek, Prof. Stefan Skiba, Prof. Piotr Sk³odowskiand Dr hab. Wojciech Szymañski.

We would like also to express our gratitude toauthors of the previous editions of the Polish SoilClassification and Classfication of Forest Soils ofPoland; such work has continually greatly supporteddevelopment of new ideas in soil science and modernunderstanding of soil classification in Poland to asignificant degree.

We are also grateful to the President of the SoilScience Society of Poland, Prof. Zbigniew Zagórski,for his strong support of this project.

REFERENCES

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Received: May 27, 2019Accepted: July 24, 2019Associated editor: J. Chojnicki


Systematyka gleb Polski, wydanie szóste – podstawy teoretyczne,schemat klasyfikacji i korelacje

Streszczenie: Szóste wydanie Systematyki gleb Polski (SGP6) ma na celu ugruntowanie pozycji klasyfikacji gleb w Polsce jakonowoczesnego systemu naukowego, który odzwierciedla aktualny stan wiedzy naukowej, wspó³czesne rozumienie funkcji gleboraz potrzeby praktyczne, w tym zwi¹zane z kartografi¹ gleb. SGP6 kontynuuje tradycjê ostatnich wydañ systematyki przygotowa-nych pod auspicjami Polskiego Towarzystwa Gleboznawczego, w szczególnoœci w zakresie konsekwentnego stosowania iloœciowozdefiniowanych poziomów, w³aœciwoœci i materia³ów diagnostycznych, ale zawsze odnosz¹cych siê do genezy i wspó³czesnegoprzeobra¿enia gleb. Definicja gleby – przedmiotu klasyfikacji – zosta³a zmodernizowana w odpowiedzi na wspó³czesne potrzebyszerszego uwzglêdnienia (oraz w³aœciwego nazwania) gleb stworzonych przez cz³owieka lub podlegaj¹cych silnym przeobra¿e-niom pod wp³ywem cz³owieka. Zatem na potrzeby SGP6 gleba jest definiowana jako powierzchniowa czêœæ litosfery lub trwalepowi¹zane z litosfer¹ (za poœrednictwem budynków lub budowli) nagromadzenie czêœci mineralnych i organicznych, pochodz¹cychz wietrzenia lub akumulacji, naturalnej lub antropogenicznej, ulegaj¹ce przeobra¿eniu przy udziale czynników glebotwórczychoraz maj¹ce zdolnoœæ zaopatrywania organizmów ¿ywych w wodê i sk³adniki pokarmowe. SGP6 wyró¿nia trzy hierarchicznepoziomy klasyfikacji: rz¹d (w ³¹cznej liczbie 9), typ (podstawowa jednostka klasyfikacyjna; ³¹cznie 30 typów) i podtyp (³¹cznie183 jednostki wyró¿niane na podstawie 62 zdefiniowanych podtypów; podtypy s¹ wymienione hierarchicznie, osobno w ka¿dymtypie), którym towarzysz¹ trzy niehierarchiczne poziomy klasyfikacyjne: odmiana (definiuj¹ca dodatkowe cechy pedo-, lito- lubantropogeniczne), rodzaj (definiuj¹cy rodzaj ska³y macierzystej) i gatunek (definiuj¹cy uziarnienie w profilu). Jednostki niehierar-chiczne maj¹ uniwersalne definicje, co umo¿liwia ich u¿ycie w ró¿nych rzêdach/typach, jeœli tylko spe³nione s¹ wszystkie wyma-gania wymienione w definicji. Poni¿szy artyku³ objaœnia podstawy teoretyczne, schemat klasyfikacji oraz zasady klasyfikacji glebw SGP6, obejmuje klucz do rzêdów i typów, tabelê wyjaœniaj¹c¹ zale¿noœci miêdzy poziomami, w³aœciwoœciami i materia³amidiagnostycznymi wyró¿nianymi w SGP6 oraz w ostatnim wydaniu klasyfikacji miêdzynarodowej FAO-WRB, a tak¿e tabelê kore-lacji miêdzy SGP6 a WRB i Soil Taxonomy.

S³owa kluczowe: systematyka gleb, rz¹d gleb, typ gleb, geneza gleb, World Reference Base, Soil Taxonomy

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