penn engineering | inventing the future · translate this pageÝøþj ÿ...
TRANSCRIPT
Neurobiomechanical and motor control comparisondurring gait between teen girls with and
without high heel shoes
1st Hamidreza BarnameheiDepartment of Integrative Physiology
and NeuroscienceWashington State UniversityPullman, WA 99164, USA
Email: [email protected]
4th Neda GolfeshanDepartment of Woman Sciences
Science and research branch, Islamic Azad University
Tehran, [email protected]
2nd Mohammad Reza KharaziDepartment of Training and Movement
SciencesHumboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Berlin, [email protected]
5th Mohammad BarnameheiDepartment of Biomedical Engineering
Science and research branch, Islamic Azad University
Tehran, [email protected]
3rd Fatemeh BagheriDepartment of Biomedical Engineering
Science and research branch, Islamic Azad University
Tehran, [email protected]
6th Fatemeh AflatounianDepartment of Biomedical Engineering
Science and research branch, Islamic Azad University
Tehran, [email protected]
Abstract— The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the effect of wearing high-heel shoes on neuromuscular activation and motor control mechanics during gait between gait with and without high heel shoes executed by teen girls. High-heeled shoes are widely used by young and teen women, and they spend many days with these shoes in parties and other formal places. Shoes are very importance, because play an important role in human life and lifestyle. Ten teen healthy females participated in the current study. Kinematic data were captured at 200 Hz using 6-camera motion analysis system. Six selective lower limb muscles were tested bilaterally: Gastrocnemius Medial (GM), long head of Biceps Femoris (BF), Vastus Lateralis (VL), Vastus Medial (VM), Semitendinosus (ST) and Tibialis Anterior (TA). According to the results, wearing high heel shoes in teen generally change the neuromuscular activation and motor control mechanics patterns during gait. All right-side muscles present significant differences between bare foot and high heel shoes conditions except for vastus lateralis and vastus medialis. During contact phase, significant within subjects’ effects were evaluated for the VL, ST, BF and RVM muscles time of peak amplitude and peak amplitude. It can be concluded that the use of high heel shoes for long time can increase the unpleasantness of the joints and muscles and can cause change the musculoskeletal functions as well as to the joint’s functions. Therefore, designers and producer of high heel shoes can use our results.
Keywords—Neurobiomechanics, Motor control, high-heel, teen girl, shoe
I. INTRODUCTION High-heeled shoes are widely used by young and teen
women, and they spend many days with these shoes in parties and other formal places [1]. Shoes are very importance, because play an important role in human life and lifestyle [2]. Among the various types of shoes, high-heeled shoes play an important role because the heels in the shoes changes the gait pattern and neuromuscular activation pattern. On the other hand, teen period is very important for girls because body structures will be constructed by motions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine and compare the effect of wearing high-heel shoes on neuromuscular activation and motor control mechanics during gait between gait with and without high heel shoes
executed by teen girls [3]. Understanding of the effect of wearing high-heel shoes on neuromuscular activation and motor control mechanics during gait between gait with and without high heel shoes executed by teen girls is vital for clinicians to injury prevention and musculoskeletal rehabilitation.
II. METHODS
A. ParticipantsTen teen healthy females participated in the current study
(Age of 16 ± 2.26 years, height of 158 ± 2.31 cm, weight of 54 ± 5.43 kg). All subjects were excluded if they had any lower or upper injury or comorbidity affecting walking such as previous disorder. Table 1 presents anthropometrics properties of subjects consist of age, height, and weight with standard deviation for all participants. Written informed consent was obtained from all girls who participated in this study. The current study protocols were in accordance with Sharif University of Technology and the Declaration of Helsinki.
Table1: anthropometry characteristic of the subjects
Subjects
Age (years) 16±2.26
Height (cm) 158±2.31
Weight (kg) 54±5.43
All values are means ± SD
B. InstrumentsKinematic data were captured at 200 Hz using 6-camera
motion analysis system (S Infrared, Vicon camera, Oxford metrics, Oxford, UK) [4]. Six selective lower limb muscles were tested bilaterally: Gastrocnemius Medial (GM), long head of Biceps Femoris (BF), Vastus Lateralis (VL), Vastus Medial (VM), Semitendinosus (ST) and Tibialis Anterior (TA). The muscles activity was recorded using wireless
XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE
EMG in order to detect EMG signals well [5]. Pairs of surfaces Ag/AgCl wet gel electrodes were attached to the shaved skin with a fixed 2.0 cm inter-electrode distance. Before the electrodes were applied, the skin was shaved and cleaned with alcohol to minimize error [6]. Raw electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded at sampling frequency 1000 Hz. To test for differences between conditions, One-way repeated measurement analysis of variance and multiple comparisons were utilized to compare gait neuromuscular pattern between groups.
C. Experimental setupAll of participants performed five repetitions of walking
with high heel shoes (5 cm height of heel) and bare foot condition. Figure 1 shows the bare foot and high heel condition in motion analysis lab.
D. Data AnalysisThe electromyography signals were analysed using
standard filtering and rectifying methods in Matlab software. We used a 60 Hz high-pass filter, then rectified the electromyography data and applied a 10 Hz low-pass filter (all filters, zero-lag 4th order Butterworth) [7]. For normalization, electromyography signals were standard to 100 percentage of a walking gait cycle based on the gait events (heel strikes and toe-offs events) extracted from the motion analysis data and visualization in Mokka software. Each gait cycle (heel strike to heel strike events) was divided into stance phase (heel strike to toe off event) and swing phase (toe off to subsequent heel strike event). The stance and swing phases of the gait cycle were each normalized to 100 percentage for time normalization and to allow comparisons between and within subjects.
III. RESULTS
According to the results, wearing high heel shoes in teen generally change the neuromuscular activation and motor control mechanics patterns during gait. Figure 2 presents neuromuscular activation during gait between gait with and without high heel shoes for Gastrocnemius Medial (GM), long head of Biceps Femoris (BF), Vastus Lateralis (VL), Vastus Medial (VM), Semitendinosus (ST) and Tibialis Anterior (TA) muscles executed by teen girls (left side). All right-side muscles present significant differences between bare foot and high heel shoes conditions except for vastus lateralis and vastus medialis (p<0.05).
During contact phase, significant within subjects’ effects were evaluated for the VL, ST, BF and RVM muscles time of peak amplitude and peak amplitude. Figure 3 shows the comparison between of the muscle co-activation of the lower limb muscles during gait with (red line) and without high heel (blue line) gait for vastus medialis / semitendinosus (top) and vastus lateralis / biceps femoris (bottom). Significant differences observed 90 and 60 percent of gait period.
IV. DISCUSSION
The aims of the current paper were analysis the effects of wearing high heel on lower limb neuromuscular activation and motor control mechanics during gait between gait with
and without high heel shoes executed by teen girls. Based on our results, wearing high heels shoes change gait biomechanics and muscle co-activation and neuromuscular activity pattern. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of high heel shoes for long time can increase the unpleasantness of the joints and muscles and can cause change the musculoskeletal functions as well as to the joint’s functions. Therefore, designers and producer of high heel shoes can use our results.
V. CONCLUSION
Based on our results, this study and research presents the novel attempt for evaluation of vastus medialis / semitendinosus and vastus lateralis / biceps femoris muscles co-contraction in teen healthy girls during bare foot and high heel gait. Three different co-contractions were identified for vastus medialis / semitendinosus: in heel contact (in ≈10% of strides), in toe-off (in ≈40–60% of strides) and during swing (in ≈80-100% of strides) and three different co-contractions were identified for vastus lateralis / biceps femoris: in mid stance (in ≈15-40% of strides), in toe-off (in ≈50–70% of strides) and during swing (in ≈80-90% of strides) [4]. The contribution of the study consists in providing novel quantitative information on variability of thigh-muscle co-contractions, in terms of onset-offset muscular activation, excitation intensity and occurrence frequency [8]. Thus, the present findings can be useful in clinical context and for designing future gait studies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT (Heading 5)We would like to thank all of professors and students at
the Washington State University, Sharif University of Technology, and SRBIAU research groups that help us to record the experimental data.
REFERENCES
[1] W.-K. Lam, J. Ryue, K.-K. Lee, S.-K. Park, J. T.-M. Cheung, and J. Ryu, “Does shoe heel design influence ground reaction forces and knee moments during maximum lunges in elite and intermediate badminton players?,” PLoS One, vol. 12, no. 3, p. e0174604, 2017.
[2] H. Barnamehei, M. Kharazi, and M. Barnamehei, “P83: Heel height affects lower extremity joint moments during walking with OpenSim software,” Gait Posture, vol. 57, no. July, pp. 1–2, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.06.441.
[3] X. Zhang, M. R. Paquette, and S. Zhang, “A comparison of gait biomechanics of flip-flops, sandals, barefoot and shoes,” J. Foot Ankle Res., vol. 6, no. 1, p. 45, 2013.
[4] M. R. Kharazi et al., “Validity of microsoft kinectTM for measuring gait parameters,” in 2015 22nd Iranian Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME), 2015, pp. 375–379, doi: 10.1109/ICBME.2015.7404173.
[5] H. Neuroscience et al., “Motor modules of human locomotion : influence of EMG averaging , concatenation , and number of step cycles,” vol. 8,
no. May, pp. 1–9, 2014, doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00335.
[6] H. Barnamehei, M. Alimadad, S. Alizadeh, S. Z. Mofrad, and F. Bagheri, “Electromyographic activity of selective lower extremity muscles comparison between ankle-foot orthosis and barefoot gait,” in 2018 25th National and 3rd International Iranian Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME), 2018, pp. 1–4, doi: 10.1109/ICBME.2018.8703569.
[7] H. Barnamehei et al., “Identification and quantification of modular control during
Roundhouse kick executed by elite Taekwondo players,” in 2018 25th National and 3rd International Iranian Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME), 2018, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/ICBME.2018.8703602.
[8] L. A. Scott, G. S. Murley, and J. B. Wickham, “The influence of footwear on the electromyographic activity of selected lower limb muscles during walking,” J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol., vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 1010–1016, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.06.008.