microalgae culture bio301 - sphinx.murdoch.edu.au
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MICROALGAE CULTUREMICROALGAE CULTUREBIO301
Prof Michael BorowitzkaAlgae R&D Center
Lecturers
Prof Michael [email protected]
9360 2333
Dr Navid [email protected]
9360 2682
Algae R & D Center
What are algae?What are algae?
Habitats
•
Water (freshwater to hypersaline brines)•
Soil
•
Trees etc.•
Symbionts of lichens, ferns, cycads, sponges, molluscs, corals, flatworms etc etc.
•
Salinity: freshwater to saturated brines
ProkaryoteAncestor
HeterotrophicFlagellate
Glaucophyta
Rhodophyta
PhotosyntheticHeterotrophic
Flagellate
Cyanobacterium
S!
Flagella lost
Chlorophyta
Loss of phycobilisomesFormation of chlorophyll bSmall subunit RuBisCo gene
transferred to nucleus
Heterokontophyta Haptophta
Dinophyta
Cryptophyta
Primaeval BrownFlagellate(s?)
HetrotrophicdinoflagellateHetrotrophic
Cryptophyte
HetrotrophicHaptophyte
Hetrotrophichetrokontophyte
S! S!S!
S!
Heterotrophicdinoflagellate
Dinophyta
DinophytaDinophyta
S!S!
S!
Hetrotrophiceuglenoid
Euglenophyta
S!
ChloroplastLost
PROKARYOTES
EUKARYOTES
Size –~40m to ~1μm
μ
Aphanothece
Nostoc
Amphidinium
Pfiesteria - life history
Nutritional ModesNutritional Modes
•
Photoautotrophy–
Light + inorganic nutrients
–
Most microalgae•
Heterotrophy–
Organic compounds (dark)
–
Some species (esp. greens, euglenoids
& dinos)•
Mixotrophy–
Mixture of phototrophy
+ heterotrophy
•
Phagotrophy
ALGAL BIOTECHNOLOGYALGAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Commercial SpeciesCommercial Species
Chlorella –
Japan, Taiwan (Indonesia, Czech Republic)
Spirulina –
Mexico, USA, Thailand (China, India, Taiwan)
Dunaliella salina –
Australia, Israel, USA (India, China)
Haematococcus –
USA (India, Israel)
Late 1950’s
1960’s
1970’s
1990’s
+ Microalgae for aquaculture
Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis
Chlorella
Dunaliella salinaDunaliella salina
Haematococcus pluvialis
ProductsProducts
CarotenoidsCarotenoids
Fatty AcidsFatty Acids
PhycobilinsPhycobilins
EnzymesEnzymes
VitaminsVitamins
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
Bioactive Bioactive CompoundsCompounds
BiomassBiomass
BiofuelsBiofuels
Algae in AquacultureAlgae in Aquaculture
Algae in their own rightAlgae in their own right
Algae as larval feeds (Algae as larval feeds (especially for especially for molluscs, crustaceans and, to a lesser molluscs, crustaceans and, to a lesser extent, fishextent, fish))
Algal carotenoids as Algal carotenoids as pigmenterspigmenters
in feed in feed
((prawns, salmonid fishprawns, salmonid fish))
Algae as food in Algae as food in growoutgrowout
stage (stage (molluscsmolluscs))
N
N
H
H
HO
OH
O
O
Selected Selected BioactivesBioactives
CryptophycinsCryptophycins
(anti(anti--mitotic) from mitotic) from NostocNostoc sp. [US Patents sp. [US Patents
5945315,5945315,
5952298, 5955423]5952298, 5955423]
CyanovirinsCyanovirins
(anti(anti--viral) [US Patents 5998587, 6015876]viral) [US Patents 5998587, 6015876]
Antibacterials [US Patent 5866150] from Antibacterials [US Patent 5866150] from Chaetoceros Chaetoceros sp.sp.
Sunscreens Sunscreens --
carotenoids, carotenoids, scytoneminscytonemin, , mycosporinemycosporine
amino acids [Canadian Patent Application 2251457] from amino acids [Canadian Patent Application 2251457] from PlectonemaPlectonema boryanumboryanum
Algae and the EnvironmentAlgae and the Environment
New applications for microalgae in New applications for microalgae in wastewater treatmentwastewater treatment
higher higher efficienyefficieny
wastewater treatment through wastewater treatment through
immobilised algae or immobilised algae or hyperconcentratedhyperconcentrated
algal algal culturescultures
new culture systems (tropical & temperate)new culture systems (tropical & temperate)
algal/bacterial systems in soil bioremediationalgal/bacterial systems in soil bioremediation
heavy metal absorptionheavy metal absorption
Detection systems for toxic algaeDetection systems for toxic algae
DNA probes, immunological markersDNA probes, immunological markers
Management of algal bloomsManagement of algal blooms
SpeciesSpecies--specific virusesspecific viruses
Algae and the EnvironmentAlgae and the Environment
Algae and renewable energyAlgae and renewable energy
Liquid fuels (biodiesel, bioethanol)Liquid fuels (biodiesel, bioethanol)
Hydrogen productionHydrogen production
Algae in mine site revegetationAlgae in mine site revegetation
Algae Oil
Remaining Biomass
OtherProduct(s)?
SalineWater
Light Nutrients CO2 (from Power Station or similar source)
Recycle water
AnaerobicDigestion
Animal feed
Methane
Nutrients
Algae sugars Ethanol
Biodiesel
GROW
HARVEST
EXTRACT
AAllggaa PPrroodduuccttss EEssttiimmaatteedd CCoosstt (($$UUSS//kkgg ddrryy wwtt))
Chlorella Biomass >15 Crypthecodinium DHA < 3 Dunaliella Beta-carotene < 10 Haematococcus Astaxanthin < 200 Spirulina Biomass 12 - 18 Aquaculture spp Biomass 60 - 200+
Estimated from lowest sale price of product
Culture SystemsCulture Systems
• Extensive Open Ponds (Dunaliella salina)• Raceway Ponds (Spirulina)• Centre Pivot Ponds (Chlorella)• Hybrid (Closed reactor/open raceway)
(Haematococcus pluvialis)• Fermentor (Crypthecodinium cohnii)• Big Bags (Aquaculture species)• Tubular Photobioreactor (?)
Measuring Growth
In exponential growth dx
= dt
(1)
Where
is the ‘specific growth rate with dimension of 1/t
Eqn
1 can be integrated (x=x0
at t=0) x = e0
et
(2)
Eqn
2. can be solved to:ln
x/x0
= t (3)
When x = 2x0
ln
2 = t2 (4) and
t2
= ln
2/
= 0.693/ (5)
Where t2
is the ‘doubling time’
Time taken for cell No to double