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WELCOME TO MEC 520

Energy TechnologyThermodynamics

Fall 2015Mahder Tewolde, MSME

Ar! "!r#, MSME

$lenn M!sano, MSME

Sean S#oll, MSME

So#irios Mamalis, %h&'1

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MEC 520Fall 2015

Lecture 1

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MEC 520 in a n!#shell(

All a)o!# MEC 51*

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About Me

BE Mechanical Engineering (SUNYMaritime)

MS Mechanical Engineering

Automated Meter Reading & Non-IntrusieA!!liance "oad Monitoring #or a residentialnatural gas meters

$h% Studenthermoelectric deice #abrication using

additie manu#acturing technologies

"aser-assisted thermal'non-thermal!rocessing o# materials #or energ haresting

a!!lications 4

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+eerence -oo.sF!ndamen#als o Eng& Thermodynamics

Morran and Shapiro

/ea# Transer

J. P. Holman

/ea# Transer( A rac#ical aroach

Yunus A. Cengel

Principles of Solar Engineering

Goswani, Kreith, and Kreider

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$rading or MEC 520

Mid#erm Eam ( 03Final Eam( 03

/omewor.( 203

Will use black board for homework and announcements.

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Energy Technology %rogram S#a

%ro& 4ohn "incaid Mahder Tewolde

Ar! "!r#, MSME$len M!ssano, MSME

%ro& So#irios Mamalis

Sean S#oll, MSME

!

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To train the next generation of alternative and renewableenerg engineers

Provides students with a global understanding of !urrent

energ !hallenges.

"Hands on" laborator and design experien!e in the areas of

heat pumps# insulation# solar thermal# photovoltai!s $P%

wind turbines# fuel !ells# and thermoele!tri!s

Theoreti!al ba!'ground on energ transformation# transfer#

and storage.

Why was energy #echnology rogram

deeloed6

The ind!s#ry is )ooming771"

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8mor#an# Me#rics

Conersion Me#hod #on$ersion %fficienc& 'orm of ener(& )roduct

#*2(eneration

+and sa(e Water usa(e #ost

Energy So!rces -)ecific %ner(& /0k( %ner(& ensit& /0+ hase m)urities #ost

Energy s& %ower

%ner(&, % , 8oules 0 or cal

ower 9 d%dt hr, WattsW

1 Watt 9 1 0oule-econd

/ea# Flow s& Wor.

%ner(& )er time can be used to describe

heat flow and work but to distin(uish

between these ener(& flows we use

notation: thermal thermal ;th and electric ;

e /Wthand /WeWor.

< wa& to measure the amo!n#of work

)erformed or (enerated watt=hour

Wh, Kilowatt=hours kWh or >uad 11

S8 9ni#s will )e !sed in #his co!rse

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Scales o energy lows

cell )hone 2 W

la)to) com)uter 1" W

human bod& 2""" #alorie diet 1"" W

1 horse)ower 75" W

hair dr&er 1,5"" W

automobile 13",""" W

1 wind turbine 2,""",""" W 2 /W

757 8et )lane 5,""",""" W 5 /W

+ar(e )ower )lant 1,""",""",""" W 1 GW

Global ener(& use 15,"",""",""",""" W 15. W

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World %ner(& #onsum)tion b&

-ource 2"13, %< ata

World %ner(& #onsum)tion b&-ector 2"13, %< ata 13

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Es#ima#ed 9&S& Energy 9se, 201:

San.ey 'iagram ; !ads ?2&@e101:.Wh

#redit: +awrence +i$ermore ?ational +aborator&

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Order o Magni#!de o Energy +eso!rces

hoto #redit: World %ner(& #ouncil, 2"1" 15

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%roBec#ed +enewa)le Elec#rici#y %rod!c#ion

@enewable electricit& (eneration )ro8ected to scale u) b& 6"=7"A

from 2"13 to 2"4"

hoto #redit: %

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ew Dor. S#a#e +enewa)le Energy %lan

he 2"15 ?ew Bork -tate %ner(& lan sa&s

that renewable sources, which toda&

)ro$ide about 11 )ercent of the ener(& we

use, ha$e the )otential to meet as much as4" )ercent of our ener(& needs b& 2"3".

-tate (o$ernment offers (rants and loans to

hel) ?ew Borkers ado)t renewable ener(&technolo(ies and de$elo) renewable ener(&

businesses.

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Eiciency Comarisons

1

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Toics #o )e coered incl!de(

(nfrared (maging and Sensors (nsulation and Thermal Condu!tivit )le!tri! Motors and *enerators +atteries

,C to AC (nverters Heat Pumps -adiation Solar Thermal Colle!tors Spe!trometer Solar alls ind Power

1!

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8nrared ?8+ 8maging etect radiation in the lon(=infrared ran(e of the

electroma(netic s)ectrum rou(hl& !;14 Cm and )roduce

ima(es of that radiation, called thermo(rams.

@ ima(in( has numerous a))lications

The use of thermal imaging !ameras for solar panel evaluation offers several advantages.

Anomalies !an !learl be seen on a !risp thermal image and / unli'e most other methods / thermal

!ameras !an be used to s!an installed solar panels during normal operation 2"

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Alica#ions o 8+ 8maging

%lectrical ins)ections

rans)ortation

-ubstation electrical ins)ections hermal heat loss ins)ections of buildin(s

+ocate radiant heatin( wires or )i)es +ocate )otential areas for mold (rowth 'lat=roof leak detection for buildin(s etect thermal )atterns on boiler tubes

/echanical bearin( ins)ections etect insulation leaks in refri(eration

e>ui)ment

WeatheriDation stud&

Windmill ns ectionWater ama(e

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8ns!la#ion @educe heat loss

m)ro$e efficienc&

&)ical wall

insulation

i)e insulationhermal acket nsulated refri(erant )i)in(

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Thermal Cond!c#ii#y hermal conducti$it& is the )ro)ert& of a material to conduct heat. '

or EWmFK or EtuhrFftFH'

he )erformance of an insulator de)ends on its thermal conducti$it&

he lower the thermal conducti$it&, the better its insulation ca)abilit&

@=$alue is a measure of thermal resistance used in the buildin( and

construction industr& Em2FKW or EhrFft2FH'tu

MEC 502 Cond!c#ion and +adia#ion /ea# Transer

MEC 501 Conec#ie /ea# Transer and /ea# Echange 23

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-a##eries #onsist of two or more electrochemical cells that con$ert

stored chemical ener(& into electrical ener(&.

rimar&: dis)osable because their electrochemical reactioncannot be re$ersed.

-econdar&: rechar(eable because their electrochemical reaction

can be re$ersed b& a))l&in( $olta(e in the o))osite direction of

the dischar(e.

+ithium ion atter&

+ead

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Energy s#orage is also imor#an# or ower leeling or #he

ower comanies atter& stora(e is becomin( a desired method of demand

res)onse. atteries are char(ed durin( Ioff )eakJ )eriods and

drained durin( I)eak )eriodsJ.

atteries also )ro$ide the benefit of le$elin( out the )owera$ailabilit& of (rowin( renewable ener(& sources such as solar

and wind.

-olar and wind )ower cause )ower mana(ement )roblems for

electric utilities due to intermittent (eneration of )ower. tilit&must ha$e additional (eneratin( ca)acit& when renewables

cant (enerate )ower.

atteries meet this need without construction of eL)ensi$e less

efficient fossil fuel (eneration.

-a##ery Energy S#orage

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-a##ery Energy S#orage Caa)ili#y

%ner(& densit& is a measure of theamount of ener(& )er unit wei(ht

or )er unit $olume which can be

stored in a batter&.

%ner(& stora(e must consider boththe amount of ener(& that can be

stored ener(& densit& of the

material and the efficienc& at

which it can be reco$ered.

chart illustrates the $olumetric and

s)ecific ener(& densities showin(

smaller siDes and li(hter wei(ht

cells.

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Elec#ric ehicles?E ses one or more electric motors or traction motors for

)ro)ulsion. /ost electric $ehicles use lithium ion batteries. +ithium

ion batteries ha$e hi(her ener(& densit&, lon(er life s)an

and hi(her )ower densit& than most other )ractical

batteries

esla /odel -

/Wi3

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Tesla $igaac#ory

roke (round on the Gi(afactor& in 0une 2"14 outside -)arks, ?e$ada

& 2"2", the Gi(afactor& will )roduce more lithium ion batteries

annuall& than were )roduced worldwide in 2"13

esla eL)ects that Gi(afactor& 1 will reduce the )roduction cost for

their %lectric $ehicle batter& and owerwall )acks b& 3"A

< 1"kWh esla owerwall

Credit0 http011www.teslamotors.!om1gigafa!tor

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8ner#ers

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/ea# %!ms /o$e thermal ener(& o))osite to the direction of s)ontaneous

heat flow b& absorbin( heat from a cold s)ace and releasin( it

to a warmer one

ON

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Wind %ower

Wind turns the windmill blades /echanical motion con$erted to the shaft of a

(enerator, )roducin( electricit&

+ow )ower densit& Q2 Wm2

uare miles of water

roduces 4"" /We )eak

roduces 13" /We a$era(e

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Wind Energy in ew Dor.

he

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Solar eak normal solar irradiance is 1kWm2at surface, 1.366

kW at the to) of atmos)here, known as the solar constant

he suns ener(& can make electricit& in two wa&s:

hoto$oltaic he sunli(ht im)in(es on a solar $oltaic cell

he ener(& is directl& con$erted into # electricit&

-olar thermal @a&s are focused

'ocused ra&s can heat water

Water turns to steam to make electricit&

+ike wind, the )ower densit& is low

eak )ower )roduced is about 1"" = 2"" Wm2

uare miles )roduces about 1"" = 2"" /W on a$era(e

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+adia#ion

@adiation is the emission or transmission of ener(& in the form of wa$es

or )articles throu(h s)ace or throu(h a material medium.

We do not see the thermal radiation because it occurs at infrared

wa$elen(ths in$isible to the human e&e.

MEC 502 Cond!c#ion and +adia#ion /ea# Transer

*b8ects (low different colors

at different tem)eratures

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% Technology

N echnolo(& #lassification

-ilicon #r&stalline echnolo(&

/ono #r&stalline N #ells

/ulti #r&stalline N #ells

hin 'ilm echnolo(&

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%ho#ool#aics?%

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Solar Thermal Collec#ors #ollect solar radiation to )ro$ide heat and hot water

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#oncentrated -olar hermal lant

(enerate solar )ower b&

usin( mirrors or lenses toconcentrate a lar(e area of

sunli(ht, or solar thermal

ener(&, onto a small area.

%lectricit& is (eneratedwhen the concentrated li(ht

is con$erted to heat, which

dri$es a heat en(ine

usuall& a steam turbine

connected to an electrical

)ower (enerator.

< concentrated solar thermal )lant near

-e$ille in -)ain. his )ower )lant )roduces 2"/W,

enou(h to )ower 25,""" homes. he )ower tower stores heat in tanks

as su)erheated and )ressuriDed water

roduces ener(& 24 hours )er da&

3!

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Solar Energy in ew Dor.

+on( sland -olar 'arm is the lar(est solar

)ower )lant in the eastern nited -tates. t

consists of 164,""" solar )anels that )ro$ideu) to 32 /W of electricit& #redit:

rookha$en ?ational +aborator&

hree /ain echnolo(ies Oar$est-olar %ner(&

-olar hoto$oltaic N -olar hermal %ner(& assi$e -olar %ner(&

-olar )anels on school roof

#redit: ?B-%@

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8n#ernal Com)!s#ion Engines

a heat engine in which the heat source is a combustible

miLture that also ser$es as the workin( fluid

MEC 52: 8n#ernal Com)!s#ion Engines < four=stroke en(ine

< two=stroke en(ine

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E / #i

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Energy /ares#ing

< )rocess b& which ener(& is deri$ed from eLternal

sources e.(. solar )ower, thermal ener(&, $ibration, windener(&, salinit& (radients, and kinetic ener(&, ca)tured,

and stored for small, wireless autonomous de$ices, like

those used in wearable electronics and wireless sensor

networks.

MEC 51@ Energy /ares#ing

#ar ire ressure

/onitors

Wireless weatherstation raffic

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Thermoelec#rics

-olid=state de$ice that con$ert heat to electricit& or use

electricit& to mo$e heat #an be used of )ower (eneration and refri(eration

a))lications

#ooled

#ar -eat

#r&o(enic @

?i(ht Nision

%ner(& har$estin(

eltier cooler 43

Th l i A li i

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Thermoelec#ric Alica#ions

wearables

ortable )ower44

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F!el Cells Tuite sim)l&, a fuel cell is a de$ice that con$erts chemical ener(& into

electrical ener(&, water, and heat throu(h electrochemical reactions

'uel and air react when the& come into

contact throu(h a )orous membrane

electrol&te which se)arates them.

his reaction results in a transfer ofelectrons and ions across the electrol&te

from the anode to the cathode.

f an eLternal load is attached to this

arran(ement, a com)lete circuit is formed

and a $olta(e is (enerated from the flow of

electrical current.

The voltage generated by a single cell is typically rather small (< 1 volt), so many

cells are connected in series to create a useful voltage.

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'uel #ells in se: -tationar& -&stems

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'uel #ells in se: rans)ortation -&stems

uses are most commerciall&

ad$anced a))lications of fuel cells

to date.

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%ieoelec#ric

he )ieDoelectric effect con$erts mechanical strain

into electric current or $olta(e.

his strain can come from man& different sources.

Ouman motion

low=fre>uenc& seismic $ibrations acoustic noise

Nibration in machiner&

wearables4

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s)ectrometer

Sec#rome#er

sed to measure a s)ectrum of li(ht as well as absor)tionand transmission of materials

4!

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+ela#ed Co!rses

/%# 5"6 ; %ner(& /ana(ement in#ommercial uildin(s EON

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SOME OF T/E E>98%MET DO9 W8LL -E

WO+"8$ W8T/ SEMESTE+

Some o #he eG!imen# is c!s#om )!il# and one o a

.ind in #he WO+L'777

Eerimen#s are seciically designed #o #each yo!

hands on energy #echnology #heory and rincials&

One o #he only, i no# #he only, grad!a#e al#erna#e

and renewa)le energy rograms in #he 9S&

Do! will gain inal!a)le hands on eerience in/ydrogen as a !el, Solar energy, 8n#ernal

com)!s#ion engines, hea# !ms, sec#rome#ry,

mo#ors, genera#ors, iner#ers, )a##eries&51

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%+E%A+AT8O 8S T/E "ED TO S9CCESS

8 T/E LA-O+ATO+D CO9+SE

%ach (rou)s time is $er& limited. %L)eriments can be

fast )aced.

Bou will ha$e a limited time to set u), eLecute andcollect data for &our eL)eriment.

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'ailure to come to the lab )re)ared is sure to lead to

&our (rou)s failure on the eL)eriment.

f &ou run out of time &ou will ha$e to lea$e &our

station to allow the neLt (rou) to )roceed.

COME TO T/E LA- %+E%A+E'.

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/OW TO -EST %+E%A+E FO+ T/E LA-&

%ay a##en#ion in #he lec#!re classes and seciically #he lalec#!res&

%rin# o!# and s#!dy #he la) man!als H-EFO+EI yo! come

#o la)& We will os# #hem on )ac.)oard in adance&

-ring a lash drie #o la)&

H#i o #he wee.I i# wo!ld sae yo! a lo# o #ime )o#h in #he

la) and when wri#ing la) reor# i yo! se# ! da#a #a)les onyo!r la #o com!#er or recording da#a777777

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LETJS TA"E A H%EE"I AT SOME OF

T/E E>98%MET DO9 W8LL -E

9S8$ 8 T/E LA-&

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5

/ d / # %

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/amden /ea# %!m

5!

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6"

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+earnin( to use

the 'luke i2"/

#reated in )artnershi) with

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6!

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Fla#;la#e solar sys#em

7"

+elec#ion, Transmission, A)sor#ion

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s)ectrometer

+elec#ion, Transmission, A)sor#ion

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Transmission

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A)sor)ance

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S-9 s!nligh#, 4!ne

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LA-O+ATO+D SAFETD

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LA-O+ATO+D SAFETD

Do! will )e wor.ing aro!nd ro#a#ing machinery, lamma)lema#erials, elosie ma#erials, high ol#age, ho# eG!imen#,

noisy eG!imen# and, i#Js #he end o #he day when we are all

ge##ing #ired&

Follow all sae#y ins#r!c#ions gien )y yo!r ins#r!c#or& -e

cognian# o #he dangers aro!nd yo! a# all #ime77

Wear all assigned sae#y eG!imen# a# all #imes incl!ding,

sae#y glasses or goggles, gloes, hearing ro#ec#ion e#c&

Ea#ing is OT ermi##ed in #he la)& Conerence room only

lease77