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Page 1: LOSSIGNOL D - Congrès AMUB 2017 · Figure 1. (a) NaV channel structural topology. Domains D1–D4 are represented in different colors while β subunits are shown in gray. Transmembrane

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Gestion de la douleur neuropathique

Dr Dominique LossignolMédecine interne

Unité des soins supportifsInstitut Jules Bordet

51e CONGRES DE L’A.M.U.B.

Session NEUROLOGIE

Modérateurs :

Drs M. Hanset – M. Pandolfo – P.J. Schellens

Jeudi 7 septembre 2017

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Conflits d’intérêt en rapport avec la

présentation

Aucun

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Définition et évaluation de la

douleur neuropathique Définition de la douleur (IASP)

Douleur neuropathique

Douleur neurogène

Douleur non-nociceptive

Associées/Assimilées aux douleurs réfractaires, parfois aux acccès douloureux paroxystiques (ADP)

Prévalence:

entre 6.9 et 10% au sein de la population générale en fonction de la pathologie sous jacente

17% dans les cas de douleurs chroniques avec composante neuropathique

26% des personnes de plus de 65 ans vont développer une neuropathie, sans facteur prédisposant

Ce n’est pas vraiment une affaire de neurologues…

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Physiopathologie

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Questionnaires DN 4

ID Pain

LANSS

Mc Gill Questionnaire

Ne peuvent se substituer à l’examen clinique

Confirment ce que le clinicien sait déjà.

Voir le site de la SFETD

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Caractéristiques Elancements, sensations de brûlure, picotements,

fourmillements, sensation de crampes, intolérance au contact du chaud ou du froid, etc.

Richesse sémantique selon les cas

Distribution en « gants et en bas (stocking) » dans certains cas

Allodynie, hyperalgie

Impotence fonctionnelle inconstante

Atteinte du système nerveux autonome

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Etiologies (« De A à Z ») Diabète sucré (neuropathie parfois révélatrice)

Polyol pathway

PARP Pathway

Alcool

Carence en thiamine

Toxicité directe

Médicaments

Chimiothérapie (Vinka alcaloïdes, platine,… thalidomide, bortézomib…)

Statines

Amiodarone

Affections néoplasiques

Rôles des endothélines

Herpès

Lésion spinale

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Douleurs neuropathiques et cancerSyndrome Effet

direct

Iatrogène Paranéoplasique Infection

Polyneuropathie + +++ + -

Mononeuritis +++ + - ++

Plexopathie +++ ++ - -

Nerfs craniens +++ +/- - ++

Lésions radiculaires +++ + - +

Lésions médullaires + +/-

+

+/- -

Lésions cérébrales +++ ++ - +

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Echelle OMS (modifiée depuis 1986)

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Traitements Dépend en partie du type de lésion ou de l’agent

causal

Rôle des récepteurs NMDA (N méthyl-D-Aspartate),

des canaux sodium, des canaux calciques (en

particulier la sous unité Cavα2δ1)

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Figure 1. (a) NaV channel structural topology. Domains D1–D4 are represented in different colors while β subunits are shown in

gray. Transmembrane segments (S1–S6) labelled together with graphical representation of P-loops. (b) Side view; (c) Top view of

volta...

Sharan K. Bagal, Mark L. Chapman, Brian E. Marron, Rebecca Prime, R. Ian Storer, Nigel A. Swain

Recent progress in sodium channel modulators for pain

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Volume 24, Issue 16, 2014, 3690–3699

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.038

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Figure 15. Nav channel modulators in clinical development for the treatment of pain.

Sharan K. Bagal, Mark L. Chapman, Brian E. Marron, Rebecca Prime, R. Ian Storer, Nigel A. Swain

Recent progress in sodium channel modulators for pain

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Volume 24, Issue 16, 2014, 3690–3699

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.038

Douleurs réfactaires D Lossignol 2017

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Co-analgesiques Antiépileptiques (carbamazepine, valproate,

gabapentine, pregabaline)

Antidépresseurs (amitriptyline, trazodone, venlaflaxine, sertraline)

Myorelaxants (diazepam, clonazepam, midazolam)

Cannabinoïdes

Stéroïdes

Autres: biphosphonates, amphétamine,

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Anti dépresseurs Amitriptyline/ Nortriptyline

Expérience dans la neuropathie diabétique

« Extension » des indications aux douleurs neuropathiques

(avec troubles du sommeil)

Inhibition de la recaptation de la sérotonine et de la

noradrénaline, interaction avec les récpteurs NMDA et les

canaux sodiqes.

25-50 mg/ 10 mg

Toxicité/ Effets secondaires/Interactions avec les

morphiniques !

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Anti dépresseurs Duloxétine

(Cymbalta®)

Pas de donnée concernant les douleurs cancéreuses

Effets secondaires/ Interaction avec le Cyp 1A2

30 mg/J

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Anti épileptiques Carbamazépine:

« Tricyclique »

Expérience dans la névralgie du trijumeau

« Extension » des indications à toutes les douleurs

neuropathiques

400 mg

Toxicité

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Anti épileptiques

Clonazepam (Rivotril): status epilepticus, douleur

neuropathique

Effet essentiellement anxiolytique

0.5 mg/J

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Gabapentine

Pharmacokinetics:

Peak level after 2 à 3 hours

Bioavailability of 55 %

No binding to serum proteins

CSF concentration is about 20 % of the plasma level

No liver metabolism

Half life: 5 to 7 hours

Few side effects

Low price…

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Prégabaline

Pharmacokinetics:

Peak level after 1 hour

Bioavailability of 90 %

No binding to serum proteins

CSF concentration is about 20 % of the plasma level

No liver metabolism

Half life: 5.5 to 6.7 hours

Few side effects

Quality of sleep

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Gabapentin and Pregabalin for Pain — Is Increased

Prescribing a Cause for Concern?

Christopher W. Goodman, M.D., and Allan S. Brett, M.D.

N Engl J Med 2017 August 2017 DOI:

10.1056/NEJMp1704633

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Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain — United States, 2016. JAMA 2016;315:1624-1645CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

Medicines use and spending in the U.S. — a review of 2016 and outlook to 2021. Parsippany, NJ: IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics, 2017 (https://structurecms-staging-psyclone.netdna-ssl.com/client_assets/dwonk/media/attachments/590c/6aa0/6970/2d2d/4182/0000/590c6aa069702d2d41820000.pdf?1493985952).

Steinman MA, Bero LA, Chren M-M, Landefeld CS. Narrative review: the promotion of gabapentin: an analysis of internal industry documents. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:284-293CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

Mathieson S, Maher CG, McLachlan AJ, et al. Trial of pregabalin for acute and chronic sciatica. N Engl J Med 2017;376:1111-1120Full Text | Web of Science | Medline

Evoy KE, Morrison MD, Saklad SR. Abuse and misuse of pregabalin and gabapentin. Drugs 2017;77:403-426CrossRef | Web of Science | Medline

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Benzodiazépines Diazepam (Valium):Phénomènes spastiques

5-10 mg

Clonazepam (Rivotril):

0.5 mg

Midazolam (Dormicum): Sédation, symptômes

réfractaires

1-3 mg/h SC

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Les morphiniques Oxycodone

Tramadol

Buprénorphine

Méthadone

Morphine

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Steroïdes Usage répandu

Peu d’études contrôlées

Compression médullaire, plexopathie

Métastases hépatiques

Prednisolone

32-96 mg /d

Dexaméthasone

4-16 mg/d

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Cannabinoïdes

THC

Cannabidiol

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Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2011 41, 768-778DOI: (10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.06.016)

Copyright © 2011 U.S. Cancer Pain Relief

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Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2011 41, 768-778DOI: (10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.06.016) LOSSIGNOL D - Congrès AMUB 2017 38

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Pharmacologie

Davison S. .JPSM Volume 41, Issue 4, Pages 768–778

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Prévention Conceptuellement simple, pratiquement impossible

Chimiothérapie

Amifostine

Calmangafodipir

Vitamine E

L Carnitine

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Approche (propositions)• Identifier la ou les causes de la douleur

• Relever les traitements reçus et ou les conditions médicales susceptibles de provoquer des douleurs neuropathiques et si possible y remédier

• Evaluer les traitements en cours, et pas seulement les antalgiques

• Utiliser le DN4 ou un autre questionnaire validé dans un but propédeutique et référentiel

• Réaliser un examen neurologique approfondi

• Evaluer les contre-indications éventuelles à l’administration des médicaments et informer le patient des effets secondaires possibles.

• S’il n’y pas de contre-indication, instaurer la gabapentine ou la prégabaline. L’accord du médecin conseil n’est pas (plus) requis.

• S’il n’y a pas d’effet secondaire ou de signe d’intolérance, et en cas de réponse clinique favorable, maintenir le traitementtout en le réévaluant. Majorer la posologie en cas d’absence de réponse optimale.

• Dans le cas contraire (effets secondaires, intolérance) passer une autre molécule en fonction de la première prescrite (prégabaline ou gabapentine).

• S’il n’y a pas de réponse favorable, proposer la duloxétine (deuxième ligne) ou un dérivé morphinique comme le tramadolou l’oxycontin (troisième ligne)

• Evaluer la possibilité d’un traitement topique (emplâtre de lidocaïne)

• En toute circonstance, évaluer la situation régulièrement

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Conclusions Les douleurs neuropathiques constituent une entité

complexe et hétérogène et qui demandent une

approche spécifique.

Les traitements disponibles concernent une grande

variété de médicaments dont aucun n’est spécifique.

La préférence ira vers des molécules ayant le moins

d’effets secondaires.

Les moyens de préventions sont limités

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Références (Voir RMB) Société française d’étude et de traitement de la douleur (SFETD) : http://www.sfetd-douleur.org/la-douleur-neuropathique (dernière consultation le 1er mai 2017

Van Hecke O, Austin SK, Khan RA et al. Neuropathic pain in the general population : a systematic review. Pain 2014 ; 654-662

Bouhassira D, Attal N, Alchaar H et al. Comparison of pain syndromes associated with nervous somatic lesions and development of a new neuropathic pain

diagnostic questionnaire (DN4). Pain 2005; 114: 29-36

Portenoy R. Development and testing of a neuropathic pain screening questionnaire: ID Pain. Curr Med Res Opin 2006; 22: 1555-1565

Hans G, Masquelier E, De Cock. Diagnosis and management of neuropathic pain in daily practice in Belgium : an observationnal study. BMC Public Health, 2007;

7 :170-182

Melzack R. The McGill pain questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain;1:277-299

Keele KD. The pain chart. Lancet 1948: 6-8

Mathieson S, Maher CG, Terwee CB et al. Neuropathic pain questionnaires have limited measurement properties. A systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol 2015 ; 68 :

957-966

Lossignol D. La douleur est-elle une norme universelle ? Douleur Analg 2012 ; 25 : 186-192

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Références (Suite) Société française d’étude et de traitement de la douleur (SFETD) : http://www.sfetd-douleur.org/sites/default/files/u3349/evaluation/image_bpi.pdf (dernière consultation le 1 mai 2017)

Zeng L, Alongkronrusmee D, van Rijn RM. An integrated perspective on diabetic, alcoholic and drug-induced neuropathy, etiology, and treatment in the US. J Pain Research 2017 ; 10 : 219-228

Hans G, Deseure K, Adriaensen H. Endothelin-1-induced pain and hyperalgesia : a review of pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and future therapeutic options. Neuropeptides 2008 ; 42 :119-132

Smith TP, Haymond T, Smith SN, Sweitzer SM. Evidence for the endothelin system as an emerging therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic pain. J Pain Res 2014; 30 :531-545

Hildebrand J. Neurological complications of cancer chemotherapy. Curr Opin Oncol 2006 ; 18 : 321-324

Calmels P, Mick G, Perrouin-Verbe B, Ventura M. Neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury : identification, classification, evaluation. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2009 ; 52 :83-102

Siddall PJ, Yezierski RP, Loeser JD. Pain following spinal cord injury :Clinical features, prevalence, and taxonomy. International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Newsletter 2000 ; 3 :3-7

Hadley GR, Gayle JA, Ripoll J et al. Post-herpetic neuralgia : a review. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2016 ; 20 : 17-21

Deng Y, Luo L. Fang K, Liu J. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of neuropathic pain : a systematic review. BMC Anaesthesiology 2016 ;16 : 12-21

Hurley RW, Adams MC, Benzon HT. Neuropathic pain : treatment guidelines and updates. Curr Opin Anaesthesiology 2013 ; 26 :580-587

Finnerup NB, Attal N, Houroutounian S et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2015 ; 14 :162-173

Rager JB, Schwartz PH. Defending opioid treatment agreement: Disclosure, not promises. Hasting Center Report 2017; 47: 24-33

Johnson JR, Burnell-Nugent M, Lossignol D et al. Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study of the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of THC:CBD Extract and THC Extract in Patients With Intractable Cancer-Related Pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2009

Karlson JOK, Ignarro LJ, Lundström I, Jynge P et al. Calmangafodipir (Ca4Mn (DPDP)5 , mangafodipir (MnDPDP) and MnPLED with special reference to their SOD mimétic and therapeutic properties. Drug Discovery Today 2015 ;20 : 411-421

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« L’un des grands services que chaque science peut rendre à nos recherches, c’est de nous inviter, en servant d’introduction, à la quitter pour sa voisine ».

Jules Bordet

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