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EnvironmentalProblems of

Pakistan

EnvironmentalProblems of

Pakistan

Dr. M. Anwar Baig

Associate Professor /Vice PrincipalIESE, NUST Rawalpindi 46,000

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What is Environment

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It includes the whole complex of physical,social, cultural, economic and aesthetic factors

that affect individuals and communities and

ultimately determine their form, relationshipand survival.

Comprises of all living organisms and nonliving

things that surround us i.e. which we see, smell,touch, taste and feel.

We can normally divide it into four spheres:

Lithosphere (our earth), Atmosphere (air,gases), Hydrosphere (water both surface and

ground including oceans) and Biosphere (all

living organisms including plants, animals,

micro-organisms).

ENVIRONMET

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Natural Environmental Resources PakistanGeographical area is 88 million hectares

Agricultural base mostly irrigated (20 m ha)Water Resources 140 maf and biggest contiguous irrig. Sys.

Physio -graphically three major units:

The northern mountains (50 peaks with > 6,700 m height) The western highlands, and

Indus plain.

Climate - semi-arid four seasons with temp range -10 to +48 C Mean annual rainfall ranges between 200 500 mm

Population 138 millions (1998) with growth rate of 2.8 %

majority (60%) living in rural areas present 155 millionPeople who are mostly illiterate (60%), poor (40%)

High consuming/wastage habits

Great diversity of vegetation type and faunaAbout 6000 vascular plant species and forest area is 4.5%

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Energy Consumption

Energy consumption has tripled in20 years.

Heavy dependence on imported oilcosts nearly three billion dollars

annually on oil importation. Energy use characterized by high

degree of waste and inefficiency.

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Air Pollution

Air Pollution in major cities 20 timeshigher than WHO standards & rising.

Automobile exhaust accounts for 90% ofair pollutants (estimated annual healthcost nearly US$ 400 million).

Suspended particulate in urban air 6.4times higher than WHO guidelines.

High lead in petrol (0.35 grams per liter)causes elevated levels of lead in urbanpopulation (now we have switched tounleaded).

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Water Pollution

Waterlogging & salinity (40% irrigation

water lost in unlined canal network (annual

loss US$ 300 million). Untreated municipal & industrial wastes.

>thousandsof tons of oil products intoKarachi harbour.

200 million gal of raw sewage enters in

Karachi harbour.

Non-compliance with pollution standards.

Dangerous levels of toxics in sea food andpoultry.

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Solid WasteAll wastes arising from human and animal activities

normally solids, semi solids or liquids those are discarded as

unwanted or useless (heterogeneous masses thrown awayfrom Agricultural, Industrial, Hospital and Commercial

sources)

-In Pakistan about 65,000 tones is generated daily (35,000tones from urban areas)

- Punjab generates 30,000 tones

- Lahore 4,000 tones

- Karachi 7,000 tones

- Peshawar 650 tones

- Islamabad 300 tones

- On the average generation rate is 0.5 kg/person/day

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Land and

Groundwater Pollution

Solid waste collection efficiency isabout 54% in urban centres.

Lack of proper waste collection anddisposal facilities for hazardous and

municipal wastes causing severe landand groundwater pollution in and

around urban areas.

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Loss of Biodiversity

The biodiversity of Pakistan is fast headingtowards complete annihilation (IUCN).

Disappearance of countless species is

caused by continuous and progressive loss,fragmentation, and degradation of naturalhabitats.

Deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion,water diversion & drainage, and intense

agricultural activity are major causes ofhabitat loss.

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Chemicals in our

Environment

Now a days our life is dependent on chemicals There are 100,000 chemicals in use

50,000 used in commerce 500 added to this list every year

Only 5,000 have been tested for their

toxicological effects

Remainders - Toxic effects are unknown

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Classification of

ChemicalsOrganic Chemical

Simple aromatics

Aliphatics

Alcohols Polyaromatic HC

i. Chlorinated poly

ii. Pesticides

iii. Organo-metallics

Inorganic

Compounds1. Acids & bases

2. Gases3. Heavy metals

4. Other metals5. Mineral fibers

6. Radio- nuclides

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Classification of

Chemicals by their use Agricultural Chemicals

1. Pesticides

2. Insecticides3. Herbicides

4. Fungicides5. Algicides

6. Mitocides, nematicides

Cl ifi ti f Ch i l

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Automotive products

Batteries heavy metal

Pharmaceuticals Cosmetics, deodorant

Detergents/cleaners Disinfectants

Abrasives

Solvents & degrease

Paints, pigments, dyes

Explosives/ fireworks Art supplies

Classification of Chemicals

by their use

Cl ifi ti f Ch i l b

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Enzyme disruption or inhalation

Enzyme induction

Metabolic poison

Macromolecular binding (DNA, proteins)

Cell membrane disruption Competitive binding at active sites

Formation of free radicles (active oxygenspecies)

Sensitizers

Irritants

Classification of Chemicals by

their Mechanism of Action

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Trace amounts of at least 600 toxic substances (such as

lead and mercury) produced by human activities

Mercury occurs naturally in the earths crust.

When mercury enters the body it becomes concentratedin tissue, an effect known as bioaccumulation. Once mercury enters the water it can be converted to its

most toxic form, methyl mercury, by bacteria or chemicalreactions. Methyl mercury is absorbed by tiny aquatic

organisms and then finally to larger predator fish.

People and wildlife at the top of the food chain consumesSources = burning coal and waste (particularly medical)

Toxic compounds

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Neurotoxins

Hepatotoxins

Metabolic toxins

Reproductive toxins

Genatotoxins (including mutagens)

Carcinogens

Cardiotoxins Endocrine toxins

Pulmonary toxins Dermotoxins

Classification of Chemicals by

their Target Organs

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Toxicity Rating for Chemicals

Toxicity rating Oral lethal

Dose (g/kg)

Lethal dose

for 70 - kg adult6. Super toxic < 0.005 Less than 7 drops

5. Extremely tox. 0.005 0.050 Less than 1 teaspoon

4. Very toxic 0.050 0.500 1 teaspoon to 1 oz

3. Moderately tox 0.500 5.00 Up to 1 lb

2. Slightly toxic 5.0 15.0 1 lb to 1 quart

1. Practically non > 15 More than 1 quart

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CONSUMPTION OF

PESTICIDES Harmful pests - number in hundreds

Yield reduction caused by them is 20 40% More than 40,000 weeds (yield reduction by 20

-50%) USEPA estimates 0.4 kg/cap/day is being

manufactured

Men, women and children are exposed to it

from time of conception in womb to death

pesticides business is well flourishing globally

WORLDWIDE SALE OF

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WORLDWIDE SALE OFPESTICIDES 90s

Company Country Sales ($

million)

Ciba - Geigy Switzerland 2,700

ICI Britain 2,522

Bayer Germany 1,989

Rhone Poulenc France 1,917

Du Pont USA 1,755

Monsanto USA 1,508Don Elanco USA 1,500

Hoechst Germany 1,346

BASF Germany 1,224

Schering Germany 897

STATUS IN PAKISTAN

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STATUS IN PAKISTAN

Year Quantity/amount1980-81 7,083 tones

1986-87 20,647 tones1988-89 Rs. 1.3 billion

1993-94 Rs. 6.0 billion In the country 1900 stacks/storage of larger size with

hardly any safety or security measure

Dumps are 35 years old

At Malir 37,000 kg solid and 470,000 liters of toxicmaterial stacked.

Others at Bahwalpur, Multan, Faisalabad & Peshawar

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Economic Losses Due to

Environmental Degradation Estimated annual loss about 3% of

GDP. Pollution-related health costs $1.05

billion/yr.

Agricultural land degradation costsabout $ 353 million/yr.

Loss of rangeland costs up to $ 160million/yr.

Huge losses feared in the fisheries sectordue to unchecked fishing and pollution.

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Sources of Water Pollution

Point source

Dry weather

pollutants enteringwatercourses. Mainlyfrom industrial

facilitiesMunicipal

wastewater

Factory effluentsAgricultural farms

Dairy, sheep/goatand poultry farms

Effluent fromEffluent fromindustriesindustries

Non point so rce

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Non-point source

(Basically comes with rain water)

Storm water,

Construction sites, Agriculture (irrigated and non-irrigated),

Range and pasture,

Animal production, Forestry (logging and plantation),

Highway, Mining,

Air pollution fall out, in stream sludge

accumulation etc.

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Effect of Arsenic presence inwater on skin of kids

SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER

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SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER

POLLUTION

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CHRONOLOGICAL EFFORTS TO

IMPROVE ENVIRONMENT cont..1992 Name changed to Ministry of Environment, Local Govt. &

Rural Development (M/o ELG&RD)

1996 Drafts of Provincial Environmental Protection Acts:NWFP, Punjab1996 Environmental Technology Program for Industry

(ETPI)

1997 Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance (Feb-June)1997 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (Dec 1997)

replaced PEPO

1997 Standing Committees on Environment of VariousChambers of Commerce

1998 Rules and Regulations for PEPA drafted

1998 Environmental Magistrates notified (NWFP)1999 Environmental Tribunals established

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Environmental Problems are really

social problems anyway. They begin

with people as the cause, and end

with people as the victims.

(Weston 1985, 9)

To solve these problems

ACTIVE, CRITICAL, AND

CREATIVELY ENGAGED PEOPLE ARE

NEEDED - by Longfield, P.

OUR ENVIRONMENT IS

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WISELY PLANNED

MAJOR CAUSE AND AFFECTS OF POLLUTION

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MAJOR CAUSE AND AFFECTS OF POLLUTION

TYPE CAUSE EFFECTLAND

POLLUTIONDirt ,wrappers,Solid waste.e.t.c

Everywhere there isDust and dirt.

WATERPOLLUTION Sewerage system,industrialwaste ,solid waste ,agricultural spraying e.t.cMarine life isdying,peopledrinking this waterare also sufferingfrom dangerousdiseases.

AIRPOLLUTION

NOISEPOLLUTION

Different dangerousgases(CO,S,CO2,e.t.c.)and motorVehicles account for itAbout 90 .Pressure horns, airplanes,industry, music, loudspeakers

Lung problems,andother serious healthproblems,Destroying naturalflora and climate.Tension, fatigue,hearing impairment,BP, heart attack