l'afrique de l'est, une géopolitique pétrolière à haut risque

7/30/2019 L'Afrique de l'Est, une gopolitique ptrolire haut risque

1/29

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Gjbenalb Nzm

Bfxjagwj 7;>7

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[wfmwnaajNhwl~zj szgsnonwljbbj


2/29

DLhwl jsy$ jb Hwnbcj$ dj {wlbcl{nd cjbywj lbi{jbinby ij wjcojwcoj$ilbhfwanylfb jy ij igny szw djs mwnbijs ~zjsylfbs lbyjwbnylfbndjs"

Cw jb >,"

Ld bjsy sfzals nzczbj yzyjddj nialblsywnylxj$ ihlbly dlgwjajby sjs ncylxlys jy{zgdlj wmzdlwjajby sjs ywnxnz"

DLhwl nssfclj$ nz ywnxjws ij sjs yzijs jy ij sjs ignys$ inbs zbj ianwcojlbyjwilscl{dlbnlwj$ iclijzws {fdlyl~zjs jy j{jwys dcojddj lbyjwbnylfbndj"

Nxjc sfb nbyjbbj ij Gwzjddjs /Lhwl!Gwzjddjs,$ dLhwl sla{fsj cfaaj zb ijswnwjs yolb` ynb`shwnbnls sj {fslylfbbjw nz czw aaj iz igny jzwf{jb"

Djs f{lblfbs jx{wlajs inbs cj yjxyjbjbmnmjby ~zj dn wjs{fbsngldly ij dnzyjzw"

LSGB 5 >;Hn5+37/;,773?:>>:

Janld 5lbhf"gwzjddjsKlhwl"fwm

Lhwl7=$ wzj ij dn [wfcjsslfb

=:=9; [nwls Cjij >: HWNBCJYd" 5 +33 /;,> 9; 8> 8; ;;Hn 5 +33 /;,> 9; 8> 8; 8;

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3/29

Wsza

Dn {wfizcylfb {ywfdlwj jb Nhwl~zj szgsnonwljbbj n y ij{zls djsnbbjs >"Dn ~znsl!yfyndly ij dn {wfizcylfb nhwlcnlbj /ofws Anmowjg, xljbyyfzefzws ij cjyyj wmlfb s{clhl~zj d-jcj{ylfb ij {wfizcyjzwswcjbys cfaaj dj Sfzinb iz Szi /ij{zls > jy7$: alddlnwis ij gnwlds, bcjsslyj ijs lbxjsylssjajbys cfdfssnz ~zjsjzd cj y|{j ij sfcly {jzy wndlsjw" Dj {wfejy {ywfdljw jb Fzmnbin

jsy cfa{djj" Dj gwzy ynby yws dfzwi$ ld n gjsflb i-zb ywnlyjajby{nwylczdljw {fzw ywj ywnbs{fwy$ anls cjsy nxnby yfzy djbcdnxjajbymfmwn{ol~zj ~zl wj{wsjbyj zb xwlyngdj ihl" D-Fzmnbin xn ijxflwsj ajyywj i-nccfwi nxjc dj @jb|n {fzw d-j{fwyjw" Inbs djzw sywnymlj$djs anefws ijxwfby nzssl {wjbiwj jb cfa{yj dj Sfzinb iz Szi jy{jzy!ywj d-yolf{lj {fzw dj mnu$ nhlb ij cwjw zb s|syaj lbymwi-fdfizcs jsy!nhwlcnlbs" Cjdn xn wj~zwlw ijs ywsfws ij il{dfanyljndfws ~zj$ inbs dj aaj yja{s$ dj wdj ij d-Fzmnbin inbs dn wmlfb

> Blmjwln$ Nbmfdn$ W{zgdl~zj iz Cfbmf$ Mngfb$ Mzlbj ~znyfwlndj$ Cnajwfzb {zls

{dzs wcjaajby Cyj i-Lxflwj jy Monbn"


4/29

jy nz sjlb ij dn Cfaazbnzy iNhwl~zj ij dJsy /CNJ, wls~zj ij {jz {jz sj w~zldlgwjw {nw wn{{fwy cjdzl iz @jb|n"

Dn ifzgdj sfzxjwnlbjy szw dj dnc Ndgjwy$ f dn yfyndly iz{ywfdj fzmnbinls jsy dfcndlsj$ fgdlmj mndjajby @na{ndn

ywnxnlddjw nxjc sfb xflslb cfbmfdnls" Cj ijwbljw b-n sdjcylfbb sjscfa{nmbljs ~z-jb ezlb 7;>; /nzczbj j{dfwnylfb slmblhlcnylxj xlslgdjszw dn ufbj hlb 7;>7," Ij {dzs$ dj cofl hnly {nw dj {wslijby Efsj{o@ngldn jsy {fzw dj aflbs lbcjwynlb 5 djs sfclys Cn{wl`ny jy Hf}ojd{b-fby bl djs cfa{yjbcjs$ bl djs af|jbs hlbnbcljws {fzw ajbjw gljbdjs ywnxnz" D-Fzmnbin$ ~zl n nc~zls zbj nxnbcj cfbsliwngdj jbanylwj ij{dfwnylfb$ {wfhlyjwn ifbc iz {ywfdj cfbmfdnls cnw cjijwbljw b-nzwn {ns i-nzywj cofl ~zj ij ywnbslyjw {nw sfb yjwwlyflwj" Cjylbywy cfaazb gljb cfa{wls {nw djs ijz {wslijbys n ie {jwalszb ilndfmzj nccwz jy dn slmbnyzwj i-nccfwis gldnywnz Bmzwifyf jyInw Js Sndnna" Dj {ywfdj n y cdnlwjajby zb afylh ijwn{{wfcojajby jbywj djs ijz {n|s anls ld wjsyj gjnzcfz{ hnlwj"


5/29

3 Lhwl

Sfaanlwj

LBYWFIZCYLFB """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 9

FZ JB JSY D-J_[DFWNYLFB IZ DNC NDGJWY 6 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 8

^ZL SFBY DJS NCYJZWS [JYWFDLJWS6 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 8

D-LBSYWZAJBYNDLSNYLFB [FDLYL^ZJ IZ IJGNY [JYWFDLJW """""""""""""""""""""""""""" ?

DJ CFYJ CFBMFDNLS IZ DNC NDGJWY """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >>DJ DNC NDGJWY$ GNSSLB [NWYNMJ JBYWJ DN WIC JY D-FZMNBIN """""""""""""" >9

^ZJ HNLWJ IZ [JYWFDJ FZMNBINLS6 """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >8

DJ WFDJ CJBYWND I-JSSNW INBS DJ WNHHLBNMJ WJMLFBND" """"""""""""""""""""""" >=

DJS [WFEJYS I-FDJFIZCS WJMLFBNZ_" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >


6/29

9 Lhwl

Lbywfizcylfb

Nzywjhfls$ ofws ij {fwyj ijs wninws ijs sfclys {ywfdlwjs$ d-Nhwl~zjij d-Jsy jsy ijxjbzj jb d-js{ncj ij clb~ nbs d-zbj ijs ufbjs izcfbylbjby f djs lbxjsylssjajbys sfby djs {dzs sfzyjbzs" Ijzwnlsfbs cjdn 5 i-ngfwi$ djs sfclys Ojwlynmj jy Yzddf} Fld fby als efzw ij{zls 7;;8 jb Fzmnbin jbywj > jy 7$: alddlnwis ij gnwlds ijwsjwxj /sfly d~zlxndjby ijs wsjwxjs ij dn W{zgdl~zj iz Cfbmf,"Jbszlyj$ dj blxjnz ijs cfzws iz gwzy fsclddj jbywj ?; jy >7; ifddnws

ij{zls 7;;? jy {fzssj djs sfclys inxnbynmj ij {wlsjs ij wls~zjs"Dn ijanbij {ywfdlwj afbilndj yfzefzws {dzs hfwyj /Colbj$ Lbij,{jwajy i-nhhlwajw ~zj djs lbxjsylssjajbys {ywfdljws ~zl sjbmnmjbyncyzjddjajby sj ixjdf{{jwfby szw dj dfbm yjwaj" Djs jhhfwysi-j{dfwnylfb bj ijxwnljby ifbc {ns ywj nhhjcys {nw ~zjd~zjsicfbxjbzjs yjcobl~zjs yjddjs ~zj ijs hfwnmjs sjcs" Cjyyj ufbjnddnby iz Sfzinb iz Szi ezs~z-nz Afunagl~zj ijxwnly jb {wlbcl{jwjsyjw zbj ufbj inyywncylfb anejzwj ijs {ywfdljws {fzw {dzsljzwsilunlbjs i-nbbjs"

[fzw zb {n|s snbs olsyflwj {ywfdlwj$ cjyyj bfzxjddj lbizsywljjsy isyngldlsnbyj" Dn mjsylfb ij cj sjcyjzw$ nzefzwi-ozl sywnyml~zjjy gljbyy ifalbnby la{dl~zj zbj wfwmnblsnylfb ij d-cfbfalj" Dnhfwanylfb nccdwj ij cjbynlbjs ij hfbcylfbbnlwjs ~zndlhls$ dn{inmfmlj bcjssnlwj nz{ws ijs {f{zdnylfbs {wfcojs ijs ufbjs{ywfdlwjs nlbsl ~zj ijs wj{wsjbynbys iz {jz{dj sfby nzynby ij ihls~zj d-Fzmnbin {jlbj szwafbyjw" Jy cj$ i-nzynby {dzs ~zj dj{wslijby \f}jwl Azsjxjbl$ nwwlx nz {fzxflw jb >


7/29

G" Nzm &Mf{fdlyl~zj {ywfdlwj iNhwl~zj ij dJsy

: Lhwl

{nwylczdljws ij @lbsonsn inbs dj sjcyjzw {ywfdljw" Dn ijzlaj {nwyljsjwn cfbsncwj dn mf{fdlyl~zj wmlfbndj iz {ywfdj nxjc djsilhhwjbys {wfejys ij wnhhlbjwlj nlbsl ~zj i-j{fwynylfb {nw dj @jb|n" Djwdj cd iz Sfzinb iz Szi /lbi{jbinby ij{zls ezlddjy 7;>>, jy izSfzinb inbs cjyyj sywnymlj wmlfbndj {ywfdlwj sjwn mndjajby alsjb dzalwj" Jbhlb$ dj ijwbljw {flby sjwn cfbsncw nz icfzxjwyjs jyj{dfwnylfbs hzyzwjs nz @jb|n$ jb yolf{lj$ jb Ynbunblj jy nzAfunagl~zj" Cjyyj alsj jb {jws{jcylxj wmlfbndj {jwajyywn ij gljbcfa{wjbiwj d-la{fwynbcj ij cjyyj hzyzwj {wfxlbcj {ywfdlwj jy mnulwj d-cojddj cfbylbjbyndj jy afbilndj"

Cjyyj bfyj n y wjbizj {fsslgdj mwcj {dzs izbj cjbynlbjijbywjyljbs nxjc ijs cniwjs ij cfa{nmbljs {ywfdlwjs$ onzyshfbcylfbbnlwjs$ cfbsjlddjws inbs djs alblsywjs jy djs {wslijbcjs ijsilhhwjbys {n|s nhwlcnlbs yzils jbywj 7;;? jy 7;>7" Dn {dz{nwy ijbfs lbyjwdfczyjzws n|nby nccj{y ij {nwdjw jb conbmj izb yfyndnbfb|any$ lds bj sjwfby {ns clys"


8/29

8 Lhwl

F jb jsy d-jx{dfwnylfbiz Dnc Ndgjwy 6

^zl sfby djs ncyjzws {ywfdljws 6

D-j{dfwnylfb {ywfdlwj jb Fzmnbin n y nssju ylalij ij{zls djigzy iz __j slcdj" Djs {wjaljws ywnxnz inbs dj {n|s$ wndlss {nwdj mwfz{j szi!nhwlcnlb Nhwlcnb Jzwf{jnb Lbxjsyajby Cfa{nb|7$inyjby ij >


9/29


= Lhwl

> /:; *, jy3N /:; *, jy ij ~zlyyjw dj {n|s" Jddj nccj{yj d-fhhwj ij >$9: alddlnwi ijifddnws ij dn anefw lyndljbbj JBL" Cj{jbinby$ iz hnly ij sfb synyzy ij{nwyjbnlwj i-Ojwlynmj$ Yzddf} ils{fsj izb iwfly ij {wjaljw wjhzs" Jb

i-nzywjs yjwajs$ jddj jsy {wlfwlynlwj jb cns ij cjsslfb" N{ws ijazdyl{djs nyjwafljajbys {fdlyl~zjs$ c-jsy hlbndjajby Yzddf} ~zlwja{fwyj$ szlyj zb nccfwi ij dn {wslijbcj fzmnbinlsj dj 78 ezlddjy7;>;$ djs {nwys i-Ojwlynmj {fzw zbj sfaaj lijbyl~zj cjddj{wf{fsj {nw JBL"

Cj{jbinby$ d-nccfwi iz 78 ezlddjy 7;>; iz {wslijby fzmnbinlsszw djs ywfls gdfcs iz dnc Ndgjwy8 bj hzy ~z-zbj {wjalwj yn{j" Inbsdjzws ilsczsslfbs nxjc dn {wslijbcj {fzw fgyjblw d-nmwajby szw djwncony ijs ncylhs i-Ojwlynmj$ djs wjs{fbsngdjs ij Yzddf} j{dl~zjbygljb ~z-nzczbj slyznylfb ij afbf{fdj bj {fzwwnly {wxndflw cnw zb{wfcjsszs ij wjcojwcoj ij {nwyjbnwlnys n y lblyl is dn hlb 7;;$9: alddlnwi ij ifddnws" Cj ~zl {fwyj dn ywnbsncylfb mdfgndj 7$< alddlnwis ij ifddnws" Nhlb i-xlyjw yfzy {wfgdaj i-fwmnblsnylfb$con~zj sfcly f{wjwn d-zb ijs ywfls {jwals {ywfdljws" Dn {wsjbcjiz {nywfb ij dn CBFFC$ Hz Cojbm|z$ nz cys iz ilwjcyjzw Nhwl~zjij Yzddf}$ Yla F-Onbdfb$ dfws i-zb jbywjyljb nxjc dj {wslijby \f}jwlAzsjxjbl dj 7: enbxljw 7;>;$ iafbywj ~zj dj {wfcjsszs ij sdjcylfb

n y yws wn{lij" Sjdfb ijs wjs{fbsngdjs ij Yzddf} ~zj bfzs nxfbslbyjwwfms$ dn cfowjbcj ij cjy nyyjdnmj yljby nz hnly ~zj djs ijzanefws fby ij mwnbijs cn{nclys hlbnbclwjs$ anls nzssl ~z-jddjs sjcfa{dyjby yjcobl~zjajby" Yfynd n ij d-j{wljbcj szw djs {wfejysi-na{djzw f djs cfbywnlbyjs sfby dmlfb 5 jbcdnxjajby$ ~zndly izgwzy /jb d-fcczwwjbcj jb Fzmnbin yws dfzwi,$ ilsczsslfbs fgdlmnyflwjs

:Xflw cnwyj 5oyy{5&&}}}"yzddf}fld"cfa&lbij"ns{6{nmjli17?7"

8 Djs wlxjs iz dnc ifznwi sfby f{wjs {nw Ifalblfb" Ij aaj$ ld | nxnly ijsj{dfwnylfbs nz bfwi iz dnc Ndgjwy inbs dn wmlfb ij ]jsy Bldjezs~znz igzy 7;>7ajbjs {nw Yf}jw Wjsfzwcjs" Cj{jbinby$ cjy nwylcdj bj s-| nyynwijwn {ns cnw djs

hfwnmjs | fby y icjxnbys" Djs jbejz | sfby ncyzjddjajby bzds"
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10/29


? Lhwl

nxjc {dzsljzws mfzxjwbjajbys" ^znby CBFFC$ jddj n d-nxnbynmj$xln sjs ilhhwjbyjs hldlndjs$ ij anywlsjw dj snxflw!hnlwj {fzw dncfbsywzcylfb ifdfizcs$ ijs zslbjs ij ywnlyjajby jy wnhhlbjwljs$ cj ~zls-nxwjwn wn{lijajby bcjssnlwj"

Sl d-yny fzmnbinls slmbj zb nccfwi ij {wlbcl{j dj 7< anws7;>> szw dn ywnbsncylfb jbywj Yzddf} jy Yfynd&CBFFC$ dj {wfcjsszsxn {fzwynby s-jbdlsjw"

D-lbsywzajbyndlsnylfb {fdlyl~zjiz igny {ywfdljw

Ijz dajbys anejzws xfby cfa{djlhljw d-nwwlxj ijs anefws jbFzmnbin" Ld snmly ingfwi iz {wfgdaj ij dn ynnylfb ijs {dzs!xndzjs" Dj mfzxjwbjajby$ {nw d-lbyjwailnlwj iz alblsywj ij

dbjwmlj jy cjdzl ijs Hlbnbcjs$ la{fsj ~zj Yzddf} s-nc~zlyyj ij9=7 alddlfbs ij ifddnws nz ylywj ijs {dzs!xndzjs jhhjcyzjs {nw dncfa{nmblj inbs dn xjbyj ij sjs ncylhs Yfynd jy CBFFC" D-nccfwiiz 7< anws 7;>> jsy jb {wlbcl{j dn wsfdzylfb /yfzy nz aflbs {nwyljddj,ij cj {wfgdaj 5 Yzddf} ~zl cfbyjsyj cjyyj ynj s-jsy$ d-{f~zj$jbmnm {n|jw >&3 ij dn sfaaj" [fzw djs ~zjd~zj 3;; alddlfbswjsynbys$ zb {wfcjsszs i-nwglywnmj @na{ndn n y nccj{y {nw djsijz {nwyljs=" Lbyjwwfms {nw bfs sflbs$ djs {ywfdljws jy cjwynlbshfbcylfbbnlwjs fzmnbinls$ j{dl~zjby ~zj d-fgdlmnylfb ij {n|jw cjyyjynj jsy ajbylfbbj inbs cjwynlbs cfbywnys {ywfdljws zbl~zjajby" Ldb-| n ifbc nzczbj nzyfanylcly" Sjzd dj cfij albljw fzmnbinls hnlywhwjbcj cj mjbwj ij ynj szw djs {dzs!xndzjs anls cjdn sj dlalyjnz anylwjs {wjalwjs sfdlijs$ c-jsy!!ilwj zbl~zjajby nz cniwj ijdn cjsslfb ij ylywjs albljws$ jy bfb {ywfdljws" D-nwglywnmj szw cj szejyijxwnly {wfgngdjajby izwjw ij dfbms afls$ xflwj {dzsljzws nbbjs"Cj{jbinby$ gljb i-nzywjs cfa{dlcnylfbs xljbbjby s-nefzyjw d-jbywjij Yfynd jy ij CBFFC jb 7;>>" N{ws zb bfzxjd y ij bmfclnylfbssjwwjs anls sjagdj!y!ld hwzcyzjzsjs nxjc d-yny szw {dzsljzws{flbys iz cfbywny$ cfaaj d-nefzy i-zbj cdnzsj ij syngldly ifby dj gzyjsy ij mjdjw cjwynlbjs {nwyljs iz cfbywny?$ zbj slmbnyzwj ihlblylxjnzwnly i nxflw dljz dj >: sj{yjagwj 7;>>" C-ynly snbs cfa{yjw szw dj{nwdjajby fzmnbinls$ ~zl s-jsy ndfws ja{nw iz szejy {ywfdljw jy n hnly cn{fyjw cjyyj slmbnyzwj" Jb jhhjy$ d-nyyfwbj| mjbjwnd iz

mfzxjwbjajby [jyjw B|fagl b-n {ns nccj{y$ dfws ijs ignys{nwdjajbynlwjs i-nfy jy sj{yjagwj 7;>>$ ij ywnbsajyywj nz dzs djscfbywnys {ywfdljws nxjc djzws cdnzsjs cfbhlijbyljddjs" ^zjd~zj >88i{zys iz {nwyl {wslijbyljd$ dj Bnylfbnd Wjslsynbcj Afxjajby/BWA,$ nlbsl ~zj dn ~znsl!yfyndly ij d-f{{fslylfb$ acfbyjbys$ fby

= Zb nzywj nwglywnmj szw dj aaj {wfgdaj jsy jb cfzws Dfbiwjs" Cjdzl!cl sjcfbcjbywj szw dn xjbyj ijs {nwys iOjwlynmj Yzddf}" Yzddf} ijanbij Ojwlynmj djwjagfzwsjajby ijs sfaajs ~zjddj n iz snc~zlyyjw nz mfzxjwbjajby fzmnbinlsdfws ij cjyyj xjbyj"? Cjdn sczwlsj djs cfa{nmbljs$ ~zl iflxjby snxflw cfagljb jddjs mnmbjwfby szw djdfbm yjwaj nhlb ij dnbcjw ijs lbxjsylssjajbys yws dfzwis ~zl djs jbmnmjby

mbwndjajby {fzw {dzsljzws ilunlbjs i-nbbjs"


11/29


< Lhwl

ndfws la{fs dn {wslijbyj ij d-Nssjagdj Wjgjccn @ninmn zbigny szw dj szejy {ywfdljw" Cj ijwbljw$ ~zl n jz dljz djs >; jy>> fcyfgwj 7;>>$ n cfbizly dn hfwanylfb i-zbj cfaalsslfbi-jb~zyj szw dn {wsfa{ylfb ij cfwwz{ylfb ij ywfls alblsywjs {nw ijssfclys {ywfdlwjs< nlbsl ~z- d-nif{ylfb ij il wsfdzylfbs jbilwjcylfb iz mfzxjwbjajby" D-zbj i-jddj syl{zdj ~zj dj mfzxjwbjajbyifly {wsjbyjw dj {wfejy ij bfzxjddj dfl {ywfdlwj ijxnby d-Nssjagdjinbs zb idnl ij 3; efzws" Dj yjyj {wclsj mndjajby ~zj dj{nwdjajby s-f{{fsjwn d-jbywj ij Yfynd jy CBFFC ynby ~zj djbfzxjnz cfij ~zl wmly dj sjcyjzw bnzwn {ns y nif{y {nwd-Nssjagdj" Jb i-nzywjs yjwajs$ djs {nwdjajbynlwjs gdf~zjby dj{wfcjsszs jy sfzonlyjby wj{wjbiwj dn anlb"

Cjs ncylfbs iz [nwdjajby sfby dflb i-ywj nbjcifyl~zjs cnw$ezs~z- anlbyjbnby$ dj szejy {ywfdljw b-ynly mw ~zj {nw ~zjd~zjs{jwsfbbjs {wfcojs ij dn {wslijbcj" Dj [nwdjajby$ | cfa{wls djcfaly szw djs wjssfzwcjs bnyzwjddjs$ ynly als ij cy" Dj {wlbcl{nd

ncyjzw iz sjcyjzw jsy dj Sjcwynlwj mbwnd /{jwanbjby sjcwjynw|, izalblsywj ij dbjwmlj$ Hwji @ndllsn @ngnmnagj" Cj ijwbljw ywnxnlddjij{zls {dzs ij 3; nbs cj alblsywj jy n gljb inxnbynmj ij {flisszw dj szejy {ywfdljw ~zj djs alblsywjs jz!aajs" @ngnmnagj abjdzl!aaj djs {dzs la{fwynbyjs bmfclnylfbs" Ld n zb nccs ilwjcy nzcojh ij d-yny$ djs wjbiju!xfzs {wlxs {fzw ilsczyjw iz sjcyjzw sfbyyws hw~zjbys" Azsjxjbl b-n i-nlddjzws {ns bfaa ij alblsywj iz[ywfdj inbs sfb mfzxjwbjajby ij anl 7;>>" C-jsy bfzxjnz zbalblsywj ij dbjwmlj ~zl n nzyfwly szw djs sjcyjzws ij d-djcywlcly jyij dn wjcojwcoj alblwj jy {ywfdlwj" Dn bfzxjddj alblsywj ijd-bjwmlj$ Lwjbj Azdfbl$ jsy i-nlddjzws s{clndlsyj ijs ~zjsylfbsi-djcywlcly 0 jddj n y {wslijbyj ij dn sfcly bnylfbndj ijilsywlgzylfb /Zmnbin Jdjcywlcly| Ywnbsalsslfb Cfa{nb| Dyi, nz igzyijs nbbjs 7;;;" Jddj b-n nzczbj cfa{yjbcj inbs dj {ywfdj jy nij {dzs yws {jz ij wjdnls {fdlyl~zj d-Nssjagdj$ f jddj bj slmj~zj ij{zls 7;>>" Dj sjcwynlwj i-yny d-bjwmlj$ Slafb I-Zenbmn$

< Djs alblsywjs xlss sfby dj [wjaljw alblsywj jy j!alblsywj ij dn sczwly NinanAgngnul /Sjcwynlwj mbwnd iz BWA jy {wlbcl{nd hlbnbcljw ijs cna{nmbjs ijAzsjxjbl,$ on {nw ij bfagwjz {nwdjajbynlwjs$ Sna @zyjsn /alblsywj ijs Nhhnlwjsywnbmwjs$ cfbhlwa cj {fsyj dfws iz wjanbljajby infy 7;>7, jy Oldnw| Fbj`/j!alblsywj ij d-bjwmlj jy ncyzjd alblsywj ij d-Lbywljzw," Cjyyj cfaalsslfb n {fzwgzy {wlbcl{nd i-nhhnlgdlw dj mfzxjwbjajby jy ij wjajyywj dj {nwdjajby nz cjbywj ij dnilsczsslfb szw dj {ywfdj" Jddj xlsj ijs cncl~zjs iz wmlaj ~zj djs ejzbjs{nwdjajbynlwjs /=; * ij bfzxjnz i{zys nz sjlb iz ijwbljw {nwdjajby, bjcwnlmbjby {ns ij ajyywj jb cnzsj" Cjyyj cfaalsslfb jsy mndjajby zbj hnfb {fzwjz ij hnlwj {nssjw zb ajssnmj nz {wslijby \f}jwl Azsjxjbl$ ifby d-nzyfwly jsy jb~zjsylfb$ | cfa{wls nz sjlb ij sfb {wf{wj {nwyl" Ld b-| n {dzs ij cwlaj ij dsjanejsy dfws~zj d-fb s-jb {wjbi nz {wslijby$ ~zl b-jsy {dzs d-ofaaj {wfxlijbyljdijs nbbjs >


12/29


>; Lhwl

ynly ie cj {fsyj dfws ij dn {wcijbyj anbinyzwj" Lbmbljzwdjcywlcljb ij hfwanylfb$ ld jsy yws {jz {fdlyls" Ld b-jsy i-nlddjzws {dzsi{zy ij{zls hxwljw 7;>>$ dj {wslijby d-n|nby cfbxnlbcz ij bj {nssj {wsjbyjw jb conbmj ij sfb anlbyljb jb {fsyj"

Ajb isfwanls {nw zbj {jylyj ilunlbj ij {nwdjajbynlwjsifby djs {wlbcl{nz sfby Yofifwj Ssj`l`zgf /BWA,$ mndjajby{wslijby iz Hfwza fb Fld nbi Mns>;$ Mwndi @nwzonbmn/Lbi{jbinby, jy Ngiz @nyzbyz iz Hfwza hfw Ijafcwnylc Conbmj/HIC,$ dj igny {ywfdljw jsy isfwanls {lm " Bfs cfbxjwsnylfbsnxjc cjs i{zys iafbywjby ~z-lds fby zbj xlslfb yws {nwyljddj jyglnlsj iz sjcyjzw {ywfdljw" Djzw lbywnbslmjnbcj yjlbyj ijbnylfbndlsaj {fzwwnly {fsjw ij dfzwis {wfgdajs nz mfzxjwbjajby jy${nw wlcfcojy$ nz lbxjsylssjzws {ywfdljws" Lds s-f{{fsjby {nw jja{djnz xjwsjajby {nw Yfynd jy CBFFC ijs 7$< alddlnwis ij ifddnws izs Ojwlynmj nz afylh ~zj cjyyj sfaaj ijxwnly wjxjblw lbymwndjajby d-yny" Dfws~zj dj [jwanbjby Sjcwjynw| iz alblsywj yjbyj ij

w{fbiwj djzws ~zjsylfbs$ dn szs{lclfb jsy yjddj jbywj djs dmlsdnyjzwsjy d-jczylh ~zj djs i{zys bj cwfljby {ns iz yfzy djs lbhfwanylfbsidlxwjs"

Djs ayofijs ij bmfclnylfb ij Yzddf} nxjc djmfzxjwbjajby ij{zls dj wncony ijs {nwys i-Ojwlynmj bj sfby {nsywnbmwjs cjs gdfcnmjs" Dnbcljb i{zy ij dn anefwly Jdd|@nwzonbmn$ ~zj Yzddf} n {dnc dn yyj ij sn hldlndj fzmnbinlsj$ b-n{ns y jhhlcncj" Yzddf} jsy zbj sfcly ~zl n mwnbil ywf{ xlyj" Jb7;;=$ jddj n als efzw zb ijs {dzs mwfs cona{s i-Nhwl~zj ij d-Fzjsy/zb alddlnwi ij gnwlds, Ezgldjj$ nz Monbn" Nz aaj afajby$ jddjicfzxwnly jb Fzmnbin zb nzywj alddlnwi ij gnwlds" Ij cj hnly$ dn

sfcly lwdnbinlsj n conbm ij ilajbslfb$ yfzy jb mnwinby ~znslajbydj aaj hfbcylfbbjajby jy djs aajs cniwjs ilwlmjnbys" Yzddf}nyyjlbiwn zb alddljw ij sndnwls jb 7;>7$ ndfws ~z-jddj b-jb cfa{ynly~zj 7:; jb 7;;8" Ijs jwwjzws fby y cfaalsjs$ jy d-nwwlxj ijanefws sjagdnly jhhjcylxjajby lbils{jbsngdj$ iz hnly ij djzwj{wljbcj ijs mwnbis {wfejys"

Dn wsfdzylfb iz {wfgdaj ij d-jbywj ijs anefws jsy inbs djcna{ iz [wslijby$ ~zl ifly anlbyjbnby ialbjw yfzyj szs{lclfb"\f}jwl Azsjxjbl wjfly i-nlddjzws yws hw~zjaajby djs i{zyshwfbijzws {fzw djzw j{dl~zjw dj {wfcjsszs" Zb ibfzjajby ojzwjz{fzw djs anefws hwnbnlsj jy colbflsj jsy hlbndjajby lbyjwxjbz jb

hxwljw 7;>7 nxjc dnccfwi ij @na{ndn ifbb Yzddf} {fzw dn xjbyjijs 7&3 ij sjs ncylhs" Sjzdjajby$ dj yja{s {jwiz jbywj dn sdjcylfbijs sfclys {nw Yzddf} jy cjy nccfwi$ {wjs~zj ijz nbs$ n hnly {jwiwjgjnzcfz{ ij yja{s nz {wfejy {ywfdljw fzmnbinls" Ld n {z nzsslwjhwflilw bfagwj ij {ywfdljws xfzdnby lbxjsylw inbs dj {n|s$ jy cj$aaj sl nzczb {jwals bn y nyywlgz ij{zls 7;;="

>; Fwmnblsnylfb ~zl b-jsy {ns {wxzj {nw djs synyzys anls ~zl s-jsy nxwj ywslbhdzjbyj inbs dj igny {ywfdljw" Gljb inxnbynmj ~zj dn cfaalsslfb conwmj ijs

wjssfzwcjs bnyzwjddjs"


13/29


>> Lhwl

Dj cy cfbmfdnls iz dnc Ndgjwy

Nxnby ixf~zjw dj {wfejy ij ixjdf{{jajby iz {ywfdj fzmnbinls$ ld{nwny sfzonlyngdj ij dljw djs j{dfwnylfbs fzmnbinlsjs cjddjs iz

cy cfbmfdnls iz dnc Ndgjwy" Cfbywnlwjajby d-Fzmnbin ~zl b-nenanls {wfizly ij {ywfdj$ dn WIC {wfizly ij yws hnlgdjs ~znbylys ijgwzy ij{zls >


14/29


>7 Lhwl

Jb ezlb 7;;7$ jb {djlbj cwlsj nxjc djs xflslbs fzmnbinls jyw}nbinls>7$ dn cfa{nmblj cnbniljbbj Ojwlynmj Fld slmbj zb nccfwiij wjcojwcoj szw zb gdfc mnby /3> ;;; `a, d-jywaj jsy izCfbmf" Cj gdfc$ i-zbj sz{jwhlclj ~zlxndjbyj cjddj ij dn Gjdml~zj$s-yjbi dj dfbm ij dn hwfbylwj jbywj d-Fzmnbin jy dn WIC ij{zls dnxlddj ij Wzysozwz$ nz szi iz dnc ifznwi$ ezs~z- Anonml$ dn {flbyjbfwi iz Dnc Ndgjwy" Nhlb ij cfbxnlbcwj djs cniwjs cfbmfdnls ij slmbjwzb cfbywny ij {nwynmj ij {wfizcylfb /~zl {jwajy {dzs ij xlslgldly~z-zb sla{dj cfbywny ij wjcojwcoj,$ Ojwlynmj djs lbxlyj izwnbyd-nzyfabj 7;;7 sj wjbiwj cfa{yj ij d-nxnbcj ij djzw j{dfwnylfbjb Fzmnbin>3" Cj{jbinby$ dn sfcly cnbniljbbj b-fgyljbiwn enanlscj ~z-jddj sfzonlyj" Jy jddj bj sjwn {ns dn sjzdj inbs cjyyj slyznylfb"Djs ~znywj alblsywjs jb conwmj ijs o|iwfcnwgzwjs ij{zlshxwljw 7;;8>9 fby jb jhhjy nyywlgz djs aajs gdfcs ywflscfbsfwylzas cfa{fss ij sfclys ilhhwjbyjs"

Dj 7> ezlddjy 7;;8$ sfly ywfls sjanlbjs nxnby d-djcylfb

{wslijbyljddj$ Ojwlynmj jy Yzddf} {nwxljbbjby slmbjw nxjc dj xlcj!alblsywj ij d-bjwmlj Blcfdns Gnilbmn`n zb cfbywny ij {nwynmj ij{wfizcylfb szw djs gdfcs > jy 7 /dnc Ndgjwy," Sjzdjajby$ snbs icwjy{wslijbyljd$ dj cfbywny bj xnzy wljb cnw dn sfcly bj {jzy {nscfaajbcjw djs ywnxnz" Dj >: enbxljw 7;;?$ zb bfzxjnz cfbsfwylzaajb {nw djs Szi!Nhwlcnlbs ij Ilxlbj Lbs{lwnylfb /sfcly cwj jb7;;=,$ sfzyjbz {nw dj bfzxjnz alblsywj ijs O|iwfcnwgzwjs DnagjwyAjbij Fandnbmn$ slmbj zb cfbywny {fzw djs aajs {jwals ~zjYzddf} jy Ojwlynmj" Cj cfbsfwylza b-n {ns inxnbynmj ij conbcj ~zjYzddf}" C-jsy hlbndjajby dj 77 ezlb 7;>; ~zj dj Efzwbnd fhhlcljd ifbbjdj bfa ijs sfclys ~zl fgyljbbjby dj icwjy {wslijbyljd" Ld s-nmly ijCn{wl`ny jy Hf}ojd{$ sfzyjbzjs {nw zb bfzxjnz alblsywj ijs

>7 Dn ijzlaj mzjwwj iz Cfbmf ~zl f{{fsj @lbsonsn nxjc sjs nddls nbmfdnls$ulagng}jbs$ yconiljbs jy bnalgljbs nz Fzmnbinls jy W}nbinls s-jsyfhhlcljddjajby yjwalbj dj 3; ezlb 7;;3 nxjc dn hfwanylfb i-zb mfzxjwbjajby i-zblfbbnylfbndj">3Nhwlcn Jbjwm| Lbyjddlmjbcj$ b993$ >; ezlb 7;;7">9 Sndfafb Gnbnazojwj Gndljbj jy sfb xlcj!alblsywj Blcfdns Gnilbmn`n {jbinby dn{wlfij ij ywnbslylfb {zls$ n{ws d-djcylfb ij Efsj{o @ngldn jb 7;;8 5 DnagjwyAjbij Fandnbmn$ Wjb Lsj`janbmn jy jbhlb Cjdjsylb Agz|z @ngnbmf" Bfzs{fzxfbs wnefzyjw cjyyj dlsyj dj ijwbljw alblsywj nwwlx n{ws djs djcylfbs ij 7;>>"Nynan Cwls{lb$ bfaa dj 7? nxwld 7;>7$ n hnly dn yfyndly ij sn cnwwlwj dNmjbcjbnylfbndj ij wjbsjlmbjajby /NBW, iz Cfbmf" Nxnby ij {wjbiwj sfb {fsyj ij

alblsywj$ ld ynly conwm ij dn sczwly nz{ws iz mfzxjwbjzw ij dn {wfxlbcj Fwljbyndj"


15/29


>3 Lhwl

O|iwfcnwgzwjs$ Cjdjsylb Agz|z @ngnbmf>:" Cjyyj iclslfb jsycj{jbinby gljb inxnbynmj dj wszdyny iz dfgg|lbm ij cjwynlbscfbsjlddjws dn {wslijbcj ~zj iz alblsywj" Aaj dj Cfddmj ijso|iwfcnwgzwjs$ conwm ij cfbsjlddjw dj {wslijby szw djs ifssljws{ywfdljws$ b-n {ns y cfbszdy" Fb szs{jcyj dj {wlbcl{nd cfbsjlddjw izcojh ij d-yny$ Nzmzsylb @nyzagn A}nb`j>8 jy sfb {wlbcl{nd nddl jbnhhnlwjs$ Inb Mjwydjw>=$ iywj ijwwlwj dj afbynmj ij cjs ijzsfclys$ jbwjmlsywjs nz djs Xljwmjs gwlynbbl~zjs"

Andmw d-la{fwynbcj sywnyml~zj ij cjs {jwals$ dj ifssljw ny {fdlyls is dj i{nwy" Cj ijwbljw cfbywny xn sjzdjajby {jwajyywj cjwynlbjs {jwsfbbjs mwnxlynby nzyfzw ij Efsj{o @ngldn ij wndlsjwzbj cfbhfwyngdj {dzs!xndzj" Jb jhhjy$ cjs ijz sfclys bj {fzwwfby

>: Bfaa dj >< hxwljw 7;>; cfaaj alblsywj ijs O|iwfcnwgzwjs$ Cdjsylb Agz|z@ngnbmf$ jsy bnylh ij dn wmlfb iz @nynbmn cfaaj dj {wslijby Efsj{o @ngldn /izcy ij sfb {wj,$ ifby ld jsy zb {wfcoj" Ld n bfynaajby y {wslijby ij dn {zlssnbyj

cfaazbnzy ijs @nynbmnls lbsyndds @lbsonsn {jbinby {dzsljzws nbbjs" Agz|zcfbbny gljb djs nwcnbjs ij d-nialblsywnylfb$ n|nby mwnxl yfzs djs cojdfbs ezs~z-nz{fsyj ij Sjcwynlwj mbwnd d-cfbfalj bnylfbndj inbs djs nbbjs >7">= Inb Mjwydjw jsy dj {jyly!hlds ij Afsoj Scoblyujw$ dj {wslijby ij dLswnjd IlnafbiLbsylyzyj$ jy bjxjz ij Soazjd Scoblyujw$ nbcljb {wslijby ij dLswnjd IlnafbiJconbmj" Ld ilwlmj zbj sfcly i-ncony ij ilnanbys n{{jdj Inb MjwydjwLbyjwbnylfbnd /IML," Mjwydjw n hfzwbl dn hlb ijs nbbjs >


16/29


>9 Lhwl

{ns ixjdf{{jw sjzdjs cjs gdfcs$ jddjs b-jb fby {ns djs cn{nclysyjcobl~zjs jy hlbnbclwjs" Cn{wl`ny jy Hf}ojd{ cojwcojby ifbcij{zls >? afls ijs {nwyjbnlwjs 5 djs Lyndljbs i-JBL fby y cfbyncys$yfzy cfaaj Yfynd jy gljb i-nzywjs" Jddjs js{wjby cijw$ cfbywj zbjcfbhfwyngdj sfaaj i-nwmjby$ zbj mwnbij {nwylj ij cjs {jwals snbs |nxflw wndls ij ywnxnz slmblhlcnylhs" Sjzdj zbj ijanbiji-nzyfwlsnylfb {fzw dj {nssnmj iz anywljd i-j{dfwnylfb {nw dj sfdfzmnbinls n y i{fsj jb bfxjagwj 7;>> {nw d-nagnssnijcfbmfdnlsj @na{ndn nz{ws iz alblsywj ij dbjwmlj"

Jb ihlblylxj$ ndfws ~zj d-Fzmnbin n ie als nz efzw {dzs i-zbalddlnwi ij gnwlds ij wsjwxj$ iz hnly izbj mfzxjwbnbcj ailfcwj jy{fdlylsj iz sjcyjzw$ nzczbj j{dfwnylfb b-n jbcfwj y wndlsj szwdjs gdfcs cfbmfdnls > jy 7" ^znby nz gdfc 3$ nz szi iz dnc Ndgjwy$ ld ny cfbhl {nw zb icwjy {wslijbyljd ij ezlb 7;>;$ nz mwfz{j szi!nhwlcnlb Sncfld" Cj ijwbljw n fgyjbz dj 7= icjagwj 7;>> dj hjz xjwyiz {wslijby cfbmfdnls {fzw dj ywnbshjwy ij 8; * iz {jwals Yfynd"

Ijs nc~zlslylfbs slsal~zjs ijxwnljby nxflw dljz jb 7;>7 inbs zbjufbj yws ilhhlcldj f dn {wfyjcylfb ij d-jbxlwfbbjajby jsy cwzclndj/{nwc ijs Xlwzbmn,"

Dj dnc Ndgjwy$ gnsslb {nwynmjbywj dn WIC jy d-Fzmnbin

Dn WIC jy d-Fzmnbin fby conczb zbj {nwy ij sfzxjwnlbjy szw dj dncNdgjwy" Sl djs {wfgdajs hwfbyndljws szw dj dnc fby jz yjbinbcj ilalbzjw ij{zls 7;;=$ wljb b-jsy {fzw nzynby wmd" Dj ajzwywj szw djdnc Ndgjwy i-zb lbmbljzw ywnxnlddnby {fzw Ojwlynmj {nw d-nwajcfbmfdnlsj jb nfy 7;;= n cfbizly djs {wslijbys Efsj{o @ngldn jy\f}jwl Azsjxjbl sj wn{{wfcojw fhhlcljddjajby dfws i-nccfwisgldnywnz i{nssnby dnwmjajby dj cniwj iz {ywfdj 5 Bmzwifyf jbsj{yjagwj 7;;= jy Inw Js Sndnna jb anl 7;;?" Cj{jbinby$ djs ijzynys bj sfby yfzefzws {ns i-nccfwi szw dn ihlblylfb ij dn hwfbylwjcfdfblndj" Sjdfb zb ywnly ij >: slmb jbywj djs Gwlynbbl~zjs jy djsGjdmjs$ c-jsy dj dly ij dn wlxlwj Sjadl`l$ sfzwcj iz dnc Ndgjwy /Szi,$ ~zljsy dn hwfbylwj jbywj djs ijz ynys" Fw dj dly ij dn Sjadl`l s-jsyi{dnc ij {dzsljzws cjbynlbjs ij aywjs xjws d-fzjsy$ cj ~zlihnxfwlsj dj Cfbmf"

Djs nccfwis ij Bmzwifyf jy Inw Js Sndnna fby lblyl dn alsjjb {dncj ijs cfaalsslfbs yjcobl~zjs {fzw s-nccfwijw szw djshwfbylwjs iz dnc" Ijz wzblfbs sj sfby yjbzjs jb 7;;= Gzbln/Lyzwl, jy Jbyjggj /Fzmnbin, jy zbj ijwblwj @lbsonsn jb ezlb 7;;?"Cfaaj cjs ilsczsslfbs b-fby {ns {jwals zbj wsfdzylfb {wjbbj ijdn ~zjsylfb ij dn hwfbylwj jy ijs af|jbs i-j{dflyjw djs mlsjajbyscfaazbs$ djs alblsywjs ijs O|iwfcnwgzwjs cfbmfdnls DnagjwyAjbij Fandnbmn jy sfb ofafdfmzj fzmnbinls conwm ij d-bjwmljInzil Almjwj`f sj sfby als inccfwi szw zbj lbyjwilcylfb {fzw djssfclys ij sn{{wfcojw aflbs ij ~znywj `ldfaywjs ij dn hwfbylwj


17/29


>: Lhwl

anwlylaj>?" Dn {dz{nwy ijs cona{s fzmnbinls sfby yjwwj$ sjzds ijzmlsjajbys sfby jb mwnbij {nwylj sfzs dj dnc 5 @lbmhlsojw$ nssju dflbij dn hwfbylwj$ jy cjdzl ij Bmnssn$ gljb {dzs {wfcoj ij dn dlmbj ijianwcnylfb dlylmljzsj" Inbs zb {wjaljw yja{s$ cj hdfz ezwlil~zj szw djywnc bj ijxwnly {ns onbilcn{jw Yzddf}$ Yfynd jy CBFFC {fzwixjdf{{jw djs wsjwxjs fzmnbinlsjs"

>? Djs ijz alblsywjs najbijby mndjajby dj 7? enbxljw 7;;? zb nccfwi slmb jb>


18/29

>8 Lhwl

^zj hnlwj iz {ywfdj fzmnbinls 6

dn hlb 7;>7$ fb cfa{yj ie {dzs ij ~znywj!xlbmys hfwnmjs jhhjcyzsinbs dn {nwylj fzmnbinlsj ij dn ufbj iz dnc Ndgjwy jy ij sjsndjbyfzws 5 Yzddf} n clb~ hfwjzsjs jb {jwanbjbcj szw dj yjwwnlb" Jbijofws iz alddlnwi ij gnwlds ie icfzxjwys$ djs {ywfdljws jy djalblsywj fzmnbinls ij d-bjwmlj yngdjby szw ij hzyzwjs icfzxjwyjsnz aflbs ~zlxndjbyjs" Fb {nwdj ifbc xfdfbyljws ij 7$: alddlnwis ijgnwlds ij wsjwxjs wcz{wngdjs snconby ~z- {jlbj ~zjd~zjs

{fzwcjbys ij dn szwhncj ijs ywfls {wlaywjs fby y hfwajddjajby yjsys {nw ijs hfwnmjs" Dj {dnyjnz ij dn {wfizcylfb$ afajby f djigly wjsyj ij anblwj syngdj sfb {dzs onzy$ ijxwnly nyyjlbiwj7:; ;;; g&e" Dj {wfhld {ywfdljw ij d-Fzmnbin wjssjagdjwn ifbcgjnzcfz{ cjdzl ij dn W{zgdl~zj iz Cfbmf$ ~zl {fssij>$< alddlnwi ij gnwlds jy {wfizly 3;; ;;; g&e" Dn ilhhwjbcj anejzwjynby ~zj dj Cfbmf cfa{yj sjzdjajby ywfls alddlfbs i-onglynbys ndfws~zj dFzmnbin jb wnssjagdj il hfls {dzs" Djs {wlfwlys jb yjwajsizyldlsnylfb ijs wjxjbzs sjwfby ifbc {wfgngdjajby ilhhwjbyjs"

Sl ijs yjsys ij iglys xfby ywj jhhjcyzs {nwylw ij 7;>7 >8!7;>="Cfbywnlwjajby nz Monbn f dn {wfizcylfb n {z cfaajbcjw ywfls nbsn{ws djs icfzxjwyjs mwcj ijs ihls yjcobl~zjs albjzws/fhhsofwj,$ djs {ywfdljws fzmnbinls sfby gljb inxnbynmj inbs zb{wfcjsszs ij dfbm yjwaj" Dn mfdfmlj ijs icfzxjwyjs jsycnwncywlsj {nw zbj azdylyzij ij cona{s$ {jylys fz af|jbs /yjds ~zjEfgl!Wll szw dj gdfc >$ A{zyn$ @nsnajbj jy ]nwnmn szw dj gdfc 7 jy@lbmhlsojw szw dj 3,$ {nw{ldds szw zbj cjbynlbj ij `ldfaywjs jbywj djbfwi iz dnc Ndgjwy /wmlfb iz Bld!Fcclijbynd, jy dj szi iz dnc" Ij {dzs$dj {ywfdj jsy yws dfzwi jy xls~zjz 5 ld sjwn ifbc yws cfa{dl~z ij djywnbs{fwyjw" Jbhlb$ dn ufbj iz dnc Ndgjwy jsy yfyndjajby jbcdnxj$ {ws ij > :;; `a ijs cyjs djs {dzs {wfcojs nz @jb|n"

Jb cj ~zl cfbcjwbj d-zyldlsnylfb iz gwzy$ ijz dfml~zjs

f{{fsjs s-nhhwfbyjby 5 cjddj ijs {ywfdljws jy cjddj ij d-yny fzmnbinls/{dzs {nwylczdlwjajby iz {wslijby \f}jwl Azsjxjbl," Djscfa{nmbljs {ywfdlwjs sfzonlyjby xjbiwj szw dj anwco lbyjwbnylfbnddn {dzs mwnbij {nwylj iz gwzy iz dnc Ndgjwy ndfws ~zj dn dfml~zjfzmnbinlsj xlsj cfbsywzlwj dfcndjajby zbj wnhhlbjwlj ij mwnbijilajbslfb" Cjyyj ijwblwj {jwajyywnly i-n{{wfxlslfbbjw jb {wfizlyswnhhlbs d-Nhwl~zj ij d-Jsy$ sfly dj Sfzinb iz Szi$ dj @jb|n$ dnYnbunblj$ d-jsy ij dn WIC$ dj Gzwzbil jy dj W}nbin" Ncyzjddjajby$ djscfa{nmbljs {ywfdlwjs ncylxjs jb Fzmnbin sjagdjby s-nccfwijw

>< Dn {wfizcylfb ij cjs yjsys ijxwnly ywj xjbizj nz f{wnyjzws ij cjbywndjs

djcywl~zjs yojwal~zjs cfaaj Encfgsjb"


19/29


>= Lhwl

{fzw n{{wfxlslfbbjw jy hlbnbcjw jb {nwylj zbj wnhhlbjwlj cn{ngdj nzalblaza ij w{fbiwj dn ijanbij fzmnbinlsj$ jsylaj >9 ;;; g&e jb 7;>;" Cjwynlbs {ywfdljws wjbcfbyws hfby whwjbcj zbj wnhhlbjwlj cn{ngdj ij ywnbshfwajw zb xfdzaj ij 8; ;;; g&e$ nhlb ijw{fbiwj cjwynlbs gjsflbs wmlfbnz anls szwyfzy {fzw w{fbiwj dn onzssj ij dn ijanbij jb Fzmnbin inbs djs {wfconlbjsicjbbljs" [fzw ywnbshfwajw cj {ywfdj dfzwi$ zbj cjbywndj ij d-fwiwjij 7; ;;; g&e ijxwnly cfyjw jbywj ?;; alddlfbs jy >$: alddlnwi ijifddnws sjdfb djs sfclys cfbywncyjs7;"

Dj wdj cjbywnd i-Jssnwinbs dj wnhhlbnmj wmlfbnd"

Dn cfa{nmblj lbiljbbj Jssnw$ ~zl {fssij ij{zls 7;;< :; * ij dn

wnhhlbjwlj ij Afagnsn /@jb|n,$ s-jsy ie icdnwj lbywjssj {nw djixjdf{{jajby i-zbj wnhhlbjwlj jb Fzmnbin" Is dj ? sj{yjagwj7;>;$ d-yny fzmnbinls n cw zbj cfjbywj{wlsj nxjc Jssnw dn szlyji-zbj xlslyj dj : sj{yjagwj 7;>; iz alblsywj `b|nb ijs Nhhnlwjsywnbmwjs$ Afsjs ]jynbmzdn$ jy iz [IM i-Jssnw$ [wnsonby Wzln$ nz{wslijby fzmnbinls7>" Inbs dj aaj yja{s$ dj [IM ij dn @jb|n[jywfdjza Wjhlbjwljs Dyi /@[WD$ iyjbzj {nwys mndjs {nw d-yny`b|nb jy Jssnw Jbjwm| Fxjwsjns,$ Wne Xnwan$ n dnbc zbj yzij ijhnlsngldly {fzw dn ywnbshfwanylfb iz gwzy fzmnbinls inbs dn wnhhlbjwljij Afagnsn77" Jssnw sj ifly i-ywj yws wncylh szw cj szejy cnw jbsja{nwnby ij :; * ij dn wnhhlbjwlj ij Afagnsn$ jddj s-jsy jbmnmjnz{ws ij d-yny `b|nb lbxjsylw 9:; alddlfbs ij ifddnws {fzw hnlwj

{nssjw dn sywzcyzwj ij >$9 9 alddlfbs ij yfbbjs /sfly ?3 ;;; g&e," Jddjifly cfbywdjw dj anwco fzmnbinls nhlb ij bj {ns szglw ijcfbczwwjbcj i-zb nzywj lbxjsylssjzw ~zl lbfbijwnly dj @jb|n jy djsnzywjs {n|s ij dn wmlfb nxjc ijs {wfizlys wnhhlbs jb Fzmnbin$gjnzcfz{ aflbs cojws ~zj cjz wnhhlbs Afagnsn {nwylw ij gwzyncojy szw dj anwco lbyjwbnylfbnd /dj @jb|n bj {wfizly {ns ij{ywfdj," Jb icjagwj 7;>>$ D@ Mz{yn$ dj ilwjcyjzw mbwnd i-JssnwFld s-jsy ifbc bfzxjnz icdnw {wy lbxjsylw inbs dn cfbsywzcylfbjy dn mjsylfb i-zbj wnhhlbjwlj fzmnbinlsj jbywj : jy =$: alddlfbs ijyfbbjs {nw nb /sfly jbywj >;; ;;; jy >:; ;;; g&e,73"

Dj mfzxjwbjajby fzmnbinls n ie idlaly zb yjwwnlb inbs dj

ilsywlcy i-Ofan /cnwwjhfzw {ywfdljw d-jsy iz {n|s, ijsylb dncfbsywzcylfb ij cjyyj wnhhlbjwlj" Ld bj wjsyj {dzs ~z- {wjbiwj dniclslfb szw dn ynlddj iz {wfejy" [fzw cj hnlwj$ dj alblsywj ij dbjwmljils{fsj ij{zls fcyfgwj 7;>; i-zbj yzij iz cnglbjy szlssj Hfsyjw]ojjdjw" Cj ifczajby wjhdyj yws dnwmjajby dj {flby ij xzj ij d-yny$sfb cfaanbilynlwj" Ld ihjbi dn cfbsywzcylfb i-zbj wnhhlbjwlj Ofan$

7; Djs Colbfls ij dn CB[C fby cfbsywzly ijz wnhhlbjwljs jb 7;>> nz Yconi jy nzBlmjw ~zl fby y hncyzwjs ~zjd~zj 7;"73

Sjdfb dj ~zfyliljb cfbfal~zj lbiljb Yoj Hlbnbclnd J{wjss$ >; icjagwj"


20/29


>? Lhwl

{dzyy ~zzb {l{jdlbj ij > :;; `a ijsylb j{fwyjw dj hzyzw {ywfdjgwzy xln dj @jb|n$ cfaaj dj sfzonlyjby djs cfa{nmbljs {ywfdlwjs"Dj wn{{fwy ij Hfsyjw ]ojjdjw jsylaj zb alddlnwi ij ifddnws dj cfyizbj wnhhlbjwlj i-zbj cn{ncly ij ywnbshfwanylfb ij >:; ;;; g&e$ jy zbafbynby nyyjlmbnby djs 7 alddlnwis ij ifddnws sl cjyyj cn{ncly jsy{fwyj 3:; ;;; g&e" Hfsyjw ]ojjdjw xndzj >$= alddlnwi ij ifddnwsdj cfy i-zb fdfizc$ f{ylfb ~zl jbmjbiwjwnly ij szwcwfy dn bcjsslyi-lbsynddjw {dzsljzws synylfbs dj dfbm iz yz|nz nhlb ij wjylwjw dn{nwnhhlbj cfbyjbzj inbs dj {ywfdj gwzy$ ~zl sj sfdlilhlj yja{wnyzwjnaglnbyj79"

Hfsyjw ]ojjdjw sfzs!jsylaj cfbsliwngdjajby dj cfy i-zbjwnhhlbjwlj ij ilajbslfb wmlfbndj" Dj cfy izb ilhlcj {wfizlsnby>:; ;;; g&e sjwnly gljb sz{wljzw 7 alddlnwis ij ifddnws/{wfgngdjajby jbywj 3 jy : alddlnwis ij ifddnws," Cj{jbinby$ sl djsLbiljbs sfby i-nccfwi {fzw hlbnbcjw dn mwnbij {nwylj ij cjyyj zslbj$ dn~zjsylfb bj sj {fsj {ns inbs djs aajs yjwajs$ cnw ld b-| nzwn {dzs

ij {wfgdaj ij hlbnbcjajby" Anls sl Jssnw nccj{yj ij {n|jw cjyilhlcj$ d-Fzmnbin bj {fzwwn {ns yfyndjajby cfbywdjw djs {wl dn{fa{j" Ij aaj$ dj mfzxjwbjajby nsslsyjwnly nz bmfclnylfbs szwdjs {wl ij xjbyj iz gwzy jbywj djs sfclys {ywfdlwjs jy Jssnw anlsbj {fzwwnly {ns ilwlmjw djs ignys$ aflbs ~z-ld b-nc~zlwj zbj {nwyslmblhlcnylxj ij dn wnhhlbjwlj" [nw nlddjzws$ dn sywnymlj cfbslsynby cfbsywzlwj zbj wnhhlbjwlj i-na{djzw wmlfbndj Ofan xn hfwcajbynxflw zb la{ncy szw cjddj ij Afagnsn" Dj anwco wmlfbnd bji{nssj {ns djs >:; ;;; g&e$ jy jsy {wlbcl{ndjajby ifalb {nw dnijanbij `b|nbj 5 ?; ;;; g&e" Ld b-| nzwn ifbc {ns dn {dncj {fzwijz sywzcyzwjs ij mwnbij ynlddj jb Fzmnbin jy nz @jb|n" Fw$d-jyjbslfb ij Afagnsn jsy zb lbxjsylssjajby cn{lynd {fzw djmfzxjwbjajby iz [wjaljw alblsywj Wnldn Filbmn$ jb {nwylczdljw dnxjlddj ij d-djcylfb {wslijbyljddj {wxzj igzy 7;>3"

[fzw jb wjxjblw d-Fzmnbin$ dj {wfejy i-zbj wnhhlbjwljwmlfbndj ~zl zyldlsjwnly {dzs ij dn aflyl ij dn {wfizcylfb fzmnbinlsj$sfly >:; ;;; szw djs 7:; ;;; js{ws$ jsy cj{jbinby yws wls~z {fzw{dzsljzws wnlsfbs" I-ngfwi$ dn {bzwlj ncyzjddj ij hlbnbcjajby bj{dnlij {ns {fzw ijs sywzcyzwjs cfyjzsjs$ jb {nwylczdljw jb Nhwl~zj"Ijzlajajby$ djs {wfizlys wnhhlbs ~zl nwwlxjby ilwjcyjajby nz {fwyij Afagnsn jb {wfxjbnbcj iz mfdhj [jwsl~zj$ {zls nlbslwncojalbs inbs dn sfzs!wmlfb$ wjsyjwfby gjnzcfz{ {dzs wjbyngdjs~zj cjz {wfxjbnby i-zbj sywzcyzwj ij >:; ;;; g&e jb Fzmnbin" Jb

jhhjy$ dn ~zndly iz gwzy ijs {n|s iz Mfdhj$ gjnzcfz{ {dzs dmjw jyaflbs sfzhw ~z-jb Fzmnbin$ {jwajy ijs cfys ij ywnbshfwanylfbyws hnlgdjs" Ij {dzs$ dn ynlddj ijs sywzcyzwjs jb Nwnglj Snfzilyj$Wnglmo /33; ;;; g&e, fz Nd Ezgnld jb cfbsywzcylfb /9;; ;;; g&e, {jwajyzb cfy {nw gnwld ywnbshfwa gljb lbhwljzw cjdzl i-zbj zslbj ijd-fwiwj >;; ;;; g&e" Sl Jssnw xjzy cfbywdjw dj anwco$ ld bj dj hjwn {ns yfzy {wl" Dn cfbsywzcylfb i-zbj zslbj ij 7; ;;; g&e n{{nwny ifbccfaaj dn sfdzylfb dn {dzs wnylfbbjddj$ ~zl {jwajyywnly d-Fzmnbin ijbj {dzs i{jbiwj ijs la{fwynylfbs `b|nbjs" Cjs ijwblwjsywnbslyjby ncyzjddjajby {nw zb fdfizc jbywj Afagnsn jy Jdifwjy$

79

Iynlds iz wn{{fwy inbs Dn djyywj ij d-Fcnb lbiljb$ b>7;"


21/29


>< Lhwl

{zls ijs cnalfbs ncojalbjby djs {wfizlys {ywfdljws xjws Elben /czxjij syfc`nmj bnylfbndj, jy @na{ndn {fzw djs synylfbs sjwxlcjs {wlxjs"

Djs {wfejys i-fdfizcs wmlfbnzx"Sjdfb dn ynlddj ij dn wnhhlbjwlj jb Fzmnbin$ zbj {nwylj {dzs fz aflbsla{fwynbyj ij dn {wfizcylfb dfcndj ijxwn ywj j{fwyj" Fb {jzyi-fwjs jy ie jbxlsnmjw zbj cn{ncly cfa{wlsj jbywj >;; jy7;; ;;; g&e" Ld hnziwn wnefzyjw cj xfdzaj cjdzl xjbnby ij dn {nwyljcfbmfdnlsj iz dnc Ndgjwy$ d-ofwlufb 7;7;&7;7:" Jb jhhjy$ dn WICb-nzwn nzczb nzywj af|jb i-j{fwyjw sfb gwzy {nwylw ij d-Lyzwl" Djxfdzaj cfbmfdnls bj {jzy ywj ~znbylhl ncyzjddjajby$ iz hnly ij dnacfbbnlssnbcj ij dn mfdfmlj inbs dj {n|s" Cj{jbinby$ djs{ywfdljws fby d-js{wly ~z-ld hnziwn {wxflw zb {jz {dzs mwnbi"

Zb nzywj ncyjzw wmlfbnd ifly ywj {wls jb cfa{yj inbsd-~znylfb {ywfdlwj 5 dj Sfzinb iz Szi" Cj ijwbljw$ lbi{jbinbyij{zls dj >$ {wfizlsnly ezs~zjb hxwljw 7;>7 ~zjd~zj3:; ;;; g&e jbxf|s ilwjcyjajby inbs djs fdfizcs xjws [fwy!Sfzinbnz Sfzinb xflslb" Fw$ djs wjdnylfbs jbywj djs ijz jbylys sfzinbnlsjsfby olsyfwl~zjajby yfzefzws y yws cfbhdlcyzjddjs /ijz mzjwwjsclxldjs ifby dn ijwblwj s-jsy yjwalbj jb 7;;:, jy d-lbi{jbinbcj jsydflb inxflw wmd yfzs djs {wfgdajs" Zb ilhhwjbi szw dn xjbyj {nw@onwyfza ij gwzy szi!sfzinbnls n jbywnb dn gnlssj {zls dnwwycfa{djy ij dn {wfizcylfb nz szi jb hxwljw 7;>7" Ijs bmfclnylfbsfby dljz ij{zls dfws" D-zb ijs {wlbcl{nz {flbys ij hwlcylfb jsy dl nzwjijxnbcjs ~zj Iefzgn ifly {n|jw @onwyfza {fzw d-zyldlsnylfb ijs

lbhwnsywzcyzwjs i-j{fwynylfb" Djs bmfclnylfbs dnbcjs cj szejy isdj afls i-nfy 7;>; Niils!Ngjgn b-fby wljb ifbb" Djs {fslylfbssfby wnilcndjajby f{{fsjs$ djs szilsyjs fby {wf{fs {jbinby ijznbs aflbs i-zb ifddnw {nw gnwld ywnbs{fwy dfws~zj @onwyfza jbijanbinly jbxlwfb 37 . Sjzdjajby$ dn cwlsj cfbfal~zj @onwyfzajy dnwwy ijs wjxjbzs {fzw Iefzgn nlbsl ~zj dn {wjsslfb lbyjwbnylfbndj/FBZ$ Zblfb nhwlcnlbj jy {wlbcl{ndjajby Ajdjs Ujbn}l ezs~z sfbics dy 7;>7$ nlbsl ~zj djs ynys!Zbls, fby cfbywlgz hnlwjhdcolw djs {fslylfbs ngfzylssnby ijs nxnbcjs jb nfy 7;>7 f djcolhhwj ij < ifddnws {nw gnwlds hnly dfgejy izb {wjaljw nccfwi ij{wlbcl{j" Djs bmfclnylfbs fby wj{wls hlb sj{yjagwj Niils!Ngjgnjbywj Sndxn @llw jy Fanw jd Gcolw szw dn ~zjsylfb iz {wl ij ywnbsly~zj Iefzgn n {n|jw nlbsl ~zj szw djs hwfbylwjs dlylmljzsjs jbywj djsijz {n|s ~zl cfz{jby {dzsljzws gdfcs {ywfdljws"

S-ld b-ynly {ns jbxlsnmjngdj {fzw djs {ywfdljws ij cfbsywzlwjzb bfzxjd fdfizc nddnby ijs cona{s szi!sfzinbnls xjws djs cyjs`b|nbjs nz djbijanlb ij d-lbi{jbinbcj$ cjyyj o|{fyosj sjagdjisfwanls jbxlsnmj" Dj [IM ij dn sfcly Yfynd$ Cowlsyf{oj ijAnwmjwlj$ s-jsy aaj j{wla jb cj sjbs dfws iz 7;j Cfbmws{ywfdljw afbilnd ij Ifon igzy icjagwj 7;>>" Ld s-jsy ily hnxfwngdj dn cfbsywzcylfb {nw sfb mwfz{j i-zb fdfizc nddnby iz Sfzinb iz


22/29


7; Lhwl

Szi nz @jb|n7:" Yfynd$ ~zl jsy d-f{wnyjzw iz mlmnbyjs~zj gdfc G{wfcoj ij Iefzgn$ jy ~zl cfbywdj 33 * ijs gdfcs fzmnbinls$ xfly sfblbywy d-lbyjwcfbbjlfb ij cjs ijz {wfejys" Zb yz|nz nddnby ijsufbjs ij {wfizcylfb sfzinbnlsj /nz bfwi iz Sfzinb iz Szi,wjeflbiwnly zb yz|nz fzmnbinls /xjbnby iz dnc Ndgjwy, szw dj yjwwlyflwj`jb|nb" Cj yz|nz wjeflbiwnly jbszlyj d-zb ijs ijz {fwys `b|nbs 5Dnaz fz Afagnsn /cj ijwbljw jsy dnwmjajby {wlxldml cnw ie ifyij mwnbijs lbhwnsywzcyzwjs,"

Ld wjsyj jbcfwj gjnzcfz{ i-lbcfbbzjs szw cjs {wfejys anls dniclslfb hlbndj ijxwn ywj {wlsj is 7;>7!7;>3 sl djs {ywfdljwsxjzdjby xlyjw ijs j{fwynylfbs {nw cnalfb szw ijs cjbynlbjs ij`ldfaywjs" Jb jhhjy$ dn cfbsywzcylfb i-zb fdfizc wjdlnby d-Fzmnbinnz cyjs `b|nbjs bcjsslyjwnly jbywj >? jy 79 afls ij ywnxnz" Sld-fb cfbsliwj ~zj dn {wfizcylfb cfaajbcjwn jb 7;>8 nz aljz$ ldhnziwn igzyjw djs ywnxnz jb 7;>9 nz {dzs ynwi" Zb {wjaljw fdfizcnddnby ij Afagnsn Jdifwjy /bfwi!fzjsy iz @jb|n, jlsyj ie {fzw

d-la{fwynylfb ij {wfizlys {ywfdljws xjws d-Fzmnbin78" S-ld jsyyjcobl~zjajby hnlsngdj ij wjbxjwsjw dj sjbs i-zyldlsnylfb ij d-fzxwnmjjlsynby /iznd cnwwlnmj,$ dn cn{ncly ij cj ijwbljw bj {jwajyywn {ns djywnbs{fwy ijs {wfizcylfbs fzmnbinlsjs jy szi!sfzinbnlsjs" Ld hnziwnifbc yws cjwynlbjajby cfbsywzlwj zb yfzy bfzxjnz wsjnz nxjc zbjcn{ncly {dzs la{fwynbyj"

Ijs ilsczsslfbs jbywj djs ilhhwjbys mfzxjwbjajbys ij dnwmlfb fby ie jz dljz zb onzy blxjnz {fzw zb {wfejy cfaazb" D-j![IM ij dn SBNA /hldlndj i-JBL {fzw d-la{fwynylfb ij mnu dl~zhl,$Mlzsj{{j Clccnwjddl$ n aaj fwmnbls dj >< fcyfgwj 7;>; zbj{wsjbynylfb szw zb wsjnz i-fdfizcs ijxnby dnbcljb alblsywj

cfbmfdnls ijs O|iwfcnwgzwjs$ Cdjsylb Agz|z @ngnbmf$ dj alblsywjfzmnbinls ij d-bjwmlj ij d-{f~zj$ Olddnw| Fbj` jy d-nagnssnijzw`b|nb @na{ndn$ Mjfhhwj| F`nbmn" Dj xlcj!{wslijby fzmnbinls$Mldgjwy Gz`jb|n$ jy dj alblsywj ijs Nhhnlwjs ywnbmwjs$ Sna @zyjsn$

7: Cjyyj {fslylfb$ ihjbizj mndjajby {nw Sojdd igzy enbxljw 7;>7 {jzy nzssl ywjnbnd|sj cfaaj zbj sywnymlj {fzw nlijw djs bmfclnyjzws szi!sfzinbnls" Jb jhhjy$dn {fslylfb ij Iefzgn inbs djs {fzw{nwdjws nxjc dj Bfwi Niils Ngjgn jsy wjbhfwcjsl ijs anefws cfaaj Yfynd jy Sojdd {wf{fsjby i-nlijw nz hlbnbcjajby jy dncfbsywzcylfb i-fdfizcs nddnby iz szi iz {n|s xjws dj @jb|n" Cjyyj {wjsslfb xn {jzy!ywj s-nxwjw zyldj {fzw hnlwj wjxjblw @onwyfza ijs ijanbijs ij {wl wnlsfbbngdjs{fzw dj ywnbs{fwy iz gwzy {nw sfb yjwwlyflwj" Jbywj djs {wf{fslylfbs ij hlbnbcjajby jy dnwndly sywnyml~zj ij cjs sfclys$ ld | n yws {wfgngdjajby zb hfss" Jb cns ijicfzxjwyj slmblhlcnylxj nz szi iz Sfzinb iz Szi$ zb {l{jdlbj sjwnly zyldj$ anls djs{ywfdljws sfby yws wylcjbys cfbsywzlwj zb yz|nz nddnby iz bfwi iz Sfzinb izSzi /{fzw ywnbs{fwyjw dj {ywfdj ie jywnly ij{zls >


23/29


7> Lhwl

fby mndjajby {nwylcl{ nz ilsczsslfbs7=" [dzs wcjaajby$ igzybfxjagwj 7;>>$ zbj la{fwynbyj idmnylfb `b|nbj s-jsy wjbizj Yf`|f {fzw wjbcfbywjw djs cniwjs ij dn sfcly Yf|fyn Yszsof ~zlnxnljby {wf{fs jb anws 7;>; ij cfbsywzlwj zb fdfizc {fzwj{fwyjw dj gwzy iz Sfzinb iz Szi xlndj @jb|n7?"

7=Nhwlcn Jbjwm| Lbyjddlmjbcj$ b83?$ 7= fcyfgwj 7;>;"7?

Nhwlcn Jbjwm| Lbyjddlmjbcj$ b883$ >8 bfxjagwj 7;>>


24/29

77 Lhwl

Jx{dfwnylfb inbs djs nzywjs {n|si-Nhwl~zj ij d-Jsy /@jb|n$ yolf{lj$

Sfzinb iz Szi$ Ynbunblj$Afunagl~zj,"

Djs icfzxjwyjs szw dj dnc Ndgjwy jb Fzmnbin ij{zls 7;;8 fbycfbsliwngdjajby nyyls dn czwlfsly ijs sfclys {ywfdlwjs {fzw djs

gnsslbs silajbynlwjs i-Nhwl~zj ij d-Jsy" S-ld b-jsy {ns zyldj ij wjxjblwszw djs ~zjd~zjs ilunlbjs ij hfwnmjs jhhjcyzs ij{zls dj igzy iz__j slcdj inbs cjs {n|s jy ~zl fby s|syanyl~zjajby najb d-ngnbifb ijs {jwals$ ld jsy sfzonlyngdj ij hnlwj zb {flby szw djs{wfejys ncyzjds"

[fyjbyljds iz @jb|n jy ij d-yolf{lj

Dj {n|s mf{fdlyl~zjajby dj {dzs la{fwynby ij {nw sn cyj jy sjslbhwnsywzcyzwjs {fwyznlwjs jsy dj @jb|n" Cj ijwbljw b-n enanls {wfizly

bl {ywfdj bl mnu" Jb fbsofwj$ ijz ufbjs cds sfby jb cfzwsi-j{dfwnylfb 5 dn {wjalwj jsy cjddj iz gnsslb Yzw`nbn /bfwi iz@jb|n, f sj ywfzxj dj dnc {fb|aj" Zbj {nwylj ij cj gnsslbwjafbyj jb yolf{lj inbs dn ufbj iz Szi!Faf77 jy 7;>3 ijs ijz cys ij dn hwfbylwj" Djs{wjaljws ij cjz jhhjcyzjw cy @jb|n$ igzy 7;>7$ fby y yws{fslylhs$ Yzddf} ~zndlhlnby dzb ij cjs {zlys izb ijs {dzs mwnbisszccs ij sfb olsyflwj" Dn mfdfmlj ynby iz aaj y|{j /wlhy$ mwngjb,~zj cjddj nz ngfwis iz dnc Ndgjwy$ djs js{flws sfby la{fwynbys" Dndfcndlsnylfb ij cjs {jwals jsy ij {dzs sywnyml~zj cnw jb cns ijicfzxjwyj$ aaj ij {jylyjs ilajbslfbs$ d-fdfizc cfbsywzly {fzwywnbs{fwyjw dj gwzy fzmnbinls {nssjwnly {nw cjyyj wmlfb" Yzddf}{fzwwn ndfws cfbbjcyjw hncldjajby cjs cona{s d-fdfizc"

D-nzywj gnsslb fbsofwj szwxjlddjw jsy cjdzl i-Nbun&Anbijwn~zl sj ywfzxj dn hwfbylwj nxjc dn Sfandlj" Dn {onsj ijs hfwnmjscfaajbcjwn jb 7;>7!7;>3 nxjc dn sfcly gwlynbbl~zj Nhwjb /gdfc >,"Djs sfclys cnbniljbbjs Xnbfld$ Dlfb [jywfdjza jy Slagn Jbjwm|

7


25/29


73 Lhwl

{wxfljby nzssl ijs cna{nmbjs slsal~zjs" Dn ufbj jsy jbcfwj ywsand cfbbzj" Zb hfwnmj {fslylh i-Nhwjb {fzwwnly nyylwjw djs anefws"

Dj @jb|n n mndjajby zb gnsslb fhhsofwj {wfajyyjzw$ cjdzl ijDnaz" Cj ijwbljw jsy {wlbcl{ndjajby f{w ij{zls {dzsljzws nbbjs

{nw dj mwfz{j nawlcnlb Nbninw`f$ ~zl {fssij clb~ {jwals" Jbsj{yjagwj 7;>>$ Yfynd n {wls 9; * inbs djs : gdfcs f{ws {nwNbninw`f" Dn {onsj ncyzjddj ij slsal~zj ijxwnly {jwajyywj cjsijz sfclys ij idlalyjw djs ufbjs hfwjw {nwylw ij dn hlb 7;>7"D-fhhsofwj `jb|nb jsy ijxjbz szglyjajby sywnyml~zj ij{zls djsmlmnbyjs~zjs icfzxjwyjs mnulwjs nz szi ij dn Ynbunblj jy nz bfwiiz Afunagl~zj"

Ofws ijs gnsslbs cfaazbs nxjc dj @jb|n$ d-yolf{lj n iehnly ijs icfzxjwyjs mnulwjs inbs dn wmlfb ij d-Fmnijb /szi!jsy,"Dn sfcly {zgdl~zj andnlsljbbj [jywfbns n xjbiz igzy 7;>> nzColbfls ij [jywfYwnbs djs bjzh {wlaywjs f jddj nxnly wndls cjs

icfzxjwyjs /fb {nwdj ij :$= ywlddlfbs ij {ljis czgjs," Dj alblsywj ijsAlbjs iz Sfandldnbi$ Ozssjlb Ngil Izndjo$ n i-nlddjzws y lbxlyigzy icjagwj 7;>> jb Colbj {fzw ilsczyjw ij dn {fsslgldlyi-j{fwyjw dj mnu yolf{ljb {nw dj {fwy ij Gjwgjwn3>" [dzsljzwssfclys colbflsjs fby ie slmb ijs {wfajssjs i-ncony ijcnwmnlsfbs mnulwjs szw dj dfbm yjwaj" Jb cns ij {wfgdajs dmnznxjc dj mfzxjwbjajby hiwnd ij ywnbslylfb sfandljb$ [jywfYwnbsjbxlsnmj ij {nssjw {nw Ielgfzyl37" Jb {dzs ijs {wfgdajsi-jbcdnxjajby ij d-yolf{lj$ djs sfclys {ywfdlwjs {wsjbyjs nzszi!jsy iz {n|s sfby yws wmzdlwjajby xlsjs {nw dj afzxjajbynbylmfzxjwbjajbynd iz Hwfby ij dlgwnylfb bnylfbndj ij dFmnijb/FBDH," [dzsljzws ilunlbjs ij ywnxnlddjzws {ywfdljws fby y yzjs

ij{zls 7;;= cj ~zl n cfbsliwngdjajby wndjbyl djs j{dfwnylfbs"

Sfzinb iz Szi

Dj Sfzinb iz Szi$ ~zj bfzs nxfbs ie xf~z gwlxjajby inbs dnmf{fdlyl~zj ijs fdfizcs$ {wfizly iz gwzy ij{zls >>"


26/29


79 Lhwl

sj ywfzxjby ijs ijz cys ij dn dlmbj ij ianwcnylfb$ jbywnbnby ijsdlylmjs hwfbyndljws$ yfzy cfaaj inbs dn wmlfb {ywfdlwj i-Ng|jl"

Dj bfzxjnz mfzxjwbjajby iz Sfzinb iz Szi islmb jbfcyfgwj 7;>> n {fzw dn {wjalwj hfls zb alblsywj conwm zbl~zjajby

ijs ~zjsylfbs {ywfdlwjs jy alblwjs 5 Syj{ojb Ioljz Inz/nz{nwnxnby dj {fwyjhjzlddj ij dbjwmlj cfzxwnly albjs$ {ywfdj jydjcywlcly," Ioljz Inz n cfaaj fgejcylh ij anlbyjblw dn {wfizcylfb sfb blxjnz ncyzjd /hnlsnby ngsywncylfb ij dn {wlfij igzyj jb hxwljw7;>7 f dn {wfizcylfb jsy dnwwy, jb nccdwnby d-j{dfwnylfb" Jbjhhjy$ djs gdfcs {wfizcyjzws 5 >&7&9$ 3&= jy :N xfby gljbyy icwfywj/fb {nwdj ij 7;>3!7;>9, jy ld jsy bcjssnlwj ij ywfzxjw ij bfzxjnzcona{s" D-zb ijs {dzs mwnbis js{flws wj{fsj szw dj gdfc G ij Yfynd/>>? ;;; `a, ~zl sj ywfzxj inbs djs ufbjs szi {wfcojs ij dncn{lyndj Iefzgn" Yfynd$ ~zl n y {jbinby dfbmyja{s$ jb ils{fslylfbdmndj ij hfwcj anejzwj33 iz hnly ij dn mzjwwj clxldj$ b-n {dzs ywnxnlddszw sfb gdfc G ij{zls djs nbbjs >


27/29


7: Lhwl

Dljw djs cns ynbunbljb jy afunaglcnlb b-jsy {ns hfwyzly" Ij{zls7;>;$ cjs ijz {n|s fby hnly ij mlmnbyjs~zjs icfzxjwyjs mnulwjsifby dn {dz{nwy sfby {wfcojs ij djzw hwfbylwj anwlylaj cfaazbj inbsdj gnsslb ij Wfxzan" Dj mwfz{j gwlynbbl~zj GM ~zl f{wj ij{zlsezlb 7;>; djs gdfcs >!3 jy 9 inbs dj szi ij dn Ynbunblj n wndls nzaflbs {dzsljzws icfzxjwyjs mnulwjs slmblhlcnylxjs$ yfzy cfaajSynyfld jy Jfb ~zl ywnxnlddjby szw dj gdfc 7" I-nzywjs hfwnmjs sfby jbcfzws {fzw iyjwalbjw d-la{fwynbcj ij dn ufbj anls ld jsy ie cjwynlb~zj djs wsjwxjs i{nssjwfby 9; ywlddlfbs ij {ljis czgjs /YCH,"

^znby nz Afunagl~zj$ djs xfdzajs sfby {dzs {wcls$ aajs-lds ijanbijby ywj nhhlbs" Djs Nawlcnlbs i-Nbninw`f fby als nzefzw nxjc djs cona{s ij Dnmfsyn$ Gnw~zjbylbj$ ]lbienaajw jyCnanwnf inbs dj gnsslb ij Wfxzan ~zjd~zj 9;&:; YCH ij mnu" Dnsfcly lyndljbbj JBL jsy$ ~znby jddj$ f{wnywlcj ij dn ufbj 9$ inbsdn aaj nlwj anls {dzs dflb ijs cyjs$ d f djs {wfhfbijzws anwlbjsnyyjlmbjby > :;; aywjs" Inbs sjs cfaazbl~zs i-fcyfgwj 7;>>$ jddj

{nwdj ij wsjwxjs ij d-fwiwj ij 9; YCH" Jb inzywjs yjwajs$ jbdjs{ncj ij ijz nbs$ dj Afunagl~zj n als efzw ijs wsjwxjs~zlxndnby dn aflyl ij cjddjs ~zj dj Blmjwln n als :; nbs ixjdf{{jw" An{zyf xn ifbc ijxjblw$ inbs dn {wfconlbj icjbblj$ zbijs {dzs la{fwynbys j{fwynyjzws ij mnu dl~zhl inbs dFcnb lbiljbnxjc dj ^nynw$ d-Lwnb$ dNzsywndlj" N{ws dn cnynsywf{oj bzcdnlwj ijHz`zsolan nz En{fb nz igzy 7;>>$ dn ijanbij mnulwj nslnyl~zj xns-nccwfywj {wfmwjsslxjajby jy wjbiwj yfzs djs {wfejys ij dn cyj Jsyij d-Nhwl~zj yws nyywn|nbys" Dj [IM i-JBL$ [nfdf Scnwfbl$ n i-fwjs jyie nbbfbc ~z-ld cfa{ynly lbxjsylw :; alddlnwis ij ifddnws nzAfunagl~zj"

D-nwwlxj i-zbj azdylyzij ij anefws inbs d-fhhsofwj ij cjsijz {n|s jsy zb {wfcjsszs jb cfzws" Yfynd n hnly sfb jbywj jbsj{yjagwj 7;>7 nz Afunagl~zj /szw djs {jwals ij [jywfbns, jySojdd ijxwnly gljbyy hnlwj ij aaj" Ld jsy xlijby ~z-zbj bfzxjddj{wfxlbcj mnulwj ij mwnbij ynlddj xn yfyndjajby afilhljw d-cfbfaljiz Afunagl~zj jy {wfgngdjajby cjddj ij dn Ynbunblj" Cjs {n|s$ yws{nzxwjs jy n|nby ijs cfa{yjbcjs yws dlalyjs szw cjs szejysbjwmyl~zjs efzjby djzw nxjblw cfbfal~zj nxjc dn mjsylfb ij cjsjcyjzw" Djs afidjs ij {n|s {ywfdljws sfby bfagwjz szw djcfbylbjby$ anls dn {dz{nwy fby cofz inbs dj ixjdf{{jajby jy dnw{nwylylfb ~zlyngdj ij dn anbbj" Dn Ynbunblj jy dj Afunagl~zj fbyjb {dzs dn {nwylczdnwly inxflw icfzxjwy jb yws {jz ij yja{s ijs

wsjwxjs mlmnbyjs~zjs" Cjdn nccwfy djs wls~zjs ij anzxnls cofl jyij mjsylfb inbmjwjzsj"


28/29

78 Lhwl

Cfbcdzslfb

D-Nhwl~zj ij d-Jsy jsy jb {onsj ij ywnbshfwanylfb" Dj {ywfdj jy dj mnuie icfzxjwys /jb {nwylczdljw jb Fzmnbin$ Ynbunblj jyAfunagl~zj, xfby gfzdjxjwsjw djs cfbfaljs bnylfbndjs jbijxjbnby {wfmwjsslxjajby dn {wlbcl{ndj sfzwcj ij wjxjbzs ijs ynyscfbcjwbs" Cjs wjxjbzs nccwzs xfby nzssl nxflw zb la{ncy szw djzw{flis mf{fdlyl~zj wjs{jcylh jb Nhwl~zj ij dJsy" Cj{jbinby$ dj{nssnmj i-zbj cfbfalj {jz lbizsywlndlsj jy yws nmwlcfdj /cns ij

cjs {n|s, zbj cfbfalj ifalbj {nw djs o|iwfcnwgzwjs {jzy nxflwijs jhhjys isnsywjz$ yjds ~zj dngnbifb ij d-nmwlczdyzwj nz {wfhly ijd-la{fwynylfb$ jbywnbnby zbj {nz{wlsnylfb iz aldljz wzwnd jy zbjijbslhlcnylfb lbcfbywdj ijs xlddjs" D-lbizsywlj {ywfdlwj cwj yws {jzi-ja{dfls ilwjcys cnw c-jsy zb sjcyjzw hfwyjajby cn{lyndlsyl~zj$wj~zwnby {jz ij anlb!izxwj zbj hfls dj{dflynylfb dnbcj" Djshwzsywnylfbs ijs {f{zdnylfbs {jzxjby ifbc ywj hfwyjs$ ifalbjs {nwdj sjbylajby ij bj xflw nzczb gbhlcj dl ijs wjxjbzs {ywfdljwsafbf{fdlss {nw ddlyj {fdlylcf!cfbfal~zj" Cjs wjxjbilcnylfbsiflxjby ywj nbylcl{js {nw djs mfzxjwbjajbys sfzs {jlbj ij sjwjywfzxjw inbs ijs slyznylfbs snbs lsszj /cns iz ijdyn iz Blmjw n{ws:; nbs i-j{dflynylfb," Nlbsl$ dn cd ij w{nwylylfb ijs wjxjbzs jbywj

d-yny cjbywnd$ djs ufbjs ij {wfizcylfb /hfwcajby la{ncyjs nzblxjnz jbxlwfbbjajbynd, jy djs nzywjs wmlfbs bfb!{wfizcywlcjs jsyzb jjwclcj idlcny$ ~zl bj {nwifbbj {ns " Ij cj {flby ij xzj$d{lsfij iz igny {ywfdljw nz {nwdjajby fzmnbinls hlb 7;>> jsy ailyjw" Ld xn ij sfl ~zj djs wylcjbcjs j{wlajs {nw djs{nwdjajbynlwjs bj sfby {ns snbs nwwlwj!{jbsjs yws laailnyjs jbyjwajs ij wjcfbbnlssnbcj {fdlyl~zj fz {czblnlwj" Bnbaflbs$ jbFzmnbin cfaaj nlddjzws$ sl dj mfzxjwbjajby jy dj {wslijby bj{wjbbjby {ns dn {jlbj ij hnlwj zb ywnxnld ij {inmfmlj jy i-jbmnmjwzb xwlyngdj igny bnylfbnd$ dj {wfcjsszs {ywfdljw sjwn zb efzw gdf~z{nw dn wj{wsjbynylfb {f{zdnlwj fz djs cfaazbnzys dfcndjs"D-lbcdzslfb ij cjs ijwblwjs yws jb nafby inbs dj {wfcjsszs jsyjssjbyljddj" Cjsy i-nzynby {dzs xwnl ~zj dj sjbylajby ncyzjd ijsonglynbys ijs ufbjs {ywfdlwjs jsy ~zj cjyyj wjssfzwcj djzwn{{nwyljby jb {wjaljw dljz$ nxnby i-n{{nwyjblw d-yny cjbywnd" Jy ld jsyijxjbz yws ilhhlcldj {fzw ijs mfzxjwbjajbys i-jbxf|jw d-nwaj {fzwcwnsjw djs yjbynylxjs ij wn{{wf{wlnylfb ijs wjssfzwcjs"

Djs ywfls fz ~znywj nbbjs {wcinby d-j{dflynylfb iz {ywfdjfz iz mnu sfby iyjwalbnbyjs {fzw {wxjblw yfzy cfbhdly" Fb {jzy ilwj~zj d-Fzmnbin n ezs~z- anlbyjbnby {nwyljddjajby cofz$ dj[nwdjajby b-jb n {ns hlbl nxjc dj cfbywdj ijs ncylxlys izmfzxjwbjajby inbs cj sjcyjzw" Dn szs{lclfb jbywj djs clyf|jbs$ djs{nwdjajbynlwjs jy djs mfzxjwbnbys jsy ijxjbzj yjddj inbs dj {n|s$

~z-ld jsy la{fsslgdj {fzw djs hfbcylfbbnlwjs$ {fzw dn {dz{nwy yws


29/29


cfa{yjbys$ i-j{dl~zjw djzw sjcyjzw jb js{wnby ywj jbyjbiz ijhnfb wnylfbbjddj" Dj igny {ywfdljw jb Fzmnbin jsy mndjajby cjdzl{nw dj~zjd s-j{wlaj zbj bfzxjddj mbwnylfb i-ofaajs {fdlyl~zjs${dzs ejzbjs$ aflbs jbmfbcs inbs djs ilscl{dlbjs ij {nwyl" Lds fbyafbyw ~zj dn hlmzwj ij sfdiny xjbzj iz gzso~z-jsy \f}jwl Azsjxjblb-jsy {dzs lbyfzcongdj" Fw$ djs {wjalwjs nbbjs i-j{dflynylfb xfbyafilhljw jb {wfhfbijzw d-cfbfalj iz {n|s$ ld hnziwn nxflw dn cn{nclyij wnsszwjw" Dn {wfizcylfb {ywfdlwj cfaajbcjwn dfws ij dn{wfconlbj dmlsdnyzwj$ xjws 7;>8&7;>=$ Azsjxjbl xn!y!ld jb {wfhlyjw{fzw sj anlbyjblw nz {fzxflw jb hnlsnby zsnmj ij sn bfzxjddj anbbjfz xn!y!ld sj wjylwjw n{ws 3; nbs nz sfaajy ij dyny 6 Cjsy zbjlb~zlyzij bfb bmdlmjngdj"

Dn WIC jsy ncyzjddjajby dn ywnbj inbs dj {wfcjsszs {ywfd!ljw iz hnly ij cofl onsnwijz" Ld hnziwn {dzs i-zbj icjbblj {fzwajyywj jb xndjzw jy ixjdf{{jw djs wsjwxjs ij sfb cy iz dnc Ndgjwy"Cj{jbinby d-Fzmnbin snly ~z-ld hnziwn ywnxnlddjw nxjc sfb xflslb jy

d-nlijw jywnlwj sfb {ywfdj" Dj gwzy cfbmfdnls bj {fzxnby ywnbslyjw~zj {nw dj yjwwlyflwj fzmnbinls$ nzynby d-nlijw d-jywnlwj nz {dzs xlyj jyinbs djs ajlddjzwjs cfbilylfbs" Cj {ywfdj {jzy {jwajyywj nz ijzynys$ nzywjhfls wsfdzajby jbbjals$ s-nccj{yjw inxnbynmj jy aflbs s-jbmnmjw inbs dn isyngldlsnylfb azyzjddj" @ngldn s-jsy wjbiz dn {wjsynylfb ij sjwajby ij Azsjxjbl jb anl 7;>>$ jy djs xlslyjs{wfyfcfdnlwjs sj sfby azdyl{dljs ilxjws blxjnz"

Zbj mf{fdlyl~zj {ywfdlwj ifly sj ajyywj jb {dncj d-cojddjwmlfbndj" Dn ilhhwjbcj anejzwj jbywj dj {ywfdj iz mfdhj ij Mzlbjjy cjdzl ijs {n|s i-Nhwl~zj ij d-Jsy jy cjbywndj jsy sfb jbcdnxjajby" Ldjsy ifbc lbils{jbsngdj ij cfbcjxflw djs {wfejys jb cfaazb" Djs {wj!

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l'afrique de l'est, une géopolitique pétrolière à haut risque

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