1

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vf g]kfn

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu

+efJotf cWoog

k|zt dfqfdf kfFrcf+n] jgng kfOg] dgfordfsf] ledtfordf If]q

clGtd k|ltj]bg

k|ltj]bg k]z ug] M jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjg

cf )amp^

i

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf

nflu

+efJotf cWoog

clGtd k|ltj]bg

k|ltj]bg k]z ulPsf] lgsfoM

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vf g]kfn

k|ltj]bg k]z ug]M

jg k|fljlws +3 lrtjg cf )amp^

cWoog 6f]nLsf boxM v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv

GhLa sdf gt]i7 dNo gt[+vnf tyf pBd ljz]if1 lbk]z Kofs]n h8La6L la1

fydf oa vfFg laetL yfkf clnzf zdf buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

-lkmN8 e]o_

ii

xfd|f] egfO

u08sL k|b]zleq ljleGg k|sfsf k|fs[lts |f]txiquest x]sf 5g lt dWo] h8La6L klg k|rdfqfdf oqtq kfOg] dxTjk0f k|fs[lts |f]t x]sf] 5 log h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng laqmLaf6 k|fKt sdn] u|fld0f ljs6 yfgdf ag] dflgxiquestsf] hLjsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 tYof+s cgf u08sL k|b]zaf6 k|ltaif cfift ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] b]lvG5

fjhlgs tyf lglh hUufxiquestdf hxfF klg kfOg] h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txsf] plrt bkof]u uL ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfxiquestsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg osf] dfWodaf6 ljb]zL db|f cfhg ug lsg] dxTjk0f eldsfdf x]sf] o |f]tnfO pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vfaf6 k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog sf] sfo cf=j )ampdivide)amp^ df jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgsf] lj1xiquestsf] xof]udf DkGg ePsf] 5

o dxTjk0f sfosf] lhDd]jfL lbg] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zUgrave o sfdsf] nfuL xof]u tyf rgfxiquest pknJw ufO lbg] l8lehgn jg clws[txiquest clht s0f Sdfut j]bL xlZrGb| fksf]6f f]dfh nfld5fg] czf]s gt]i7 sf]dn sfkmn] fdsfhL gt]i7 s]bf afn k0f]Zj j]bL tf]ofgfy kf8]n df]xg sfkmn] lji0f k|fb clwsfLUgrave +If0f If]qdf sfot czf]s j]bL zn]Gb| ofbjUgrave k|b]z dGqfnosf pk lrj fh]Gb| Gofkfg] s[i0f k|fb 9sfnUgrave l8lehgn jg sfofno nufot ljleGg +3yf tyf JolQmxiquestaf6 cGtjftf tyf rgf +sngdf xof]u ug] lj=P=l km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBflyxiquest buf s8]n ljetL yfkf f]zgL fgfef6 clnf zdf oj vfg fdgf ]UdL k|lt cfef tyf wGojfb JoQm ub5f

cGTodf o cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfn] o ljifodf f]sf fVg]xiquest nufot gLlt lgdf0fdf sfofGjog If]qdf lg0fo lng xof]u kUg] cfzf ljZjf lnOPsf] 5

iii

ff+z

cflwsfls tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfnaf6 cf=a= )amp$amp df g] ca sf]8 afasf] sRrf h8La6L ulGwt t]n b]z afxL lgoft ePsf] lyof] eg] f]xL cf=a= df g] ca sf]8 afasf] cfoj]lbs cfifwL eftaf6dfq cfoft ulPsf] lyof] of] tYofIacuten] g]kfndf h8La6Lsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn cfifwL pTkfbgdf hf]8lbgkg] b]vfpF5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vfn] k|b]zdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] dlrt k|of]uaf6 h8La6LhGo pTkfbg uL hgtfxsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf f]hufL [hgf ug dxTjk0f eldsf v]Ngsf nflu of] DefJotf cWoog jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjg dfkmt ufPsf] xf] DefJotf cWoogsf qmddf k|b]zsf lhNnfxsf] ynut cWoog uL f]sfjfnfxiquestFu 5nkmn tYof+s +sng ulPsf] lyof] osf fy cGo Gbe fdu|Lxiquest af6 klg rgfx lnOPsf] lyof]

cflwsfls kdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] Tokl5 sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfvsf] Jofkf ePsf] lyof] dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv -() k|ltzteGbf a9L_ ePsf] b]lvof]

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquestdf dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ x]sf 5g Tot s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft laut ) aifb]lv nuftf Jofkfdf x]sf 5g

sn ^ j6f k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfx -Jofkfdf x]sf] aif Jofkf kldf0f sn Jofkfls dNo g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0f dNo clea[4Lsf] +efjgf yfgLo pknJwtf_ sf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf k|fyldstfk|fKt ) h8La6Lxdf t]hkft lrfOtf] slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] h6fdL ljifhf offuDaf x]sf 5g

k|b]zdf yfkgf ePsf s]xL h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBf]uxiquestsf] cWoog ubf ax+Vos pBf]uxiquest kmn jn iquestkn] cuf8L ux]sf] cjyf b]lvPg k|dv sf0fxiquestdf sRrf kbfy sfdbfsf] cefj ahfsf] 1fgdf sdL x]sf] b]lvof] Tot JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty fdbflos pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbP klg ~rfngsf] k0f lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbg kg] b]lvof]

iv

+sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x lhNnfutkdf x]bf ofordfhfsf] jflnEumlUgrave kjtsf] hnhnf kftLrfUgrave DofUbLsf] a]gL bjfordf un]ZjUgrave dtfordfsf] dfkmf hf]df]dUgrave dgfordfsf] xD8] rfd]Ugrave afUnordfsf] altjfordf xl6of tffvf]nfUgrave sfsLsf] NjfordfUgrave tgxFsf] 8d|]Ugrave uf]vfsf] uf]vf ahf df5fvf]nfUgrave ndhordfsf] afxg8fF8f a]zLxUgrave tyf gjnksf] hx c0fvf]nfdf +sng tyf e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf] +efjgf b]lvof]

cGTodf k|b]zdf l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 a lhNnfxn] cfndashcfkmgf If]qdf x]sf egL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf sn ) k|sfsf h8Lj6Lx pNn]v ePsf 5g lt dWo] +sng Jofkf ug k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ) k|hftLxsf] ePsf] jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg sg klg k|hftLsf] xg uPsf] 5g k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ePsf dWo] klg hDdf ^ k|hfltxsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf] 5

cWoog 6f]nL

v

ljifo lr

l=g+ ljifo k]h g+ klro ljBdfg dZofx cWoogsf] cf]lrTo p2]Zo $ $ cfzfltt pknEbLx $ cWoog If]q = k|b]z klro

= cjlytL = If]qkmn =$ ldfgf ^ = hgfordflvs ljt0f ^ =^ hfthftL ^ =amp wd amp = hnDkbf amp =( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest amp =) dVo ahfxiquest amp = lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest amp

^ cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng ^= ynut cWoog ( ^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng ) ^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L

amp cWoogsf] glthf amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lx $ amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf

+sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest )

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f $ amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf amp amp=== kjt lhNnf amp amp=== afUnordf lhNnf amp amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf amp=== sfsL lhNnf amp==^= dgfordf lhNnf amp==amp dtfordf lhNnf

vi

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf amp==( ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==)= tgx lhNnf ) amp=== gjnk lhNnf ) amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ) amp=== k~rf] +lIft jg )

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 amp+=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f $

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f amp== uf]vf lhNnf

amp=== gjnk lhNnf amp=== DofUbL lhNnf ( amp==$= ofordfhf lhNnf ( amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==^= sfsL lhNnf ( amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf $) amp=== dtfordf lhNnf $) amp==(= tgxF lhNnf $ amp==)= kjt lhNnf $ amp== afUnordf lhNnf $

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f $ amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf $$ emfjx Gbe fdu|Lxiquest

vii

tflnsfx

tflnsf hfthftLsf] ljj0f ^ tflnsf wflds tYofIacute amp tflnsf cWoogsf xfos p2]Zo tYof+ssf] gtf]t ) tflnsf $ u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lx $ tflnsf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8Lj6Lx amp tflnsf ^ k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf

jflifs kdf +sng ug lsg] h8Lj6Lx= )

tflnsf amp k|fyldlss0fdf k]sf h8Lj6Lx

taLx

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest 5 tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest 11 tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo

dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]afsf] cayf

13

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 17 tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f 2$ tlj (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest 26 taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08

k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f 29

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf]xefuLxiquest af6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

30

==============

viii

cgrLx

cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL

cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest

(

cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx

^)

cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut

nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(

1

= klro

g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5

g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5

kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5

k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL

k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g

pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and

Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r

2

Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5

ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5

log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo

k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g

h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5

clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_

h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]

g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg

3

ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_

h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5

h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg

= p2]Zo

h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g

bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]

4

bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]

bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]

bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]

$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest

o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M

bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5

bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5

bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5

= cWoog If]q

= k|b]z klro

g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5

5

= cjlytL

u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest

= If]qkmn

g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g

=$ ldfgf

u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5

= hgfordflvs ljt0f

)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o

6

k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5

efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5

=^ hfthftL

o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5

tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )

=amp wd

o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=

= hn Dkbf

o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g

7

=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest

k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g

=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g

= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5

^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g

M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng

k|ZgfjnL

k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu

a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]

lgdf0f

k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut

cWoog

f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn

cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng

dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL

f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of

sfoqmd

dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf

k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z

clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f

8

+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt

ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5

lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu

h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest

lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest

^= ynut cWoog

k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos

9

8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]

lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP

tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf

h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg

sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL

4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx

5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx

6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog

10

tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest

tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=

km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest

PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs

6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

11

^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

amp= cWoogsf] glthf

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5

amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_

jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]

cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_

296

789

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300

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500

600

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800

२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३

टन

13

To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q

lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5

h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_

k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP

tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500

10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988

14

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590

15

s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5

tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

वयापा

रमा र

हको ब

रष

-

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

म सली

दालचि

नीबध

नी फ

लतज

पातचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजट

ामसी

सतिा

मजजठ

ोसस

काका

ईकर

ाज ि

लठपाि

न बोकर

ाअक

रकरा

कररल

ोकट

कीका

उलो ब

ोकरा

काको

लीटटम

रजज

मब

ग जो

स गनध

िालऔरत

बावर

षक परर

माण

कजी

मा

16

h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _

tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5

amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_

= tgxF laifhf $))

= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153

= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

यासाषग म

बाका

कोली

सतिा

म सली

कटकी

जटामसी

ननरम

सीअक

रकरा

जजमब

चय

ाउचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजी

िनती

टटमर

दालचि

नीग च

िी च

याउ

कररल

ोवपप

लाकर

ाज ि

लठस ग

नधिाल

कल वयापार

मलय

17

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512

$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300

= gjnk t]hkft 15150

lsfsfO 4700

kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520

bfnlrgL 7000

slnf] 1475

sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500

uhf] 1000

xf] 500

^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193

amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000

= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500

(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242

18

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38

)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35

= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]

19

amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1

2 Stdn 18649 18649 1

3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2

4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1

5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2

6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1

7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1

8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1

9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2

10 gkftL 30944 30944 4

11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1

12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1

13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1

14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1

15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1

16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5

17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5

18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2

19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3

20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1

21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1

22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1

20

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2

24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4

25 alskmn 16347 16347 4

26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1

27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1

28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1

29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1

30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3

31 clhp 1619 1619 2

32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5

33 dfdn 44205 44205 4

34 d]n 2210 2210 2

35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1

36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1

37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5

38 e6snf 17682 17682 1

40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1

41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4

42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3

43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1

44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1

45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1

46 jf] 2002 2002 2

47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1

48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1

49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3

50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3

51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5

21

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1

53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1

54 klbgf 1768 1768 2

55 l77f 6450 6450 1

56 lgf] 250000 250000 1

57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2

58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3

59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2

60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1

61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2

62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6

63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1

64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1

65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1

66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1

67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3

68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3

69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1

70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5

71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1

72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2

73 nKL 8000 8000 4

74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1

75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1

76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1

77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4

78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3

79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1

22

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3

81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6

82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1

83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5

84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1

85 skf] nf] 387 387 1

86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4

87 sr 2043 2043 1

88 ss tn 4340 4340 1

89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2

90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1

91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5

92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1

93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1

94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5

95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1

96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1

97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7

98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1

99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1

100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4

101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1

102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1

sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630

23

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5

s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g

ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5

dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]

o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

24

lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g

amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g

+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5

7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5

25

tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest

26

+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf

dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp=== kjt lhNnf

pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf

27

kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp== sfsL lhNnf

sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g

amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf

lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp==amp dtfordf

lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z

28

5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5

amp==(= ndhordf

nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_

taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f

amp==)= tgx lsquo

tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf

29

k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug

lsG5

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

amp=== gjnk

oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]

jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf

afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp===k~rf] +lIft jg

k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g

u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

30

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash

pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5

7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5

yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5

h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5

dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g

bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy

bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf

bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf

bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f

bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f

bull kjtsf] kftLrf

bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6

bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml

bull DofUbLsf] un]j

bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d

bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5

amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]

Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf

31

kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf

sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf

g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash

bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave

bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave

bull sgdfklg gk]df

dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash

bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf

yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash

bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5

32

tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

h8La6L Jofkfdf

x]sf] aif kldf0f

sn

Jofkf

g]kfn sfsf]

k|fyldsLs0f

dNo

clea[l4

yfgLo

pknJwtf k|fKtf+s

bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15

lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15

slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14

s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13

tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12

uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11

dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11

h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11

ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11

offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10

cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10

awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9

dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9

lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9

lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9

sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9

lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9

lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8

sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8

wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8

clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8

kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8

Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7

ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7

33

amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f

tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5

lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5

34

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5

s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g

tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5

35

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5

dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5

h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5

36

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

ljif

ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]

eft lgoft xg]

ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5

offuDaf

offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

Hofb dNojfg h8La6L

lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t

of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5

]tslrgL

]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5

xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]

b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]

37

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f

u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5

lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5

amp=== gjnk lhNnf

u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]

38

dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g

amp=== DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf

)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]

amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf

sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==^= sfsL lhNnf

kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z

39

do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf

o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5

lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf

Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5

amp=== dtfordf

jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g

40

Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5

cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf

amp==(= tgxF lhNnf

tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5

Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF

amp==)= kjt lhNnf

hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5

41

lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5

ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5

JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]

pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]

jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]

lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]

yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]

plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]

42

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5

jn kIf

h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]

bjn kIf

h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]

cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL

cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt

guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg

cjxiquest

To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]

jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]

afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp

kUg]

43

rgfgLxiquest

sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6

xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )

6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]

cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO

amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf

jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^

on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^

o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5

aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_

lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]

44

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_

bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf

h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]

jg P]g )$(

lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5

f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5

jg lgodfjnL )

jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M

s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5

v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5

u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]

45

cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5

3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5

ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5

h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M

s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]

v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]

u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5

3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]

8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]

jftfj0f +If0f P]g )

jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M

k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]

k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug

46

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug

fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug

jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug

$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug

fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp

h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]

fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5

47

sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf

jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5

lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5

g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest

k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_

s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_

ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza

scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest

s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_

v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

u= emofp -Lichens_

3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_

8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5

48

g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest

qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u

1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL

2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL

3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL

5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL

6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL

7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n

8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf

9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst

10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL

11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6

12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL

13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs

15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n

16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL

17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL

18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg

19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf

20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL

21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL

22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL

23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL

24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL

25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL

26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n

27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL

28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof

29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk

30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_

lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_

$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_

amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_

) lkknf -Piper longum_

uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_

50

fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest

cgrL cgrL cgrL

Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_

n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

51

= emfjxM

o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5

pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos

jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5

v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f

l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]

h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]

l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL

xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug

s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf

Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5

p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5

52

Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt

afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$

g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))

g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq

g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf

gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)

jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL

jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL

jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu

k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $

kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL

ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

53

uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg

cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t

+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)

uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg

DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil

Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey

Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)

Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash

Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32

Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain

livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254

Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub

Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade

of Medicinal Plants Material  An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336

wwwayushgovin

i

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf

nflu

+efJotf cWoog

clGtd k|ltj]bg

k|ltj]bg k]z ulPsf] lgsfoM

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vf g]kfn

k|ltj]bg k]z ug]M

jg k|fljlws +3 lrtjg cf )amp^

cWoog 6f]nLsf boxM v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv

GhLa sdf gt]i7 dNo gt[+vnf tyf pBd ljz]if1 lbk]z Kofs]n h8La6L la1

fydf oa vfFg laetL yfkf clnzf zdf buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

-lkmN8 e]o_

ii

xfd|f] egfO

u08sL k|b]zleq ljleGg k|sfsf k|fs[lts |f]txiquest x]sf 5g lt dWo] h8La6L klg k|rdfqfdf oqtq kfOg] dxTjk0f k|fs[lts |f]t x]sf] 5 log h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng laqmLaf6 k|fKt sdn] u|fld0f ljs6 yfgdf ag] dflgxiquestsf] hLjsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 tYof+s cgf u08sL k|b]zaf6 k|ltaif cfift ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] b]lvG5

fjhlgs tyf lglh hUufxiquestdf hxfF klg kfOg] h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txsf] plrt bkof]u uL ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfxiquestsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg osf] dfWodaf6 ljb]zL db|f cfhg ug lsg] dxTjk0f eldsfdf x]sf] o |f]tnfO pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vfaf6 k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog sf] sfo cf=j )ampdivide)amp^ df jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgsf] lj1xiquestsf] xof]udf DkGg ePsf] 5

o dxTjk0f sfosf] lhDd]jfL lbg] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zUgrave o sfdsf] nfuL xof]u tyf rgfxiquest pknJw ufO lbg] l8lehgn jg clws[txiquest clht s0f Sdfut j]bL xlZrGb| fksf]6f f]dfh nfld5fg] czf]s gt]i7 sf]dn sfkmn] fdsfhL gt]i7 s]bf afn k0f]Zj j]bL tf]ofgfy kf8]n df]xg sfkmn] lji0f k|fb clwsfLUgrave +If0f If]qdf sfot czf]s j]bL zn]Gb| ofbjUgrave k|b]z dGqfnosf pk lrj fh]Gb| Gofkfg] s[i0f k|fb 9sfnUgrave l8lehgn jg sfofno nufot ljleGg +3yf tyf JolQmxiquestaf6 cGtjftf tyf rgf +sngdf xof]u ug] lj=P=l km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBflyxiquest buf s8]n ljetL yfkf f]zgL fgfef6 clnf zdf oj vfg fdgf ]UdL k|lt cfef tyf wGojfb JoQm ub5f

cGTodf o cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfn] o ljifodf f]sf fVg]xiquest nufot gLlt lgdf0fdf sfofGjog If]qdf lg0fo lng xof]u kUg] cfzf ljZjf lnOPsf] 5

iii

ff+z

cflwsfls tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfnaf6 cf=a= )amp$amp df g] ca sf]8 afasf] sRrf h8La6L ulGwt t]n b]z afxL lgoft ePsf] lyof] eg] f]xL cf=a= df g] ca sf]8 afasf] cfoj]lbs cfifwL eftaf6dfq cfoft ulPsf] lyof] of] tYofIacuten] g]kfndf h8La6Lsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn cfifwL pTkfbgdf hf]8lbgkg] b]vfpF5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vfn] k|b]zdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] dlrt k|of]uaf6 h8La6LhGo pTkfbg uL hgtfxsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf f]hufL [hgf ug dxTjk0f eldsf v]Ngsf nflu of] DefJotf cWoog jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjg dfkmt ufPsf] xf] DefJotf cWoogsf qmddf k|b]zsf lhNnfxsf] ynut cWoog uL f]sfjfnfxiquestFu 5nkmn tYof+s +sng ulPsf] lyof] osf fy cGo Gbe fdu|Lxiquest af6 klg rgfx lnOPsf] lyof]

cflwsfls kdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] Tokl5 sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfvsf] Jofkf ePsf] lyof] dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv -() k|ltzteGbf a9L_ ePsf] b]lvof]

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquestdf dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ x]sf 5g Tot s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft laut ) aifb]lv nuftf Jofkfdf x]sf 5g

sn ^ j6f k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfx -Jofkfdf x]sf] aif Jofkf kldf0f sn Jofkfls dNo g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0f dNo clea[4Lsf] +efjgf yfgLo pknJwtf_ sf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf k|fyldstfk|fKt ) h8La6Lxdf t]hkft lrfOtf] slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] h6fdL ljifhf offuDaf x]sf 5g

k|b]zdf yfkgf ePsf s]xL h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBf]uxiquestsf] cWoog ubf ax+Vos pBf]uxiquest kmn jn iquestkn] cuf8L ux]sf] cjyf b]lvPg k|dv sf0fxiquestdf sRrf kbfy sfdbfsf] cefj ahfsf] 1fgdf sdL x]sf] b]lvof] Tot JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty fdbflos pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbP klg ~rfngsf] k0f lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbg kg] b]lvof]

iv

+sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x lhNnfutkdf x]bf ofordfhfsf] jflnEumlUgrave kjtsf] hnhnf kftLrfUgrave DofUbLsf] a]gL bjfordf un]ZjUgrave dtfordfsf] dfkmf hf]df]dUgrave dgfordfsf] xD8] rfd]Ugrave afUnordfsf] altjfordf xl6of tffvf]nfUgrave sfsLsf] NjfordfUgrave tgxFsf] 8d|]Ugrave uf]vfsf] uf]vf ahf df5fvf]nfUgrave ndhordfsf] afxg8fF8f a]zLxUgrave tyf gjnksf] hx c0fvf]nfdf +sng tyf e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf] +efjgf b]lvof]

cGTodf k|b]zdf l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 a lhNnfxn] cfndashcfkmgf If]qdf x]sf egL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf sn ) k|sfsf h8Lj6Lx pNn]v ePsf 5g lt dWo] +sng Jofkf ug k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ) k|hftLxsf] ePsf] jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg sg klg k|hftLsf] xg uPsf] 5g k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ePsf dWo] klg hDdf ^ k|hfltxsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf] 5

cWoog 6f]nL

v

ljifo lr

l=g+ ljifo k]h g+ klro ljBdfg dZofx cWoogsf] cf]lrTo p2]Zo $ $ cfzfltt pknEbLx $ cWoog If]q = k|b]z klro

= cjlytL = If]qkmn =$ ldfgf ^ = hgfordflvs ljt0f ^ =^ hfthftL ^ =amp wd amp = hnDkbf amp =( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest amp =) dVo ahfxiquest amp = lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest amp

^ cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng ^= ynut cWoog ( ^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng ) ^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L

amp cWoogsf] glthf amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lx $ amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf

+sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest )

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f $ amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf amp amp=== kjt lhNnf amp amp=== afUnordf lhNnf amp amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf amp=== sfsL lhNnf amp==^= dgfordf lhNnf amp==amp dtfordf lhNnf

vi

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf amp==( ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==)= tgx lhNnf ) amp=== gjnk lhNnf ) amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ) amp=== k~rf] +lIft jg )

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 amp+=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f $

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f amp== uf]vf lhNnf

amp=== gjnk lhNnf amp=== DofUbL lhNnf ( amp==$= ofordfhf lhNnf ( amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==^= sfsL lhNnf ( amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf $) amp=== dtfordf lhNnf $) amp==(= tgxF lhNnf $ amp==)= kjt lhNnf $ amp== afUnordf lhNnf $

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f $ amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf $$ emfjx Gbe fdu|Lxiquest

vii

tflnsfx

tflnsf hfthftLsf] ljj0f ^ tflnsf wflds tYofIacute amp tflnsf cWoogsf xfos p2]Zo tYof+ssf] gtf]t ) tflnsf $ u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lx $ tflnsf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8Lj6Lx amp tflnsf ^ k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf

jflifs kdf +sng ug lsg] h8Lj6Lx= )

tflnsf amp k|fyldlss0fdf k]sf h8Lj6Lx

taLx

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest 5 tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest 11 tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo

dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]afsf] cayf

13

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 17 tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f 2$ tlj (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest 26 taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08

k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f 29

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf]xefuLxiquest af6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

30

==============

viii

cgrLx

cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL

cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest

(

cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx

^)

cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut

nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(

1

= klro

g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5

g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5

kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5

k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL

k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g

pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and

Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r

2

Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5

ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5

log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo

k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g

h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5

clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_

h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]

g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg

3

ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_

h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5

h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg

= p2]Zo

h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g

bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]

4

bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]

bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]

bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]

$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest

o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M

bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5

bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5

bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5

= cWoog If]q

= k|b]z klro

g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5

5

= cjlytL

u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest

= If]qkmn

g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g

=$ ldfgf

u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5

= hgfordflvs ljt0f

)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o

6

k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5

efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5

=^ hfthftL

o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5

tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )

=amp wd

o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=

= hn Dkbf

o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g

7

=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest

k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g

=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g

= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5

^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g

M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng

k|ZgfjnL

k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu

a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]

lgdf0f

k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut

cWoog

f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn

cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng

dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL

f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of

sfoqmd

dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf

k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z

clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f

8

+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt

ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5

lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu

h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest

lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest

^= ynut cWoog

k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos

9

8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]

lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP

tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf

h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg

sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL

4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx

5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx

6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog

10

tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest

tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=

km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest

PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs

6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

11

^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

amp= cWoogsf] glthf

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5

amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_

jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]

cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_

296

789

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२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३

टन

13

To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q

lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5

h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_

k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP

tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500

10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988

14

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590

15

s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5

tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]

0

1

2

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5

6

7

8

9

10

वयापा

रमा र

हको ब

रष

-

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

म सली

दालचि

नीबध

नी फ

लतज

पातचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजट

ामसी

सतिा

मजजठ

ोसस

काका

ईकर

ाज ि

लठपाि

न बोकर

ाअक

रकरा

कररल

ोकट

कीका

उलो ब

ोकरा

काको

लीटटम

रजज

मब

ग जो

स गनध

िालऔरत

बावर

षक परर

माण

कजी

मा

16

h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _

tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5

amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_

= tgxF laifhf $))

= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153

= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

यासाषग म

बाका

कोली

सतिा

म सली

कटकी

जटामसी

ननरम

सीअक

रकरा

जजमब

चय

ाउचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजी

िनती

टटमर

दालचि

नीग च

िी च

याउ

कररल

ोवपप

लाकर

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लठस ग

नधिाल

कल वयापार

मलय

17

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512

$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300

= gjnk t]hkft 15150

lsfsfO 4700

kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520

bfnlrgL 7000

slnf] 1475

sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500

uhf] 1000

xf] 500

^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193

amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000

= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500

(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242

18

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38

)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35

= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]

19

amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1

2 Stdn 18649 18649 1

3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2

4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1

5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2

6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1

7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1

8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1

9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2

10 gkftL 30944 30944 4

11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1

12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1

13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1

14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1

15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1

16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5

17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5

18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2

19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3

20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1

21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1

22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1

20

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2

24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4

25 alskmn 16347 16347 4

26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1

27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1

28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1

29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1

30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3

31 clhp 1619 1619 2

32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5

33 dfdn 44205 44205 4

34 d]n 2210 2210 2

35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1

36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1

37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5

38 e6snf 17682 17682 1

40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1

41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4

42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3

43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1

44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1

45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1

46 jf] 2002 2002 2

47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1

48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1

49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3

50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3

51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5

21

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1

53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1

54 klbgf 1768 1768 2

55 l77f 6450 6450 1

56 lgf] 250000 250000 1

57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2

58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3

59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2

60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1

61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2

62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6

63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1

64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1

65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1

66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1

67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3

68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3

69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1

70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5

71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1

72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2

73 nKL 8000 8000 4

74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1

75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1

76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1

77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4

78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3

79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1

22

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3

81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6

82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1

83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5

84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1

85 skf] nf] 387 387 1

86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4

87 sr 2043 2043 1

88 ss tn 4340 4340 1

89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2

90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1

91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5

92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1

93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1

94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5

95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1

96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1

97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7

98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1

99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1

100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4

101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1

102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1

sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630

23

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5

s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g

ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5

dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]

o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

24

lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g

amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g

+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5

7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5

25

tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest

26

+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf

dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp=== kjt lhNnf

pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf

27

kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp== sfsL lhNnf

sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g

amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf

lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp==amp dtfordf

lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z

28

5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5

amp==(= ndhordf

nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_

taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f

amp==)= tgx lsquo

tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf

29

k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug

lsG5

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

amp=== gjnk

oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]

jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf

afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp===k~rf] +lIft jg

k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g

u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

30

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash

pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5

7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5

yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5

h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5

dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g

bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy

bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf

bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf

bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f

bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f

bull kjtsf] kftLrf

bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6

bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml

bull DofUbLsf] un]j

bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d

bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5

amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]

Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf

31

kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf

sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf

g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash

bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave

bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave

bull sgdfklg gk]df

dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash

bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf

yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash

bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5

32

tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

h8La6L Jofkfdf

x]sf] aif kldf0f

sn

Jofkf

g]kfn sfsf]

k|fyldsLs0f

dNo

clea[l4

yfgLo

pknJwtf k|fKtf+s

bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15

lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15

slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14

s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13

tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12

uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11

dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11

h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11

ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11

offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10

cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10

awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9

dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9

lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9

lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9

sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9

lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9

lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8

sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8

wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8

clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8

kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8

Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7

ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7

33

amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f

tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5

lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5

34

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5

s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g

tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5

35

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5

dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5

h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5

36

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

ljif

ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]

eft lgoft xg]

ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5

offuDaf

offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

Hofb dNojfg h8La6L

lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t

of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5

]tslrgL

]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5

xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]

b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]

37

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f

u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5

lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5

amp=== gjnk lhNnf

u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]

38

dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g

amp=== DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf

)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]

amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf

sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==^= sfsL lhNnf

kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z

39

do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf

o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5

lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf

Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5

amp=== dtfordf

jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g

40

Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5

cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf

amp==(= tgxF lhNnf

tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5

Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF

amp==)= kjt lhNnf

hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5

41

lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5

ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5

JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]

pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]

jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]

lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]

yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]

plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]

42

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5

jn kIf

h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]

bjn kIf

h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]

cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL

cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt

guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg

cjxiquest

To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]

jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]

afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp

kUg]

43

rgfgLxiquest

sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6

xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )

6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]

cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO

amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf

jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^

on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^

o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5

aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_

lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]

44

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_

bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf

h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]

jg P]g )$(

lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5

f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5

jg lgodfjnL )

jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M

s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5

v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5

u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]

45

cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5

3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5

ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5

h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M

s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]

v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]

u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5

3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]

8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]

jftfj0f +If0f P]g )

jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M

k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]

k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug

46

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug

fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug

jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug

$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug

fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp

h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]

fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5

47

sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf

jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5

lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5

g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest

k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_

s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_

ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza

scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest

s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_

v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

u= emofp -Lichens_

3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_

8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5

48

g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest

qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u

1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL

2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL

3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL

5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL

6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL

7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n

8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf

9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst

10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL

11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6

12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL

13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs

15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n

16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL

17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL

18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg

19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf

20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL

21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL

22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL

23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL

24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL

25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL

26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n

27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL

28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof

29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk

30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_

lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_

$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_

amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_

) lkknf -Piper longum_

uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_

50

fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest

cgrL cgrL cgrL

Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_

n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

51

= emfjxM

o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5

pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos

jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5

v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f

l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]

h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]

l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL

xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug

s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf

Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5

p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5

52

Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt

afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$

g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))

g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq

g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf

gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)

jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL

jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL

jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu

k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $

kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL

ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

53

uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg

cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t

+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)

uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg

DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil

Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey

Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)

Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash

Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32

Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain

livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254

Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub

Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade

of Medicinal Plants Material  An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336

wwwayushgovin

ii

xfd|f] egfO

u08sL k|b]zleq ljleGg k|sfsf k|fs[lts |f]txiquest x]sf 5g lt dWo] h8La6L klg k|rdfqfdf oqtq kfOg] dxTjk0f k|fs[lts |f]t x]sf] 5 log h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng laqmLaf6 k|fKt sdn] u|fld0f ljs6 yfgdf ag] dflgxiquestsf] hLjsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 tYof+s cgf u08sL k|b]zaf6 k|ltaif cfift ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] b]lvG5

fjhlgs tyf lglh hUufxiquestdf hxfF klg kfOg] h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txsf] plrt bkof]u uL ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfxiquestsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg osf] dfWodaf6 ljb]zL db|f cfhg ug lsg] dxTjk0f eldsfdf x]sf] o |f]tnfO pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vfaf6 k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog sf] sfo cf=j )ampdivide)amp^ df jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgsf] lj1xiquestsf] xof]udf DkGg ePsf] 5

o dxTjk0f sfosf] lhDd]jfL lbg] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zUgrave o sfdsf] nfuL xof]u tyf rgfxiquest pknJw ufO lbg] l8lehgn jg clws[txiquest clht s0f Sdfut j]bL xlZrGb| fksf]6f f]dfh nfld5fg] czf]s gt]i7 sf]dn sfkmn] fdsfhL gt]i7 s]bf afn k0f]Zj j]bL tf]ofgfy kf8]n df]xg sfkmn] lji0f k|fb clwsfLUgrave +If0f If]qdf sfot czf]s j]bL zn]Gb| ofbjUgrave k|b]z dGqfnosf pk lrj fh]Gb| Gofkfg] s[i0f k|fb 9sfnUgrave l8lehgn jg sfofno nufot ljleGg +3yf tyf JolQmxiquestaf6 cGtjftf tyf rgf +sngdf xof]u ug] lj=P=l km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBflyxiquest buf s8]n ljetL yfkf f]zgL fgfef6 clnf zdf oj vfg fdgf ]UdL k|lt cfef tyf wGojfb JoQm ub5f

cGTodf o cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfn] o ljifodf f]sf fVg]xiquest nufot gLlt lgdf0fdf sfofGjog If]qdf lg0fo lng xof]u kUg] cfzf ljZjf lnOPsf] 5

iii

ff+z

cflwsfls tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfnaf6 cf=a= )amp$amp df g] ca sf]8 afasf] sRrf h8La6L ulGwt t]n b]z afxL lgoft ePsf] lyof] eg] f]xL cf=a= df g] ca sf]8 afasf] cfoj]lbs cfifwL eftaf6dfq cfoft ulPsf] lyof] of] tYofIacuten] g]kfndf h8La6Lsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn cfifwL pTkfbgdf hf]8lbgkg] b]vfpF5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vfn] k|b]zdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] dlrt k|of]uaf6 h8La6LhGo pTkfbg uL hgtfxsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf f]hufL [hgf ug dxTjk0f eldsf v]Ngsf nflu of] DefJotf cWoog jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjg dfkmt ufPsf] xf] DefJotf cWoogsf qmddf k|b]zsf lhNnfxsf] ynut cWoog uL f]sfjfnfxiquestFu 5nkmn tYof+s +sng ulPsf] lyof] osf fy cGo Gbe fdu|Lxiquest af6 klg rgfx lnOPsf] lyof]

cflwsfls kdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] Tokl5 sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfvsf] Jofkf ePsf] lyof] dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv -() k|ltzteGbf a9L_ ePsf] b]lvof]

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquestdf dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ x]sf 5g Tot s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft laut ) aifb]lv nuftf Jofkfdf x]sf 5g

sn ^ j6f k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfx -Jofkfdf x]sf] aif Jofkf kldf0f sn Jofkfls dNo g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0f dNo clea[4Lsf] +efjgf yfgLo pknJwtf_ sf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf k|fyldstfk|fKt ) h8La6Lxdf t]hkft lrfOtf] slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] h6fdL ljifhf offuDaf x]sf 5g

k|b]zdf yfkgf ePsf s]xL h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBf]uxiquestsf] cWoog ubf ax+Vos pBf]uxiquest kmn jn iquestkn] cuf8L ux]sf] cjyf b]lvPg k|dv sf0fxiquestdf sRrf kbfy sfdbfsf] cefj ahfsf] 1fgdf sdL x]sf] b]lvof] Tot JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty fdbflos pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbP klg ~rfngsf] k0f lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbg kg] b]lvof]

iv

+sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x lhNnfutkdf x]bf ofordfhfsf] jflnEumlUgrave kjtsf] hnhnf kftLrfUgrave DofUbLsf] a]gL bjfordf un]ZjUgrave dtfordfsf] dfkmf hf]df]dUgrave dgfordfsf] xD8] rfd]Ugrave afUnordfsf] altjfordf xl6of tffvf]nfUgrave sfsLsf] NjfordfUgrave tgxFsf] 8d|]Ugrave uf]vfsf] uf]vf ahf df5fvf]nfUgrave ndhordfsf] afxg8fF8f a]zLxUgrave tyf gjnksf] hx c0fvf]nfdf +sng tyf e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf] +efjgf b]lvof]

cGTodf k|b]zdf l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 a lhNnfxn] cfndashcfkmgf If]qdf x]sf egL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf sn ) k|sfsf h8Lj6Lx pNn]v ePsf 5g lt dWo] +sng Jofkf ug k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ) k|hftLxsf] ePsf] jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg sg klg k|hftLsf] xg uPsf] 5g k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ePsf dWo] klg hDdf ^ k|hfltxsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf] 5

cWoog 6f]nL

v

ljifo lr

l=g+ ljifo k]h g+ klro ljBdfg dZofx cWoogsf] cf]lrTo p2]Zo $ $ cfzfltt pknEbLx $ cWoog If]q = k|b]z klro

= cjlytL = If]qkmn =$ ldfgf ^ = hgfordflvs ljt0f ^ =^ hfthftL ^ =amp wd amp = hnDkbf amp =( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest amp =) dVo ahfxiquest amp = lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest amp

^ cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng ^= ynut cWoog ( ^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng ) ^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L

amp cWoogsf] glthf amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lx $ amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf

+sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest )

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f $ amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf amp amp=== kjt lhNnf amp amp=== afUnordf lhNnf amp amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf amp=== sfsL lhNnf amp==^= dgfordf lhNnf amp==amp dtfordf lhNnf

vi

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf amp==( ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==)= tgx lhNnf ) amp=== gjnk lhNnf ) amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ) amp=== k~rf] +lIft jg )

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 amp+=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f $

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f amp== uf]vf lhNnf

amp=== gjnk lhNnf amp=== DofUbL lhNnf ( amp==$= ofordfhf lhNnf ( amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==^= sfsL lhNnf ( amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf $) amp=== dtfordf lhNnf $) amp==(= tgxF lhNnf $ amp==)= kjt lhNnf $ amp== afUnordf lhNnf $

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f $ amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf $$ emfjx Gbe fdu|Lxiquest

vii

tflnsfx

tflnsf hfthftLsf] ljj0f ^ tflnsf wflds tYofIacute amp tflnsf cWoogsf xfos p2]Zo tYof+ssf] gtf]t ) tflnsf $ u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lx $ tflnsf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8Lj6Lx amp tflnsf ^ k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf

jflifs kdf +sng ug lsg] h8Lj6Lx= )

tflnsf amp k|fyldlss0fdf k]sf h8Lj6Lx

taLx

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest 5 tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest 11 tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo

dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]afsf] cayf

13

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 17 tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f 2$ tlj (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest 26 taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08

k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f 29

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf]xefuLxiquest af6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

30

==============

viii

cgrLx

cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL

cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest

(

cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx

^)

cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut

nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(

1

= klro

g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5

g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5

kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5

k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL

k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g

pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and

Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r

2

Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5

ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5

log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo

k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g

h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5

clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_

h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]

g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg

3

ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_

h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5

h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg

= p2]Zo

h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g

bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]

4

bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]

bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]

bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]

$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest

o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M

bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5

bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5

bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5

= cWoog If]q

= k|b]z klro

g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5

5

= cjlytL

u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest

= If]qkmn

g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g

=$ ldfgf

u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5

= hgfordflvs ljt0f

)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o

6

k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5

efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5

=^ hfthftL

o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5

tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )

=amp wd

o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=

= hn Dkbf

o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g

7

=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest

k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g

=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g

= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5

^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g

M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng

k|ZgfjnL

k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu

a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]

lgdf0f

k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut

cWoog

f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn

cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng

dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL

f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of

sfoqmd

dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf

k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z

clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f

8

+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt

ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5

lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu

h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest

lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest

^= ynut cWoog

k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos

9

8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]

lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP

tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf

h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg

sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL

4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx

5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx

6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog

10

tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest

tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=

km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest

PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs

6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

11

^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

amp= cWoogsf] glthf

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5

amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_

jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]

cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_

296

789

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300

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500

600

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800

२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३

टन

13

To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q

lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5

h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_

k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP

tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500

10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988

14

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590

15

s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5

tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

वयापा

रमा र

हको ब

रष

-

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

म सली

दालचि

नीबध

नी फ

लतज

पातचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजट

ामसी

सतिा

मजजठ

ोसस

काका

ईकर

ाज ि

लठपाि

न बोकर

ाअक

रकरा

कररल

ोकट

कीका

उलो ब

ोकरा

काको

लीटटम

रजज

मब

ग जो

स गनध

िालऔरत

बावर

षक परर

माण

कजी

मा

16

h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _

tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5

amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_

= tgxF laifhf $))

= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153

= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

यासाषग म

बाका

कोली

सतिा

म सली

कटकी

जटामसी

ननरम

सीअक

रकरा

जजमब

चय

ाउचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजी

िनती

टटमर

दालचि

नीग च

िी च

याउ

कररल

ोवपप

लाकर

ाज ि

लठस ग

नधिाल

कल वयापार

मलय

17

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512

$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300

= gjnk t]hkft 15150

lsfsfO 4700

kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520

bfnlrgL 7000

slnf] 1475

sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500

uhf] 1000

xf] 500

^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193

amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000

= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500

(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242

18

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38

)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35

= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]

19

amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1

2 Stdn 18649 18649 1

3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2

4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1

5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2

6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1

7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1

8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1

9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2

10 gkftL 30944 30944 4

11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1

12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1

13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1

14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1

15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1

16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5

17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5

18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2

19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3

20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1

21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1

22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1

20

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2

24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4

25 alskmn 16347 16347 4

26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1

27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1

28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1

29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1

30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3

31 clhp 1619 1619 2

32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5

33 dfdn 44205 44205 4

34 d]n 2210 2210 2

35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1

36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1

37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5

38 e6snf 17682 17682 1

40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1

41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4

42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3

43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1

44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1

45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1

46 jf] 2002 2002 2

47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1

48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1

49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3

50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3

51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5

21

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1

53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1

54 klbgf 1768 1768 2

55 l77f 6450 6450 1

56 lgf] 250000 250000 1

57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2

58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3

59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2

60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1

61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2

62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6

63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1

64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1

65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1

66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1

67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3

68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3

69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1

70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5

71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1

72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2

73 nKL 8000 8000 4

74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1

75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1

76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1

77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4

78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3

79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1

22

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3

81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6

82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1

83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5

84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1

85 skf] nf] 387 387 1

86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4

87 sr 2043 2043 1

88 ss tn 4340 4340 1

89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2

90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1

91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5

92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1

93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1

94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5

95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1

96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1

97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7

98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1

99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1

100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4

101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1

102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1

sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630

23

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5

s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g

ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5

dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]

o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

24

lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g

amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g

+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5

7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5

25

tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest

26

+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf

dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp=== kjt lhNnf

pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf

27

kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp== sfsL lhNnf

sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g

amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf

lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp==amp dtfordf

lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z

28

5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5

amp==(= ndhordf

nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_

taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f

amp==)= tgx lsquo

tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf

29

k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug

lsG5

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

amp=== gjnk

oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]

jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf

afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp===k~rf] +lIft jg

k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g

u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

30

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash

pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5

7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5

yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5

h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5

dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g

bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy

bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf

bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf

bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f

bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f

bull kjtsf] kftLrf

bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6

bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml

bull DofUbLsf] un]j

bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d

bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5

amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]

Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf

31

kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf

sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf

g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash

bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave

bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave

bull sgdfklg gk]df

dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash

bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf

yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash

bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5

32

tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

h8La6L Jofkfdf

x]sf] aif kldf0f

sn

Jofkf

g]kfn sfsf]

k|fyldsLs0f

dNo

clea[l4

yfgLo

pknJwtf k|fKtf+s

bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15

lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15

slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14

s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13

tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12

uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11

dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11

h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11

ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11

offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10

cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10

awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9

dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9

lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9

lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9

sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9

lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9

lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8

sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8

wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8

clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8

kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8

Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7

ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7

33

amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f

tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5

lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5

34

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5

s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g

tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5

35

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5

dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5

h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5

36

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

ljif

ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]

eft lgoft xg]

ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5

offuDaf

offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

Hofb dNojfg h8La6L

lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t

of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5

]tslrgL

]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5

xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]

b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]

37

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f

u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5

lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5

amp=== gjnk lhNnf

u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]

38

dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g

amp=== DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf

)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]

amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf

sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==^= sfsL lhNnf

kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z

39

do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf

o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5

lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf

Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5

amp=== dtfordf

jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g

40

Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5

cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf

amp==(= tgxF lhNnf

tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5

Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF

amp==)= kjt lhNnf

hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5

41

lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5

ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5

JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]

pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]

jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]

lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]

yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]

plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]

42

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5

jn kIf

h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]

bjn kIf

h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]

cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL

cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt

guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg

cjxiquest

To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]

jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]

afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp

kUg]

43

rgfgLxiquest

sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6

xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )

6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]

cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO

amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf

jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^

on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^

o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5

aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_

lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]

44

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_

bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf

h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]

jg P]g )$(

lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5

f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5

jg lgodfjnL )

jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M

s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5

v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5

u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]

45

cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5

3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5

ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5

h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M

s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]

v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]

u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5

3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]

8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]

jftfj0f +If0f P]g )

jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M

k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]

k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug

46

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug

fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug

jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug

$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug

fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp

h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]

fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5

47

sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf

jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5

lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5

g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest

k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_

s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_

ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza

scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest

s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_

v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

u= emofp -Lichens_

3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_

8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5

48

g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest

qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u

1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL

2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL

3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL

5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL

6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL

7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n

8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf

9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst

10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL

11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6

12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL

13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs

15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n

16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL

17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL

18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg

19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf

20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL

21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL

22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL

23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL

24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL

25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL

26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n

27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL

28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof

29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk

30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_

lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_

$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_

amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_

) lkknf -Piper longum_

uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_

50

fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest

cgrL cgrL cgrL

Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_

n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

51

= emfjxM

o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5

pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos

jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5

v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f

l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]

h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]

l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL

xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug

s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf

Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5

p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5

52

Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt

afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$

g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))

g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq

g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf

gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)

jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL

jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL

jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu

k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $

kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL

ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

53

uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg

cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t

+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)

uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg

DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil

Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey

Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)

Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash

Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32

Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain

livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254

Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub

Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade

of Medicinal Plants Material  An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336

wwwayushgovin

iii

ff+z

cflwsfls tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfnaf6 cf=a= )amp$amp df g] ca sf]8 afasf] sRrf h8La6L ulGwt t]n b]z afxL lgoft ePsf] lyof] eg] f]xL cf=a= df g] ca sf]8 afasf] cfoj]lbs cfifwL eftaf6dfq cfoft ulPsf] lyof] of] tYofIacuten] g]kfndf h8La6Lsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn cfifwL pTkfbgdf hf]8lbgkg] b]vfpF5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vfn] k|b]zdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] dlrt k|of]uaf6 h8La6LhGo pTkfbg uL hgtfxsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf f]hufL [hgf ug dxTjk0f eldsf v]Ngsf nflu of] DefJotf cWoog jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjg dfkmt ufPsf] xf] DefJotf cWoogsf qmddf k|b]zsf lhNnfxsf] ynut cWoog uL f]sfjfnfxiquestFu 5nkmn tYof+s +sng ulPsf] lyof] osf fy cGo Gbe fdu|Lxiquest af6 klg rgfx lnOPsf] lyof]

cflwsfls kdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] Tokl5 sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfvsf] Jofkf ePsf] lyof] dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv -() k|ltzteGbf a9L_ ePsf] b]lvof]

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquestdf dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ x]sf 5g Tot s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft laut ) aifb]lv nuftf Jofkfdf x]sf 5g

sn ^ j6f k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfx -Jofkfdf x]sf] aif Jofkf kldf0f sn Jofkfls dNo g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0f dNo clea[4Lsf] +efjgf yfgLo pknJwtf_ sf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf k|fyldstfk|fKt ) h8La6Lxdf t]hkft lrfOtf] slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] h6fdL ljifhf offuDaf x]sf 5g

k|b]zdf yfkgf ePsf s]xL h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBf]uxiquestsf] cWoog ubf ax+Vos pBf]uxiquest kmn jn iquestkn] cuf8L ux]sf] cjyf b]lvPg k|dv sf0fxiquestdf sRrf kbfy sfdbfsf] cefj ahfsf] 1fgdf sdL x]sf] b]lvof] Tot JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty fdbflos pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbP klg ~rfngsf] k0f lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbg kg] b]lvof]

iv

+sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x lhNnfutkdf x]bf ofordfhfsf] jflnEumlUgrave kjtsf] hnhnf kftLrfUgrave DofUbLsf] a]gL bjfordf un]ZjUgrave dtfordfsf] dfkmf hf]df]dUgrave dgfordfsf] xD8] rfd]Ugrave afUnordfsf] altjfordf xl6of tffvf]nfUgrave sfsLsf] NjfordfUgrave tgxFsf] 8d|]Ugrave uf]vfsf] uf]vf ahf df5fvf]nfUgrave ndhordfsf] afxg8fF8f a]zLxUgrave tyf gjnksf] hx c0fvf]nfdf +sng tyf e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf] +efjgf b]lvof]

cGTodf k|b]zdf l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 a lhNnfxn] cfndashcfkmgf If]qdf x]sf egL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf sn ) k|sfsf h8Lj6Lx pNn]v ePsf 5g lt dWo] +sng Jofkf ug k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ) k|hftLxsf] ePsf] jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg sg klg k|hftLsf] xg uPsf] 5g k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ePsf dWo] klg hDdf ^ k|hfltxsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf] 5

cWoog 6f]nL

v

ljifo lr

l=g+ ljifo k]h g+ klro ljBdfg dZofx cWoogsf] cf]lrTo p2]Zo $ $ cfzfltt pknEbLx $ cWoog If]q = k|b]z klro

= cjlytL = If]qkmn =$ ldfgf ^ = hgfordflvs ljt0f ^ =^ hfthftL ^ =amp wd amp = hnDkbf amp =( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest amp =) dVo ahfxiquest amp = lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest amp

^ cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng ^= ynut cWoog ( ^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng ) ^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L

amp cWoogsf] glthf amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lx $ amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf

+sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest )

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f $ amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf amp amp=== kjt lhNnf amp amp=== afUnordf lhNnf amp amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf amp=== sfsL lhNnf amp==^= dgfordf lhNnf amp==amp dtfordf lhNnf

vi

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf amp==( ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==)= tgx lhNnf ) amp=== gjnk lhNnf ) amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ) amp=== k~rf] +lIft jg )

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 amp+=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f $

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f amp== uf]vf lhNnf

amp=== gjnk lhNnf amp=== DofUbL lhNnf ( amp==$= ofordfhf lhNnf ( amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==^= sfsL lhNnf ( amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf $) amp=== dtfordf lhNnf $) amp==(= tgxF lhNnf $ amp==)= kjt lhNnf $ amp== afUnordf lhNnf $

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f $ amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf $$ emfjx Gbe fdu|Lxiquest

vii

tflnsfx

tflnsf hfthftLsf] ljj0f ^ tflnsf wflds tYofIacute amp tflnsf cWoogsf xfos p2]Zo tYof+ssf] gtf]t ) tflnsf $ u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lx $ tflnsf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8Lj6Lx amp tflnsf ^ k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf

jflifs kdf +sng ug lsg] h8Lj6Lx= )

tflnsf amp k|fyldlss0fdf k]sf h8Lj6Lx

taLx

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest 5 tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest 11 tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo

dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]afsf] cayf

13

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 17 tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f 2$ tlj (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest 26 taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08

k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f 29

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf]xefuLxiquest af6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

30

==============

viii

cgrLx

cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL

cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest

(

cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx

^)

cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut

nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(

1

= klro

g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5

g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5

kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5

k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL

k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g

pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and

Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r

2

Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5

ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5

log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo

k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g

h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5

clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_

h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]

g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg

3

ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_

h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5

h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg

= p2]Zo

h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g

bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]

4

bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]

bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]

bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]

$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest

o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M

bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5

bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5

bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5

= cWoog If]q

= k|b]z klro

g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5

5

= cjlytL

u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest

= If]qkmn

g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g

=$ ldfgf

u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5

= hgfordflvs ljt0f

)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o

6

k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5

efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5

=^ hfthftL

o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5

tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )

=amp wd

o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=

= hn Dkbf

o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g

7

=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest

k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g

=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g

= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5

^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g

M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng

k|ZgfjnL

k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu

a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]

lgdf0f

k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut

cWoog

f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn

cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng

dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL

f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of

sfoqmd

dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf

k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z

clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f

8

+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt

ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5

lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu

h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest

lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest

^= ynut cWoog

k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos

9

8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]

lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP

tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf

h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg

sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL

4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx

5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx

6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog

10

tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest

tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=

km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest

PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs

6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

11

^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

amp= cWoogsf] glthf

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5

amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_

jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]

cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_

296

789

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३

टन

13

To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q

lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5

h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_

k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP

tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500

10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988

14

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590

15

s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5

tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

वयापा

रमा र

हको ब

रष

-

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

म सली

दालचि

नीबध

नी फ

लतज

पातचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजट

ामसी

सतिा

मजजठ

ोसस

काका

ईकर

ाज ि

लठपाि

न बोकर

ाअक

रकरा

कररल

ोकट

कीका

उलो ब

ोकरा

काको

लीटटम

रजज

मब

ग जो

स गनध

िालऔरत

बावर

षक परर

माण

कजी

मा

16

h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _

tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5

amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_

= tgxF laifhf $))

= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153

= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

यासाषग म

बाका

कोली

सतिा

म सली

कटकी

जटामसी

ननरम

सीअक

रकरा

जजमब

चय

ाउचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजी

िनती

टटमर

दालचि

नीग च

िी च

याउ

कररल

ोवपप

लाकर

ाज ि

लठस ग

नधिाल

कल वयापार

मलय

17

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512

$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300

= gjnk t]hkft 15150

lsfsfO 4700

kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520

bfnlrgL 7000

slnf] 1475

sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500

uhf] 1000

xf] 500

^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193

amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000

= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500

(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242

18

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38

)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35

= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]

19

amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1

2 Stdn 18649 18649 1

3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2

4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1

5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2

6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1

7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1

8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1

9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2

10 gkftL 30944 30944 4

11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1

12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1

13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1

14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1

15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1

16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5

17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5

18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2

19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3

20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1

21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1

22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1

20

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2

24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4

25 alskmn 16347 16347 4

26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1

27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1

28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1

29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1

30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3

31 clhp 1619 1619 2

32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5

33 dfdn 44205 44205 4

34 d]n 2210 2210 2

35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1

36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1

37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5

38 e6snf 17682 17682 1

40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1

41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4

42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3

43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1

44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1

45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1

46 jf] 2002 2002 2

47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1

48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1

49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3

50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3

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21

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1

53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1

54 klbgf 1768 1768 2

55 l77f 6450 6450 1

56 lgf] 250000 250000 1

57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2

58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3

59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2

60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1

61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2

62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6

63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1

64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1

65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1

66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1

67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3

68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3

69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1

70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5

71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1

72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2

73 nKL 8000 8000 4

74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1

75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1

76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1

77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4

78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3

79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1

22

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3

81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6

82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1

83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5

84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1

85 skf] nf] 387 387 1

86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4

87 sr 2043 2043 1

88 ss tn 4340 4340 1

89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2

90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1

91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5

92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1

93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1

94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5

95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1

96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1

97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7

98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1

99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1

100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4

101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1

102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1

sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630

23

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5

s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g

ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5

dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]

o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

24

lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g

amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g

+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5

7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5

25

tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest

26

+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf

dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp=== kjt lhNnf

pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf

27

kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp== sfsL lhNnf

sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g

amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf

lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp==amp dtfordf

lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z

28

5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5

amp==(= ndhordf

nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_

taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f

amp==)= tgx lsquo

tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf

29

k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug

lsG5

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

amp=== gjnk

oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]

jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf

afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp===k~rf] +lIft jg

k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g

u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

30

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash

pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5

7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5

yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5

h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5

dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g

bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy

bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf

bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf

bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f

bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f

bull kjtsf] kftLrf

bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6

bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml

bull DofUbLsf] un]j

bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d

bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5

amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]

Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf

31

kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf

sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf

g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash

bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave

bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave

bull sgdfklg gk]df

dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash

bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf

yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash

bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5

32

tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

h8La6L Jofkfdf

x]sf] aif kldf0f

sn

Jofkf

g]kfn sfsf]

k|fyldsLs0f

dNo

clea[l4

yfgLo

pknJwtf k|fKtf+s

bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15

lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15

slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14

s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13

tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12

uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11

dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11

h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11

ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11

offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10

cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10

awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9

dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9

lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9

lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9

sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9

lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9

lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8

sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8

wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8

clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8

kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8

Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7

ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7

33

amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f

tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5

lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5

34

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5

s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g

tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5

35

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5

dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5

h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5

36

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

ljif

ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]

eft lgoft xg]

ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5

offuDaf

offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

Hofb dNojfg h8La6L

lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t

of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5

]tslrgL

]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5

xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]

b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]

37

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f

u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5

lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5

amp=== gjnk lhNnf

u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]

38

dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g

amp=== DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf

)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]

amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf

sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==^= sfsL lhNnf

kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z

39

do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf

o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5

lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf

Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5

amp=== dtfordf

jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g

40

Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5

cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf

amp==(= tgxF lhNnf

tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5

Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF

amp==)= kjt lhNnf

hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5

41

lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5

ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5

JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]

pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]

jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]

lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]

yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]

plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]

42

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5

jn kIf

h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]

bjn kIf

h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]

cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL

cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt

guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg

cjxiquest

To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]

jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]

afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp

kUg]

43

rgfgLxiquest

sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6

xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )

6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]

cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO

amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf

jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^

on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^

o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5

aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_

lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]

44

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_

bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf

h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]

jg P]g )$(

lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5

f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5

jg lgodfjnL )

jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M

s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5

v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5

u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]

45

cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5

3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5

ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5

h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M

s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]

v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]

u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5

3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]

8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]

jftfj0f +If0f P]g )

jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M

k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]

k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug

46

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug

fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug

jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug

$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug

fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp

h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]

fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5

47

sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf

jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5

lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5

g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest

k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_

s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_

ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza

scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest

s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_

v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

u= emofp -Lichens_

3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_

8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5

48

g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest

qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u

1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL

2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL

3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL

5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL

6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL

7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n

8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf

9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst

10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL

11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6

12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL

13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs

15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n

16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL

17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL

18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg

19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf

20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL

21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL

22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL

23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL

24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL

25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL

26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n

27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL

28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof

29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk

30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_

lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_

$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_

amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_

) lkknf -Piper longum_

uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_

50

fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest

cgrL cgrL cgrL

Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_

n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

51

= emfjxM

o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5

pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos

jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5

v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f

l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]

h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]

l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL

xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug

s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf

Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5

p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5

52

Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt

afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$

g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))

g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq

g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf

gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)

jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL

jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL

jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu

k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $

kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL

ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

53

uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg

cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t

+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)

uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg

DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil

Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey

Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)

Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash

Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32

Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain

livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254

Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub

Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade

of Medicinal Plants Material  An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336

wwwayushgovin

iv

+sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x lhNnfutkdf x]bf ofordfhfsf] jflnEumlUgrave kjtsf] hnhnf kftLrfUgrave DofUbLsf] a]gL bjfordf un]ZjUgrave dtfordfsf] dfkmf hf]df]dUgrave dgfordfsf] xD8] rfd]Ugrave afUnordfsf] altjfordf xl6of tffvf]nfUgrave sfsLsf] NjfordfUgrave tgxFsf] 8d|]Ugrave uf]vfsf] uf]vf ahf df5fvf]nfUgrave ndhordfsf] afxg8fF8f a]zLxUgrave tyf gjnksf] hx c0fvf]nfdf +sng tyf e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf] +efjgf b]lvof]

cGTodf k|b]zdf l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 a lhNnfxn] cfndashcfkmgf If]qdf x]sf egL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf sn ) k|sfsf h8Lj6Lx pNn]v ePsf 5g lt dWo] +sng Jofkf ug k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ) k|hftLxsf] ePsf] jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg sg klg k|hftLsf] xg uPsf] 5g k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ePsf dWo] klg hDdf ^ k|hfltxsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf] 5

cWoog 6f]nL

v

ljifo lr

l=g+ ljifo k]h g+ klro ljBdfg dZofx cWoogsf] cf]lrTo p2]Zo $ $ cfzfltt pknEbLx $ cWoog If]q = k|b]z klro

= cjlytL = If]qkmn =$ ldfgf ^ = hgfordflvs ljt0f ^ =^ hfthftL ^ =amp wd amp = hnDkbf amp =( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest amp =) dVo ahfxiquest amp = lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest amp

^ cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng ^= ynut cWoog ( ^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng ) ^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L

amp cWoogsf] glthf amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lx $ amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf

+sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest )

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f $ amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf amp amp=== kjt lhNnf amp amp=== afUnordf lhNnf amp amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf amp=== sfsL lhNnf amp==^= dgfordf lhNnf amp==amp dtfordf lhNnf

vi

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf amp==( ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==)= tgx lhNnf ) amp=== gjnk lhNnf ) amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ) amp=== k~rf] +lIft jg )

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 amp+=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f $

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f amp== uf]vf lhNnf

amp=== gjnk lhNnf amp=== DofUbL lhNnf ( amp==$= ofordfhf lhNnf ( amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==^= sfsL lhNnf ( amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf $) amp=== dtfordf lhNnf $) amp==(= tgxF lhNnf $ amp==)= kjt lhNnf $ amp== afUnordf lhNnf $

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f $ amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf $$ emfjx Gbe fdu|Lxiquest

vii

tflnsfx

tflnsf hfthftLsf] ljj0f ^ tflnsf wflds tYofIacute amp tflnsf cWoogsf xfos p2]Zo tYof+ssf] gtf]t ) tflnsf $ u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lx $ tflnsf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8Lj6Lx amp tflnsf ^ k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf

jflifs kdf +sng ug lsg] h8Lj6Lx= )

tflnsf amp k|fyldlss0fdf k]sf h8Lj6Lx

taLx

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest 5 tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest 11 tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo

dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]afsf] cayf

13

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 17 tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f 2$ tlj (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest 26 taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08

k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f 29

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf]xefuLxiquest af6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

30

==============

viii

cgrLx

cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL

cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest

(

cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx

^)

cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut

nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(

1

= klro

g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5

g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5

kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5

k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL

k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g

pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and

Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r

2

Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5

ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5

log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo

k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g

h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5

clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_

h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]

g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg

3

ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_

h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5

h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg

= p2]Zo

h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g

bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]

4

bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]

bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]

bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]

$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest

o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M

bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5

bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5

bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5

= cWoog If]q

= k|b]z klro

g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5

5

= cjlytL

u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest

= If]qkmn

g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g

=$ ldfgf

u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5

= hgfordflvs ljt0f

)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o

6

k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5

efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5

=^ hfthftL

o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5

tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )

=amp wd

o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=

= hn Dkbf

o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g

7

=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest

k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g

=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g

= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5

^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g

M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng

k|ZgfjnL

k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu

a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]

lgdf0f

k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut

cWoog

f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn

cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng

dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL

f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of

sfoqmd

dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf

k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z

clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f

8

+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt

ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5

lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu

h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest

lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest

^= ynut cWoog

k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos

9

8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]

lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP

tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf

h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg

sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL

4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx

5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx

6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog

10

tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest

tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=

km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest

PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs

6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

11

^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

amp= cWoogsf] glthf

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5

amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_

jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]

cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_

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२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३

टन

13

To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q

lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5

h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_

k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP

tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500

10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988

14

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590

15

s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5

tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

वयापा

रमा र

हको ब

रष

-

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

म सली

दालचि

नीबध

नी फ

लतज

पातचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजट

ामसी

सतिा

मजजठ

ोसस

काका

ईकर

ाज ि

लठपाि

न बोकर

ाअक

रकरा

कररल

ोकट

कीका

उलो ब

ोकरा

काको

लीटटम

रजज

मब

ग जो

स गनध

िालऔरत

बावर

षक परर

माण

कजी

मा

16

h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _

tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5

amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_

= tgxF laifhf $))

= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153

= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

यासाषग म

बाका

कोली

सतिा

म सली

कटकी

जटामसी

ननरम

सीअक

रकरा

जजमब

चय

ाउचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजी

िनती

टटमर

दालचि

नीग च

िी च

याउ

कररल

ोवपप

लाकर

ाज ि

लठस ग

नधिाल

कल वयापार

मलय

17

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512

$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300

= gjnk t]hkft 15150

lsfsfO 4700

kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520

bfnlrgL 7000

slnf] 1475

sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500

uhf] 1000

xf] 500

^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193

amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000

= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500

(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242

18

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38

)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35

= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]

19

amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1

2 Stdn 18649 18649 1

3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2

4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1

5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2

6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1

7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1

8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1

9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2

10 gkftL 30944 30944 4

11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1

12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1

13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1

14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1

15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1

16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5

17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5

18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2

19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3

20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1

21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1

22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1

20

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2

24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4

25 alskmn 16347 16347 4

26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1

27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1

28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1

29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1

30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3

31 clhp 1619 1619 2

32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5

33 dfdn 44205 44205 4

34 d]n 2210 2210 2

35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1

36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1

37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5

38 e6snf 17682 17682 1

40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1

41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4

42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3

43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1

44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1

45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1

46 jf] 2002 2002 2

47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1

48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1

49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3

50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3

51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5

21

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1

53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1

54 klbgf 1768 1768 2

55 l77f 6450 6450 1

56 lgf] 250000 250000 1

57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2

58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3

59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2

60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1

61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2

62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6

63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1

64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1

65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1

66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1

67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3

68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3

69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1

70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5

71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1

72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2

73 nKL 8000 8000 4

74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1

75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1

76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1

77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4

78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3

79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1

22

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3

81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6

82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1

83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5

84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1

85 skf] nf] 387 387 1

86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4

87 sr 2043 2043 1

88 ss tn 4340 4340 1

89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2

90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1

91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5

92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1

93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1

94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5

95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1

96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1

97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7

98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1

99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1

100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4

101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1

102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1

sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630

23

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5

s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g

ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5

dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]

o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

24

lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g

amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g

+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5

7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5

25

tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest

26

+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf

dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp=== kjt lhNnf

pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf

27

kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp== sfsL lhNnf

sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g

amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf

lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp==amp dtfordf

lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z

28

5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5

amp==(= ndhordf

nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_

taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f

amp==)= tgx lsquo

tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf

29

k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug

lsG5

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

amp=== gjnk

oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]

jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf

afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp===k~rf] +lIft jg

k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g

u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

30

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash

pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5

7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5

yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5

h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5

dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g

bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy

bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf

bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf

bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f

bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f

bull kjtsf] kftLrf

bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6

bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml

bull DofUbLsf] un]j

bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d

bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5

amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]

Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf

31

kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf

sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf

g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash

bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave

bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave

bull sgdfklg gk]df

dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash

bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf

yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash

bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5

32

tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

h8La6L Jofkfdf

x]sf] aif kldf0f

sn

Jofkf

g]kfn sfsf]

k|fyldsLs0f

dNo

clea[l4

yfgLo

pknJwtf k|fKtf+s

bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15

lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15

slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14

s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13

tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12

uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11

dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11

h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11

ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11

offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10

cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10

awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9

dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9

lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9

lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9

sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9

lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9

lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8

sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8

wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8

clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8

kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8

Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7

ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7

33

amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f

tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5

lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5

34

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5

s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g

tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5

35

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5

dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5

h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5

36

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

ljif

ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]

eft lgoft xg]

ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5

offuDaf

offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

Hofb dNojfg h8La6L

lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t

of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5

]tslrgL

]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5

xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]

b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]

37

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f

u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5

lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5

amp=== gjnk lhNnf

u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]

38

dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g

amp=== DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf

)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]

amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf

sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==^= sfsL lhNnf

kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z

39

do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf

o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5

lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf

Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5

amp=== dtfordf

jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g

40

Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5

cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf

amp==(= tgxF lhNnf

tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5

Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF

amp==)= kjt lhNnf

hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5

41

lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5

ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5

JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]

pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]

jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]

lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]

yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]

plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]

42

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5

jn kIf

h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]

bjn kIf

h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]

cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL

cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt

guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg

cjxiquest

To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]

jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]

afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp

kUg]

43

rgfgLxiquest

sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6

xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )

6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]

cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO

amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf

jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^

on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^

o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5

aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_

lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]

44

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_

bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf

h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]

jg P]g )$(

lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5

f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5

jg lgodfjnL )

jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M

s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5

v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5

u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]

45

cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5

3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5

ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5

h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M

s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]

v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]

u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5

3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]

8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]

jftfj0f +If0f P]g )

jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M

k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]

k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug

46

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug

fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug

jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug

$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug

fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp

h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]

fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5

47

sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf

jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5

lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5

g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest

k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_

s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_

ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza

scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest

s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_

v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

u= emofp -Lichens_

3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_

8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5

48

g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest

qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u

1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL

2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL

3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL

5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL

6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL

7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n

8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf

9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst

10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL

11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6

12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL

13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs

15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n

16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL

17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL

18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg

19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf

20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL

21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL

22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL

23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL

24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL

25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL

26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n

27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL

28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof

29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk

30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_

lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_

$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_

amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_

) lkknf -Piper longum_

uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_

50

fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest

cgrL cgrL cgrL

Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_

n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

51

= emfjxM

o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5

pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos

jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5

v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f

l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]

h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]

l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL

xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug

s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf

Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5

p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5

52

Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt

afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$

g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))

g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq

g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf

gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)

jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL

jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL

jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu

k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $

kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL

ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

53

uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg

cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t

+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)

uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg

DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil

Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey

Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)

Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash

Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32

Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain

livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254

Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub

Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade

of Medicinal Plants Material  An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336

wwwayushgovin

v

ljifo lr

l=g+ ljifo k]h g+ klro ljBdfg dZofx cWoogsf] cf]lrTo p2]Zo $ $ cfzfltt pknEbLx $ cWoog If]q = k|b]z klro

= cjlytL = If]qkmn =$ ldfgf ^ = hgfordflvs ljt0f ^ =^ hfthftL ^ =amp wd amp = hnDkbf amp =( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest amp =) dVo ahfxiquest amp = lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest amp

^ cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng ^= ynut cWoog ( ^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng ) ^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L

amp cWoogsf] glthf amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lx $ amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf

+sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest )

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f $ amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf amp amp=== kjt lhNnf amp amp=== afUnordf lhNnf amp amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf amp=== sfsL lhNnf amp==^= dgfordf lhNnf amp==amp dtfordf lhNnf

vi

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf amp==( ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==)= tgx lhNnf ) amp=== gjnk lhNnf ) amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ) amp=== k~rf] +lIft jg )

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 amp+=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f $

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f amp== uf]vf lhNnf

amp=== gjnk lhNnf amp=== DofUbL lhNnf ( amp==$= ofordfhf lhNnf ( amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==^= sfsL lhNnf ( amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf $) amp=== dtfordf lhNnf $) amp==(= tgxF lhNnf $ amp==)= kjt lhNnf $ amp== afUnordf lhNnf $

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f $ amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf $$ emfjx Gbe fdu|Lxiquest

vii

tflnsfx

tflnsf hfthftLsf] ljj0f ^ tflnsf wflds tYofIacute amp tflnsf cWoogsf xfos p2]Zo tYof+ssf] gtf]t ) tflnsf $ u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lx $ tflnsf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8Lj6Lx amp tflnsf ^ k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf

jflifs kdf +sng ug lsg] h8Lj6Lx= )

tflnsf amp k|fyldlss0fdf k]sf h8Lj6Lx

taLx

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest 5 tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest 11 tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo

dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]afsf] cayf

13

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 17 tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f 2$ tlj (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest 26 taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08

k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f 29

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf]xefuLxiquest af6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

30

==============

viii

cgrLx

cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL

cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest

(

cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx

^)

cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut

nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(

1

= klro

g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5

g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5

kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5

k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL

k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g

pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and

Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r

2

Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5

ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5

log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo

k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g

h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5

clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_

h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]

g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg

3

ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_

h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5

h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg

= p2]Zo

h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g

bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]

4

bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]

bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]

bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]

$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest

o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M

bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5

bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5

bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5

= cWoog If]q

= k|b]z klro

g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5

5

= cjlytL

u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest

= If]qkmn

g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g

=$ ldfgf

u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5

= hgfordflvs ljt0f

)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o

6

k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5

efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5

=^ hfthftL

o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5

tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )

=amp wd

o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=

= hn Dkbf

o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g

7

=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest

k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g

=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g

= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5

^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g

M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng

k|ZgfjnL

k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu

a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]

lgdf0f

k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut

cWoog

f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn

cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng

dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL

f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of

sfoqmd

dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf

k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z

clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f

8

+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt

ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5

lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu

h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest

lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest

^= ynut cWoog

k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos

9

8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]

lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP

tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf

h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg

sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL

4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx

5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx

6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog

10

tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest

tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=

km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest

PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs

6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

11

^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

amp= cWoogsf] glthf

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5

amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_

jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]

cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_

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२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३

टन

13

To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q

lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5

h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_

k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP

tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500

10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988

14

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590

15

s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5

tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]

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रमा र

हको ब

रष

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दालचि

नीबध

नी फ

लतज

पातचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजट

ामसी

सतिा

मजजठ

ोसस

काका

ईकर

ाज ि

लठपाि

न बोकर

ाअक

रकरा

कररल

ोकट

कीका

उलो ब

ोकरा

काको

लीटटम

रजज

मब

ग जो

स गनध

िालऔरत

बावर

षक परर

माण

कजी

मा

16

h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _

tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5

amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_

= tgxF laifhf $))

= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153

= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

यासाषग म

बाका

कोली

सतिा

म सली

कटकी

जटामसी

ननरम

सीअक

रकरा

जजमब

चय

ाउचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजी

िनती

टटमर

दालचि

नीग च

िी च

याउ

कररल

ोवपप

लाकर

ाज ि

लठस ग

नधिाल

कल वयापार

मलय

17

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512

$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300

= gjnk t]hkft 15150

lsfsfO 4700

kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520

bfnlrgL 7000

slnf] 1475

sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500

uhf] 1000

xf] 500

^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193

amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000

= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500

(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242

18

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38

)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35

= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]

19

amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1

2 Stdn 18649 18649 1

3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2

4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1

5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2

6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1

7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1

8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1

9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2

10 gkftL 30944 30944 4

11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1

12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1

13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1

14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1

15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1

16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5

17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5

18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2

19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3

20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1

21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1

22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1

20

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2

24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4

25 alskmn 16347 16347 4

26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1

27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1

28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1

29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1

30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3

31 clhp 1619 1619 2

32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5

33 dfdn 44205 44205 4

34 d]n 2210 2210 2

35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1

36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1

37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5

38 e6snf 17682 17682 1

40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1

41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4

42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3

43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1

44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1

45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1

46 jf] 2002 2002 2

47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1

48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1

49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3

50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3

51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5

21

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1

53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1

54 klbgf 1768 1768 2

55 l77f 6450 6450 1

56 lgf] 250000 250000 1

57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2

58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3

59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2

60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1

61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2

62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6

63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1

64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1

65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1

66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1

67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3

68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3

69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1

70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5

71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1

72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2

73 nKL 8000 8000 4

74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1

75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1

76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1

77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4

78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3

79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1

22

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3

81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6

82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1

83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5

84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1

85 skf] nf] 387 387 1

86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4

87 sr 2043 2043 1

88 ss tn 4340 4340 1

89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2

90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1

91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5

92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1

93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1

94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5

95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1

96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1

97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7

98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1

99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1

100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4

101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1

102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1

sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630

23

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5

s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g

ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5

dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]

o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

24

lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g

amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g

+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5

7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5

25

tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest

26

+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf

dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp=== kjt lhNnf

pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf

27

kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp== sfsL lhNnf

sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g

amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf

lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp==amp dtfordf

lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z

28

5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5

amp==(= ndhordf

nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_

taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f

amp==)= tgx lsquo

tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf

29

k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug

lsG5

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

amp=== gjnk

oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]

jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf

afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp===k~rf] +lIft jg

k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g

u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

30

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash

pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5

7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5

yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5

h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5

dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g

bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy

bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf

bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf

bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f

bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f

bull kjtsf] kftLrf

bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6

bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml

bull DofUbLsf] un]j

bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d

bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5

amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]

Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf

31

kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf

sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf

g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash

bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave

bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave

bull sgdfklg gk]df

dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash

bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf

yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash

bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5

32

tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

h8La6L Jofkfdf

x]sf] aif kldf0f

sn

Jofkf

g]kfn sfsf]

k|fyldsLs0f

dNo

clea[l4

yfgLo

pknJwtf k|fKtf+s

bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15

lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15

slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14

s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13

tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12

uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11

dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11

h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11

ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11

offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10

cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10

awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9

dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9

lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9

lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9

sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9

lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9

lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8

sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8

wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8

clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8

kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8

Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7

ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7

33

amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f

tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5

lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5

34

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5

s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g

tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5

35

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5

dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5

h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5

36

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

ljif

ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]

eft lgoft xg]

ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5

offuDaf

offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

Hofb dNojfg h8La6L

lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t

of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5

]tslrgL

]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5

xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]

b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]

37

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f

u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5

lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5

amp=== gjnk lhNnf

u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]

38

dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g

amp=== DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf

)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]

amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf

sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==^= sfsL lhNnf

kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z

39

do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf

o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5

lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf

Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5

amp=== dtfordf

jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g

40

Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5

cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf

amp==(= tgxF lhNnf

tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5

Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF

amp==)= kjt lhNnf

hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5

41

lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5

ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5

JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]

pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]

jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]

lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]

yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]

plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]

42

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5

jn kIf

h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]

bjn kIf

h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]

cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL

cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt

guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg

cjxiquest

To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]

jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]

afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp

kUg]

43

rgfgLxiquest

sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6

xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )

6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]

cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO

amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf

jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^

on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^

o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5

aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_

lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]

44

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_

bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf

h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]

jg P]g )$(

lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5

f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5

jg lgodfjnL )

jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M

s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5

v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5

u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]

45

cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5

3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5

ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5

h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M

s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]

v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]

u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5

3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]

8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]

jftfj0f +If0f P]g )

jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M

k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]

k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug

46

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug

fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug

jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug

$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug

fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp

h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]

fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5

47

sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf

jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5

lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5

g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest

k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_

s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_

ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza

scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest

s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_

v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

u= emofp -Lichens_

3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_

8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5

48

g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest

qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u

1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL

2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL

3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL

5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL

6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL

7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n

8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf

9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst

10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL

11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6

12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL

13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs

15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n

16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL

17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL

18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg

19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf

20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL

21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL

22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL

23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL

24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL

25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL

26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n

27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL

28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof

29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk

30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_

lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_

$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_

amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_

) lkknf -Piper longum_

uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_

50

fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest

cgrL cgrL cgrL

Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_

n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

51

= emfjxM

o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5

pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos

jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5

v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f

l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]

h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]

l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL

xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug

s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf

Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5

p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5

52

Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt

afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$

g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))

g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq

g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf

gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)

jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL

jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL

jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu

k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $

kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL

ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

53

uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg

cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t

+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)

uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg

DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil

Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey

Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)

Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash

Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32

Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain

livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254

Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub

Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade

of Medicinal Plants Material  An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336

wwwayushgovin

vi

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf amp==( ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==)= tgx lhNnf ) amp=== gjnk lhNnf ) amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ) amp=== k~rf] +lIft jg )

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 amp+=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f $

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f amp== uf]vf lhNnf

amp=== gjnk lhNnf amp=== DofUbL lhNnf ( amp==$= ofordfhf lhNnf ( amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==^= sfsL lhNnf ( amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf $) amp=== dtfordf lhNnf $) amp==(= tgxF lhNnf $ amp==)= kjt lhNnf $ amp== afUnordf lhNnf $

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f $ amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf $$ emfjx Gbe fdu|Lxiquest

vii

tflnsfx

tflnsf hfthftLsf] ljj0f ^ tflnsf wflds tYofIacute amp tflnsf cWoogsf xfos p2]Zo tYof+ssf] gtf]t ) tflnsf $ u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lx $ tflnsf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8Lj6Lx amp tflnsf ^ k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf

jflifs kdf +sng ug lsg] h8Lj6Lx= )

tflnsf amp k|fyldlss0fdf k]sf h8Lj6Lx

taLx

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest 5 tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest 11 tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo

dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]afsf] cayf

13

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 17 tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f 2$ tlj (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest 26 taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08

k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f 29

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf]xefuLxiquest af6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

30

==============

viii

cgrLx

cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL

cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest

(

cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx

^)

cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut

nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(

1

= klro

g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5

g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5

kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5

k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL

k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g

pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and

Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r

2

Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5

ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5

log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo

k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g

h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5

clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_

h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]

g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg

3

ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_

h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5

h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg

= p2]Zo

h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g

bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]

4

bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]

bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]

bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]

$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest

o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M

bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5

bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5

bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5

= cWoog If]q

= k|b]z klro

g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5

5

= cjlytL

u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest

= If]qkmn

g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g

=$ ldfgf

u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5

= hgfordflvs ljt0f

)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o

6

k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5

efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5

=^ hfthftL

o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5

tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )

=amp wd

o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=

= hn Dkbf

o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g

7

=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest

k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g

=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g

= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5

^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g

M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng

k|ZgfjnL

k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu

a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]

lgdf0f

k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut

cWoog

f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn

cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng

dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL

f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of

sfoqmd

dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf

k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z

clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f

8

+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt

ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5

lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu

h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest

lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest

^= ynut cWoog

k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos

9

8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]

lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP

tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf

h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg

sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL

4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx

5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx

6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog

10

tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest

tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=

km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest

PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs

6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

11

^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

amp= cWoogsf] glthf

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5

amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_

jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]

cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_

296

789

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३

टन

13

To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q

lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5

h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_

k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP

tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500

10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988

14

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590

15

s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5

tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

वयापा

रमा र

हको ब

रष

-

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

म सली

दालचि

नीबध

नी फ

लतज

पातचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजट

ामसी

सतिा

मजजठ

ोसस

काका

ईकर

ाज ि

लठपाि

न बोकर

ाअक

रकरा

कररल

ोकट

कीका

उलो ब

ोकरा

काको

लीटटम

रजज

मब

ग जो

स गनध

िालऔरत

बावर

षक परर

माण

कजी

मा

16

h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _

tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5

amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_

= tgxF laifhf $))

= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153

= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

यासाषग म

बाका

कोली

सतिा

म सली

कटकी

जटामसी

ननरम

सीअक

रकरा

जजमब

चय

ाउचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजी

िनती

टटमर

दालचि

नीग च

िी च

याउ

कररल

ोवपप

लाकर

ाज ि

लठस ग

नधिाल

कल वयापार

मलय

17

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512

$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300

= gjnk t]hkft 15150

lsfsfO 4700

kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520

bfnlrgL 7000

slnf] 1475

sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500

uhf] 1000

xf] 500

^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193

amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000

= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500

(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242

18

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38

)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35

= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]

19

amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1

2 Stdn 18649 18649 1

3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2

4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1

5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2

6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1

7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1

8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1

9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2

10 gkftL 30944 30944 4

11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1

12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1

13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1

14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1

15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1

16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5

17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5

18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2

19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3

20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1

21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1

22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1

20

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2

24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4

25 alskmn 16347 16347 4

26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1

27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1

28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1

29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1

30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3

31 clhp 1619 1619 2

32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5

33 dfdn 44205 44205 4

34 d]n 2210 2210 2

35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1

36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1

37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5

38 e6snf 17682 17682 1

40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1

41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4

42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3

43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1

44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1

45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1

46 jf] 2002 2002 2

47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1

48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1

49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3

50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3

51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5

21

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1

53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1

54 klbgf 1768 1768 2

55 l77f 6450 6450 1

56 lgf] 250000 250000 1

57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2

58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3

59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2

60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1

61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2

62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6

63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1

64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1

65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1

66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1

67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3

68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3

69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1

70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5

71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1

72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2

73 nKL 8000 8000 4

74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1

75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1

76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1

77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4

78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3

79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1

22

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3

81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6

82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1

83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5

84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1

85 skf] nf] 387 387 1

86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4

87 sr 2043 2043 1

88 ss tn 4340 4340 1

89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2

90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1

91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5

92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1

93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1

94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5

95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1

96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1

97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7

98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1

99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1

100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4

101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1

102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1

sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630

23

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5

s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g

ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5

dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]

o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

24

lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g

amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g

+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5

7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5

25

tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest

26

+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf

dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp=== kjt lhNnf

pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf

27

kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp== sfsL lhNnf

sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g

amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf

lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp==amp dtfordf

lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z

28

5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5

amp==(= ndhordf

nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_

taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f

amp==)= tgx lsquo

tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf

29

k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug

lsG5

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

amp=== gjnk

oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]

jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf

afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp===k~rf] +lIft jg

k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g

u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

30

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash

pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5

7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5

yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5

h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5

dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g

bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy

bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf

bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf

bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f

bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f

bull kjtsf] kftLrf

bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6

bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml

bull DofUbLsf] un]j

bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d

bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5

amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]

Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf

31

kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf

sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf

g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash

bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave

bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave

bull sgdfklg gk]df

dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash

bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf

yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash

bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5

32

tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

h8La6L Jofkfdf

x]sf] aif kldf0f

sn

Jofkf

g]kfn sfsf]

k|fyldsLs0f

dNo

clea[l4

yfgLo

pknJwtf k|fKtf+s

bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15

lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15

slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14

s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13

tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12

uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11

dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11

h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11

ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11

offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10

cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10

awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9

dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9

lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9

lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9

sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9

lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9

lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8

sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8

wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8

clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8

kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8

Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7

ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7

33

amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f

tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5

lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5

34

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5

s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g

tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5

35

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5

dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5

h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5

36

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

ljif

ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]

eft lgoft xg]

ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5

offuDaf

offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

Hofb dNojfg h8La6L

lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t

of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5

]tslrgL

]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5

xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]

b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]

37

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f

u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5

lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5

amp=== gjnk lhNnf

u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]

38

dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g

amp=== DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf

)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]

amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf

sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==^= sfsL lhNnf

kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z

39

do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf

o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5

lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf

Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5

amp=== dtfordf

jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g

40

Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5

cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf

amp==(= tgxF lhNnf

tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5

Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF

amp==)= kjt lhNnf

hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5

41

lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5

ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5

JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]

pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]

jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]

lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]

yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]

plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]

42

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5

jn kIf

h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]

bjn kIf

h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]

cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL

cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt

guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg

cjxiquest

To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]

jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]

afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp

kUg]

43

rgfgLxiquest

sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6

xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )

6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]

cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO

amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf

jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^

on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^

o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5

aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_

lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]

44

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_

bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf

h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]

jg P]g )$(

lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5

f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5

jg lgodfjnL )

jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M

s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5

v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5

u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]

45

cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5

3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5

ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5

h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M

s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]

v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]

u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5

3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]

8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]

jftfj0f +If0f P]g )

jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M

k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]

k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug

46

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug

fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug

jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug

$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug

fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp

h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]

fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5

47

sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf

jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5

lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5

g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest

k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_

s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_

ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza

scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest

s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_

v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

u= emofp -Lichens_

3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_

8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5

48

g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest

qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u

1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL

2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL

3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL

5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL

6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL

7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n

8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf

9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst

10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL

11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6

12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL

13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs

15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n

16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL

17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL

18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg

19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf

20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL

21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL

22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL

23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL

24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL

25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL

26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n

27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL

28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof

29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk

30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_

lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_

$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_

amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_

) lkknf -Piper longum_

uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_

50

fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest

cgrL cgrL cgrL

Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_

n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

51

= emfjxM

o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5

pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos

jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5

v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f

l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]

h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]

l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL

xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug

s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf

Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5

p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5

52

Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt

afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$

g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))

g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq

g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf

gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)

jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL

jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL

jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu

k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $

kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL

ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

53

uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg

cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t

+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)

uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg

DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil

Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey

Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)

Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash

Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32

Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain

livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254

Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub

Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade

of Medicinal Plants Material  An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336

wwwayushgovin

vii

tflnsfx

tflnsf hfthftLsf] ljj0f ^ tflnsf wflds tYofIacute amp tflnsf cWoogsf xfos p2]Zo tYof+ssf] gtf]t ) tflnsf $ u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lx $ tflnsf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8Lj6Lx amp tflnsf ^ k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf

jflifs kdf +sng ug lsg] h8Lj6Lx= )

tflnsf amp k|fyldlss0fdf k]sf h8Lj6Lx

taLx

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest 5 tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest 11 tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo

dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]afsf] cayf

13

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 17 tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f 2$ tlj (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest 26 taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08

k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f 29

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf]xefuLxiquest af6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

30

==============

viii

cgrLx

cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL

cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest

(

cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx

^)

cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut

nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(

1

= klro

g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5

g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5

kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5

k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL

k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g

pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and

Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r

2

Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5

ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5

log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo

k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g

h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5

clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_

h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]

g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg

3

ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_

h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5

h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg

= p2]Zo

h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g

bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]

4

bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]

bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]

bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]

$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest

o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M

bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5

bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5

bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5

= cWoog If]q

= k|b]z klro

g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5

5

= cjlytL

u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest

= If]qkmn

g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g

=$ ldfgf

u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5

= hgfordflvs ljt0f

)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o

6

k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5

efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5

=^ hfthftL

o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5

tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )

=amp wd

o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=

= hn Dkbf

o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g

7

=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest

k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g

=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g

= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5

^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g

M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng

k|ZgfjnL

k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu

a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]

lgdf0f

k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut

cWoog

f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn

cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng

dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL

f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of

sfoqmd

dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf

k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z

clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f

8

+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt

ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5

lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu

h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest

lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest

^= ynut cWoog

k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos

9

8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]

lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP

tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf

h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg

sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL

4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx

5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx

6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog

10

tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest

tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=

km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest

PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs

6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

11

^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

amp= cWoogsf] glthf

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5

amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_

jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]

cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_

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२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३

टन

13

To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q

lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5

h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_

k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP

tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500

10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988

14

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590

15

s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5

tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]

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वयापा

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रष

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नी फ

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ामसी

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ोसस

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ोकरा

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मब

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िालऔरत

बावर

षक परर

माण

कजी

मा

16

h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _

tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5

amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_

= tgxF laifhf $))

= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153

= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

यासाषग म

बाका

कोली

सतिा

म सली

कटकी

जटामसी

ननरम

सीअक

रकरा

जजमब

चय

ाउचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजी

िनती

टटमर

दालचि

नीग च

िी च

याउ

कररल

ोवपप

लाकर

ाज ि

लठस ग

नधिाल

कल वयापार

मलय

17

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512

$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300

= gjnk t]hkft 15150

lsfsfO 4700

kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520

bfnlrgL 7000

slnf] 1475

sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500

uhf] 1000

xf] 500

^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193

amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000

= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500

(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242

18

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38

)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35

= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]

19

amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1

2 Stdn 18649 18649 1

3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2

4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1

5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2

6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1

7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1

8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1

9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2

10 gkftL 30944 30944 4

11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1

12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1

13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1

14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1

15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1

16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5

17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5

18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2

19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3

20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1

21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1

22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1

20

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2

24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4

25 alskmn 16347 16347 4

26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1

27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1

28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1

29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1

30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3

31 clhp 1619 1619 2

32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5

33 dfdn 44205 44205 4

34 d]n 2210 2210 2

35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1

36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1

37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5

38 e6snf 17682 17682 1

40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1

41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4

42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3

43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1

44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1

45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1

46 jf] 2002 2002 2

47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1

48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1

49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3

50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3

51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5

21

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1

53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1

54 klbgf 1768 1768 2

55 l77f 6450 6450 1

56 lgf] 250000 250000 1

57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2

58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3

59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2

60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1

61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2

62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6

63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1

64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1

65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1

66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1

67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3

68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3

69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1

70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5

71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1

72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2

73 nKL 8000 8000 4

74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1

75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1

76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1

77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4

78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3

79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1

22

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3

81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6

82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1

83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5

84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1

85 skf] nf] 387 387 1

86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4

87 sr 2043 2043 1

88 ss tn 4340 4340 1

89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2

90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1

91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5

92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1

93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1

94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5

95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1

96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1

97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7

98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1

99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1

100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4

101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1

102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1

sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630

23

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5

s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g

ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5

dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]

o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

24

lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g

amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g

+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5

7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5

25

tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest

26

+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf

dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp=== kjt lhNnf

pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf

27

kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp== sfsL lhNnf

sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g

amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf

lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp==amp dtfordf

lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z

28

5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5

amp==(= ndhordf

nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_

taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f

amp==)= tgx lsquo

tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf

29

k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug

lsG5

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

amp=== gjnk

oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]

jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf

afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp===k~rf] +lIft jg

k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g

u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

30

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash

pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5

7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5

yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5

h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5

dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g

bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy

bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf

bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf

bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f

bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f

bull kjtsf] kftLrf

bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6

bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml

bull DofUbLsf] un]j

bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d

bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5

amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]

Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf

31

kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf

sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf

g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash

bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave

bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave

bull sgdfklg gk]df

dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash

bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf

yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash

bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5

32

tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

h8La6L Jofkfdf

x]sf] aif kldf0f

sn

Jofkf

g]kfn sfsf]

k|fyldsLs0f

dNo

clea[l4

yfgLo

pknJwtf k|fKtf+s

bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15

lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15

slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14

s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13

tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12

uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11

dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11

h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11

ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11

offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10

cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10

awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9

dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9

lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9

lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9

sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9

lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9

lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8

sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8

wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8

clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8

kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8

Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7

ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7

33

amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f

tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5

lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5

34

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5

s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g

tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5

35

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5

dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5

h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5

36

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

ljif

ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]

eft lgoft xg]

ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5

offuDaf

offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

Hofb dNojfg h8La6L

lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t

of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5

]tslrgL

]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5

xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]

b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]

37

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f

u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5

lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5

amp=== gjnk lhNnf

u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]

38

dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g

amp=== DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf

)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]

amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf

sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==^= sfsL lhNnf

kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z

39

do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf

o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5

lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf

Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5

amp=== dtfordf

jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g

40

Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5

cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf

amp==(= tgxF lhNnf

tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5

Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF

amp==)= kjt lhNnf

hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5

41

lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5

ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5

JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]

pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]

jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]

lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]

yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]

plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]

42

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5

jn kIf

h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]

bjn kIf

h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]

cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL

cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt

guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg

cjxiquest

To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]

jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]

afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp

kUg]

43

rgfgLxiquest

sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6

xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )

6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]

cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO

amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf

jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^

on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^

o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5

aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_

lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]

44

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_

bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf

h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]

jg P]g )$(

lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5

f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5

jg lgodfjnL )

jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M

s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5

v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5

u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]

45

cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5

3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5

ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5

h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M

s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]

v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]

u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5

3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]

8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]

jftfj0f +If0f P]g )

jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M

k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]

k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug

46

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug

fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug

jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug

$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug

fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp

h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]

fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5

47

sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf

jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5

lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5

g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest

k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_

s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_

ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza

scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest

s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_

v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

u= emofp -Lichens_

3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_

8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5

48

g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest

qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u

1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL

2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL

3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL

5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL

6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL

7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n

8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf

9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst

10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL

11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6

12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL

13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs

15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n

16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL

17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL

18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg

19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf

20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL

21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL

22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL

23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL

24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL

25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL

26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n

27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL

28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof

29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk

30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_

lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_

$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_

amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_

) lkknf -Piper longum_

uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_

50

fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest

cgrL cgrL cgrL

Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_

n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

51

= emfjxM

o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5

pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos

jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5

v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f

l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]

h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]

l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL

xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug

s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf

Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5

p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5

52

Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt

afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$

g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))

g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq

g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf

gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)

jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL

jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL

jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu

k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $

kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL

ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

53

uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg

cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t

+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)

uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg

DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil

Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey

Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)

Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash

Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32

Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain

livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254

Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub

Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade

of Medicinal Plants Material  An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336

wwwayushgovin

viii

cgrLx

cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL

cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest

(

cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx

^)

cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut

nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(

1

= klro

g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5

g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5

kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5

k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL

k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g

pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and

Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r

2

Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5

ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5

log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo

k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g

h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5

clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_

h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]

g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg

3

ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_

h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5

h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg

= p2]Zo

h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g

bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]

4

bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]

bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]

bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]

$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest

o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M

bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5

bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5

bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5

= cWoog If]q

= k|b]z klro

g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5

5

= cjlytL

u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest

= If]qkmn

g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g

=$ ldfgf

u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5

= hgfordflvs ljt0f

)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o

6

k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5

efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5

=^ hfthftL

o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5

tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )

=amp wd

o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=

= hn Dkbf

o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g

7

=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest

k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g

=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g

= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5

^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g

M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng

k|ZgfjnL

k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu

a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]

lgdf0f

k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut

cWoog

f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn

cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng

dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL

f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of

sfoqmd

dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf

k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z

clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f

8

+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt

ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5

lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu

h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest

lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest

^= ynut cWoog

k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos

9

8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]

lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP

tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf

h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg

sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL

4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx

5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx

6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog

10

tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest

tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=

km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest

PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs

6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

11

^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

amp= cWoogsf] glthf

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5

amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_

jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]

cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_

296

789

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३

टन

13

To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q

lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5

h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_

k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP

tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500

10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988

14

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590

15

s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5

tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

वयापा

रमा र

हको ब

रष

-

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

म सली

दालचि

नीबध

नी फ

लतज

पातचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजट

ामसी

सतिा

मजजठ

ोसस

काका

ईकर

ाज ि

लठपाि

न बोकर

ाअक

रकरा

कररल

ोकट

कीका

उलो ब

ोकरा

काको

लीटटम

रजज

मब

ग जो

स गनध

िालऔरत

बावर

षक परर

माण

कजी

मा

16

h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _

tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5

amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_

= tgxF laifhf $))

= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153

= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

यासाषग म

बाका

कोली

सतिा

म सली

कटकी

जटामसी

ननरम

सीअक

रकरा

जजमब

चय

ाउचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजी

िनती

टटमर

दालचि

नीग च

िी च

याउ

कररल

ोवपप

लाकर

ाज ि

लठस ग

नधिाल

कल वयापार

मलय

17

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512

$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300

= gjnk t]hkft 15150

lsfsfO 4700

kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520

bfnlrgL 7000

slnf] 1475

sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500

uhf] 1000

xf] 500

^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193

amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000

= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500

(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242

18

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38

)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35

= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]

19

amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1

2 Stdn 18649 18649 1

3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2

4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1

5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2

6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1

7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1

8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1

9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2

10 gkftL 30944 30944 4

11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1

12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1

13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1

14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1

15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1

16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5

17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5

18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2

19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3

20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1

21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1

22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1

20

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2

24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4

25 alskmn 16347 16347 4

26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1

27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1

28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1

29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1

30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3

31 clhp 1619 1619 2

32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5

33 dfdn 44205 44205 4

34 d]n 2210 2210 2

35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1

36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1

37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5

38 e6snf 17682 17682 1

40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1

41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4

42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3

43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1

44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1

45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1

46 jf] 2002 2002 2

47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1

48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1

49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3

50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3

51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5

21

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1

53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1

54 klbgf 1768 1768 2

55 l77f 6450 6450 1

56 lgf] 250000 250000 1

57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2

58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3

59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2

60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1

61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2

62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6

63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1

64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1

65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1

66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1

67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3

68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3

69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1

70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5

71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1

72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2

73 nKL 8000 8000 4

74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1

75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1

76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1

77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4

78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3

79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1

22

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3

81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6

82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1

83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5

84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1

85 skf] nf] 387 387 1

86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4

87 sr 2043 2043 1

88 ss tn 4340 4340 1

89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2

90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1

91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5

92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1

93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1

94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5

95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1

96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1

97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7

98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1

99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1

100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4

101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1

102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1

sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630

23

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5

s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g

ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5

dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]

o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

24

lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g

amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g

+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5

7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5

25

tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest

26

+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf

dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp=== kjt lhNnf

pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf

27

kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp== sfsL lhNnf

sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g

amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf

lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp==amp dtfordf

lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z

28

5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5

amp==(= ndhordf

nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_

taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f

amp==)= tgx lsquo

tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf

29

k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug

lsG5

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

amp=== gjnk

oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]

jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf

afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp===k~rf] +lIft jg

k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g

u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

30

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash

pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5

7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5

yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5

h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5

dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g

bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy

bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf

bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf

bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f

bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f

bull kjtsf] kftLrf

bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6

bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml

bull DofUbLsf] un]j

bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d

bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5

amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]

Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf

31

kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf

sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf

g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash

bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave

bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave

bull sgdfklg gk]df

dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash

bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf

yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash

bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5

32

tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

h8La6L Jofkfdf

x]sf] aif kldf0f

sn

Jofkf

g]kfn sfsf]

k|fyldsLs0f

dNo

clea[l4

yfgLo

pknJwtf k|fKtf+s

bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15

lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15

slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14

s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13

tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12

uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11

dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11

h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11

ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11

offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10

cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10

awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9

dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9

lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9

lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9

sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9

lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9

lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8

sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8

wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8

clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8

kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8

Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7

ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7

33

amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f

tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5

lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5

34

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5

s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g

tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5

35

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5

dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5

h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5

36

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

ljif

ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]

eft lgoft xg]

ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5

offuDaf

offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

Hofb dNojfg h8La6L

lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t

of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5

]tslrgL

]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5

xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]

b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]

37

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f

u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5

lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5

amp=== gjnk lhNnf

u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]

38

dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g

amp=== DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf

)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]

amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf

sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==^= sfsL lhNnf

kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z

39

do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf

o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5

lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf

Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5

amp=== dtfordf

jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g

40

Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5

cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf

amp==(= tgxF lhNnf

tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5

Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF

amp==)= kjt lhNnf

hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5

41

lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5

ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5

JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]

pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]

jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]

lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]

yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]

plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]

42

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5

jn kIf

h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]

bjn kIf

h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]

cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL

cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt

guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg

cjxiquest

To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]

jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]

afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp

kUg]

43

rgfgLxiquest

sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6

xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )

6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]

cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO

amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf

jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^

on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^

o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5

aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_

lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]

44

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_

bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf

h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]

jg P]g )$(

lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5

f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5

jg lgodfjnL )

jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M

s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5

v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5

u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]

45

cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5

3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5

ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5

h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M

s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]

v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]

u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5

3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]

8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]

jftfj0f +If0f P]g )

jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M

k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]

k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug

46

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug

fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug

jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug

$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug

fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp

h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]

fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5

47

sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf

jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5

lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5

g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest

k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_

s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_

ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza

scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest

s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_

v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

u= emofp -Lichens_

3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_

8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5

48

g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest

qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u

1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL

2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL

3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL

5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL

6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL

7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n

8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf

9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst

10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL

11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6

12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL

13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs

15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n

16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL

17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL

18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg

19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf

20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL

21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL

22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL

23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL

24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL

25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL

26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n

27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL

28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof

29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk

30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_

lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_

$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_

amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_

) lkknf -Piper longum_

uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_

50

fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest

cgrL cgrL cgrL

Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_

n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

51

= emfjxM

o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5

pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos

jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5

v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f

l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]

h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]

l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL

xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug

s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf

Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5

p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5

52

Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt

afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$

g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))

g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq

g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf

gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)

jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL

jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL

jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu

k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $

kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL

ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

53

uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg

cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t

+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)

uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg

DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil

Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey

Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)

Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash

Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32

Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain

livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254

Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub

Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade

of Medicinal Plants Material  An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336

wwwayushgovin

1

= klro

g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5

g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5

kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5

k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL

k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g

pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and

Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r

2

Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5

ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5

log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo

k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g

h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5

clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_

h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]

g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg

3

ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_

h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5

h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg

= p2]Zo

h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g

bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]

4

bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]

bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]

bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]

$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest

o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M

bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5

bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5

bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5

= cWoog If]q

= k|b]z klro

g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5

5

= cjlytL

u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest

= If]qkmn

g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g

=$ ldfgf

u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5

= hgfordflvs ljt0f

)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o

6

k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5

efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5

=^ hfthftL

o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5

tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )

=amp wd

o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=

= hn Dkbf

o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g

7

=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest

k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g

=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g

= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5

^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g

M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng

k|ZgfjnL

k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu

a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]

lgdf0f

k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut

cWoog

f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn

cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng

dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL

f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of

sfoqmd

dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf

k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z

clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f

8

+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt

ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5

lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu

h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest

lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest

^= ynut cWoog

k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos

9

8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]

lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP

tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf

h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg

sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL

4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx

5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx

6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog

10

tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest

tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=

km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest

PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs

6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

11

^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

amp= cWoogsf] glthf

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5

amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_

jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]

cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_

296

789

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२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३

टन

13

To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q

lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5

h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_

k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP

tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500

10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988

14

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590

15

s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5

tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]

0

1

2

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5

6

7

8

9

10

वयापा

रमा र

हको ब

रष

-

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

म सली

दालचि

नीबध

नी फ

लतज

पातचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजट

ामसी

सतिा

मजजठ

ोसस

काका

ईकर

ाज ि

लठपाि

न बोकर

ाअक

रकरा

कररल

ोकट

कीका

उलो ब

ोकरा

काको

लीटटम

रजज

मब

ग जो

स गनध

िालऔरत

बावर

षक परर

माण

कजी

मा

16

h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _

tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5

amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_

= tgxF laifhf $))

= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153

= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

यासाषग म

बाका

कोली

सतिा

म सली

कटकी

जटामसी

ननरम

सीअक

रकरा

जजमब

चय

ाउचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजी

िनती

टटमर

दालचि

नीग च

िी च

याउ

कररल

ोवपप

लाकर

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लठस ग

नधिाल

कल वयापार

मलय

17

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512

$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300

= gjnk t]hkft 15150

lsfsfO 4700

kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520

bfnlrgL 7000

slnf] 1475

sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500

uhf] 1000

xf] 500

^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193

amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000

= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500

(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242

18

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38

)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35

= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]

19

amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1

2 Stdn 18649 18649 1

3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2

4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1

5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2

6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1

7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1

8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1

9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2

10 gkftL 30944 30944 4

11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1

12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1

13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1

14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1

15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1

16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5

17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5

18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2

19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3

20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1

21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1

22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1

20

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2

24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4

25 alskmn 16347 16347 4

26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1

27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1

28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1

29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1

30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3

31 clhp 1619 1619 2

32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5

33 dfdn 44205 44205 4

34 d]n 2210 2210 2

35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1

36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1

37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5

38 e6snf 17682 17682 1

40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1

41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4

42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3

43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1

44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1

45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1

46 jf] 2002 2002 2

47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1

48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1

49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3

50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3

51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5

21

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1

53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1

54 klbgf 1768 1768 2

55 l77f 6450 6450 1

56 lgf] 250000 250000 1

57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2

58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3

59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2

60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1

61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2

62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6

63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1

64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1

65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1

66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1

67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3

68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3

69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1

70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5

71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1

72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2

73 nKL 8000 8000 4

74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1

75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1

76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1

77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4

78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3

79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1

22

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3

81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6

82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1

83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5

84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1

85 skf] nf] 387 387 1

86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4

87 sr 2043 2043 1

88 ss tn 4340 4340 1

89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2

90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1

91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5

92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1

93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1

94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5

95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1

96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1

97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7

98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1

99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1

100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4

101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1

102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1

sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630

23

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5

s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g

ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5

dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]

o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

24

lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g

amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g

+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5

7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5

25

tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest

26

+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf

dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp=== kjt lhNnf

pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf

27

kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp== sfsL lhNnf

sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g

amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf

lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp==amp dtfordf

lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z

28

5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5

amp==(= ndhordf

nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_

taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f

amp==)= tgx lsquo

tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf

29

k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug

lsG5

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

amp=== gjnk

oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]

jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf

afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp===k~rf] +lIft jg

k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g

u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

30

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash

pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5

7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5

yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5

h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5

dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g

bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy

bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf

bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf

bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f

bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f

bull kjtsf] kftLrf

bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6

bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml

bull DofUbLsf] un]j

bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d

bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5

amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]

Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf

31

kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf

sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf

g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash

bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave

bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave

bull sgdfklg gk]df

dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash

bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf

yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash

bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5

32

tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

h8La6L Jofkfdf

x]sf] aif kldf0f

sn

Jofkf

g]kfn sfsf]

k|fyldsLs0f

dNo

clea[l4

yfgLo

pknJwtf k|fKtf+s

bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15

lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15

slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14

s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13

tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12

uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11

dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11

h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11

ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11

offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10

cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10

awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9

dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9

lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9

lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9

sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9

lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9

lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8

sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8

wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8

clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8

kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8

Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7

ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7

33

amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f

tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5

lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5

34

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5

s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g

tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5

35

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5

dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5

h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5

36

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

ljif

ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]

eft lgoft xg]

ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5

offuDaf

offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

Hofb dNojfg h8La6L

lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t

of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5

]tslrgL

]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5

xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]

b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]

37

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f

u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5

lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5

amp=== gjnk lhNnf

u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]

38

dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g

amp=== DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf

)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]

amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf

sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==^= sfsL lhNnf

kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z

39

do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf

o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5

lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf

Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5

amp=== dtfordf

jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g

40

Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5

cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf

amp==(= tgxF lhNnf

tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5

Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF

amp==)= kjt lhNnf

hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5

41

lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5

ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5

JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]

pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]

jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]

lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]

yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]

plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]

42

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5

jn kIf

h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]

bjn kIf

h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]

cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL

cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt

guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg

cjxiquest

To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]

jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]

afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp

kUg]

43

rgfgLxiquest

sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6

xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )

6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]

cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO

amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf

jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^

on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^

o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5

aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_

lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]

44

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_

bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf

h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]

jg P]g )$(

lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5

f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5

jg lgodfjnL )

jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M

s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5

v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5

u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]

45

cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5

3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5

ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5

h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M

s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]

v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]

u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5

3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]

8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]

jftfj0f +If0f P]g )

jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M

k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]

k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug

46

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug

fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug

jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug

$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug

fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp

h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]

fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5

47

sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf

jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5

lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5

g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest

k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_

s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_

ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza

scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest

s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_

v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

u= emofp -Lichens_

3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_

8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5

48

g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest

qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u

1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL

2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL

3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL

5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL

6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL

7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n

8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf

9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst

10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL

11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6

12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL

13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs

15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n

16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL

17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL

18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg

19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf

20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL

21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL

22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL

23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL

24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL

25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL

26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n

27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL

28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof

29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk

30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_

lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_

$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_

amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_

) lkknf -Piper longum_

uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_

50

fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest

cgrL cgrL cgrL

Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_

n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

51

= emfjxM

o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5

pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos

jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5

v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f

l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]

h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]

l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL

xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug

s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf

Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5

p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5

52

Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt

afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$

g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))

g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq

g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf

gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)

jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL

jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL

jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu

k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $

kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL

ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

53

uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg

cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t

+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)

uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg

DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil

Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey

Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)

Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash

Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32

Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain

livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254

Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub

Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade

of Medicinal Plants Material  An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336

wwwayushgovin

2

Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5

ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5

log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo

k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g

h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5

clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_

h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]

g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg

3

ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_

h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5

h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg

= p2]Zo

h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g

bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]

4

bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]

bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]

bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]

$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest

o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M

bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5

bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5

bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5

= cWoog If]q

= k|b]z klro

g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5

5

= cjlytL

u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest

= If]qkmn

g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g

=$ ldfgf

u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5

= hgfordflvs ljt0f

)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o

6

k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5

efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5

=^ hfthftL

o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5

tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )

=amp wd

o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=

= hn Dkbf

o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g

7

=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest

k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g

=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g

= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5

^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g

M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng

k|ZgfjnL

k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu

a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]

lgdf0f

k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut

cWoog

f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn

cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng

dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL

f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of

sfoqmd

dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf

k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z

clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f

8

+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt

ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5

lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu

h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest

lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest

^= ynut cWoog

k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos

9

8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]

lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP

tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf

h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg

sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL

4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx

5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx

6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog

10

tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest

tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=

km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest

PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs

6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

11

^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

amp= cWoogsf] glthf

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5

amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_

jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]

cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_

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२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३

टन

13

To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q

lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5

h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_

k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP

tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500

10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988

14

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590

15

s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5

tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]

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रमा र

हको ब

रष

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दालचि

नीबध

नी फ

लतज

पातचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजट

ामसी

सतिा

मजजठ

ोसस

काका

ईकर

ाज ि

लठपाि

न बोकर

ाअक

रकरा

कररल

ोकट

कीका

उलो ब

ोकरा

काको

लीटटम

रजज

मब

ग जो

स गनध

िालऔरत

बावर

षक परर

माण

कजी

मा

16

h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _

tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5

amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_

= tgxF laifhf $))

= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153

= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

यासाषग म

बाका

कोली

सतिा

म सली

कटकी

जटामसी

ननरम

सीअक

रकरा

जजमब

चय

ाउचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजी

िनती

टटमर

दालचि

नीग च

िी च

याउ

कररल

ोवपप

लाकर

ाज ि

लठस ग

नधिाल

कल वयापार

मलय

17

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512

$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300

= gjnk t]hkft 15150

lsfsfO 4700

kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520

bfnlrgL 7000

slnf] 1475

sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500

uhf] 1000

xf] 500

^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193

amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000

= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500

(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242

18

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38

)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35

= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]

19

amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1

2 Stdn 18649 18649 1

3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2

4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1

5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2

6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1

7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1

8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1

9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2

10 gkftL 30944 30944 4

11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1

12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1

13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1

14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1

15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1

16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5

17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5

18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2

19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3

20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1

21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1

22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1

20

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2

24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4

25 alskmn 16347 16347 4

26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1

27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1

28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1

29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1

30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3

31 clhp 1619 1619 2

32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5

33 dfdn 44205 44205 4

34 d]n 2210 2210 2

35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1

36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1

37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5

38 e6snf 17682 17682 1

40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1

41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4

42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3

43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1

44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1

45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1

46 jf] 2002 2002 2

47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1

48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1

49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3

50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3

51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5

21

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1

53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1

54 klbgf 1768 1768 2

55 l77f 6450 6450 1

56 lgf] 250000 250000 1

57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2

58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3

59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2

60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1

61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2

62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6

63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1

64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1

65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1

66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1

67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3

68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3

69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1

70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5

71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1

72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2

73 nKL 8000 8000 4

74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1

75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1

76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1

77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4

78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3

79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1

22

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3

81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6

82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1

83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5

84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1

85 skf] nf] 387 387 1

86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4

87 sr 2043 2043 1

88 ss tn 4340 4340 1

89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2

90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1

91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5

92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1

93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1

94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5

95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1

96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1

97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7

98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1

99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1

100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4

101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1

102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1

sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630

23

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5

s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g

ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5

dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]

o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

24

lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g

amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g

+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5

7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5

25

tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest

26

+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf

dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp=== kjt lhNnf

pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf

27

kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp== sfsL lhNnf

sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g

amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf

lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp==amp dtfordf

lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z

28

5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5

amp==(= ndhordf

nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_

taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f

amp==)= tgx lsquo

tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf

29

k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug

lsG5

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

amp=== gjnk

oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]

jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf

afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp===k~rf] +lIft jg

k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g

u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

30

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash

pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5

7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5

yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5

h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5

dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g

bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy

bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf

bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf

bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f

bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f

bull kjtsf] kftLrf

bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6

bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml

bull DofUbLsf] un]j

bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d

bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5

amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]

Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf

31

kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf

sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf

g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash

bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave

bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave

bull sgdfklg gk]df

dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash

bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf

yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash

bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5

32

tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

h8La6L Jofkfdf

x]sf] aif kldf0f

sn

Jofkf

g]kfn sfsf]

k|fyldsLs0f

dNo

clea[l4

yfgLo

pknJwtf k|fKtf+s

bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15

lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15

slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14

s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13

tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12

uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11

dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11

h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11

ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11

offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10

cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10

awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9

dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9

lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9

lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9

sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9

lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9

lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8

sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8

wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8

clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8

kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8

Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7

ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7

33

amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f

tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5

lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5

34

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5

s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g

tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5

35

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5

dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5

h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5

36

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

ljif

ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]

eft lgoft xg]

ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5

offuDaf

offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

Hofb dNojfg h8La6L

lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t

of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5

]tslrgL

]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5

xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]

b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]

37

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f

u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5

lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5

amp=== gjnk lhNnf

u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]

38

dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g

amp=== DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf

)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]

amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf

sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==^= sfsL lhNnf

kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z

39

do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf

o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5

lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf

Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5

amp=== dtfordf

jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g

40

Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5

cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf

amp==(= tgxF lhNnf

tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5

Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF

amp==)= kjt lhNnf

hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5

41

lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5

ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5

JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]

pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]

jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]

lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]

yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]

plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]

42

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5

jn kIf

h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]

bjn kIf

h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]

cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL

cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt

guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg

cjxiquest

To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]

jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]

afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp

kUg]

43

rgfgLxiquest

sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6

xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )

6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]

cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO

amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf

jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^

on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^

o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5

aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_

lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]

44

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_

bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf

h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]

jg P]g )$(

lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5

f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5

jg lgodfjnL )

jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M

s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5

v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5

u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]

45

cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5

3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5

ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5

h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M

s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]

v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]

u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5

3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]

8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]

jftfj0f +If0f P]g )

jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M

k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]

k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug

46

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug

fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug

jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug

$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug

fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp

h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]

fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5

47

sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf

jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5

lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5

g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest

k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_

s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_

ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza

scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest

s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_

v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

u= emofp -Lichens_

3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_

8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5

48

g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest

qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u

1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL

2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL

3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL

5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL

6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL

7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n

8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf

9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst

10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL

11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6

12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL

13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs

15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n

16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL

17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL

18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg

19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf

20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL

21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL

22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL

23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL

24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL

25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL

26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n

27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL

28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof

29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk

30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_

lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_

$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_

amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_

) lkknf -Piper longum_

uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_

50

fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest

cgrL cgrL cgrL

Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_

n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

51

= emfjxM

o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5

pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos

jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5

v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f

l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]

h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]

l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL

xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug

s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf

Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5

p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5

52

Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt

afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$

g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))

g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq

g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf

gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)

jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL

jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL

jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu

k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $

kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL

ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

53

uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg

cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t

+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)

uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg

DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil

Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey

Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)

Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash

Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32

Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain

livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254

Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub

Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade

of Medicinal Plants Material  An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336

wwwayushgovin

3

ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_

h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5

h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_

onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg

= p2]Zo

h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g

bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]

4

bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]

bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]

bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]

$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest

o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M

bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5

bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5

bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5

= cWoog If]q

= k|b]z klro

g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5

5

= cjlytL

u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest

= If]qkmn

g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g

=$ ldfgf

u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5

= hgfordflvs ljt0f

)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o

6

k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5

efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5

=^ hfthftL

o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5

tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )

=amp wd

o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=

= hn Dkbf

o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g

7

=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest

k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g

=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g

= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5

^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g

M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng

k|ZgfjnL

k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu

a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]

lgdf0f

k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut

cWoog

f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn

cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng

dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL

f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of

sfoqmd

dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf

k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z

clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f

8

+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt

ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5

lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu

h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest

lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest

^= ynut cWoog

k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos

9

8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]

lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP

tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf

h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg

sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL

4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx

5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx

6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog

10

tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest

tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=

km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest

PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs

6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

11

^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

amp= cWoogsf] glthf

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5

amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_

jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]

cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_

296

789

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२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३

टन

13

To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q

lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5

h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_

k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP

tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500

10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988

14

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590

15

s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5

tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]

0

1

2

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5

6

7

8

9

10

वयापा

रमा र

हको ब

रष

-

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

म सली

दालचि

नीबध

नी फ

लतज

पातचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजट

ामसी

सतिा

मजजठ

ोसस

काका

ईकर

ाज ि

लठपाि

न बोकर

ाअक

रकरा

कररल

ोकट

कीका

उलो ब

ोकरा

काको

लीटटम

रजज

मब

ग जो

स गनध

िालऔरत

बावर

षक परर

माण

कजी

मा

16

h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _

tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5

amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_

= tgxF laifhf $))

= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153

= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

यासाषग म

बाका

कोली

सतिा

म सली

कटकी

जटामसी

ननरम

सीअक

रकरा

जजमब

चय

ाउचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजी

िनती

टटमर

दालचि

नीग च

िी च

याउ

कररल

ोवपप

लाकर

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लठस ग

नधिाल

कल वयापार

मलय

17

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512

$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300

= gjnk t]hkft 15150

lsfsfO 4700

kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520

bfnlrgL 7000

slnf] 1475

sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500

uhf] 1000

xf] 500

^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193

amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000

= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500

(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242

18

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38

)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35

= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]

19

amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1

2 Stdn 18649 18649 1

3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2

4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1

5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2

6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1

7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1

8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1

9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2

10 gkftL 30944 30944 4

11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1

12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1

13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1

14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1

15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1

16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5

17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5

18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2

19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3

20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1

21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1

22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1

20

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2

24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4

25 alskmn 16347 16347 4

26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1

27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1

28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1

29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1

30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3

31 clhp 1619 1619 2

32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5

33 dfdn 44205 44205 4

34 d]n 2210 2210 2

35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1

36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1

37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5

38 e6snf 17682 17682 1

40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1

41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4

42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3

43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1

44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1

45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1

46 jf] 2002 2002 2

47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1

48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1

49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3

50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3

51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5

21

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1

53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1

54 klbgf 1768 1768 2

55 l77f 6450 6450 1

56 lgf] 250000 250000 1

57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2

58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3

59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2

60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1

61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2

62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6

63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1

64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1

65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1

66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1

67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3

68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3

69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1

70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5

71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1

72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2

73 nKL 8000 8000 4

74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1

75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1

76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1

77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4

78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3

79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1

22

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3

81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6

82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1

83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5

84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1

85 skf] nf] 387 387 1

86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4

87 sr 2043 2043 1

88 ss tn 4340 4340 1

89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2

90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1

91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5

92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1

93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1

94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5

95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1

96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1

97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7

98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1

99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1

100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4

101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1

102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1

sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630

23

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5

s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g

ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5

dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]

o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

24

lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g

amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g

+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5

7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5

25

tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest

26

+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf

dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp=== kjt lhNnf

pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf

27

kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp== sfsL lhNnf

sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g

amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf

lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp==amp dtfordf

lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z

28

5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5

amp==(= ndhordf

nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_

taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f

amp==)= tgx lsquo

tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf

29

k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug

lsG5

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

amp=== gjnk

oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]

jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf

afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp===k~rf] +lIft jg

k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g

u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

30

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash

pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5

7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5

yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5

h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5

dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g

bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy

bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf

bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf

bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f

bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f

bull kjtsf] kftLrf

bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6

bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml

bull DofUbLsf] un]j

bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d

bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5

amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]

Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf

31

kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf

sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf

g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash

bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave

bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave

bull sgdfklg gk]df

dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash

bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf

yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash

bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5

32

tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

h8La6L Jofkfdf

x]sf] aif kldf0f

sn

Jofkf

g]kfn sfsf]

k|fyldsLs0f

dNo

clea[l4

yfgLo

pknJwtf k|fKtf+s

bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15

lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15

slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14

s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13

tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12

uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11

dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11

h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11

ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11

offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10

cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10

awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9

dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9

lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9

lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9

sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9

lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9

lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8

sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8

wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8

clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8

kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8

Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7

ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7

33

amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f

tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5

lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5

34

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5

s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g

tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5

35

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5

dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5

h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5

36

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

ljif

ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]

eft lgoft xg]

ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5

offuDaf

offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

Hofb dNojfg h8La6L

lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t

of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5

]tslrgL

]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5

xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]

b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]

37

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f

u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5

lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5

amp=== gjnk lhNnf

u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]

38

dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g

amp=== DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf

)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]

amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf

sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==^= sfsL lhNnf

kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z

39

do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf

o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5

lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf

Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5

amp=== dtfordf

jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g

40

Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5

cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf

amp==(= tgxF lhNnf

tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5

Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF

amp==)= kjt lhNnf

hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5

41

lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5

ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5

JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]

pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]

jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]

lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]

yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]

plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]

42

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5

jn kIf

h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]

bjn kIf

h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]

cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL

cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt

guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg

cjxiquest

To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]

jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]

afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp

kUg]

43

rgfgLxiquest

sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6

xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )

6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]

cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO

amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf

jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^

on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^

o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5

aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_

lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]

44

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_

bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf

h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]

jg P]g )$(

lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5

f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5

jg lgodfjnL )

jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M

s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5

v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5

u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]

45

cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5

3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5

ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5

h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M

s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]

v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]

u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5

3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]

8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]

jftfj0f +If0f P]g )

jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M

k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]

k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug

46

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug

fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug

jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug

$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug

fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp

h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]

fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5

47

sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf

jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5

lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5

g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest

k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_

s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_

ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza

scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest

s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_

v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

u= emofp -Lichens_

3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_

8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5

48

g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest

qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u

1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL

2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL

3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL

5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL

6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL

7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n

8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf

9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst

10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL

11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6

12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL

13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs

15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n

16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL

17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL

18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg

19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf

20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL

21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL

22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL

23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL

24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL

25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL

26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n

27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL

28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof

29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk

30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_

lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_

$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_

amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_

) lkknf -Piper longum_

uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_

50

fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest

cgrL cgrL cgrL

Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_

n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

51

= emfjxM

o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5

pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos

jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5

v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f

l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]

h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]

l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL

xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug

s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf

Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5

p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5

52

Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt

afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$

g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))

g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq

g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf

gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)

jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL

jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL

jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu

k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $

kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL

ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

53

uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg

cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t

+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)

uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg

DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil

Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey

Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)

Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash

Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32

Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain

livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254

Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub

Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade

of Medicinal Plants Material  An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336

wwwayushgovin

4

bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]

bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]

bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]

$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest

o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M

bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5

bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5

bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5

bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5

= cWoog If]q

= k|b]z klro

g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5

5

= cjlytL

u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest

= If]qkmn

g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g

=$ ldfgf

u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5

= hgfordflvs ljt0f

)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o

6

k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5

efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5

=^ hfthftL

o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5

tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )

=amp wd

o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=

= hn Dkbf

o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g

7

=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest

k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g

=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g

= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5

^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g

M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng

k|ZgfjnL

k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu

a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]

lgdf0f

k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut

cWoog

f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn

cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng

dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL

f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of

sfoqmd

dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf

k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z

clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f

8

+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt

ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5

lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu

h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest

lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest

^= ynut cWoog

k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos

9

8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]

lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP

tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf

h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg

sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL

4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx

5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx

6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog

10

tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest

tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=

km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest

PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs

6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

11

^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

amp= cWoogsf] glthf

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5

amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_

jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]

cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_

296

789

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३

टन

13

To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q

lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5

h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_

k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP

tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500

10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988

14

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590

15

s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5

tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

वयापा

रमा र

हको ब

रष

-

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

म सली

दालचि

नीबध

नी फ

लतज

पातचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजट

ामसी

सतिा

मजजठ

ोसस

काका

ईकर

ाज ि

लठपाि

न बोकर

ाअक

रकरा

कररल

ोकट

कीका

उलो ब

ोकरा

काको

लीटटम

रजज

मब

ग जो

स गनध

िालऔरत

बावर

षक परर

माण

कजी

मा

16

h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _

tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5

amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_

= tgxF laifhf $))

= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153

= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

यासाषग म

बाका

कोली

सतिा

म सली

कटकी

जटामसी

ननरम

सीअक

रकरा

जजमब

चय

ाउचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजी

िनती

टटमर

दालचि

नीग च

िी च

याउ

कररल

ोवपप

लाकर

ाज ि

लठस ग

नधिाल

कल वयापार

मलय

17

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512

$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300

= gjnk t]hkft 15150

lsfsfO 4700

kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520

bfnlrgL 7000

slnf] 1475

sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500

uhf] 1000

xf] 500

^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193

amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000

= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500

(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242

18

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38

)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35

= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]

19

amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1

2 Stdn 18649 18649 1

3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2

4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1

5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2

6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1

7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1

8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1

9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2

10 gkftL 30944 30944 4

11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1

12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1

13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1

14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1

15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1

16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5

17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5

18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2

19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3

20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1

21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1

22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1

20

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2

24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4

25 alskmn 16347 16347 4

26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1

27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1

28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1

29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1

30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3

31 clhp 1619 1619 2

32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5

33 dfdn 44205 44205 4

34 d]n 2210 2210 2

35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1

36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1

37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5

38 e6snf 17682 17682 1

40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1

41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4

42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3

43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1

44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1

45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1

46 jf] 2002 2002 2

47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1

48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1

49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3

50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3

51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5

21

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1

53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1

54 klbgf 1768 1768 2

55 l77f 6450 6450 1

56 lgf] 250000 250000 1

57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2

58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3

59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2

60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1

61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2

62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6

63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1

64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1

65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1

66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1

67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3

68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3

69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1

70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5

71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1

72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2

73 nKL 8000 8000 4

74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1

75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1

76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1

77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4

78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3

79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1

22

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3

81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6

82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1

83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5

84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1

85 skf] nf] 387 387 1

86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4

87 sr 2043 2043 1

88 ss tn 4340 4340 1

89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2

90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1

91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5

92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1

93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1

94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5

95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1

96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1

97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7

98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1

99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1

100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4

101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1

102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1

sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630

23

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5

s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g

ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5

dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]

o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

24

lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g

amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g

+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5

7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5

25

tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest

26

+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf

dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp=== kjt lhNnf

pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf

27

kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp== sfsL lhNnf

sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g

amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf

lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp==amp dtfordf

lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z

28

5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5

amp==(= ndhordf

nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_

taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f

amp==)= tgx lsquo

tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf

29

k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug

lsG5

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

amp=== gjnk

oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]

jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf

afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp===k~rf] +lIft jg

k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g

u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

30

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash

pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5

7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5

yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5

h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5

dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g

bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy

bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf

bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf

bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f

bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f

bull kjtsf] kftLrf

bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6

bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml

bull DofUbLsf] un]j

bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d

bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5

amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]

Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf

31

kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf

sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf

g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash

bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave

bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave

bull sgdfklg gk]df

dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash

bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf

yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash

bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5

32

tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

h8La6L Jofkfdf

x]sf] aif kldf0f

sn

Jofkf

g]kfn sfsf]

k|fyldsLs0f

dNo

clea[l4

yfgLo

pknJwtf k|fKtf+s

bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15

lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15

slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14

s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13

tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12

uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11

dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11

h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11

ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11

offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10

cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10

awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9

dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9

lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9

lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9

sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9

lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9

lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8

sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8

wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8

clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8

kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8

Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7

ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7

33

amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f

tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5

lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5

34

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5

s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g

tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5

35

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5

dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5

h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5

36

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

ljif

ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]

eft lgoft xg]

ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5

offuDaf

offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

Hofb dNojfg h8La6L

lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t

of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5

]tslrgL

]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5

xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]

b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]

37

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f

u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5

lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5

amp=== gjnk lhNnf

u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]

38

dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g

amp=== DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf

)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]

amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf

sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==^= sfsL lhNnf

kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z

39

do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf

o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5

lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf

Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5

amp=== dtfordf

jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g

40

Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5

cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf

amp==(= tgxF lhNnf

tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5

Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF

amp==)= kjt lhNnf

hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5

41

lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5

ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5

JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]

pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]

jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]

lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]

yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]

plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]

42

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5

jn kIf

h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]

bjn kIf

h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]

cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL

cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt

guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg

cjxiquest

To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]

jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]

afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp

kUg]

43

rgfgLxiquest

sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6

xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )

6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]

cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO

amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf

jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^

on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^

o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5

aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_

lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]

44

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_

bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf

h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]

jg P]g )$(

lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5

f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5

jg lgodfjnL )

jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M

s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5

v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5

u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]

45

cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5

3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5

ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5

h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M

s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]

v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]

u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5

3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]

8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]

jftfj0f +If0f P]g )

jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M

k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]

k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug

46

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug

fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug

jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug

$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug

fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp

h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]

fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5

47

sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf

jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5

lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5

g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest

k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_

s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_

ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza

scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest

s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_

v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

u= emofp -Lichens_

3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_

8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5

48

g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest

qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u

1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL

2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL

3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL

5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL

6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL

7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n

8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf

9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst

10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL

11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6

12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL

13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs

15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n

16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL

17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL

18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg

19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf

20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL

21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL

22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL

23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL

24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL

25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL

26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n

27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL

28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof

29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk

30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_

lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_

$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_

amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_

) lkknf -Piper longum_

uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_

50

fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest

cgrL cgrL cgrL

Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_

n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

51

= emfjxM

o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5

pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos

jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5

v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f

l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]

h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]

l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL

xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug

s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf

Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5

p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5

52

Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt

afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$

g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))

g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq

g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf

gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)

jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL

jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL

jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu

k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $

kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL

ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

53

uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg

cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t

+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)

uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg

DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil

Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey

Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)

Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash

Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32

Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain

livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254

Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub

Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade

of Medicinal Plants Material  An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336

wwwayushgovin

5

= cjlytL

u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest

= If]qkmn

g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g

=$ ldfgf

u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5

= hgfordflvs ljt0f

)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o

6

k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5

efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5

=^ hfthftL

o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5

tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )

=amp wd

o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=

= hn Dkbf

o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g

7

=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest

k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g

=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g

= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5

^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g

M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng

k|ZgfjnL

k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu

a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]

lgdf0f

k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut

cWoog

f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn

cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng

dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL

f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of

sfoqmd

dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf

k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z

clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f

8

+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt

ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5

lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu

h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest

lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest

^= ynut cWoog

k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos

9

8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]

lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP

tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf

h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg

sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL

4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx

5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx

6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog

10

tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest

tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=

km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest

PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs

6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

11

^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

amp= cWoogsf] glthf

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5

amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_

jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]

cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_

296

789

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३

टन

13

To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q

lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5

h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_

k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP

tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500

10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988

14

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590

15

s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5

tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

वयापा

रमा र

हको ब

रष

-

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

म सली

दालचि

नीबध

नी फ

लतज

पातचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजट

ामसी

सतिा

मजजठ

ोसस

काका

ईकर

ाज ि

लठपाि

न बोकर

ाअक

रकरा

कररल

ोकट

कीका

उलो ब

ोकरा

काको

लीटटम

रजज

मब

ग जो

स गनध

िालऔरत

बावर

षक परर

माण

कजी

मा

16

h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _

tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5

amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_

= tgxF laifhf $))

= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153

= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

यासाषग म

बाका

कोली

सतिा

म सली

कटकी

जटामसी

ननरम

सीअक

रकरा

जजमब

चय

ाउचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजी

िनती

टटमर

दालचि

नीग च

िी च

याउ

कररल

ोवपप

लाकर

ाज ि

लठस ग

नधिाल

कल वयापार

मलय

17

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512

$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300

= gjnk t]hkft 15150

lsfsfO 4700

kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520

bfnlrgL 7000

slnf] 1475

sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500

uhf] 1000

xf] 500

^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193

amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000

= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500

(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242

18

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38

)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35

= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]

19

amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1

2 Stdn 18649 18649 1

3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2

4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1

5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2

6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1

7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1

8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1

9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2

10 gkftL 30944 30944 4

11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1

12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1

13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1

14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1

15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1

16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5

17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5

18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2

19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3

20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1

21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1

22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1

20

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2

24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4

25 alskmn 16347 16347 4

26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1

27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1

28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1

29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1

30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3

31 clhp 1619 1619 2

32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5

33 dfdn 44205 44205 4

34 d]n 2210 2210 2

35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1

36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1

37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5

38 e6snf 17682 17682 1

40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1

41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4

42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3

43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1

44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1

45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1

46 jf] 2002 2002 2

47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1

48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1

49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3

50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3

51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5

21

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1

53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1

54 klbgf 1768 1768 2

55 l77f 6450 6450 1

56 lgf] 250000 250000 1

57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2

58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3

59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2

60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1

61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2

62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6

63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1

64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1

65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1

66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1

67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3

68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3

69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1

70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5

71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1

72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2

73 nKL 8000 8000 4

74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1

75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1

76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1

77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4

78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3

79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1

22

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3

81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6

82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1

83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5

84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1

85 skf] nf] 387 387 1

86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4

87 sr 2043 2043 1

88 ss tn 4340 4340 1

89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2

90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1

91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5

92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1

93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1

94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5

95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1

96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1

97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7

98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1

99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1

100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4

101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1

102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1

sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630

23

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5

s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g

ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5

dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]

o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

24

lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g

amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g

+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5

7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5

25

tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest

26

+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf

dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp=== kjt lhNnf

pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf

27

kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp== sfsL lhNnf

sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g

amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf

lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp==amp dtfordf

lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z

28

5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5

amp==(= ndhordf

nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_

taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f

amp==)= tgx lsquo

tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf

29

k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug

lsG5

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

amp=== gjnk

oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]

jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf

afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp===k~rf] +lIft jg

k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g

u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

30

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash

pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5

7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5

yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5

h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5

dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g

bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy

bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf

bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf

bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f

bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f

bull kjtsf] kftLrf

bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6

bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml

bull DofUbLsf] un]j

bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d

bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5

amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]

Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf

31

kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf

sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf

g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash

bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave

bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave

bull sgdfklg gk]df

dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash

bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf

yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash

bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5

32

tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

h8La6L Jofkfdf

x]sf] aif kldf0f

sn

Jofkf

g]kfn sfsf]

k|fyldsLs0f

dNo

clea[l4

yfgLo

pknJwtf k|fKtf+s

bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15

lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15

slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14

s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13

tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12

uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11

dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11

h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11

ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11

offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10

cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10

awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9

dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9

lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9

lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9

sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9

lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9

lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8

sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8

wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8

clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8

kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8

Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7

ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7

33

amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f

tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5

lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5

34

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5

s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g

tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5

35

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5

dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5

h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5

36

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

ljif

ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]

eft lgoft xg]

ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5

offuDaf

offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

Hofb dNojfg h8La6L

lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t

of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5

]tslrgL

]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5

xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]

b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]

37

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f

u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5

lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5

amp=== gjnk lhNnf

u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]

38

dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g

amp=== DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf

)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]

amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf

sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==^= sfsL lhNnf

kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z

39

do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf

o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5

lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf

Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5

amp=== dtfordf

jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g

40

Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5

cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf

amp==(= tgxF lhNnf

tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5

Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF

amp==)= kjt lhNnf

hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5

41

lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5

ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5

JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]

pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]

jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]

lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]

yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]

plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]

42

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5

jn kIf

h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]

bjn kIf

h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]

cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL

cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt

guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg

cjxiquest

To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]

jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]

afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp

kUg]

43

rgfgLxiquest

sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6

xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )

6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]

cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO

amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf

jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^

on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^

o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5

aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_

lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]

44

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_

bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf

h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]

jg P]g )$(

lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5

f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5

jg lgodfjnL )

jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M

s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5

v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5

u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]

45

cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5

3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5

ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5

h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M

s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]

v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]

u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5

3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]

8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]

jftfj0f +If0f P]g )

jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M

k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]

k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug

46

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug

fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug

jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug

$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug

fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp

h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]

fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5

47

sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf

jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5

lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5

g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest

k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_

s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_

ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza

scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest

s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_

v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

u= emofp -Lichens_

3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_

8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5

48

g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest

qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u

1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL

2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL

3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL

5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL

6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL

7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n

8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf

9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst

10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL

11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6

12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL

13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs

15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n

16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL

17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL

18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg

19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf

20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL

21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL

22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL

23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL

24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL

25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL

26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n

27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL

28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof

29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk

30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_

lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_

$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_

amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_

) lkknf -Piper longum_

uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_

50

fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest

cgrL cgrL cgrL

Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_

n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

51

= emfjxM

o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5

pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos

jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5

v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f

l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]

h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]

l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL

xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug

s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf

Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5

p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5

52

Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt

afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$

g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))

g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq

g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf

gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)

jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL

jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL

jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu

k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $

kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL

ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

53

uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg

cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t

+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)

uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg

DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil

Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey

Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)

Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash

Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32

Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain

livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254

Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub

Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade

of Medicinal Plants Material  An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336

wwwayushgovin

6

k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5

efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5

=^ hfthftL

o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5

tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )

=amp wd

o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=

= hn Dkbf

o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g

7

=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest

k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g

=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g

= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5

^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest

o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g

M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest

^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng

k|ZgfjnL

k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu

a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]

lgdf0f

k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut

cWoog

f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn

cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng

dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL

f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of

sfoqmd

dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf

k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z

clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f

8

+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt

ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5

lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu

h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest

lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest

^= ynut cWoog

k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos

9

8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]

lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP

tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf

h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx

3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg

sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL

4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx

5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5

k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx

6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog

10

tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest

tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=

km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest

PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs

6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL

11

^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns

12

amp= cWoogsf] glthf

k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5

amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf

u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg

tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_

jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]

cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_

296

789

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३

टन

13

To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]

amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q

lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5

h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_

k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP

tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500

10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988

14

qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif

k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_

k|lt PsfO dNo -_

hDdf -_

14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590

15

s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]

tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest

aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5

tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

वयापा

रमा र

हको ब

रष

-

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

म सली

दालचि

नीबध

नी फ

लतज

पातचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजट

ामसी

सतिा

मजजठ

ोसस

काका

ईकर

ाज ि

लठपाि

न बोकर

ाअक

रकरा

कररल

ोकट

कीका

उलो ब

ोकरा

काको

लीटटम

रजज

मब

ग जो

स गनध

िालऔरत

बावर

षक परर

माण

कजी

मा

16

h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _

tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest

s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5

amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_

= tgxF laifhf $))

= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153

= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000

यासाषग म

बाका

कोली

सतिा

म सली

कटकी

जटामसी

ननरम

सीअक

रकरा

जजमब

चय

ाउचि

राईतो

विर ज

राजी

िनती

टटमर

दालचि

नीग च

िी च

याउ

कररल

ोवपप

लाकर

ाज ि

लठस ग

नधिाल

कल वयापार

मलय

17

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512

$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300

= gjnk t]hkft 15150

lsfsfO 4700

kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520

bfnlrgL 7000

slnf] 1475

sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500

uhf] 1000

xf] 500

^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193

amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000

= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500

(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242

18

h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38

)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35

= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]

19

amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1

2 Stdn 18649 18649 1

3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2

4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1

5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2

6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1

7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1

8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1

9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2

10 gkftL 30944 30944 4

11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1

12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1

13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1

14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1

15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1

16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5

17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5

18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2

19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3

20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1

21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1

22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1

20

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2

24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4

25 alskmn 16347 16347 4

26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1

27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1

28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1

29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1

30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3

31 clhp 1619 1619 2

32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5

33 dfdn 44205 44205 4

34 d]n 2210 2210 2

35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1

36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1

37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5

38 e6snf 17682 17682 1

40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1

41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4

42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3

43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1

44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1

45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1

46 jf] 2002 2002 2

47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1

48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1

49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3

50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3

51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5

21

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1

53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1

54 klbgf 1768 1768 2

55 l77f 6450 6450 1

56 lgf] 250000 250000 1

57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2

58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3

59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2

60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1

61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2

62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6

63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1

64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1

65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1

66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1

67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3

68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3

69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1

70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5

71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1

72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2

73 nKL 8000 8000 4

74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1

75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1

76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1

77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4

78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3

79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1

22

qm=

h8La6L

uf]vf -7172- 07576

tgxF 7374-07778

DofUbL -7071-07475

afUnordf -7172-07576

sfsL -Ps aif_

nDhordf -Ps aif_

dgfordf -Ps aif_

gjnk -Ps aif_

ofEumlhf -Ps aif_

sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]

lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3

81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6

82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1

83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5

84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1

85 skf] nf] 387 387 1

86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4

87 sr 2043 2043 1

88 ss tn 4340 4340 1

89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2

90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1

91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5

92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1

93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1

94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5

95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1

96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1

97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7

98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1

99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1

100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4

101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1

102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1

sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630

23

amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5

s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g

ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5

dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]

o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5

tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f

24

lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g

amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg

g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g

+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5

7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5

25

tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest

26

+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5

amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf

dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp=== kjt lhNnf

pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf

27

kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5

amp== sfsL lhNnf

sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g

amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf

lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp==amp dtfordf

lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z

28

5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5

amp==(= ndhordf

nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_

taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f

amp==)= tgx lsquo

tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf

29

k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug

lsG5

taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf

amp=== gjnk

oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]

jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5

amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf

afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp===k~rf] +lIft jg

k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g

u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

30

amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6

h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash

pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5

7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5

yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5

h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5

dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g

bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy

bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf

bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf

bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f

bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f

bull kjtsf] kftLrf

bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6

bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml

bull DofUbLsf] un]j

bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d

bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s

pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5

amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f

amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest

Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]

Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf

31

kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf

sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash

bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf

g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash

bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave

bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave

bull sgdfklg gk]df

dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash

bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf

yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash

bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M

amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5

32

tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

h8La6L Jofkfdf

x]sf] aif kldf0f

sn

Jofkf

g]kfn sfsf]

k|fyldsLs0f

dNo

clea[l4

yfgLo

pknJwtf k|fKtf+s

bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15

lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15

slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14

s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13

tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12

uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11

dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11

h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11

ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11

offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10

cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10

awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9

dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9

lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9

lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9

sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9

lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9

lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8

sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8

wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8

clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8

kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8

Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7

ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7

33

amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f

tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5

lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5

34

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5

s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g

tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5

35

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5

dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5

h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5

36

h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro

ljif

ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]

eft lgoft xg]

ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5

offuDaf

offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5

Hofb dNojfg h8La6L

lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t

of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5

]tslrgL

]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5

xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]

b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]

37

amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f

u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5

amp=== uf]vf lhNnf

wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5

lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5

amp=== gjnk lhNnf

u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]

38

dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g

amp=== DofUbL lhNnf

DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]

amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf

)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]

amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf

sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==^= sfsL lhNnf

kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z

39

do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5

amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf

o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5

lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf

Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5

amp=== dtfordf

jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g

40

Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5

cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf

amp==(= tgxF lhNnf

tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5

Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF

amp==)= kjt lhNnf

hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5

41

lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5

amp=== afUnordf lhNnf

sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5

ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5

JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]

pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]

jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]

lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]

yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]

plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]

42

amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5

jn kIf

h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]

bjn kIf

h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]

cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL

cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt

guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg

cjxiquest

To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]

jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]

afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp

kUg]

43

rgfgLxiquest

sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6

xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )

6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]

cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO

amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf

jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^

on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^

o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5

aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_

lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]

44

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp

g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_

bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf

h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]

jg P]g )$(

lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5

f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5

jg lgodfjnL )

jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M

s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5

v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5

u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]

45

cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5

3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5

ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5

h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M

s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]

v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]

u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5

3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]

8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]

jftfj0f +If0f P]g )

jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$

jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M

k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]

k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug

46

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug

fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug

jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug

= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug

$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug

fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp

h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]

h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]

fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5

47

sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf

jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5

lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf

lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5

g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest

k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_

s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_

ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza

scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest

s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_

v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

u= emofp -Lichens_

3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_

8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_

jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5

48

g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest

qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u

1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL

2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL

3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL

5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL

6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL

7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n

8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf

9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst

10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL

11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6

12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL

13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs

15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n

16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL

17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL

18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg

19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf

20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL

21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL

22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL

23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL

24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL

25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL

26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n

27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL

28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof

29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk

30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL

v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest

kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_

s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_

lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_

$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_

^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_

amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_

( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_

) lkknf -Piper longum_

uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_

uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_

50

fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest

cgrL cgrL cgrL

Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_

n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense

kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_

51

= emfjxM

o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5

pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos

jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5

h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5

v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f

l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]

h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]

l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL

xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug

s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf

Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5

p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5

52

Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt

afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$

g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))

g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq

g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf

gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)

jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf

jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL

jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL

jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno

jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno

jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu

k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $

kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL

ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

53

uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg

cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t

+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)

uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp

w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg

DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil

Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey

Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)

Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash

Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32

Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain

livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254

Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub

Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade

of Medicinal Plants Material  An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336

wwwayushgovin