jffof k 'lgx a'4k l0f df jif{ { $& c +s ! the ananda bhoomi (year 47 ...€¦ ·...

The Ananda Bhoomi 2019a'=;+= @%^# 1

jflif{s ¿= !%)÷– Psk|lt ¿= @)÷– jflif{s u|fxs agL ;xof]u u/f}+ .

;Dks{ sfof{no

cfgGb e"ldcfgGbs'6L ljxf/ ;+:yf, kf]=a=g+= #))&, sf7df8f}+ .

kmf]gM $@&!$@) E-mail : [email protected]

[email protected]@anandabhoomi.com

Website: anandakutivihar.com.npwww.anandabhoomi.com

a'4jrgfd[t

@)&^ -:jfFof k'lGx–a'4k"l0f{df_ jif{ $& c+s !

a'=;+= @%^# g]=;+= !!#(The Ananda Bhoomi (Year 47, Vol. 1)A Buddhist Monthly : April/May 2019

k|d'v ;Nnfxsf/ MleIf' d}qL dxf:ylj/ -k|d'v, cf= s'= lj=_

;Nnfxsf/ M leIf' wd{d"lt{ -sfo{jfxs k|d'v, cf=s'=lj=_

;Dkfbs÷k|sfzg ;+of]hsMsf]08Go

a'4ljxf/ e[s'6Ld08k, $@@^&)@

;Dkfbg ;xof]uL M leIf' c:;lh, leIf' wDdbQ

Aoj:yfkg tyf ljt/s M ljj]s dxh{g, , , , , :jo\De" (*$($@)%^^

Joj:yfkg ;xof]uL M leIf' ;/0f+s/, cfgGbs'6L

n]vf Joj:yfkg M ;'/]z dxh{g, :joDe"

cfj/0f l8hfOg÷leqL ;]l6Ë M ljgf]b dxh{g

cfj/0f kmf]6f] M OG6/g]6 >f]t

ljt/0ffy{ ;xof]uLx?Ma'4hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt ->L3M_, leIf' ;'l4sf], zld{nf

>]i7 -af}4 j[4f>d–ag]kf_, c= OGb|fjtL -wd{sLlt{_, ;l/tf cjfn]-nlntk'/_, ;'>L jL0ff s+;fsf/, ;'>L zs'Gtnf k|wfg, >LdtL s]z/Ljh|frfo{, -af}4 dlxnf ;+3, g]kfn_, ;'j0f{d'lg zfSo / k|]daxfb'/ yfkf-e}/xjf_, snaxfb'/ kNnL du/ / ljBfb]jL zfSo -a'6jn_, ofdzfSo -a]gL_, 1fgdfnf ;+3–cfgGb ljxf/ -tfg;]g_, anaxfb'/ ufxf-kfNkf_, s[i0fk|;fb zfSo -afUn'·_, ljho u'?· -ndh'·_, z}gLrf}w/L -k'hf/L nfdf_ ;Kt/L, pQddfg a'4frfo{ -kf]v/f_, /Tgaxfb'/gfDhfnL -;'v]{t_, nfnaxfb'/ rf}w/Lyf? -pbok'/_, cd/axfb'/yfkf -slknj:t'_ .

d'b|0fMcfO{l8on lk|lG6· k|];, Ujfsf]{, nlntk'/, kmf]gM %%#)%@@

k|sfzsMcfgGbs'6L ljxf/

cfgGb s'6L ljxf/, :joDe", kmf]gM $@&!$@)sf=lh=b=g+= #$÷)#$÷)#%÷d=If]=x'=lg=b=g+= &÷)^!÷^@

;Aa kfk:; cs/0f+ s';n:; pk;Dkbf .

;lrQ kl/of]bkg+ Pt+ a'4fg';f;g+ ..;a} kfkx?af6 d'Qm x'g', s'zn wd{ ;]jg

ug'{, lrQnfO{ ljsf//lxt t'Nofpg'– oxL g} a'4x?sf]lzIff xf] .

k'ms+ kfksd{+ ar] h'Ou', le+u' Hofv+ d'+sfjg]u',g'uMoft or's]u' – Yj x] a'4lklg d" lzIff vM .

Not to do Evil, to cultivate good deeds,purify the mind; this is the Teachings of theBuddha.

– wDdkb


a'4hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldltsf wDdfg'zf;s

;+3gfos leIf' 1fgk"l0f{s dxf:ylj/, ljZjzflGt $^@@(*$;+3pkgfos leIf' af]lw;]g dxf:ylj/, af]lwrof{ (*$!$**##)leIf' ;'d]w dxf:ylj/, kß;'uGw ljxf/ (*$!#%!&@@u'¿ sfN;fª nfdf, 5fpgL $@&)@#^>L a'4/Tg jh|frfo{, ‰jfaxfM (*$!%)$$&$

;Nnfxsf/d08n

leIf' wd{d"lt{ dxf:ylj/, cfgGbs'6L ljxf/ (*$!@&&*^)leIf' el2o dxf:ylj/, olDk ljxf/, nlntk'/ (*$!&!#^((dfggLo s[i0fuf]kfn >]i7, ;fF;b (*%!)$!%%)>L k|ofu/fhl;+x ;'jfn, ç axfn (*$(#%@^$$k|f= ;'j0f{ zfSo, ç axfn $@*!$($>L nIdLbf; dfgGw/, y+lxlt (*%!)@%%$@>L s]bf/ zfSo, s'n]Zj/ (*%!)&$^^^>L :jl:t/Tg zfSo, 9Nsf], ln+s/f]8 (*$!$*^%)#>L z+s//fh l;+x, pkfWoIf (*$!@*#^$)

sfo{sfl/0fL kbflwsf/L

leIf' d}qL dxf:ylj/, cWoIf (*%&)@!!(&leIf' sf]08Go, pkfWoIf (*%!)$^!**>L uf}td zfSo, dxf;lrj (*$!@#!)^*>L /d]z dfgGw/, pkfWoIf (*$!#%#!^&>L u'Xo/Tg zfSo, pkfWoIf (*%!)@@^%&>L ;+3/Tg zfSo, pkfWoIf (*%!)(@)&%leIf' lkob:;L, dxf;lrj (*%!!#^()@>L /ljgf/fo0f dfgGw/, ;lrj (*$!^^(@@*>L uf}td dfgGw/, ;x–;lrj (*$!@**%^^>L :jod\s[i0f dfgGw/, sf]iffWoIf (*$!&!)@^)>L efO/fhf dfgGw/, ;x–sf]iffWoIf (*$!&@(&*%

sfo{sfl/0fL ;b:o

wDdjtL u'?df+, wd{sLlt{ ljxf/ $@%($^^leIf' af]lw1fg dxf:ylj/ (*%!!^&%@%

leIf' c:;hL, k|rf/–k|;f/ (*%!!#^()#>L y'Kt]g lhUbf]n -km'k' 5]Da] z]kf{_, skg (*$!^*#&($>L rLhaxfb'/ u'?ª, td' af}4 ;]jf ;ldlt (*%!)$&#@&>L b]paxfb'/ /fgfdu/, hfjnfv]n (*%!)(*)^$>L 8f= nId0f zfSo, pmFaxfM (*)#!((&@^>L k"0f{dfg t'nfw/, c;+ (*$!^(^!&%>L ljho/Tg td|fsf/, d? (*$!@$!*!)>L cd[tdfg zfSo, lqk'/]Zj/ (*$!$&%&$*>L afa'/fhf dxh{g, WjfvfaxfM (*%!)$*&^)>L k'ik/fhg zfSo, d? (*$!$##*%^;'>L cgf/ tfd|fsf/, Got (&$!!%&)$#>L e0f{dfg zfSo, pmFaxfM (*%!)##!@%>L dgsfhL zfSo, kml;Soa (*$(%%%**)>L k|sfz dfgGw/, afuahf/ (*$!#$(!$*>L ;'h{zf]ef zfSo, If]qkf6L (*$)!&!*^*>L s[i0fgf/fo0f dfgGw/, 8Nn' (*$!@^&#^*>L ;'/]z dxh{g, :jo\De" (*$!$#%)$$>L k|lbk dfgGw/, If]qkf6L (*$!@)^&(*;'>L sflxFnL /lGht, ;fdfv';L (*$(!#(!*%

pk–;ldltsf ;+of]hsx?

leIf' gflut, k|rf/–k|;f/ M cfgGbs'6L (*$!*&$&))leIf' ;/0f+s/, ;df/f]xk|aGw tyf ljxf/>+[uf/ (*$!$*&$&)cgfufl/sf >4frf/L, wd{b]zgf M wd{sLlt{ (*$!@($)*%leIf' gf/b, cl:ywft' k|bz{g M cfgGbs'6L $@&!$@)leIf' wd{d"lt{, ;+=/f=;+3= a'4hoGtL pk;ldlt (*$!@&&*^)>L h'h'sfhL dxh{g, vfB–Joj:yfkg (*%!)^)^%(>L efO/fhf dfgGw/, cy{ ;+sng (*$!&@(&*%leIf' sf]08Go, :dfl/sf k|sfzg pk;ldlt (*%!)$^!**>L nIdLbf; dfgGw/, cltly–;Tsf/ (*$(#%@^$$>L ;+3/Tg zfSo, h]aL kfqf] k|sfzg (*%!)(@)&%>L z+s//fh l;+x, /Qmbfg (*$!@*#^$)>L a]6L jh|frfo{, af}4 slj–uf]i7L $@&*%&*leIf' c:;lh, :jod\;]js kl/rfng (*%!!#^()#

gdf] t:; ;Ddf ;Da'4:;

a'4hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt -@%^#_cfgGbs'6L ljxf/, :joDe"

gu/ sfof{noM >L3M ljxf/, gM3n 6f]n, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .kmf]gM $@%(%(% k\mofS;M $@@*)(&, O{d]nM [email protected]

Buddha Anniversary Celebration Committee k= ;+=


g]kfnsf /fli6«o lje"lt zflGtgfos tyfut ;Dos\ ;Da'4sf] lq;+of]u

@%^# cf}+ a'4–lbj;sf] pknIodf ;a}sf] d+un sfdgf;lxt g]kfn Pj+ ljZjdf

zflGt / ;d[l4sf] nflu d}qLk"0f{ xflb{s d+undo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' .g]kfnsf] n'lDagLdf cfhs} lbg hGdg'ePsf l;4fy{ uf}tdn] ef/tsf]

a'4uofdf cfhs} lbg a'4Tj k|fKt ug'{eO{ ax'hg lxtfo ax'hg ;'vfosf] nflu$% jif{;Dd k|rf/ k|;f/ ul/;s]kl5 cfhs} lbg ef/tsf] s'zLgu/df dxfkl/lgjf{0fx'g'eof], h'g lbgnfO{ xfdL a'4–k"l0f{df, j}zfv–k"l0f{df jf a'4–lbj;, a'4–hoGtL /n'lDagL–lbj;, zflGt–lbj;sf] ?kdf zflGt / d}qLsf] sfdgf u/L zfGtk"j{s dgfpFb}cfPsf5f}+ .

a'4sf] zflGt–lzIff, cfTdlge{/tf, :jlxt, k/lxtsf ;fy} /fli6«o ;'v;j[l4;Fu} b'Mv d'lQmsf] dfu{lt/ clek|]l/t /x]sf]n] ;a} txsf xfdL g]kfnLn] jxfFsf]1fgnfO{ dgg ug'{kg]{ ;do cfPsf] 5 . h;n] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ljifd kl/l:yltnfO{cfk;L ;dembf/L sfod u/fpg'sf] ;fy} ;fd"lxs k|oTgdfkm{t\ ;xh?kn] ;'N6fO{lbg;Sb5 . xfdL ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL / g]kfnsf] ;'v–;d[l4 sfod ug{df o;n] ;xof]uub{5 . ctM xfdL ;a}nfO{ pk/f]Qm nIo xfl;n ug{ k|]/0ff ldnf];\ eGg] d}qLk"0f{xflb{s d+undo z'esfdgf Û

ejt' ;Aa d+un+ .

==============================================leIf' d}qL dxf:ylj/

-cWoIf, a'=h=;=;= @%^#_cWoIf, clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3ljxf/ k|d'v, cfgGbs'6L ljxf/

gdf]t:; ;Ddf ;Da'4:;



Buddha Anniversary Celebration Committeek= ;+=

@%^# cf}+ a'4–k"l0f{dfsf] xflb{sz'esfdgf Û

ldlt M $ h]7 )&$cWoIfleIf' d}qL dxf:ylj/

$@&!$@)÷(*%&)@!!(&

pkfWoIfleIf' sf]08Go

(*%!)$^!**, $@@^&)@uf}td zfSo

$@$(&$!÷(*$!@#!)^*/d]z dfgGw/

(*$!#%#!^&÷$@$(^@&u'x\o/Tg zfSo

$@%(#&#÷(*%!)@@^%&;+3/Tg zfSo

$@@&&((÷(*%!)(@)&%

dxf;lrjleIf' lkob:;L(*%!!#^()@

;lrj/ljgf/fo0f dfgGw/

$@%)*!&÷(*$!^^(@@*

;x–;lrjuf}td dfgGw/(*$!@**%^^

sf]iffWoIf:jodj[mi0f dfgGw/

$@%@(!$÷(*$!&!)@^)

;x–sf]iffWoIfefO/fhf dfgGw/

$@%@(!$÷(*$!&!)@^)

;Nnfxsf/leIf' wd{d"lt{ dxf:ylj/

(*$!@&&*^)leIf' el2o dxf:ylj/

(*$!&!#^((k|ofu/fhl;+x ;'jfn

$@$&$(!÷(*$(#%@^$$k|f= ;'j0f{ zfSo

$@*!$($nIdLbf; dfgGw/

$@@(@!!÷(*%!)@%%$@s[i0fuf]kfn >]i7, ;f+;b

(*%!)$!%%)s]bf/ zfSo

(*%!)&$^^^:jl:t/Tg zfSo(*$!$*^%)#z+s//fh l;+x

$@^@@((÷(*$!@*#^$)


a'4hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt, @%^#

cfgGbs'6L ljxf/, :joDe" sf7df8f}+ .

xflb{s ;fw'jfbk"0f{ z'e]R5f Û;4d{ k|]dLx?,æa}zfv k"l0f{df–a'4k"l0f{dfÆ dxfg lq;+of]un] k"0f{ kljq lbj; xf] . o;} lbg xfd|f] dft[e"ld g]kfn /fi6«sf]

æn'lDagLÆ zfnf]Bfgdf af]lw;Îj l;4fy{sf] hGd ePsf], o;} lbg af]lw;Îjn] ;'v–zflGt k|fKt ug]{ d'xfg, ;j{1a'4Tj 1fg nfe ug'{ePsf] xf] eg] *) jif{sf] pd]/df wd{k|rf/–k|;f/ ug]{ qmdd} jxf“n] dxfkl/lgjf{0f k|fKt ug'{ePsf]xf] . To;}n] cfh zfSod'gL tyfutsf] lr/:d/0fLo hGd hoGtL xf], cfhs} lbg jxf“n] a'4Tj 1fg nfe u/]sf]lr/–k|]/s kfjg lbg xf] / cfhs} lbg s'zLgu/df b'O{zfn j[IfaLrdf dxfkl/lgjf{0f k|fKt u/]sf] lr/;+j]ubfoLlbj; xf] .

/fi6«sf] abln+bf] kl/j]z;+u} /fi6«, hgtf / ;jf{ef}ldstfnfO{ Vofnu/L cufl8 a9\g' cfhsf] cfjZostfxf] . o;} kl/k|]Iodf a'4sf zflGt ;Gb]z k|To]s AolQmsf] dfgl;s zflGtsf nflu, ;dfhsf] ;'vb ;b\efjk"0f{Aoj:yfsf nflu, /fi6«sf] zflGt, ;'/Iff, ;d[l4sf nflu / ljZjsf] ;'/lIft kof{j/0f, cf0fljs eod'Qm j/bcj:yf, zfGt ;'vb\ k|ultsf nflu dg, jrg / sd{af6 kl/kfng ug{ ;sf];\— oxL j}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] z'e ;Gb]zxf] . xfdLn] j}zfv dxf]T;jsf lbg sflos, jflrs tyf dfgl;s ljsf/x?nfO{ lj:tf/} 5f]8\b} hfg ;s]dfg} oyfy{df j}zfv k"l0f{df dgfO+b} cfPsf] 7xl/G5 . ctM a}zfv dxf]T;jnfO{ alxd'{vL ?kdf xf]Og cGt/d'vL?kdf dgfpg' k5{ .

;d:t zflGt k|]dLx?df xflb{s z'esfdgf Û

-leIf' sf]08Go_dxf;lrj

clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3

pkfWoIf, a'4hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt–@%^#

$ h]7, @)&^k=r=g+= )$%.)&^.@%^@


gdf] t:; ;Ddf ;Da'4:;



Buddha Anniversary Celebration Committeek= ;+=

gdf] t:; eujtf] c/xtf] ;Ddf;Da'4:;cfh …:jfFof k'lGx–a'4 k"l0f{dfÚ dxfg lq;+of]uk"0f{ kljq lbj;

xf] . cfhs} lbg n'lDagLdf af]lw;Tj /fhs'df/ l;4fy{sf] hGdePsf] lr/:d/0fLo hGd lbj; xf], pxfFn] a'4uofdf ;'vzflGtk|fKt ug{] d'xfg, ;j{1 a'4Tj–;+jf]lw1fg nfe ug'{ePsf] rL/k|]/slbg xf] eg] *) jif{sf] pd]/df s'zLgu/df tyfutsf] dxfkl/lgjf{0fePsf] kljq lr/;+j]ubfoL lbj; klg xf] . o;/L cfhs} z'ekfjglbgsf] cj;/df zflGt sfdgf u/L b]ze/L xiff]{Nnf;k"0f{ jftfj/0fdfa'4–k"l0f{df, j}zfv–k"l0f{df dgfpg' ;'vs/ ljifo ePsf] 5 .

:jtGqtf, ;dfgtf / eft[Tjsf] efjgfnfO{ c+ufNb} ;x–cl:tTjsf] l;4fGtnfO{ckgfpFb} zflGtufdL dfu{ cjnDag ub}{ hfg a'4sf] pkb]znfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . wDdkbdf a'4 eGg'x'G5— glx j]/]g j]/flg ;DdGtLws'bfrg+ cj]/]g r ;DdlGt P;wDdf] ;gGtgf] cyf{t\ j}/efjn] j}/efj slxNo} zfGtx'Fb}g, cj}/efjn] dfq j}/efjnfO{ zfGt kfg{ ;lsg] x'G5 . To;}n} xfdLn] abnfsf]efj TofuL j}/efjnfO{ x6fO{ ;hu / ;r]ttfk"j{s hLjg ofkg ug'{k5{ . htftt}j}dg:otf, pTkL8g, j}/efj, lx+;f–cft+s, ;Qfsf] xf]8afhL, eo / qf; cflbn]xfdL ;Gq:t 5f}+ . ablnFbf] kl/j]z;Fu} /fi6«sf] ;'gf}nf] eljio lgdf{0f ug{ /fi6«, hgtf/ ;fj{ef}ldstfnfO{ Vofnu/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] wd{lg/k]Iftfsf] dd{cg'?k g]kfnLhgefjgfnfO{ sb/ u/L lhDd]jf/Lsf;fy e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;sf];\ . xfdLzflGtufdL ;a}n] cfk"mdf ljBdfg dlte|i6 :jefj, sn'lift ljrf/wf/f, ;+s'lrtefjgf tyf :jfy{ut dgf]efjnfO{ Tofu]/ :j:y dfgl;stfsf] ljsf; u/L cufl8a9f}+, o:t} sbdn] gofF g]kfnnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sg] x'G5f}+ .

cGtdf @%^# cf}+ a'4–k"l0f{df, :jfFof–k'lGxn] a'4hGde"ld /fi6« g]kfn, g]kfnLhgtf tyf ;Dk"0f{ zflGtufdLx?sf] hLjg ;'vdo, zfGtdo Pj+ pGgtdo xf];\, oxLd]/f] xflb{s z'esfdgf 5 Û

leIf' lkob:;L)$—)@—)&^ -dxf;lrj_

cWoIfleIf' d}qL dxf:ylj/

$@&!$@)÷(*%&)@!!(&

pkfWoIfleIf' sf]08Go

(*%!)$^!**, $@@^&)@uf}td zfSo

$@$(&$!÷(*$!@#!)^*/d]z dfgGw/

(*$!#%#!^&÷$@$(^@&u'x\o/Tg zfSo

$@%(#&#÷(*%!)@@^%&;+3/Tg zfSo

$@@&&((÷(*%!)(@)&%

dxf;lrjleIf' lkob:;L(*%!!#^()@

;lrj/ljgf/fo0f dfgGw/

$@%)*!&÷(*$!^^(@@*

;x–;lrjuf}td dfgGw/(*$!@**%^^

sf]iffWoIf:jodj[mi0f dfgGw/

$@%@(!$÷(*$!&!)@^)

;x–sf]iffWoIfefO/fhf dfgGw/

$@%@(!$÷(*$!&!)@^)

;Nnfxsf/leIf' wd{d"lt{ dxf:ylj/

(*$!@&&*^)leIf' el2o dxf:ylj/

(*$!&!#^((k|ofu/fhl;+x ;'jfn

$@$&$(!÷(*$(#%@^$$k|f= ;'j0f{ zfSo

$@*!$($nIdLbf; dfgGw/

$@@(@!!÷(*%!)@%%$@s[i0fuf]kfn >]i7, ;f+;b

(*%!)$!%%)s]bf/ zfSo

(*%!)&$^^^:jl:t/Tg zfSo(*$!$*^%)#z+s//fh l;+x

$@^@@((÷(*$!@*#^$)


;DkfbsLo

a'4–k"l0f{df, :jfFof–k'lGx, j}zfv–k"l0f{df dxfglq;+of]uk"0f{ kljq lbj; eGg' af]lw;Tj l;4fy{ uf}tdsf]n'lDagLdf hGdePsf] @^$# cf}+ lr/:d/0fLo hGdlbj;,pxfFn] a'4uofdf ;+af]lw 1fg nfe u/]sf] @^)* cf}+lr/k|]/s kljq lbj; tyf s'zLgu/df dxfkl/gjf{0fk|fKtug'{ePsf] @%^# cf}+ lr/;+j]ubfoL lbj; xf] . cfhsf]of] kfjg 38Ldf a'4sf] cg'sDkf, ;lxi0f'tf / clx+;fsf];Gb]z pTkfb / ljgfzsf/Lsf] lgod jt{dfg czfGtdokl/l:yltsf] ;dodf Tolta]nfeGbf cem a9L cfjZostfb]lvPsf] x'Fbf a'4f]kb]zdf cfwfl/t k~rzLnsf] ;x–cl:tTj l;4fGtnfO{ zflGtsf cg'ufdL, /fi6« Pj+gful/sx¿n] cjnDag ug{;s] jt{dfg kl/j]znfO{zflGttj/df cufl8 a9fO{ ;'vufdL kydf nlDsg;lsg] x'G5 .

cfh klg htftt} pTkL8g, cfk;L j}dgiotf,lx+;f Pj+ c/fhstf, ;Qfsf] xf]8afhL, sf]eGbf sf]sd eGg] efjgf JofKt 5 . d}qLk"0f{ tj/df cfk;L;b\efj sfod u/L :jfy{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ csf{sf] unf3f]6\g], c?sf] :jtGtqf / c¿sf] clwsf/ xgg\ ug]{h:tfljlwJojxf/ k"0f{tM Tofu u/L cfk;L efOrf/f, ;dfgtfPj+ eft[Tjtfsf ;fy cufl8 a9\g;s] zflGtk"0f{jftfj/0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsg] x'G5, ;'vzflGtsf]gfpFdf nfvnfv s/f]8f}+ k'sf/]/ cem vr{ u/]/ dfq} s]ug]{< To;sf nflu xfdLn] ;fd"lxs ¿kd} g}lts Pj+wfld{s d"NodfGotfnfO{ ;d]6]/ cufl8 a9\g'k5{ . kfkdocs'zntf TofuL, wd{do s'zntf ;+uffnL :jsd{;'wf/nfO{ a9fjf lbO{ lrQj[lQ jf dgf]j[lQsf] ljsf;ug'{ tyf c?n] s] u/] s] u/]gg\ egL x]g'{eGbf cfkm"n] s]u/]+ s] ul/g+ egL ;hu Pj+ ;ts{ x'g' kmnbfoL x'G5eGg] a'4åf/f lglb{i6 hLjgf]kof]uL pkb]znfO{ ÅboËdug'{ ;a}sf nflu ;'vs/ x'g] 5 .

olta]nf d'n'sdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtsf] andf plePsf]s]kLzdf { cf ]nL g]t [Tjsf ] ;/sf/ /x]sf ] 5 .k|wfgdGqLb]lv ;/sf/sf ;a} dGqL, ;Qf?9 bnsfg]tf sfo{{stf{ dfq geO{ ;a}h;f]sf] d'vdf clxn] ;d[l4zAb em'l08Psf] 5 . ;d[l4, ljsf;, zflGt h:tf

zAb ;'Gbf hlt k|Llts/ 5, Tolts}{ Jojxf/df b]lvg /cg'e"t ug{ uf¥xf] aGb} uPsf] cfd hgtfn] lbgx'F cg'e"ltug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . d'n's cf}krfl/s ?kn] ;+3Lo,nf]stflGqs u0ftflGqs / wd{lg/k]Ifdf k|j]z u/]klgJojxf/df ;gftgL k '/fgf ] ;f ]r, ; + :sf//fHo;~rfnsx?df b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . /fHon]cf}krfl/s ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] nf]stflGqs u0ftflGqsd"No, ;+3Lotf, ;dfj]zLsf ] d "Noaf6 /fHosf;~rfnsx?n] Tolt dggk/fPsf] xf] ls, ha/h:tL:jLsf/ u/]sf] ?kdf b]lvg yfn]sf] kl/j]z jf:tjd}+;dsfnLg g]kfnsf] nflu of] ;jf{lws b'Mvb\ ljifo xf] .nfdf] ;do ;z:q o'4 ynylnPsf] d'n'ssf ;fd' c;+Vor'gf}tLx? 5g\ . ;dfgtf, klxrfg, ljsf; ;a}sfrfxgf x'g\ . tL rfxgf k'/f ug]{ lbzfdf /x]sf k'/fgf];f]r ;+:sf/ Tofu]/ g]kfn df}lns / w/ftnLo oyfy{cg'?ksf] ;f]r / ;+:sf/ ckgfpg'kg]{ vfFrf] 5 ./fhgLlt;+u} g}ltstf ufoasf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .zLn;bfrf/ / /fhgLlt k/:k/ ljk/Ltsf] ?kdf a'em\b}uPsf] 5 . o:tf] ;f]rn] JolQmut / cfTds]lGb|t :jfy{s;}nfO{ lxt gug]{ kSsf 5 . ctM o; ;f]raf6 d'Qmx'Fb} /fhgLlt ax'hg lxt / ax'hg ;'vsf] dfWodagfpg'kg]{ vfFrf] 5 . To;nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ :j:ydfgl;stfsf] ljsf; u/L JolQmut, bnut :jfy{eGbfdfgjLo efjsf] ljsf; ug'{ g} a'4k"l0f{dfsf] ;Gb{edf;a}n] Åbo+ud ug'{ ;'vs/ ljifo x'g]5 .

b]z / hgtfsf] ;b}j lxt;'v rfxg], ;d'Ggt /fi6«sf]kfOnfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg JolQmut tyf bnLo :jfy{eGbfdfly p7L ;Da4 ;a} ;a}n] Jojxf/tM ug'{kg]{ tyfu/fpg'kg]{ s'/fx?nfO{ k"0f{tM kfngf ug}{k5{ . To;kl5aNn aNn ;+3Lotf, wd{lg/k]Iftfnufot klxrfgsf]d'2fnfO{ :yflkt ug]{tkm{ ;a}sf] Wofgfs[i6 x'g;S5 .

cGttM @%^# cf}+ a'4–k"l0f{df, :JffFof–k'lGx, a}zfv–k"l0f{dfn] xfdL ;a}sf] Åbo kl/jt{g ug{ ;sf];\, :jfy{/lxtr]tgfsf] efj hufpg ;sf];\– oxL xflb{s z'esfdgf,leGt'gf Û

@%^# cf}+ a'4–k"l0f{dfsf] z'esfdgf


ljifo–;"lrqm=;+= ljifo n]vs k[i7

n]vs Pj+ kf7s–u|fxs ju{df xflb{s cg'/f]wá g]kfnsf] klxnf] af}4 dfl;s cfgGb e"ld klqsfsf] nflu g]kfnL, g]kfn efiff tyf cFu|]hLdf n]v–/rgf ;dod}+ ;Dk|]if0f ug'{xf]nf,

;DalGwt tyf ;dof]lrt n]v–/rgfnfO{ xfdL plrt :yfg lbg]5f}+ .á ;dod}+ n]vs ju{n] a'4, a'4wd{, af}4;+:s[lt Pj+ bz{g, ;flxTo / Oltxf;;DaGwL cg';GwfgfTds tyf ;[hgffTds n]v, /rgf,

syf, sljtfx? ;+k|]if0f ug'{xf]nf .á cf–cfk\mgf If]qx?df x'g] ;dfrf/d"ns af}4 ultljlwnfO{ ;Sbf] rfF8f] kmf]g, O{d]n jf x'nfsaf6 hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .á pBf]uklt tyf Jofkf/L ju{af6 lj1fkg bftf aGg'eO{ cfk\mgf] Joj;fosf] k|rf/ tyf a'4wd{k|ltsf] >4f cleJoQm u/L cfgGbe"ldnfO{

;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .á ljut $& jif{b]lv k|sfzg x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] g]kfnsf] klxnf] af}4 dfl;s klqsf cfgGbe"ldsf nflu cfkm\gf ljrf/, ts{, lgofqf,

b[li6sf]0fh:tf s'/fx? ;dfj]z u/L jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf cg's'n x'g] u/L hgcle?lrk"0f{ gofF gofF tYox?;lxt oxfFx?af6 lg/Gt/ ?kdfn]v/rgf k|fKt eO/x]df cfgGb e"ldnfO{ :t/Lo?kdf k|:t't ub}{hfg ;lsg] x'G5 .

á o; klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v–/rgfsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L :jo+ n]vss} cleef/f x'g]5 .á ;dod}+ n]v–/rgf k|sfzg ug{ tyf ;Nnfx–;'emfjsf nflu [email protected]/[email protected] df Od]n ug{;lsg]

5 .á ;xof]u, ;Nnfx, ;'emfj tyf cfnf]rgf, ;dfnf]rgf cfgGbe"ldsf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu ;Da4 If]qaf6 /rgfTds ;xof]usf] ck]Iff

lnPsf 5f} + .– cfgGbe"ld kl/jf/, cfgGb s'6L ljxf/, :jo\De", sf7df8f}+ . kmf]g – $@&!$@)

[email protected] / [email protected]

!= y"kf/fd :t'k tyf >Ln+sf/fd :t'ksf] ;DaGw leIf' k~`fd"lt{ *

@= wDDd sf] wd{ zAbsf] k|of]u lsg < 8f= u]x]Gb|dfg pbf; !@

#= a'4wd{ / ;+:s[lt Ps kl/ro leIf' ljzfn 1fg !%

$= a'4, cflbjf;L hghflt / k|s[lt ltnsdfg u'efh" !(

%= ;d'Ggt tyf zflGtk"0f{ ;dfhsf lglDt a'4hoGtLaf6 k|]/0ff nf]saxfb'/ zfSo @@

^= a'4hoGtL / a'4lzIff ljgo/fh zfSo @%

&= a'4hoGtL dgfpg] t/Lsf sd{sf08L dfq x'g'ePg leIf' cZj3f]if @*

*= n'lDagL kl/ro o"g]:sf] #!

(=(=(=(=(= lg/f]u x'g' ;a}eGbf 7"nf] nfelg/f]u x'g' ;a}eGbf 7"nf] nfelg/f]u x'g' ;a}eGbf 7"nf] nfelg/f]u x'g' ;a}eGbf 7"nf] nfelg/f]u x'g' ;a}eGbf 7"nf] nfe lzlzn lrqsf/lzlzn lrqsf/lzlzn lrqsf/lzlzn lrqsf/lzlzn lrqsf/ #%#%#%#%#%

10. Teaching Method of Gautam Buddha Bhikkhu Upatissa 3711. Global Peace through Awareness on Six Roots... Dr. Reena Tuladhar 3912. Compassion - the heart of the teachings... Deva Kaji Shakya 4313. A Study on Noble Eightfold Path of Buddha Rajendra Prasad Neupane 4 6

14. Various Versions of the Stories of the Buddha's... Kondanya 50

!%= af}4 ultljlw %@


y"kf/fd :t'k tyf >Ln+sf/fd :t'ksf] ;DaGw

leIf' k~`fd"lt{,cfgGbs'6L ljxf/,:jo\De"

kfln ;flxTodf :t'knfO{ æy"kÆ jf ær]ltoÆelgG5 eg] g]kfnL tyf g]kfnefiffdf r}To, lrefM, :t'kcflb gfdaf6 lrlgG5 . af}4;flxTo cg';f/ o;sf] lgdf{0fu0odfGo k"hgLo JolQmx¿ cyf{t\ Sn]z Ifo ul/;s]sfIfL0ff>jL JolQmx¿sf] bfx;+:sf/ kZrft\ cjz]ifx'gcfPsf cjz]ifnfO{ df6f]sf] l9:sf], 9'+ufsf] l9:sf],tfdf, lkQn cflbsf] l9:sf] leq/fv]/ lgdf{0f ug]{ ul/G5 .bfx;+:sf/ kZrft cjz]if ePsf cjz]ifnfO{ af}4;flxTocg';f/ cl:ywft' eGg] ul/G5 . cl:y eg]sf] xf8 xf] eg]wft' eGgfn] v08 of 6'qmf eGg] cy{ nfU5 . cl:ywft'cyf{t\ xf8sf] 6'qmf, s]zwft' skfnsf] s]xL lx:;f jf6'qmf eGg] cy{ hgfpF5 . h;nfO{ >4fn'x¿n] jGbgfdfg u/]/ cfk\mgf] >4f JoQm ug]{ ul/G5, tyfutuf}tda'4n] cfk\mgf lzio leIf'x¿nfO{ hf] IfL0f>jL cyf{t\;f/f Sn]zaf6 d'Qm ePsfx¿ 5g\ ltgLx¿sf]bfx;+:sf/kZrft\ afFsL /xg cfPsf] cjz]ifx¿ /fv]/:t'k lgdf{0f u/L >4f JoQm ug{ cf1f x'g'ePsf] lyof] .tLdWo] s]xL AolQmx¿ bf?lr/L a|fXd0f, dxfk|hfkltuf}tld, ;kbf;, z'4f]bg dxf/fhf cflb x'g\ tL ;a}a'4sf] pkb]z >j0fkZrft\ ;f/f Sn]zaf6 d'Qm eP/IfL0ff>jL ePsf AolQmx¿ x'g\ .

bfx;+:sf/kZrft\ afFsL ePsf cjz]ifx¿ /fv]/:t'k jf r}To lgdf{0f ug{ of]Uo rf/hgf JolQmx¿sf]af/]df eujfg\ a'4n] bL3lgsfosf] kl/lgjf{0f ;"qdf leIf'cfgGbnfO{ o;/L cf1f x'g'eof] ærQf/f]Úd] cfgGb Û

y'kf/xf] . std] rQf/f]< tyfutf] c/x+ ;Ddf;Da'4f] y'kf/xf],kRr]sa'4f] y'kf/xf], tyfut:; ;fjsf] y'kf/xf], /fhf rSsjlQy'kf/xf]ÚltÆ cyf{t\ !=_ tyfut c/xt ;Dos;Da'4x¿sf]cl:ywft' /fv]/, @=_ k|To]s a'4x¿sf] cl:ywft' /fv]/,#=_ cx{t>fjsx¿sf ] cl:ywft' /fv]/ / $=_rqmjlt{/fhfx¿sf] cl:ywft' /fv]/ :t'k lgdf{0f u/Lk"hfcfhfsf ;fy ;Ddfg;Tsf/ ug{ of]Uo 5 .1 lsgsLoL rf/ JolStx¿sf] cl:ywft' ePsf] r}To jf :t'k bz{gugf{n] dflg;x¿sf] dgdf >4f pTkGg x'g]5 h;n] ubf{zLnflb wdf{r/0f ug{ clek|]l/t ug'{sf ;fy} lgjf{0f;fIffTsf/ ug{ x]t'pksf/ x'g]5 . ;fy} s'g} s'g} ljåfgx¿n]wd{wft' Pp6f yk]/ kfFrhgf AolQmx¿sf] wft'nfO{k"hfcfhf ug]{ u/]sf] klg pNn]v 5 .

o;sf] cnfjf eujfg a'4sf] bfx;+:sf/ kZrftcjz]if x'gcfPsf cjz]if cyf{t\ cl:ywft' /fv]/ lgdf{0ful/g] :t'kx¿ tLgk|sf/sf 5g\ ær]lto+ ltljw+ xf]ltær]lto+ ltljw+ xf]ltær]lto+ ltljw+ xf]ltær]lto+ ltljw+ xf]ltær]lto+ ltljw+ xf]ltkl/ef]u r]lto+, pl2:;s r]lto+, wft's r]ltolGtÆkl/ef]u r]lto+, pl2:;s r]lto+, wft's r]ltolGtÆkl/ef]u r]lto+, pl2:;s r]lto+, wft's r]ltolGtÆkl/ef]u r]lto+, pl2:;s r]lto+, wft's r]ltolGtÆkl/ef]u r]lto+, pl2:;s r]lto+, wft's r]ltolGtÆ22222

utf°dfo; c°

k9f}+ k9fcf}+, ;dod}+ jflif{s u|fxs agf}+

cfgGb s'6L ljxf/ ;+:yf, kf]=a=g+= #))&, sf7df8f}+, kmf]gM $@&!$@)E-mail : [email protected], [email protected]

[email protected], [email protected]

h;n] >Ln+sf / g]kfnsf] a'4wd{ tyf

hgtfx?;“u cGof]Go ;DaGw /x]sf] / /xg] s'/f ;f]

r}Ton] ;f++s]lts ?kdf bzf{O/x]sf] 5, / g]kfnL

y]/jfb a'4wd{sf] ;Dkbfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] .

tyflk b'Mvsf] s'/f @)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut]sf]

e"sDkn] cfgGbs'6L ljxf/l:yt ;f] r}TonfO{ c5'tf]

/fv]g . xfn k'gMlgdf{0f ul/Psf] r}To ;f]xL ?k

cfsf/df lgdf{0f ug{ g;Sg' >4fn'x?sf] nflu dfq

geO{ ;d:t g]kfnLx?sf] nflu klg b'Mvb\ va/ /xg


cyf{t\ !=_ zf/Ll/s r}To cyf{t\ :t'k, @=_ kfl/ef]lusr}To cyf{t\ :t'k, / #=_ p2]l;s r}To cyf{t\ :t'k .

!=_ zf/Ll/s r}To cyf{t\ :t'knfO{ g} kflnefiffdfæwft'sÆæwft'sÆæwft'sÆæwft'sÆæwft'sÆ r}To elgG5 . tyfut uf}td a'4sf] kl/lgjf{0fkZrft\ bfx;+:sf/ u/L af"sL /xg uPsf cjz]ifx¿h:t} x•Lx¿ /fvL lgdf{0f ul/Psf r}To jf :t'knfO{zf/Ll/s r}To elgG5 . t;y{ æwft' uAey"kf ;wft'sfæwft' uAey"kf ;wft'sfæwft' uAey"kf ;wft'sfæwft' uAey"kf ;wft'sfæwft' uAey"kf ;wft'sfwft's r]lto+Æwft's r]lto+Æwft's r]lto+Æwft's r]lto+Æwft's r]lto+Æ elg kflnefiffdf pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

@=_ kfl/ef]lus r}To cyf{t\ :t'k eGgfn] a'4Œjk|fKt u/L;s] kl5 h]–hlt ;/;fdfgx¿ a'4n] kl/ef]uu/]sf] xf] tL ;a} ;/;fdfgx¿ kfl/ef]lus j:t'x¿ x'g .tL ;fdfgx¿ dWo] xfn;Dd k|ToIf¿kdf b]Vg kfpg]kfl/ef]lus j:t' eg]s} æaf]lwj[IfÆæaf]lwj[IfÆæaf]lwj[IfÆæaf]lwj[IfÆæaf]lwj[IfÆ xf] lsgsL l;4fy{/fhs'df/n] a'4uofdf af]lwj[If d'lg a;]/ To;} j[Ifdfc8]; nfP/ a'4 ePsf] x'gfn] af]lwj[If kfl/ef]lus j:t'xf] . jt{dfgdf hf]sf]xL a'4uof tyf >Ln++sfsf] cg'/fwfk'/hfg]x¿n] k|ToIf¿kdf ;f] j[Ifsf] bz{g ug{ kfpg] 5 .>Ln+sfsf] cg'/fwfk'/df /f]k0f ul/Psf] af]lwj[If ;d|f6czf]ssL 5f]/L leIf'0fL ;+3ldQf hf] c7f/ jif{sf] pd]/df3

k|j|lht ePsL lyOgn] a'4uofdf /x]sf] af]lwj[Ifsf] blIf0fzfvf Toxf“ nu]/ /f]k]sL lyOg . o:t} cGo b]zljb]zsf7fpF–7fpFdf klg af]lwj[Ifsf zfvfx¿ /f]lkPsf] kfp“5f}t;y{ æaf]lw?Svf] kl/ef]u r]lto+Æ æaf]lw?Svf] kl/ef]u r]lto+Æ æaf]lw?Svf] kl/ef]u r]lto+Æ æaf]lw?Svf] kl/ef]u r]lto+Æ æaf]lw?Svf] kl/ef]u r]lto+Æ elg pNn]v ul/Psf]kfp“5f}+ eg] o;sf] cnfjf a'4n] kl/ef]u ug{'ePsf kfq,lqrLj/ cflb j:t'x¿ /fv]/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf r}Tox¿klg kfl/ef]lus r}Tosf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .

#=_ p2]l;s r}To cyf{t\ :t'k eGgfn] zf/Ll/s ofkfl/ef]lus k"hgLo a:t'x¿ b'a} g/flv lgdf{0f ul/Psf]r}TonfO{ p2]l;s r}To elgG5 . a'4nfO{ p2]zgf u/La'4u'0f :d/0f u/fOg] u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf r}Tox¿nfO{p2]l;s r}To eGg] ul/G5 . æa'4 kltdf pl2:;sæa'4 kltdf pl2:;sæa'4 kltdf pl2:;sæa'4 kltdf pl2:;sæa'4 kltdf pl2:;sr]lto+Æ æp2]l;s+ cjTy's+ dgdQs+ xf]ltÆr]lto+Æ æp2]l;s+ cjTy's+ dgdQs+ xf]ltÆr]lto+Æ æp2]l;s+ cjTy's+ dgdQs+ xf]ltÆr]lto+Æ æp2]l;s+ cjTy's+ dgdQs+ xf]ltÆr]lto+Æ æp2]l;s+ cjTy's+ dgdQs+ xf]ltÆ44444 h;dfa'4d"lt{x¿ p2]zgf u/L /flvPsf] x'G5 .

oL ltg} k|sf/af6 lgld{t r}Tox¿ af}4 b]zx¿sf;fy} cGo b]zx¿df klg oqtq lgdf{0f u/]/ k"hfcfhfub}{ cf–cfºgf] >4f AoQm ug]{ u/]sf] cBflk oyfjt} 5 .

t]>f}+ ztfAbLsf df}o{ ;d|f6 czf]s /fhfn] a'4wd{u|x0f ug{'sf ;fy–;fy} cfºgf] /fHoJoj:yfnfO{ klgkl/dflh{t u/]/ wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf ;fy /fHo Joj:yf

;~rfng uof]{ . ;fy} a'4wd{ hgdfg;df k|rf/k|;f/xf]; eGg] dg;fosf ;fy xd]zf k|oTgzLn /xg'eof] .h;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k *$,))) :t'k tyf af}4dlGb/x¿sf] lgdf{0f u/LlbP/ hgtfx¿nfO{ klg k"hfcfhfu/L wfld{s x'g k|]l/t u¥of] . cfkm'dfq geO{ hgtfx¿klg wfld{s x'g'kg]{ ;Gb]z k|jfx u¥of] . of] wfld{s;lxi0f'tfsf] cleGg c+usf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;}l;nl;nfdf b]zljb]zdf klg a'4wd{ k|rf/k|;f/ ug{'k5{eGg] dg;fon] gf}j6f b]zx¿df wd{b"t leIf'x¿ k7fPsf]lyof] h;df >Ln+sf klg lyof] . >Ln+sfdf k7fPsfwd{b"tx¿ OlQo, plQo, ;Dan, eb|;fn, ;'dg >fd0f]/hf] leIf'0fL ;+3ldqfsL 5f]/f lyOgsf ;fy} e08's pkf;s5

lyof] . ;d|f6 czf]ssf 5f]/f leIf' dlxGb| dxf:ylj/, hf]aL; -@)_ jif{sf] pd]/df leIf' ePsf] lyof]n] aQL; -#@_jif{sf] pd]/df wd{b"tsf] ¿kdf ltgLx¿sf] k|d'vtf;Dxfn]/ B.E.236 h]7 k"l0f{dfsf] lbg >Ln+sfhfg'eof]6 . To;a]nf lt:; /fhfn] /fHo ul//x]sf] lyof]Toxf“ .

>Ln+sfsf /fhf lt:; ldlxGtn eGg] 7fp“ -hËn_df d[usf] lzsf/ ub}{lyof] . To;} a]nfdf leIf' dlxGbdxf:ylj/;lxt cGo wd{b"tx¿ To; 7fpFdf k'Ug'eof] .leIf' dlxGb dxf:ylj/n] /fhf lt:;;lxt kf“r;ohgf/fhef/bf/x¿nfO{ r"NnxlTykbf]kd ;"q b]zgf ug{'eof] .h;af6 k|;Gg eO{ lt:; /fhfn] a'4wd{nfO{ cfTd;ftug{'sf ;fy} a'4wd{nfO{ /fHowd{sf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ul/of] .Toxf“b]lv To; /fhfsf] gfdsf] cuf8L æb]jfgd\lkoÆæb]jfgd\lkoÆæb]jfgd\lkoÆæb]jfgd\lkoÆæb]jfgd\lkoÆeGg] zAbfjnL yKg uof] h;sf] cy{ b]jtfx¿sf] lk|oeGg] xf] eg] To; /fhfsf] k"/fgfd æb]jfgd\lkolt:;Ææb]jfgd\lkolt:;Ææb]jfgd\lkolt:;Ææb]jfgd\lkolt:;Ææb]jfgd\lkolt:;ÆeGg] /xg uof] . >Ln++sfdf a'4wd{sf] k|j]zsf] klxnf]v'8lsnf]sf] ¿kdf of] g} /xg uof] .

y"kf/fd :t'ky"kf/fd :t'ky"kf/fd :t'ky"kf/fd :t'ky"kf/fd :t'kof] :t'k cg'/fwk'/df lgld{t 5 . h;df eujfg

a'4sf] æ3f“6L d'lgsf] xf8Ææ3f“6L d'lgsf] xf8Ææ3f“6L d'lgsf] xf8Ææ3f“6L d'lgsf] xf8Ææ3f“6L d'lgsf] xf8Æ h;nfO{ kfnLefiffdfæcSvsfl?ÆæcSvsfl?ÆæcSvsfl?ÆæcSvsfl?ÆæcSvsfl?Æ elgG5 eg] cSvwft' klg eGg] ul/G5nfO{/fv]/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . eujfg a'4sf] 3f“6L d'lgsf]bfof“kl§sf] xf8 b]jL–b]jtfx¿n] tfjlt+;tfjlt+;tfjlt+;tfjlt+;tfjlt+; lbJonf]sdfnu]/ Toxf“ æl;n'ld0fÆæl;n'ld0fÆæl;n'ld0fÆæl;n'ld0fÆæl;n'ld0fÆ r}To lgdf{0f u/]/ :yfkgf ug{'sf;fy} k"hfcfhf u/]/ /fv]sf] 5 . To:t} afof“kl§sf] 3f“6Ld'lgsf] xf8 a|Dxnf]ssf b]jb]jtfx¿n] a|Dxnf]s nu]/


k"hfcfhfsf /fv]sf]5 .

>Ln+sfsf /fhfb]jfgd\lkolt:;nfO{wdf]{kb]z ug{'eO{ af}4pkf;s agfpg'ePsfleIf' dlxGb| -dx]Gb|_d x f : y l j / s f ]p k b ] z f g ' ; f /k | lt;lDebf nfle; 'dg >fd0f ] /tfjlt+; lbJonf]sdfhfg 'eO { Toxf “sf

b]j/fh OGb|;lxt b]jb]jtfx¿nfO{ wdf]{kb]z ug{'sf ;fy}dg'ionf]sdf dflg;x¿nfO{ k"hfcfhf u/]/ k'0o ;~roug{sf] nflu of] æcSvwft'ÆæcSvwft'ÆæcSvwft'ÆæcSvwft'ÆæcSvwft'Æ cToGt pksf/L x'g]5 egLa'emfpg' eof] / ;f] wft' dg'io nf]sdf NofO{ dlxGb|dxf:ylj/sf] xftdf ;'Dkg' eof] .

dlxGb| dxf:ylj/n] >Ln+sf /fhf b]jfgd\lkolt:;nfO{wdf]{kb]z ug{'sf ;fy} eujfg a'4sf] cd"No u'0f klgJofVof u/]/ ;'gfpg'sf ;fy} eujfg a'4sf] 3f“6L d'lgsf]bfof“kl§sf] xf8 -cSvwft'_ /fv]/ r}To lgdf{0f ug{ k|]l/tug{'eof] . h'g r}Tosf] gfdfs/0f æy'kf/fd r}ToÆæy'kf/fd r}ToÆæy'kf/fd r}ToÆæy'kf/fd r}ToÆæy'kf/fd r}ToÆsf]¿kdf /xg uof] . dlxGb| dxf:ylj/ >Ln++sfdf kfNg'eO{/fhf, /fhcdfTo tyf >Ln+sfnL hgtfx¿nfO{ a'4wd{a'emfpg' eO{ a'4 zf;g :yfkgf ug{'sf ;fy} cg'/fwk'/df;aeGbf klxnf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] r}To g} o; y'kf/fdr}To xf] .

o; r}To lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 7fpFdf eujfg a'4n]a'4Œj k|fKt u/]sf] cf7f}+ jif{ kZrft ædl0fclSvsÆdl0fclSvsÆdl0fclSvsÆdl0fclSvsÆdl0fclSvsÆgfu/fhsf] lgdGq0ffdf a}zfv k'l0f{dfsf] lbg kf“r;ohgfleIf';+3 ;lxt cfpg'eO{ s]xL If0f o; 7fpFdf ;dfklQWofgdf a:g'ePsf] lyof] . cGtdf o;nfO{ ;>4fsf;fy jGbgf u/L k"hf ul/g] kfnLefiffsf] ufyf M

y"kf/fd jGbgfy"kf/fd jGbgfy"kf/fd jGbgfy"kf/fd jGbgfy"kf/fd jGbgfol:d+ blSv0fdSvs~r d'lggf] kQKkdfg+tg"wft'~rflk lgwfo nf]s dlxtf] 5Aa00f;f]efs'n+b]jfgdlkolt:; e"kltj/f] sf/]l; ;4fwgf]y"kf/fdj/+ gdfld tdx+ cH´flot++ ;Ty'gf ..

;Dos;Da'4sf] 3f“6L d'lgsf] bfof“sf] -cSvwft'_x•L :yfkgf u/]/ b]jfgdlkolt:; /fhfåf/f lgld{t y"kf/fdr}TonfO{ ;>4fsf ;fy jGbgfdfg ub{5' .

>L+n+sf/fd r}To>L+n+sf/fd r}To>L+n+sf/fd r}To>L+n+sf/fd r}To>L+n+sf/fd r}ToaL;f} + ztfAbLdf g]kfndf y]/jfb a'4wd{sf]

k'ghf{u/0fsf ;fy} ljxf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f sfo{df gof“ cfofdylkof] . h;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k :joDe" 8f“8fsf] klZrddf]xbfdf cfgGbs'6L ljxf/sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= !((* -O:jL ;g\ !($@_7 ;fndf lbj+ut >4]o leIf' p=rGb|dl0fdxf:ylj/sf ] lziolbj +ut >4 ]o leIf 'wDdfnf]s dxf:ylj/n];fgf ] s'6Lsf ] ¿kdflgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

leIf' cd[tfgGbn]>Ln+sfaf6 lzi6d08n;g\ !($^ clk|n !& dfg]kfn Nofpg ;kmnx'g'eof] . h;sf] g]t[TjleIf' gf/b dxf:ylj/n]ug{'ePsf] lyof] . bf]>f]kN6klg >Ln+sfsf leIf' gf/bdxf:ylj/ cfºgf] 6f]lnsf;fy lj=;+= @))$ ;fn-O:jL ;g\ !($&_8 dfg ]kfn cfpg' ePsf ]lyof] . To;a]nf zf/Ll/s


cl:ywft'sf ;fy} cg'/fwk'/df /x]sf] >Ldxfaf]lwsf] zfvfklg ;“u} lnP/ cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . h'g cfgGbs'6Lljxf/sf] k|fË0fdf /f]k0f ul/Psf] lyof] eg] cl:ywft'k|lt:yfkgf ug{sf] lgldQ r}To lgdf{0f ul/of] . ;f] r}To>Ln+sf/fd r}To gfdaf6 hflgG5 .

o; r}To t]>f}+ ztfAbLtfsf wd{b"tsf] ¿kdf >Ln+sfhfg'ePsf leIf' dlxGb| dxf:ylj/sf] lgb]{zgdf lgld{tcg'/fwfk'/ l:yt y"kf/fd r}Tosf] gSsn xf] . o; r}Tosf]:j¿k klg ToxL cg'¿k lgld{t 5 eg] To;tfsf wd{b"tleIf' dlxGb| dxf:ylj/sf] lgb]{zgdf lgld{t ;f] r}To>Ln+sfdf a'4wd{sf] k|j]z ;“u;“u} klxnf] lgld{t r}Tosf]¿kdf /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} g]kfndf klg y]/jfba'4wd{sf] k'ghf{u/0fsf] lznlznfdf af}4lzi6d08nsf]k|j]z ;“u;“u} y"kf/fd z}lnsf] r}To lgdf{0fn] k|j]z kfof];Dejt >Ln+sg sfnLu9 g} cfP/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] sLeGg] efg x'g cfp“5 . h;n] >Ln+sf / g]kfnsf] a'4wd{tyf hgtfx¿;“u cgGo ;DaGw /x]sf] / /xg] s'/f ;f]r}Ton] ;f++s]lts¿kdf bzf{O/x]sf] 5, / g]kfnL y]/jfba'4wd{sf] ;Dkbfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] . tyflk b'Mvsf]s'/f @)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut]sf] e"sDkn] cfgGbs'6Lljxf/ l:yt ;f] r}TonfO{ c5'tf] /fv]g . xfn k'gMlgdf{0ful/Psf] r}To ;f]xL ¿k cfsf/df lgdf{0f ug{ g;Sg'>4fn'x¿sf] nflu dfq geO{ ;d:t g]kfnLx¿sf] nfluklg b'vb va/ /xg uof] . x'g t g]kfndf r}Tox¿sf]sdL t b]lv+b}g h:tf] sL :joDe" r}To, vfl:t r}Tosf;fy;fy} cGo ;fgf7"nf r}Tox¿ oqtq b]lvG5 tyflktL r}Tox¿ s'g} g s'g} cGo wd{af6 k|efljt ePsf]b]lvG5 . s–s;}n] t of] klg ts{ u5{g sL of] df}lnsg]kfnLkg emNsfpg] r}To eg]/ tyflk >Ln+sf/fd r}Toz}nL / :j¿kn] y]/jfb a'4wd{sf] k'gMk|j]znfO{ ;bf;bf:d/0f u/fp“5 . of] r}To af}4 cyf{t\ >Ln+sf z}nL /df}lnstfn] emNs]sf] r}To eGbf km/s gknf{ h'g y]/jfba'4wd{sf] k'ghf{u/0fsf ;fy;fy} kfPsf] df}lns tyfwfld{s pkxf/sf] ¿kdf g]kfnLx¿ lng] ul/GYof] . cGtdfs'g} klg ;Dkbf s'g} klg ;+3;+:yf jf wfld{s ;+:yfsf]clwgdf /x“b}df tL ;Dkbf ltgLx¿sf] dfq geO{ ;d:tb]zjf;Lx¿sf] ;DklQsf] ¿kdf lng;s]df g} ;a}sf]enfO{ dfq geO{ ;DkbfnfO{ ;Dkbfsf] ¿kdf ;+/If0f /ljsf; ug{ klg ;a}sf] of]ubfg Tolt g} /xg] s'/fdf

b'Odt gxf]nf h:tf] sL y]/jfb a'4wd{sf] k'ghf{u/0fdf;a}sf] h]hlt xft]dfnf] b]lvG5 o; ;Dkbf ;+/If0f /k'gMlgdf{0fdf klg rf;f] b]vfPsf] v08df ;Dkbfx¿ ;w}+;+/If0f x'g] s'/fdf b'Odt gxf]nf .

>f]t M

cg'= ah|frfo{ b'08axfb'/, bL3lgsfo, jL/k"0f{ k':tsfno,nlntk'/,

8f= leIf' gGb dxf:ylj/, tyfutof cl:ywft', cfO{l8onlk|l06ª k|];–@)&!

H.R. Perera, Buddhism in Sri Lanka a shorthistory,(Kandy, Buddhist Publication Society,1988

Kesar Lall, (Tra) A Pilgrimage in China, BhikkhyAniruddh Mahasthavir,1999

Kloppenborg Ria, Theravada Buddhism inNepal, A Journal of Himalayan studies: A. D.– 1977,

Footnotes :1 cg'= ah|frfo{ b'08axfb'/, bL3lgsfo, jL/k"0f{ k':tsfno,

nlntk'/, k]=@&%2 tyfutof cl:ywft', k]= !!3 Perera, H.R., Buddhism in Sri Lanka a short

history,(Kandy, Buddhist Publication Society,1988)p.11

4 8f= gGb dxf:ylj/, tyfutof cl:ywft', cfO{l8onlk|l06ª k|];–@)&!,k]=!@

5 Perera, H.R., Buddhism in Sri Lanka a shorthistory,(Kandy, Buddhist Publication Society,1988),p. 14

6 Ibid,p. 127 Lall Kesar, A Pilgrimage in China, Bhikkhu

Aniruddha Mahasthavir, 1999, p.1248 Ria Kloppenborg, Theravada Buddhism in

Nepal, A Journal of Himalayan studies: A. D.– 1977, p.306


‘wDd’sf] ;§f ‘wd{’ zAbsf] k|of]u lsg<

8f= u]x]Gb|dfg pbf; ækf]v/]nLÆ

…wDdÚ zAb af}4 jfª\do, kflnefiff, uf}td a'4sf]lzIff/ hLjg z}nLdf c? wd{n] k|of]u u/]sf] k/Dk/futk|rlnt …wd{Ú eGbf w]/} km/s 5 . cfkm\g} df}lnstf /cl:dtfsf] ulx/fO{ / ul/df ePsf] zAb xf] æwDdÆ .…wDdÚzAbdf uf}td a'4n] cys k|oTg u/]/ cjnf]sg,cWoog, cg'e"lt / cg';Gwfg u/L dg'iosf] hLjghLpgsf nflu zfZjt -lbuf] jf cGtlxg_ zflGt /;Gt'i6do ;'vL ;fdflhs hLjg z}nLsf] dfu{ kQfnufP/ k|jt{g ug{' ePsf] hLjg–bz{g xf] . To;}n] …wDdÚzAbdf ;fdflhs hLjg z}nL;Fu cfj4 ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt,ljlw–Jojxf/ ;bfrf/ ;b\u'0f cflb lglxt ePsf] jfel/k"0f{ ePsf] 5 . cFWof/f]df aQL afNof}+ eg], To;sf]Hof]ltn] 6f9f jf glhssf cFWof/f]df /x]sf ;a} j:t'x¿b]lvG5g\, lrlgG5g\ . To:t} u/]/ wDdzAbnfO{ ulx/fOdfa'em\g af]w ug{ ;Sof}F eg] JolQmut hLjg z}nL dfqxf]Og, kl/jf/sf], 6f]nl5d]ssf] / /fi6«s} dfq klg xf]Og,;Dk"0f{ dfgj hLjgsf] ;fdflhs hLjg z}nL zfZjtzflGtdo / ;Gt'i6do ;'vL aGg ;S5 . clgTo of]ej;fu/df afFr'~h]n ;Dd afFRg'sf] dxTj / dxfgtfaf]w ug{ ;lsG5 .

ca k/Dk/fut …wd{Ú zAbsf] cy{ / ;+:sf/–;+:s[ltaf/] 5f]6f] vf]htnf; -cg';Gwfg_ u/f}F . ;aeGbfklxn] …wd{Ú nfO{ lxGb"wd{n] lbPsf] cy{ ;+:sf/ / ;f+:s[ltsf]s'/f u/f}F . sl/a kfFrxhf/ jif{ klxn] lxGb"wd{nfO{ z'?dfj}lbswd{ cyf{t\ j]bdf cfwfl/t wd{ elgGYof] . uf}tda'4sf] …wDdÚsf] ;§f j}lbswd{ zAb g} k|of]u ug{'eg]sf]wDdsf] cy{nfO{ lj:yflkt ug{' xf] . lsgeg]] lxGb" jfª\dodfwd{sf] cy{ :ju {k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] nf]s ljZjf; ePsf]k'0osfo{ / O{Zj/ cyjf ;b\ultsf] k|flKtsf nflu ul/g]zf:qljlxt sd{ elgPsf] 5 . wd{b|f]xL eg]/ gfl:ts,

c;'/, /fIf; klg elgPsf] 5 . -g]kfnL j[xt zAbsf]zMg ]kfn /fhsLo k |1f k | lti7fg, @)%%_ lxGb "wdf{jnDaLx¿df clxn] wd{sf] cy{, ;+:sf/–;f+:s[lt /sd{sf08 oxL g} eO/x]5 .

oxL cy{, ;+:sf/–;+:s[lt / wfld{s sd{–sf08,c? wd{df klg x'ax' oxL ljZjf; / Jojxf/ ckgfO/x]5 .cFu|]hLdf wd{nfO{ /]lnhg (Religion) eGb5 . /]lnhgsf]cy{ cS;kmf]8{ l8S;g/Ldf o:tf] lbPsf] 5– The beliefon the existence of god or gods and the activitiesthat are connected with the worship of them eg.Jewish, Christianity, Islam and other worldreligion -O{Zj/ cyjf b]jtfx¿sf] cl:tTjdf ljZjf;u/L O{Zj/ b]jtfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] k"hf k|fy{gfx¿h:t} ox'bL, lqmlZrog, O:nfd / c? ;+;f/sf wd{x¿dful/G5 . cf]l;{k (Worship) sf] g]kfnLefiffdf …k"hf–k|fy{gfÚxf] . g]kfnL /fhsLo j[xt zAbsf]zn] cf]l;{kcyf{t\ k"hfsf] cy{ b]jLb]jtf jf k"hgLo JolQmnfO{ k|zGgkfg{, cg's'n kfg{ jf k'0o cfh{g ug{ >4f elStk"j{ul/g] sfo{ elgPsf] 5 . pQm cS;kmf]8{ l8S;g/Ln] klgcf]l;{ksf] o:t} ldNbf]h'Nbf] cy{ lbPsf] 5, "The practiceof showing respect for God or gods by sayingprayers, singing with others etc, a ceremony for

=== wDd zAbnfO{ ulx/fOdf a'em\gaf]w ug{ ;Sof}F eg] JolQmut hLjg z}nLdfq xf]Og, kl/jf/sf], 6f]nl5d]ssf] / /fi6«s}dfq klg xf]Og, ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hLjgsf];fdflhs hLjg z}nL zfZjt zflGtdo /;Gt'i6do ;'vL aGg ;S5 . clgTo of]ej;fu/df afFr'~h]n ;Dd afFRg'sf] dxTj /dxfgtf af]w ug{ ;lsG5 .


this -O{Zj/ cyjf b]jtfx¿nfO{ k|fy{gf u/]/, c?;FuuLt -ehg_ cflb ufP/ dgfOg] pT;j_ .

t/ …wDdÚsf] cy{, ;+:sf/–;+:s[lt, pk/f]Qm cGowd{sf] cy{eGbf ljNs'n km/s 5 . o;nfO{ dxfdfgjuf}td a'4n] ljNs'n km/s ljrf/, a'l4 / ;+:s[ltdfk|:t't ug{'ePsf] 5 . af}4u|Gy lqlk6s ;d]t ljleGgefiffdf pknAw u|Gy / a'4sf] hLjgz}nLsf] dxfg cWo]tf,afaf;fx]a 8f= eLd/fj /fdhL cf+j]8/n] …wDdÚ zAbk|of]uug{'ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] df}lns u|Gysf] gfd xf] 'TheBudha& His Dhamma' -a'4 & pxfFsf] wDd_

;+;f/sf ljleGg wd{n] b]vfPsf] ;f]r–ljrf/ ljlwJojxf/, ;+:sf/–;+:s[lteGbf ljNs'n km/s vfnsf]j}1flgs / nf]ssf] af}l4s / s?0ff efjsf] ljsf; u/LzfZjt zflGt / ;Gt'i6do ;'vL hLjg latfpgsfnflu cf+j]8s/n] cfkm\gf] u|Gy …b a'4&lxhwDdÚ sf]t];|f] v08df lgDg hfgsf/L lbg'ePsf] 5, h;sf] ;f/tTjo; k|sf/ 5 . ===============================

!= a'4n] cfkm\gf] wDddf, cfkm\gf] nflu s]xLklgljz]if :yfg /fVg'ePsf] 5}g . cyf{t\ O{zf -qmfOi6_ /k}uDa/ d'xDdbn] cfkm"nfO{ O{Zj/ cyf{t\ v'bfsf] b"teg]sf 5g\ eg] /fd tyf s[i0f cflb cjtf/L b]jtfx¿n]k/dfTdf lji0f'sf] cjtf/ eg]sf 5g\ . t/ a'4n] O{Zj/Tjsf]

Sofgg\ art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=:joDe"–!%, ;fgf] e¥ofª, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g M $@***^*

zflGtsf k|tLs tyfut a'4sf] hGd, ;Daf]lw1fg nfe tyfdxfkl/lgjf{0f lbj; a'= ;+= @%^# sf] pknIodf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLhgnfO{

xflb{s z'esfdgf .

To:tf] bfjL slxF ug{'ePsf] 5}g . æd d]/f dftflktfsfk|fs[t k'q x'FÆ dfq eg]sf 5g\ .

@= a'4n] s;}nfO{ slxNo} d'lSt lbg] -dgf]sfdgfk"/f ug]{_ cfzf–cfZjf;g lbg'ePg pxfFn] cfkm"nfO{ dfu{–bz{s jfky–k|bz{s jf af6f] b]vfpg] dfq x'F eGg'eof] .df]Ifbftf xf]Og eGg'ePsf] 5 . cyf{t\ O{;fO{ wd{n] O{;fnfO{O{Zj/sf] k'q x'F egL :jLsf/ gu/];Dd, / O:nfdx¿n]df]xDdbnfO{ v'bf -O{Zj/_ n] k7fPsf] b"t xf] egL :jLsf/gu/];Dd, lxGb"x¿n] s[i0f cflb cjtf/jfbLx¿nfO{ lji0f'-O{Zj/_ xf] egL ljZjf; gu/];Dd s;}nfO{ klg df]If-d'lSt_ k|fKt x'Fb}g eg] h:t} df]If bftf x'F egL a'4n] bfjLu/]sf] 5}g .

#= a'4n] cfkm\gf] jf cfkm\gf] -a'\4_ wDdzf;gsfnflu s'g} k|sf/sf] ckf}?if]otf -cnf}lss_ s'/fsf] bfjL/fVg' ePg . pxfFsf] wDddfgjsf] nflu dfgjn] cfljisf/u/]sf] -dfgjtfjfbL_ wDdxf] eGg'ePsf] 5 .

o;} ;Gbe{ cGt/u{t >4]o leIf' cZj3f]ifsf egfOx¿klg k|:t'tug]{ cg'dlt dfUb5' . pxfFn] n]Vg'ePsf] 5,æoxfF a'4wd{< -wDd_ sf] af/]df d]/f] b[li6sf]0f k|:t'tub{5' . lgDg lnlvt tYox¿ a'4jfbsf ljz]iftf x'g\ . -!_b]j–a|X\dflb s]xL cdfgjLo zlQmsf] ;xfotf ljgfcfkm\g} pT;fx / nugåf/f :jtGq ljsf; x'g'k5{, -@_


cgfTdjfb cyf{t\ of] z/L/df cyjf aflx/ ;bfsflns:yfoL s]xL j:t' 5}g, -#_ clgZj/jfb -$_ c/x:ojfb -%_ hflt / ju{e]b xLg -^_ ;+;f/df d'Vo k|Zg vfB -&_;dfg hLljsf -*_ ;f/f ;+;f/ Pp6} kl/jf/ h:tf]x'g'k5{ eGg] efjgf -(_ o'4sf] gfz u/]/ zflGtsf] :yfkgf-!)_ ax'hg lxtfo ax'hg ;'vfosf] p2]Zon] sfdug{',u/fpg', -!!_ :jtGqtfdf gj dfqsf] cd"No j:t' ;Demg' .

pko'Qm P3f/j6f sf/0f a'4wd{ < -wDd_ sf] ljz]ifc+u xf] . -;fef/M …leIf' cZj3f]ifsf 5flgPsf /rgfx¿Ú,;Dkfbs sf]08Go– k|sfzs a'4ljxf/ e[s'6Ld08k,sf7df8f}+, lj=;+= @)&% k[= !!–!@_

o;/L wDd / wd{sf] aLrdf km/s cy{, ;+:sf/–;+:s[lt / hLjg z}nLsf] oyfy{tf ePklg cfhsfnaf}4jfbLx¿n] ;d]t wDdzAbnfO{ k|of]u gu/L wd{ zAbnfO{k|of]u ub{5g\ . wDdzAb af}4 jfª\dodf / kflnefiffdfdf}lns / klxrfgo'Qm zAb xf] . t/ ljåfgx¿n] ;d]t of]s'/fsf] ljrf/ gug{' j8f] cfZro{sf] s'/f 5 .

dlHemdlgsfodf uf}td a'4n] …wDdÚzAb g} k|of]uug{'ePsf] 5 h:t} …s'Nn'kd+leSvg] wDd+b];]ldlgTy/0fTyfogf]ux0fTyfoÆ, lq/TgjGbgfdf …wDd+Ú z/0f uR5fldÚ eGg]/ …wDdkbÚ k':tsnfO{ klgVofn g/fv]/ of] dxTjk"0f{s'/fnfO{ ;+:s[t efiffsf lj1x¿sf] ;ª\ut jf k|rf/n]k|efljt eP/ …wDdÚsf] ;§f …wd{Ú sf] k|of]u ub{5g\ .oxfF;Dd ls 8f= cf+j]bs/sf] The Buddha & HisDamma u|Gysf] lxGbLdf cg'jfb ubf{ cg'jfbs >4]oe2Gt cfgGb sf}zNofog / aDaO{ l;4fy{ k|sfzg O{= ;+=!((! sf] kfFrf} ;+:sf/0fn] ;d]t …eujfg\ a'4 cf}/pgsf wd{<Ú egL wDdsf] 7fpFdf ;Dk"0f{ lstfadf …wd{ÚzAb g} k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . To;/L g} g]kfnLdf cg'jfbubf{ klg cg'jfbs nlnt/Tg zfSoHo"n] / k|sfzsbfos ;ef wd{zLnf, a'4ljxf/, kf]v/fsf] bf];|f] ;+:s/0f;d]tdf …eujfg\ a'4 / pxfFsf] wd{ <Ú egL wDdsf] ;§fwd{ zAb g} k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . ljåfg\ af}4 / k|sfzsx¿n]klg oL ;a} s'/fsf] Vofn gug{' a8f] cfZro{sf] s'/fePsf] 5 .

E-mail: [email protected]: GehendraPokhareli


eujfg\ a'4 ^ jif{sf] s7f]/ tk:of kl5 ha ;Dos\;Daf]wL 1fg k|fKt ug'{eof] . To;kl5 jf/f0f;L ghLs};f/gfysf] d[ubfjgdf k'uL kfFrhgf leIf'nfO{ klxnf] wd{pkb]zsf] 3f]if0ff u/L $% jif{;Dd k}bn g} lx+8L wd{k|rf/sf] sfd ug'{ ePsf] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . wd{k|rf/sf] sfd ub}{ hfFbf ljleGg 7fpFdf ljleGg k|sf/sfdflg;x¿;Fu e]6 ePsf] lyof] . Tolt a]nf Tof] ;dfhdfw]/} cgk9 dflg; klg lyP . eujfg\sf] wd{ a'em\g pgLx¿nfO{ufx|f] klg eO{/x]sf] lyof] . Psk6s Pp6L dlxnfn] eujfg\a'4nfO{ tkfO{sf] wd{nfO{ xfdLn] /fd|f];Fu a'em]gf}+ a'e\mg]u/L;DemfO{ lbg'xf];\ ;lhnf] efiffdf 5f]6s/Ldf a'emfO{ lbg'xf];\h;n] ubf{ ;Demg\ ;sf}+ elgg\ . a'4n] tL dlxnfsf]cg'/f]wnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L eGg' ePsf] lyof] . a'4x¿n] eGg]u/]sf] wd{sf] zf/df olx s'/f 5 M–

æ;Jj kfk:; cs/0f+ s';n:; pk;Dkbf,;lrt kl/of]bkg+ Pt+ a'wfg ;f;g+Æ.

cyf{t M æ;a} k|sf/sf kfksd{af6 aRg',s'znsd{sf] ;~ro ug'{ cyjf wd{sf] sfddf nflu/xg'k5{ o;sf] nflu cfkm\gf] lrQnfO{ ;w}+el/ kl/z'4 ug]{sfddf nflu/xg' kb{5, s'g} k|sf/sf] klg d}nf] lrQdfnfUg lbg' x'Fb}g olx g} a'4sf] lzIff xf] / ;+:s[lt klg xf]Æ .lrQ z'4 ePg eg] z/L/n] ug]{ sfd, jrgn] ug]{ sd{ ;a}b'lift x'g k'Ub5g\, kfkdo aGg hfG5g\ . h;n] ubf{ dflg;n]b'MvbfoL hLjg latfpg' k5{ / d[To'kl5sf] hLjg klgb'MvbfoL aGg k'U5 .

eujfg\ a'4sf] wd{ ;+:s[lt s:tf] lyof] t egLljrf/ ubf{ o;df rf/ s'/fx¿ :ki6 ?kdf b]lvg cfPsf5g\ . eujfg\ a'4n] h;/L ;a} k|f0fLk|lt bof / s?0ffb]vfP/ cfkm'n] k|fKt u/]sf] k/dzflGt ;'v lgjf{0fnfO{ ufpFufpFdf afF8\b} lx+8\g'eof] . To;}u/L ;a}n] ;a} k|f0fLk|lt!=d}qL, @=s?0ff, #=d'lbtf / $=pk]Iffsf] efjgf /fv]/a:g' kb{5 eGb} o;}df ;'v / zflGt 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;Gb]zklg ;a}nfO{ lbg' ePsf] 5 . o;}nfO{ af}4 lzIffdf rf/a|Dxljxf/ klg elgG5 . rf/ a|Dxljxf/sf] o;/L JofVoful/Psf] 5 M–

d}qL a|Xdljxf/ M d}qL eGgfn] ;a} k|f0fLk|ltldqtfsf] efjgf /fVg' xf], cyf{t\ s;}nfO{ klg cfkm\gf]k/fO{ ;Dem]/ sfvfkfvf gug'{ cyjf s;}nfO{ klg k/fO{g;Demg' xf] . ;a}nfO{ cfkm\g} kl/jf/ ;/x ;Demg' ;a};Fu;dfg tl/sfn] Jojxf/ ug'{ / ;a}sf] ;dfg tl/sfn] g}/Iff ug'{ xf] . eujfg a'4 eGg' x'G5 M– æxfdLx¿ of];+;f/df ;'vk"js{ lgZro klg afFRg ;S5f}+, j}/efj /fVg]dflg;df klg cj}/sf] efjgf u/]/Æ . km]/L tyfut eGg'x'G5o;sf] nflu ;xgzLntfsf] vfFrf] 5 . o;/L dflg;n];a}k|lt d}qLefj /fv]/ ljxf/ ubf{ s;}k|lt klg zq'tfsf]efj /xFb}g / ;a}l;t Ps} ;fy ldn]/ a;L ;'vk"j{s afFRg;lsG5 .

s?0ff a|Xdljxf/ M c?sf] b'Mvdf b"lvt x'g',b'Mvdf ;fy lbg', ;xof]u ug'{, b'Mv x6fpg d2t ug'{,s?0ffsf] efjgf xf] . dflg;df s?0ffsf] efjgf cfpgf;fypm cfglGbt x'G5 . p;sf] lrQdf zflGt cfpF5 . of]cg'ej ug]{ s'/f klg xf], ha–ha xfdLx¿ c?sf] b'Mvlgjf/0f ug{ ;Ifd x'G5f}, xfdLnfO{ t'?Gt ;'vsf] cg'ejx'G5 . o;/L dgdf s?0ffsf] efjgf hufpgfn] / z/L/,dg / jrgnfO{ k/lxtlt/ cu|;/ u/L ef]sfnfO{ vfgf,u/LanfO{ wg, /f]uLnfO{ cf}ifwL, gfËfnfO{ sk8f, clzlIftnfO{1fg lbg ;Sof}+ eg] xfdLx¿nfO{ cfk\m;] cfkm cfgGbsf]cg'e"lt x'G5 . h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ cfk\mgf] / c?sf] klgsNof0f x'g hfG5 . o;/L cfkm\gf] / k/ lxtdf Wofg lbO{dg, arg / sd{nfO{ ;a} k|f0fLk|lt bof s?0ffn] o'Qm ePsf]sfo{df nufO{ /fVg' g} s?0ff a|Xdljxf/sf] cEof; xf] .

d'lbtf a|Xdljxf/ M c?sf] ;kmntfdf c?sf] pGgtLdfcfkm"nfO{ klg v';L / k|;Gg agfpg ;Sg' d'lbtfsf] efjgfxf] . dgdf Oiof{ kfNgfn] cfkm}nfO{ hnfpF5 / lk8f lbG5 .h:n] c?sf] pGgtLdf cfkm'nfO{ k|;Gg /fVg hfg]sf] 5,

a'4wd{ / ;+:s[lt Ps kl/ro

leIf' ljzfn 1fgc?sf] b'Mvdf b"lvt x'g', b'Mvdf ;fy lbg',

;xof]u ug'{, b'Mv x6fpg d2t ug'{, s?0ffsf]efjgf xf] . dflg;df s?0ffsf] efjgf cfpFgf;fy pm cfglGbt x'G5 . p;sf] lrQdf zflGtcfpF5 . of] cg'ej ug]{ s'/f klg xf], ha–haxfdLx? c?sf] b'Mv lgjf/0f ug{ ;Ifd x'G5f},xfdLnfO{ t'?Gt ;'vsf] cg'ej x'G5 .


h:nfO{ cfk\mgf] sd{ / sd{kmndf ljZjf; 5, h:sf] c1fgtfxl6;s]sf] 5 / ;Dos b[li6 5 pm ;w}+ cfglGbt x'G5 . ;fy}p;nfO{ c?sf] ;'vdf klg cfkm\g} ;'vdf h:t} g} cfgGbcfpF5 . o;} ul/ sd{df ljZjf; ug]{ dflg;n] cfkm"dfePsf] b'MvnfO{ klg ;xg ug]{ Ifdtf /fv]sf] x'G5 . oxL g}d'lbtf a|Xdljxf/sf] cEof; xf] .

pk]Iff a|Xdljxf/ M pk]Iff efjgf hLjgnfO{ ;'vdoagfpg] csf]{ pkfo xf] . rfx] b'Mv xf];\ of ;'v, nfe xf];\of xfgL, o; xf];\ of cko;, lgGbf xf];\ of k|;+;f lo cf7nf]s wd{df lrQnfO{ ljrlnt gug'{ pk]Iff efjgf xf] . a'¢k'?ifx¿sf] egfO{ 5 æcfkm'n] /fd|f] sfd ub}{ hfg'k5{ / k|fKteP/ cfPsf /fd|f / g/fd|f kmnx¿ h:tf] eP klg :jLsfg'{k5{Æ . dflg;nfO{ ;w}+e/L ;'v klg x'Fb}g ;w}e/L b'Mv klgx'Fb}g . lo ;a} s'/fx¿ cfpg] hfg] ub{5 .Æ hGd eP kl5d[To' x'G5 o;nfO{ klg :jLsfg'{ k5{ . k9] kl5 km]n klg x'G5kf; klg x'G5 o;nfO{ klg :jLsfg'{ k5{ . /fd|f] kl5 g/fd|f]klg o;}df 5, o;nfO{ klg :jLsfg}{ k5{ . lbg–/ft, 3fd–kfgL, hGd–d[To' olx g} k|s[ltsf] lgod xf] . k|s[ltsf]:jefj g} ljkl/t wd{df cfwfl/t 5 . s;}n] klg k|s[ltsf]lgod ljkl/t, :jefj ljkl/t / wd{ ljkl/t hfg] k|of;ubf{ b'Mv x'G5 . o:tf] k|s[ltsf] oyfl:yltsf] cj:yf a'em\g/ hfGg ;Sg' / ToxL cg';f/ lx8\g'df g} ;'v 5 .

a'¢sf] ;+:s[lt eg]sf] klg oyfy{jflb ;+:s[lt xf] .o;df kfk sd{ gug]{ / wd{sf sfdx¿ dfq ug]{ eg]/ dfqklg k'Ub}g . d'Vo s'/f lrQ z'l¢ ug]{ s'/fdf a9L Wofg lbg'kb{5 . clwsf+z dflg;x¿n] lrQ z'l¢ s;/L x'G5 /o;nfO{ wd{df lsg olt ;fx|} dxTj lbg] ul/Psf] 5 eGg]s'/f a'em]sf klg 5}gg\ . o;sf] af/]df a'em\g Tolt ;lhnf]5}g . dflg;x¿ cfTd z'l¢ lrQ z'l¢ / kfk kvfNg]gfddf lty{, j|t, gbL :gfg, o1 xf]dflb sfo{x¿ ul//fv]sfx'G5g\ . w]/} h;f] k/Dk/fut wd{df ljZjf; ug]{ dflg;x¿gbL :gfg ubf{ / bfg o1 cflb sd{n] dfq kfk kvflnP/hfG5 eGg] 7fg]sf x'G5g\ . t/ o;/L kfk kvflng] s'/fdfs'g} cfwf/ 5}g . of] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] / e/kbf]{ s'/f klgxf]Og . kfk eg]sf] /fu, å]if, df]x / cx+sf/ / 3[0ffsf]sf/0fn] pTkGg x'g] s'/f xf] . oL /fu, å]if, nf]e, O{iof{, df]xcyjf d'9tfsf] cj:yf, dfg–;Ddfgsf] rfxgf / cx+sf/x¿hlt ;a} dgaf6 pTklt x'G5 cyjf lrQdf pTklt x'G5g\ .To;kl5 dflg;n] jrgn], z/L/n], dgn] kfksd{x¿ ug{yfNb5 cyf{t\ p;sf sfoLs jfrLs / dfgl;s sfo{x¿b'lift aGg uO{ p;sf] kfksd{sf] /fzL a9\g yfNb5 .To;}n] kfk sd{af6 aRg / k'0onfO{ a9fpg ;aeGbf klxn]dgnfO{ /fu, å]if, df]xaf6 arfpg' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu

Tofusf] efjgf hufO{ ;a}k|lt d}qL s?0ff / k|]dsf] efjgfa9fpg' k5{ / ;fy} cGwljZjf; / c1fgtfnfO{ x6fP/;Dos b[li6sf]0fsf] ljsf; u/L k'0osf] ;+~ro ug]{ sfddfklg nflu/xg' kb{5 . o;/L oyfy{ ¿kdf wd{nfO{ a'em]/lrQ z'l¢ x'g] pkfosf] cjnDag ub}{ nluof] eg] dfqxfdLx¿ cfkm'n] u/]sf] kfkaf6 d'Qm x'g]5f}+ / xfd|f] k'0o;~ro x'g] sfd x'g]5 cGoyf xfd|f] k|of; Joy{ x'g]5 .

o;} ;DaGwdf oxfF Pp6f jftf{ k|:t't ul/G5–

cfh eGbf @^ ;o jif{ klxn] eujfg\ a'¢sf] ;dodfa'4wd{ / ;+3df clt g} >4f /fVg] bfg zLn efjgfsf cu|k|d'v bftfsf] ¿kdf >fj:tLjf;L cgfylkl08s ;]7 lyP .logsf w]/} bf;–bf;Lx¿ gf]s/ rfs/x¿ klg lyP . Pslbg k"l0f{df gfd u/]sL Ps bf;L k'if dlxgfsf] hf8f]dflaxfg} gbLdf kfgL lng uPsL lyOg\ . To;} ;dodf Pshgf a|fXd0f klg gbLsf] lr;f] kfgLdf y/–y/ sfFKb} :o"–:o" ub}{ kfgLdf 8'a'lNs nufP/ g'xfO/x]sf] b]v]/ tL bf;L;f]Wg k'lU5g\– x] a|fXd0f afh] d t bf;L gf]s{gL x'F, d tPsf laxfg} oxfF cfP/ kfgL lnP/ uOg eg] dnfO{ d]/fdflnsn] ufnL u5{g\ eGg] 8/n] ;w}+ o;} ;dodf oxfFcfpg k5{, hf8f] udL{ s]xL klg eGg x'Fb}g . t/ tkfO{rfFxL afh] o:tf] a'9f] dfG5] s:sf] 8/n] o:tf] d'6' sfKg]hf8f]df y/ y/ sfKb} lr;f] kfgLdf 8'a'lNs nufpg' ePsf] <

o;sf] hjfkmdf a|fXd0fn] eg]–

x]/ gfgL d To:tf] s;}sf] 8/n] t oxfF g'xfpgcfPsf] t xf]O{g . d t Pp6f dfq} 8/n] oxfF g'xfpgcfPsf] 5' . Tof] xf]– kfksf] 8/ / ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/fsf]lgodsf] klg kfngfsf] lx;fjn] oxfF cfPsf] 5' .

ælsgeg] a|fXd0fx¿sf] ;+:s[lt k/Dk/f g} gbLdfuP/ laxfg} g'xfpg] / kfk df]rg ug]{ eGg] k/Dk/f rln g}cfPsf] 5 .Æ

a|fXd0fn] eg]– gbLdf g'xfof] eg] of] kljq kfgLn]xfd|f ;a} kfk aufP/ nfG5 lg yfxf 5}g ltdLnfO{ <

clg k"l0f{dfn] elgg\ — æafh] gbLdf g'xfpFb}df ;a}kfk kfgLn] aufP/ n}hfg] eP To; kfgLn] wd{ -k'0o_ klgaufP/ n}hfG5 lg < kfgLnfO{ t kfk k'0o s] xf] eGg] sxfFyfxf x'G5 / < afh] tkfO{n] t /fd|/L s'/} a'em\g' ePsf]/x]g5, xfdLn] t a'¢ eujfg\n] agfpg' ePsf] lzIff /;+:s[ltnfO{ /fd|f];Fu a'em]/ kfng ug]{ u/]sf 5f}+ . a'¢sf]lzIff ;+:s[lt cg';f/ ;aeGbf klxn] cfˆgf] lrQ z'l¢ x'g'kb{5 . To;kl5 dfq wd{sf] /Iff / ;+:s[ltsf] klg ;+/If0fug{ ;lsG5 . cGoyf ga'lemsg ul/Psf] sd{n] kfk sf6LP/kvfnLP/ hfnf / wd{ ;+:s[ltsf] klg /Iff xf]nf elg


cfzf ug'{ Aoy{ 5 . afh] g'xfpFb}df kfk sfl6g] eP ;w}+olx kfgLdf a:g] df5f, Eofu'tf / uf]lx h:tf k|f0fLx¿ temg\ kfkaf6 d'Qm eO{ of] b'u{lt hLjgaf6 d'Qm eP/ hfg'kg]{ xf] . To;f] ePsf] eGg] t st} ;'lgb}g .Æ

of] s'/f ;'g]kl5 a|fXd0f ulDe/ eP/ ljrf/ u/], d}n]t of] s]lx ghfg]sL clzlIft dlxnf xf]nL eg]sf] t o;n]t gofF ;+:s[lt wd{ / 1fgsf] s'/f kf] l;sfO ;fFRr}dfg'xfpFb}df gbLsf] kfgLn] kfk aufP/ nfG5 eg] t To;kfgLn] wd{ klg t aufP/} nfG5 lg . kfgLn] wd{ / kfknfO{s;/L 5'6fpg ;S5 /, kfgLsf] :jefj g} aUg' / aufP/n}hfg' xf] .

clg a|fXd0fn] eg]— æo:tf] cgf}7f] s'/f sxfFaf6l;Sof} gfgL < k"l0f{dfn] elgg\— xfd|f u'? eujfg\ a'¢n]pkb]z lbg' x'G5 . ;w} lrQ z'¢ x'g' k5{ eGg' x'G5 .pxfFsf] pkb]z ;'gL oL cd"No s'/f l;s]sf] x'F .Æ olt eg]kl5 a|fXd0fsf] klg cfFvf v'Nof] / eujfg\ a'¢;Fu lzIfflng k'u] .

jf:tjdf oL kl08tsf] klg 1fgsf] cfFvf /fd|f];Fuv'Nof] / lrQ z'l¢ ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ;xdt eP / ;fy}of] clt g}}} /fd|f] xf] elg a'¢ ;+:s[lt / wd{sf s'/fdf ePsf]lrQ z'l¢sf] ljifonfO{ /fd|f];Fu Jojxfl/s ¿kdf nfu' ug{klg tTk/ eP . a'¢sf] lzIff cg';f/ cfWoflTds pGgtL/ k/d zflGt ;'v P]Zjo{ / lgjf{0fsf] sfdgf /fVg] JolQmn];aeGbf klxn] cfˆgf] cfr/0f z'l¢ / lrQ z'l¢ ug]{sfddf nfUg' kb{5 . cfˆgf] k/Dk/f / ;+:s[lt olx xf] eGb}kmf]x/n] el/Psf] gbLdf g'xfP/ jGbgf ub}{, b]jL–b]jtfnfO{v';L kfg]{ gfddf kz'jnL lbb} o1 xf]dfbL sd{x¿ ub}{dfwd{ / ;+:s[ltsf] /Iff x'G5 eGg' cGw–ljZjf;n] el/Psf]unt wf/0ff dfq xf] . kz'jnL, xf]dfbL, o1, gbL cflbdf:gfg cflbn] kfk kvfNg] / ;dfhdf zflGt cfpg] ePg]kfnsf] sf7df8f}+sf] ;x/df o:tf sd{x¿ gug]{ zfobsd} 5g\====== ;a} ljxfg} p7]/ dlGb/lt/ bf}8]sf], gbLnfO{jGbgf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sxfF s:sf] kfk kvflnof] t <sf7df8f}+df h:tf] czflGt cGoq 5}g . ;+;f/df ;a}eGbfa9L e|i6frf/ ug]{ xTof, lx+;f ug]{ dflg; olx+ 5g\ . of]7fpF rf]/ 8fFsfsf] cv8f eO;s]sf] 5 . ;+;f/sf e|i6frf/L,cwdL{x¿sf] b]z eg]/ ca g]kfn lrlgb} 5 . oqf dlGb/,olt ;fx|} k"hf u/]sf], jnL lbPsf], o1flb sfdn] s:sf]sNof0f eof] < o;n] g JolQmsf] sNof0f u¥of], g ;dfhsf],g /fi6«sf] pGgtLdf g} ;xof]u u¥of] . oL ;a sfdx¿lg/y{s g} eP . cfh oxfFsf ;a} o'jfx¿ ljb]zLg k'u]sf5g\ . oxL xf] wd{n] u/]sf] kfk kvflnPsf] k'0ojfg dflg;sf]

j[l4 ePsf] ;+:s[lt < To;}n] ca cGwljZjf; / k/Dk/fnfO{;dfTg] xf]Og oyfy{ ?kdf wd{nfO{ a'lem o;nfO{ Jojxf/dfNofpg clt g} cfjZos 5 . olx oyfy{jfb g} dxfdfgja'¢sf] jfb xf] . ca xfdLx¿n] l9nf gu/L a'4sfoyfy{afbnfO{ c+ufn]/ xfd|f] b]z / ;dfhnfO{ pGgtagfpg]lt/ nfuf}+ . o;}df g} ;a}sf] sNof0f 5 .

eujfg \ a '¢n ] ;do–;dodf ;dfhsfcfjZostfx¿nfO{ Wofg lbO ljleGg ljifodf lzIff lbPsf]kfO{G5 . Ps lbg eujfg\ a'¢n] leIf'x¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ul/eGg'eof]– leIf'x¿ caf}¢x¿df cyjf a'¢sf] eGbf km/swf/0ff /fVg]x¿df tLg k|sf/sf ljZjf; / jfbx¿n]:yfg lnPsf] kfOG5 . h'g jfb / l;¢fGtx¿sf] af/]dfkl08tx¿n], 1fgLx¿n] pgLx¿l;t jfbljjfb ul/;s]kl5 cflv/df pgLx¿sf tL jfbsf] s'g} nfek|b sfdx¿gePsf] kfOof] . of] jfb hglxtsf] lgldQ klg pko'QmePg . cfkm\gf] pGgltsf] nflu klg pko'Qm gePsf] kfOof] .

tL tLg jfbsf] JofVof ub}{ tyfutn] eGg'eof]–

-!_ Psy/L a|fXd0fx¿sf] jfb– æk"j{sd{ jfbÆ–dflg;x¿n] h'g ;'s} ;'v b'Mv cg'ej u5{ eg] Tof] ;a}k"j{sd{sf] kmn :j?k xf] .

-@_ bf];|f] jfb xf]– æO{Zj/ jfbÆ–dflg;x¿n] h'g;'s} ;'v b'Mvsf] ef]u u5{ Tof] ;a} O{Zj/sf] nLnf xf] .s[kf xf] . c? s'g} sf/0fn] xf]O{g .

-#_ t];|f] jfb xf]–æcx]t's jfbÆ x]t' cyjf sf/0flagf g} dflg;n] ;'v b'Mvsf] cg'ej u5{ .

ca oL jfbx¿sf] af/]df lj:t[t JofVof ub}{ eujfg\a'¢ eGg' x'G5–

-!_ k"j{sd{jfb–

o;df eujfg\ a'¢n] leIf'x¿nfO{ ;DemfpFb} eGg'eof]– leIf'x¿ ;a} k|sf/sf ;'v b'Mvsf] cg'ej k"j{hGdsf] sf/0f :j¿k x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; /fVg] l;t d}n];f]w]– æ;fFRr} g} k"j{sd{sf] kmn:j¿k g} ;a} 36gf x'g] xf]eg] Jolerf/ lx+;f, rf]/L, em'7f] af]Ng', Oiof{ ug'{, r'lSnvf]/aGg', emu8f x'g', nf]eL / s~h'; x'g', ldWof b[li6 x'g' klgk"j{ sd{sf] kmn cg';f/ g} x'g' kb{5 . Tof] xf] eg] tltdLx¿n] pkb]z lbO/x]sf] s'g} sfd nfu]g lg . ;+odLx'g' kb{5, bfg lbg' kb{5, ;Hhg x'g' k5{ . lx+;f ug'{ x'b}geGg] s'/f ug'{ a]sf/ 5 . lsgsL h'g s'/f x'g] xf] Tof] ;a}k"j{sd{sf] kmn cg';f/ g} x'g' kb{5 . clg o;df pgLx¿sf]hjfkm lbg ;Sb}gg\ . ctM leIf'x¿ ;a} k"j{sd{sf] kmn:j¿k g} x'g' kb{5 eGg] k"j{sd{ jflb l;¢fGt l7s 5}g\ .


-@_ O{Zj/jfb–

To:t} dflg;n] h'g;'s} ;'v b'Mv cg'ej u5{ Tof] ;a}O{Zj/sf] nLnf xf] eGg] cs}{ y/L 5g\ . Tof] eP t ;f/fcTofrf/ eO/x]sf] O{Zj/sf] g} sfd xf] . of] ;a} O{Zj/sf]sfd xf] eg] ;t\ pkb]z lbg / wd{ k|rf/ ug]{ sfd Joy{hfg]5 . of] s'/f ;'g]kl5 pgLx¿ gfhjfkm eP To;}n]O{Zj/jfb klg ljåfgx¿n] k|+z;f ug]{ vfnsf] 5}g lgGbgLog} 5 .

-#_ cx]t'sjfb–

eujfg\ a'¢ eGg' x'G5– d}n] pgLx¿nfO{ eg]dflg;x¿sf] ;a} k|sf/sf kfkx¿ ul//x]sf] x]t' / sf/0flagf g} xf] eg] ;bfrf/ / g}ltstfsf] lzIff lbg' klg Joy{5 eGbf pgLx¿ gfhjfkm eP . ctM of] jfb klg lgGbgLog} 5, k|z+;gLo 5}g .

eujfg\ a'¢ eGg' x'G5– æd}n] lbPsf] pkb]z tyfljrf/nfO{ s;}n] lgGbf ug]{ 7fpF 5}g . s'g} klg >d0fa|fXd0fn] bf]if lbg] 7fpF 5}g .

æd]/f] wd{df rf/ cfo{ ;Tosf] s'/f 5 . h'g s'/fnfO{s;}n] bf]if lbg ;Sb}g . lsg eg] …;+;f/df s]xL s'/f klgx'gnfO{ To;sf] k5fl8 sf/0f cjZo 5 . ljgfsf/0f s]lxklg xF'b}g sf/0fnfO{ x6fPdf To;sf] lgjf/0f x'G5 /

To;af6 5'6\sf/f x'g hfG5Ú . ToxfF;Dd k'Ug] tl/sf klg5 . af6f] klg 5 eGg] s'/f d]/f] lzIffdf :ki6;Fu pNn]v5 . o;df lj1x¿n] k|of]u ul//x]sf klg 5g\ . ;+;f/b'Mvaf6 d'Qm ePsf] lgjf{0fnfO{ ;fIffTsf/ klg ul//x]sfs'/fx¿ klg cfPsf 5g\ . o;df bf]if lbg] s'g} 7fpF 5}g\ .of] laNs'n} sfNklgs 5}g . k|ToIf k|dfl0ft 5 . cg'ejdfk|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ >f]t M

!= cfrfo{ leIf' cd[tfgGb, cgfylkl08s, cfgGbs'6Lljxf/ u'7L, sf7df8f}+, lj=;+= @)$& .

@= leIf' cZj3f]if, wd{ / cfr/0f, ;+3f/fd ljxf/,9Nsf], sf7df8f}+, lj=;+= @)^( .

#= leIf' 1fgk"l0f{s -wDdfrl/o_, k|ltTo ;d'Tkfbdxfg\ pkb]z -bf]>f] efu_, zflGt ;'vfjf; k|sfzg ;ldlt,nlntk"/, lj=;+= @)^# .

$= clenfif bf;, a'¢ Sof sxt] x} < sjL/ kf/v;+:yfg, Onfxjfb, ;g\ @)!! .

-cGt/f{li6«o a'¢ kl/olt pbo ljxf/, l8+u/gu/,lt=g=kf=–$, ?kGb]xL -a'6jn_ sf n]vs af}4bz{gdf Pd=P,x'g'x'G5 ._

ldng ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8kfsf], Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}, kmf]g M $@#!)#^, $@@@)^%, k\mofS; M $@!^!^&

zflGtsf k|tLs tyfut a'4sf] hGd,;Daf]lw1fg nfe tyf

dxfkl/lgjf{0f lbj; a'= ;+= @%^# sf]pknIodf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLhgnfO{ xflb{s

z'esfdgf .


ljifo k|j]zxfd|f] jftfj/0fdf w]/} kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 .

xfjfkfgL of egf}F df};d l56\l56f] kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 .kfgL kg{] a]nfdf kfgL gkg{], kfgL gkg{] a]nfdf kfgL kg{]ePsf] 5 . e"Ifo / af9Lklx/f]sf] k|sf]k a9\bf] 5 .;dli6ut ¿kdf eGg] xf] eg] k|s[ltsf] bf]xg tLj| ¿kdfeO/x]sf] 5 . h;sf] sf/0f ljZjJofkL ¿kdf tfkqmdal9/x]sf] 5 . tfkqmd a9]sf]n] lxdfnsf] lxpF kUnFb}uPsf] 5 eg] st} kfgLsf] d'xfg ;'Sg yfn]sf] 5 .

k|s[ltdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] dflg;nfO{ k|ToIfk|efj kf/]sf] 5 . dflg; k|s[lt;Fu cGt/ ;DalGwt /cGt/ lge{/ 5 / k|s[lt;Fu cljlR5Gg ¿kn] hf]l8Psf]5 . To;f] ePsf]n] k|s[ltdf cfPsf] c;Gt'ngaf6dflg;sf] :jf:Yo, :jefj nufotsf s'/fdf uDeL/ c;/k/]sf] 5 . dflg;df gofFgofF /f]u b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 .;d:of a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ;dfhsf jl/i7, ;hu / ;r]tgful/sx¿ lrlGtg x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ jftfj/0fdfcfPsf] of] kl/jt{gsf] qmddf JofKt k|b"if0f s] s;/Lx6fpg] / :j:Yo hLjgofkgsf nflu s] s;f] ug{],To;sf] lzIff, l;4fGt / pkfosf] vf]hLdf nflu k/]sf5g\ .

t/ pgLx¿n] glhssf] tLy{ x]nfF eg] em}Fcfkm\gf] b]zsf] s'/fdf Wofg lbPsf 5}gg\ . pgLx¿n]o'/f]k, cd]l/sf / cGo b]zdf jftfj/0f ;'wfg{ h] h;f]ul//x]sf 5g\, xfd|f] b]zdf klg To;}sf] gSsn ul//x]sf5g\ . xfd|f] b]zdf k|s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{gdf nfu]sfx¿w]/} 5g\ . tL dWo] Ps eujfg a'4 x'g\ . eujfg\ a'4n]k|s[ltsf] dxTTj s] slt a'em]sf lyP, k|s[ltnfO{ s] sltdfg]sf lyP, tyf To;sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf nflu s]s:tf lzIff pkb]z lbPsf lyP / pkfo ckgfPsf lyP,To;sf] rrf{ Tolt ePsf] 5}g .

a'4, cflbjf;L hghflt / k|s[lt

ltnsdfg u'efh", kf]v/f

k|s[lt / cflbjf;L hghfltk|s[lt / dflg;sf] rrf{ ubf{ cflbjf;L

hghfltx¿nfO{ ;Demg} kg{] x'G5 . dfGg} kg{] x'G5 .cflbjf;L hghfltx¿n] k|s[ltnfO{ cfkm";Fu 3lgi7;DaGw ePsf] ;Dem]sf 5g\, cfkm\g} ;Dem]sf 5g\ / cemegf}F pgLx¿n] k|s[ltsf] k"hf g} ug{] u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n]k|s[ltk"hssf ¿kdf cfkm\gf] lrgf/Lg} agfPsf 5g\ .of] pgLx¿sf] ljz]iftf xf] . t/ Tof] ljz]iftf Ps b'O{hfltljz]ifdf dfq ;Lldt 5}g . ljZjsf ;a} cflbjf;Lhghfltx¿n] k|sltk"hf ub{5g\ . To;/L k|s[ltk"hfug{'nfO{ pgLx¿dWo] s]xLn] cfkm\gf] wd{ ;Dem]sf 5g\eg] s;}n] ;+:s[lt ;Dem]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] k|s[ltsf];+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{]sfddf s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf of]ubfgu/]sf 5g\ . cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] afx'No ePsf]a]nf tyf pgLx¿ g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] a]nf k|s[ltsf] o:tf]bf]xg ePsf] lyPg / jftfj/0f olQ lau|]sf] klg lyPg .of] Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] .

cflbjf;L hghflt / zfSohfltzfSod'lg eujfga'4 / a'4 wd{lt/ b[li6ut

ubf{ a'4wd{sf] Oltxf; @^)) jif{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . a'4n]cfkm\gf] wd{ k|ltkfbg ug{'eGbf #.$ ;o jif{ klxn] zfSox¿slknj:t'df /x]sf] k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . To; lx;fan]zfSox¿n] slknj:t'df /fHo u/]sf] ;do sl/a #xhf/ jif{ klxn]sf] dfGg' kg{] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof zfSox¿a'4j+zsf eg]/ lrlgPsf 5g\ . a'4j+z eg]/ cfkm"nfO{bfjL ug{] cGo cflbjf;L hghfltx¿ klg 5g\ . t/

a'4 / a'4 wd{sf k|s[lt ;DaGwL tYo

s'/fx¿sf] cem} /fd|/L phfu/ ePsf] 5}g,

k|rf/ k|;f/ ePsf] 5}g . tL s'/fx¿ ;a}

cflbjf;L hghflt;Dd k'u]sf 5}gg\ cyf{t\ tL

s'/fn] pgLx¿nfO{ :kz{ u/]sf 5}gg\ . h;sf]

sf/0f cem} s]xL e|d, s]xL c;dembf/L /

s]xL cfgfsfgL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .


clxn] oxfF zfSohfltsf ljifodf rrf{ ub{}5f}+ . zfSohfltg]jf/ x'g\ . g]jf/x¿n] cfkm"nfO{ cflbjf;Lhghfltsf]lsQfdf /fVg] u/]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/n] u/]sf] kl/efiffdfklg pgLx¿nfO{ cflbjf;Lhghflt ;d"xleq /flvPsf]5 . g]jf/x¿sf] cfkm\g} efiff, e]if 5 . wd{ / ;+:s[lt5 . /fHo u'd]sf] cj:yf 5 / xfdL eGg] efjgf 5 .eujfg a'4;Fu glhssf] gftf ePsf c¿x¿sf] cj:yfklg To:t} 5 . ;+lIfKtdf eGg'kbf{ cflbjf;L hghfltx¿;a} k|s[ltjfbL x'g\ . pgLx¿n] k|ToIf÷k/f]If k|s[ltsf]ljgfz ug{' x'Fb}g eGg] r]t /fV5g\ of k|s[ltsf] ;Ddfgub{5g\ . csf{] efiffdf eGg] xf] eg] k|s[ltsf] k"hf ub{5g\ .t/ ;Dks{, ;dembf/L / ;dGjosf] cefjdfcflbjf;Lhghfltx¿ Ps} lsQfsf eP/ klg Pscsf{b]lv6f9f, w]/} 6f9f b]lvG5g\ . sf]xL t ckl/lrt em} 5g\ .To;f] ePsf]n] Ps csf{b]lv km/s h:tf b]lvPsf5g\ .t/ jf:tjdf pgLx¿aLr Tolt cGt/ 5}g, b"/L 5}g .pgLx¿aLr ljBdfg ToxL b"/L lrg{', c;dembf/L x6fpg'/ ;dembf/L sfod /fVg' cfhsf] cfjZostf ePsf]5 .

eujfg\ a'4 / k|s[lteujfg\ a'4 / k|s[ltsf ;DaGwdf n]Vg vf]Hbf

cfZro{hgs lrqx¿ xfd|f ;fd' b]vf kb{5g\ . l;4fy{uf}td /fhf z'4f]bgsf 5f]/f o'j/fhsf ¿kdf hlGdPsflyP . t/ pgsf] hGd /fhb/af/df xf]Og, s'g} 3/dfxf]Og, v'Nnf cfsfz d'lg n'lDagL aFu}rfsf] Pp6f zfnj[If d'lg ePsf] lyof] . pgsL cfdf /fgL dxfdfofb]jLcfkm\gf] dfOtL b]jbx hfg]qmddf af6f]df kg{] n'lDagLdfj}zfvk"l0f{dfsf] lbg pgsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] .

@( jif{sf] pd]/df pgn] /fhkf6 / kl/jf/;d]t5f8]/ dxflelgiqmd0f u/]sf lyP . dxflelgiqmd0f kl5pgsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|foM ;do jgh+un, vf]nfgfnf / cf]8f/dfljt]sf] lyof] . ^ jif{sf] sl7g lzIff, bLIff, of]u ;fwgf/ Wofg efjgfaf6 pgn] af]lwj[If d'lg a'4Tj k|fKt u/]sflyP . To;kl5 $% jif{;Dd pgn] cys k|of; u/Lcfkm"n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] wd{sf] k|rf/k|;f/ ub{} lxF8] .To;/L pgn] /fhfb]lv ;j{;fwf/0f;DdnfO{ k|efj kf/] .dflg;x¿n] pgsfnflu 7"N7"nf ljxf/x¿ lgdf{0f u/] .To;/L wd{ k|rf/ ug{] qmddf pgn] Ps lbg df3 k"l0f{dfsflbg tLgdlxgf kl5 cfkm"n] cfo' ;+:sf/ kl/Tofu ug{]

3f]if0ff u/] . pgL a[4 klg ePsf lyP . pgn] rfx]sf]eP Tof] tLg dlxgf s'g} ljxf/df a;]/ dxfkl/lgjf{0fk|fKt ug{ ;Sby] . t/ pgn] To;f] u/]gg\ . pgn] s'g}ljxf/df ga;L wd{ k|rf/ ub{} s'lzgu/ k'u] . s'lzgu/sfb'O{ zfnsf] j[If d'lg j}zfvk"l0f{df s} lbg pgn] v'Nnfcfsfzdf dxfkl/lgjf{0f k|fKt u/] .

To; lsl;dn] pgsf hLjgsf ;jf{lwsdxTTjk"0f{ 36gfx¿ v'Nnf cfsfz d'lg, k|s[ltsf] sfvdfx'g' / Tof] klg j}zfvk"l0f{dfs} lbg x'g' 7"nf] ;+of]usf] s'/fxf] . Tolt dfq xf]Og, pgn] klxnf] k6s k~rjuL{oleIf'x¿nfO{ h'g wd{b]zgf lbP Tof] klg Pp6f ?v d'lga;]/ lbPsf lyP . pgsf] hLjgsf clwsf+z dxTTjk"0f{36gfx¿ v'Nnf cfsfz d'lg k|s[ltdf, k|s[ltsf] sfvdf,5fofdf, 5xf/Ldf ;DkGg ePsfn] ljåfg\x¿n] pgnfO{dxfg\ k|s[ltk|]dLsf ¿kdf j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ .

eujfg\ a'4 / k|s[ltsf] rrf{ ubf{ pgsf]Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf b]vf k/]sf jg hª\unsfhgfj/x¿sf s'/f klg pNn]v ug{'kg{] x'G5 . pgn] cfkm\gf]hLjgsfndf afFb/x¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/], xfQLx¿;Fu v]n]//dfP, gfux¿ cfP/ pgsf] /Iff u/] eg] d[ux¿nfO{pgn] ceobfg lbPsf lyP .

a'4sf] hLjgsf ;fwgf;DaGwL rrf{ ubf{kfl/n]so jgdf ePsf] Pp6f 36gf klg pNn]v ug{' kg{]x'G5 . pgL Ps k6s jiff{jf; a:g kfl/n]so jgdfuP . pgn] jiff{jf; tLg dlxgf ToxfF ljtfP . To;a]nfjgsf afFb/, xfQLnufotsf hLjhgfj/x¿n] pgsfnflu h+unsf dx, kmnkm"n, sGbd"nx¿ NofP/ pgnfO{v'jfPsflyP . h;n] ubf{ pgsf] hLjg ;xh ePsf]lyof] .

To;eGbf klxn] Ps k6s pgL ;fgf] 5Fbf /fhfz'4f]bg nufotsf JolQmx? v]t hf]Tg] ;df/f]xdf ;l/sePsf lyP . /fhfn] v]t hf]Tg] ;df/f]x x]g{ pgnfO{x]/rfx ug{] ;';f/]x¿n] pgnfO{ Pp6f hd'gfsf] af]6d'lg/fv]/ t'?Gt kms{g] ljrf/n] v]tdf uP . ;df/f]x x]bf{ x]b{};do uPsf] pgLx¿nfO{ kQ} ePg . kl5 x:ofªkm:ofªub{} l;4fy{ ePsf] 7fpFdf cfpFbf pgL kn]6L s;]/ Wofgal;/x]sf] b]Vbf pgLx¿ 5Ss k/] . To;sf] ;fy}pgLx¿nfO{ csf{] cfZro{ Tof] b]v/ nfUof] ls pgLx¿n]hd'gfsf] ?vsf] 5fofdf pgnfO{ h;/L /fv]sf lyP,


Tolt w]/} a]/ kl5 cfpFbf klg ?vsf] 5fofF h:tfsf]To:t}, hxfFsf] ToxL lyof] . cyf{t\ Tof] af]6n] pgnfO{k"j{jt ¿kdf 5fof k|bfg u/]/ ;]jf ul//x]sf] lyof] . a'4/ k|s[ltsf] ;DaGwaf/] n]Vbf Tof] klg pNn]vgLo x'gcfpF5 . To:t} cGo hLj / hgfj/x¿;Fu klg pgsf]cfkm\g} lsl;dsf] ;Dks{ / ;DaGw lyof] . ltgLx¿;Fusf]To:tf] ;Dks{, ;DaGw / d}qLefj tyf dfof, ddtf /k|]dn] ubf{ pgn] k|f0fL lx+;fnfO{ jlh{t u/]sf lyP .alnk|yfsf] cGTo u/]sf lyP . k|s[ltk|]dL eGg] k|s[ltsf]bf]xg ug{] sfo{nfO{ pgn] slxNo} /fd|f] dfg]gg\ . k|s[ltsf]k"hf ug{] eGg] clg k|s[ltdf /dfP/ /x]sf hLjhGt'hgfj/x¿sf] xTof ug{', dfg{' / aln lbg'nfO{ pgn]slxNo} ;xL / ;To dfg]gg\ .

pgsf] Tof] s'/f Pp6f r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf cfPsf]5 . Pp6f uDeL/ k|Zg ag]/ cfPsf] 5 / To; ;DaGwdfljj]s ;Ddt lg0f{o ug{' kg{] a]nf cfPsf] 5 . k|f0fL lx+;fuDeL/ ljifo ePsf]n] pgn] cfkm\gf] k~rzLnsf] l;4fGtdf;aeGbf klxn] k|f0fL lx+;faf6 6f9f /xg] lzIff /fv]sf5g\ . h;af6 pgsf] ljzfn x[bodf k|s[lt k|]dsf] efjgfs] slt lyof] eGg] k|i6 ¿kdf kl/nlIft x'G5 / To;}n]eGg' kb{5 ls pgL ;fFRrf] cy{df k|s[ltk|]dL lyP /k|s[ltk"hs lyP .

k|s[lt ;+/If0fdf a'4sf] of]ubfgeujfg\ a'4n] ;w}F :jR5 jftfj/0fdf hf]8

lbPsf5g\ . pgn] cfkm\gf cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ :jR5jftfj/0fdf a:g pkb]z lbPsf5g\ . pgn] sfd ljz]ifn]leIf'x¿ otfptf hfFbf k|s[ltnfO{ xfgL gf]SzfgL gk'¥ofpgva/bf/L u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] pbfx/0f lbFb} eg]sf 5g\ lsh;/L dfx'/L km"Nfsf] jl/kl/ 3'D5, km"nsf] /; r':5 t/km"nsf] /+u, /f]ug, / jf;gfdf tyf cfsf/ k|sf/df

k6Ss} Iflt k'¥ofpFb}g, To:t} leIf'x¿n] cfkm\gf] sfdljz]ifn] hxfF uP klg k|s[ltnfO{ gf]Szfg k'¥ofpg' x'Fb}g .Tolt dfq xf]Og, pgn] leIf'x¿n] kfngf ug{' kg{] @@&lgoddf ?v j[Ifsf] xfFuf sf6\g' . efFRg' x'Fb}g eGg] lgodklg ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\ . ;d|f6 czf]sn] a'4sf] k|s[lt/ jftfj/0f ;DaGwL efjgfsf] sb/u/L d"naf6f]sf] bfofF–afofF j[Iff/f]k0f ;d]t u/]sf lyP . h'g rng clxn] klgotfptf b]lvG5g\ .

pgn] gbLgfnf, s'jf, Ogf/ cflb :jR5 /fVg'kg{] atfpFb} gbLgfnfsf] lsgf/df lb;f lk;fa gug{ /kmf]x/ d}nf gkmfNg eg]sf 5g\ . pgn] To:tf] hnfzocflbdf y'Sg / vsf/ cflb kmfNg x'Fb}g egL cfkm\gfcg'ofoLx¿NffO{{ ;hu / ;ts{ kf/]sf 5g\ .

a'4n] Wjlgk|b"if0f ug{ gx'g]df klg hf]8lbPsf5g\ . pgsf leIf'x¿n] xNnfvf]/ u/L rsf{] af]Nggx'g] lgod g} agfPsf5g\ . To;}n] af}4x¿sf] sltkosfo{qmddf ……cfo{ df}gÚÚ egL n]Vg] klg ul/Psf] x'G5 .

cGTodfo; lsl;dn] pgn] hn, h+un / hgfj/sf]

;d]t ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf pkb]z lbPsf 5g\ . Wjlgk|b"if0f gxf]; eg]/ klg pgn] ;hu / ;ts{ kf/]sf 5g\ .pgsf] wd{df oL ;a} s'/fx¿ ePsfn] pgsf] wd{nfO{dxfg\ k|s[ltjfbL wd{ / pgnfO{ dxfg k|s[ltjfbL zf:tfeGg] ul/Psf} 5 . clwsf+z cflbjf;L hghfltx¿n] of]s'/fnfO{ dgg u/]sf 5g\, dxz'; u/]sf 5g\ / To;dftfbfTDotf /fvL a'4wd{sf] bz{g, l;4fGt / dxTjk"0f{1fg u'0fsf] kl/zLngaf6 cfkm"df ;'wf/ klg NofPsf5g\ . pgLx¿n], g]kfnsf /fli6«o lje"lt a'4åf/f k|ltkflbtPj+ g]kfnL df6f]sf] ;'jf;o'Qm zflGt, d}qL / clx+;fsf]wd{ / bz{gdf ;dflxt x'g kfPsfdf uf}/jflGjt klgePsf 5g\ . t/ ;a}sf] l:ylt To:tf] 5}g . csf{]lt/ x]/f}+eg], a'4 / a'4 wd{sf k|s[lt ;DaGwL tYo s'/fx¿sf]cem} /fd|/L phfu/ ePsf] 5}g, k|rf/ k|;f/ ePsf] 5}g .tL s'/fx¿ ;a} cflbjf;L hghflt;Dd k'u]sf 5}gg\cyf{t tL s'/fn] pgLx¿nfO{ :kz{ u/]sf 5}gg\ . h;sf]sf/0f cem} s]xL e|d, s]xL c;dembf/L / s]xL cfgfsfgL/x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfsif{0fsf] cefj v8\lsg] u/]sf] 5 .1fgsf] kbf{ vf]n]/ x]/]df l:ylt k|i6 x'g]5 / jf:tljstf5n{Ë x'g]5 . t/ Tof] 1fgsf] kbf{ s;n] s;/L vf]Ng]eGg] k|Zg eg] cg'Ql/t g} /x]sf] 5 . KKKKK


;d'Ggt tyf zflGtk"0f{ ;dfhsf lglDt a'4hoGtLaf6 k|]/0ff

nf]saxfb'/ zfSo – a'4zf;gsf ] ;Dks{df cfP/ klg ef } ltslqmofsnfkx?nfO{ gfd wd{ dfq x'g\ egL hfGga'em\g g;Sg] w]/} h;f] af}4x? cyjf pkf;sf]kfl;sx?oxL eofgs wd{;Ddf]xsf] nf]sdf cjl:yt /xG5g\ .eofgs c1fgtfsf] nf]sdf ltgLx?nfO{ lgM;xfoeP/ a:g'kg]{ x'G5 .

– wd{sf] e]befj gu/L ;Rrf wd{ cg's/0f ug{;lsPdf ;d'Ggt tyf zflGtk"0f{ ;dfh l;h{gf ug{dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg x'g]5 . To;}n] ;d'Ggt tyf zflGtk"0f{;dfh l;h{gf ub}{ ljZjzflGtsf] lglDt ;dfgtf, ;j{k|sf/n] hut lxt tyf wd{;dGjosf] l;4fGt ckgfpg;dosf] dfu ePsf]n] o;kflnsf] a'4hoGtLaf6 k|]/0fflnP/ pk/f]Qm l;4fGt Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;sf];\ .

sd{ ;Ddf]x eg]sf] Hofb} eofjx s'/f xf] .o; ;+;f/df ;Dk"0f{ ldYofb[li6 g} oxL c1fgtfaf6pTkGg x'G5g\ . cflb/lxt ejg rqmdf ?dlNn/x]sfk|f0fLx?sf] nflu sd{zSotf 1fg g} z/0f :yfg xf] .o; k|sf/sf] 1fg–cfnf]s /x]sf] v08df dfq k|f0fLx?bfgk|bfg, zLnkfng / efjgf cEof; h:tf s'znsd{x? ;Dkfbg u/L dg'io, b]j / a|Xdfx?sf] ;'vnfeub{5g\ . a'4Tj, k|To]s a'4Tj / cfo{ >fjsTj k|fKt ug]{h:tf s'zn kf/ldtfx? o;} cfnf]sdf pTklQ x'G5g\ .

c;+Vo nf]sx?df ;Dos\ b[li6 /fVg] dg'ioPjd\ b]ju0fx?nfO{ dfq sd{zSotf 1fgsf] cfnf]sk|fKt ePsf] x'G5 . o; ;+;f/df klg a'4x?sf] pTklQgx'g] z"Go sNkx?df klg ;Dos\b[li6 /fVg] dg'io Pjd\b]ju0fx?df dfq of] cfnf]s /x]sf] x'G5 . oxfF ;Dos\b[li6eGgfsf] dfg] g} sDd;stf~ff0f cyf{t\ sd{zSotf1fgsf] oxL cfnf]s xf] . cfnf]s g/snf]s, c;'/nf]s/ k|]tnf]sdf klg d'lZsnn] dfq k|fKt x'G5 . o:tf]cfnf]s k|fKt gePsf k|f0fLx? sd{;Ddf]xsf] e"ldd}cfj4 /xG5g\ . sd{;Ddf]xsf] e"lddf cfj4 /x]sfk|f0fLx?sf nflu o; ;+;f/df ;'vsf] dfu{df 8f]¥ofpg]af6f];Dd k'Ug] kx'Fr g} /x]sf] x'Gg g dg'ionf]s, b]jnf]s/ a|Xdnf]ssf pRr e"ldx?df k'gh{Gd u/fOg] dfu{;Ddk'Ug] dfu{ g} pgLx?nfO{ pknAw x'G5 .

af]lw;Tjx?df sDd;stf `f0f cyf{t\sd{zSotf 1fgsf] cfnf]s n'Kt ePsf] x'Fb}g . x'g tcg]sf}+ af}4 u|Gyx?df of] sd{zSotf 1fg–;Dos\b[li6sf]pNn]v a/fa/ gul/Psf xf]Ogg\ tyflk a'4x? pTklQgePsf cg]sf}+ cGo nf]sx?df / a'4sf] pTklQ gx'g]sNkdf klg -k|To]s a'4 dfqsf] pTklQ x'g] ;+;f/sf];dodf klg_ of] cfnf]s /lx g} /xg] x'gfn] ;Dos\;Da'4sf]o; ;+;f/df pTklQ x'Fbf sDd;stf `f0f cyf{t\

sd{zSotf 1fgsf] cfnf]ssf] dfq JofVof ug{ pxfFsf]pTklQ x'g] xf]Og\ alNs rt'/fo{;Tox?nfO{ ;fIffTsf/u/fOlbg] 1fg–cfnf]ssf] AofVofg ug{ ;Dos\;Da'4sf]pTklQ x'g] x'G5 .

cfhsfn a'4zf;gsf] ;Dks{df cfP/ klgef}lts lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ gfd wd{ dfq x'g\ egL hfGga'em\g g;Sg] w]/} h;f] af}4x? cyjf pkf;sf]kfl;sx?oxL eofgs wd{;Ddf]xsf] nf]sdf cjl:yt /xG5g\ .eofgs c1fgtfsf] nf]sdf ltgLx?nfO{ lgM;xfo eP/a:g'kg]{ x'G5 . ltgLx?nfO{ eofgs c1fgtfsf] nf]sdf/xg afWo eO{ wDdjjTyfg ̀ f0f cyjf wd{kl/R5]b 1fgljifosf] cfnf]s k|fKt ug{ pgLx? c;dy{ /xg] ePsf]n]ltgLx?sf] hLjgdf qmdzM tLg lsl;dsf e|dx?,bz lsl;dsf cs'znx? / cg]s lsl;dsfldYofb[li6x?sf] a[l4 ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . o;n] ubf{ltgLx? ;+;f/sf] ljd'lQmaf6 lgs} k/ /xG5g\ /ltgLx?sf] nflu s]jn ;+;f/sf] e"d/Ldf km:g], 8'Ag] /8'afpg] ;f+;fl/s dfu{ dfq v'Nnf /xG5 . t;y{ gfd/ ?kwd{nfO{ kmf/L kl/R5]b u/L 5'6\ofpg ;dy{jfg x'g


a'l4dfg tyf :d[ltjfg JolQmx?n] wDdjjTyfg `f0fcyjf wd{kl/R5]b 1fgsf] cfnf]s k|fKt ug{ e/dUb"/k|of; ug'{ plrt x'G5 .

a'4wd{ ulxl/P/ lrGtg dggsf] lglDtk|tLTo;d'Tkfb af]w x'g' cTofjZos 5 . tL x'g\– cljBfsf]k|Toon] ;+:sf/ pTkGg x'G5 . ;+:sf/sf] k|Toon] lj1fgpTkGg x'G5 . lj1fgsf] k|Toon] gfd–?k pTkGg x'G5g\ .gfd?ksf] k|Toon] if8fotgsf] pTklQ x'G5 . if8fotgsf]k|Toon] :kz{sf] pTklQ x'G5 . :kz{sf] k|Toon] j]bgfpTkGg x'G5 . j]bgfsf] k|Toon] t[i0ff pTkGg x'G5 .t[i0ffsf] k|Toon] pkfbfg pTkGg x'G5g\ . pkfbfgsf]k|Toon] ej pTkGg x'G5 . ejsf] k|Toon] hflt -hGd_sf] pTklQ x'G5 . hGdsf] k|Toon] h/f–d/0f, zf]s,kl/b]j, b'Mv, bf}d{g:o pTkfbg pTklQ x'G5 .

;Dk"0f{ a'4x?, k|To]s a'4x? / c/xGtx?n]nIf0f k|ltj]w, 1fg;DaGwL o;} cfnf]snfO{ k|fKt u/L;s]kl5 dfq ;Dk"0f{ Sn]zx?, cf>jx?, ;Dk"0f{;+of]hgx? / ;+;f/l;t ;Tjx?nfO{ cfj4 /fVg]t[i0ffsf aGwgx?nfO{ tf]8L ljd'Qm x'g'ePsf] / ;a}lsl;dsf eo / b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'g'ePsf] xf] . nIf0f;Ddf]xcyjf clgTo, b'Mv / cgfTdf;DaGwL hLjgsf lq–nIf0fx? ljifosf] 3f]/ c1fgtfdfly ljhok|fKt u/LnIf0f k|ltj]w 1fgsf] cfnf]s k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 dfqpxfFx?n] ;Dk"0f{ cf>jx?, ;Dk"0f{ ;+of]hgx? / t[i0ffsf]aGwgaf6 d'lQm nfe ug'{eO{ lgjf{0f k|fKt ug'{ePsf] xf] .

ejrqmsf] cgGt rqmdf 3'ld/xFbf ;Tjx?nfO{o:tf o:tf wd{sf] cEof; ugf{n] ;Dk"0f{ cf>jx? -Sn]zx?_, ;Dk"0f{ ;+of]hgx? t[i0ffsf] aGwg / cg]sk|sf/sf b'Mvx?sf] k"0f{tofM lg/f]w x'G5g\ / zflGt,k/dzflGtsf] cj:yfdf k'luG5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L/xFb}g . qmd};Fu ;Ddf]x -3f]/ cGwsf/ jf cljBf_ nfO{lhTb} gfz ub}{ ha kfFr} k|sf/sf ;Ddf]xnfO{ qmd};Fuk|fKt ePsf] cfnf]sn] lhtL kfFr k|sf/s} cfnf]s hak|fKt x'G5g\, ta kfFrf}+ cfnf]s k|fKt x'gf;fy} kfFrk|sf/sf ;Ddf]xsf] k"0f{?kdf lg/f]w g} x'G5g\ . k'gMPsk6s pTklQ x'g} g;Sg] u/Lsg kfFr} k|sf/sf;Ddf]xsf] k"0f{tM lg/f]w x'g' g} zflGt–k/d zflGtsf]

l:ylt x'g' xf] . o; lsl;dsf] k"0f{ lg/f]wleq ;Dk"0f{cs'zn d"nx?, ;Dk"0f{ ldYofb[li6x? / rf/} ckfonf]ssf ;Dk"0f{ b'Mvsf] lg/f]w / cGTo ;dflji6 x'G5g\ .o; k|sf/sf] zflGt–k/d zflGtsf] l:yt 5 egL ghfGg'lgAafg;Ddf]x xf], cGwsf/ xf] .

a'4wd{ clgZj/jfbL l;4fGt ePsf] clt g}dxTjsf] s'/f xf] . ljZjsf clwsf+z wd{af6 ;j{zlQmdfgO{Zj/ dflgcfPsf] kfOG5 . t/ a'4wd{sf] l;4fGt adf]lhdx]t'k|Toosf] sf/0faf6 hLj a:t' pTklQ ljgfz ePsf]kfOG5 . O{Zj/ g} ;j{zlQmdfg l;4fGt dfGb}g To;f]eg]/ O{Zj/nfO{ dfGb} gdfGg] xf]Og . k|To]s O{Zj/ b]jtf;+uu'0f klg x'G5 . jxfFx?;+u ePsf] s'zn u'0fx?dflgcfPsf] 5 .

oxfF ljZjljVoft sNof0fldq ;Togf/fo0fuf]oGsfHo"sf] syg pNn]vgLo 5 . a'4wd{ wd{ xf]Og,lxGb" wd{ wd{ xf]Og, lqmlZrog wd{ wd{ xf]Og, d'l:ndwd{ wd{ xf]Og, wd{ wd{ g} dfq xf] . uf]oGsfHo"sf]pRr:t/sf] sygaf6 ljZjzflGtsf] lgldQ cfWoflTdsdfof]ubfg e}/x]sf] ;x|fgLo 5 . b]zgfsf] p2]Zo eg]sf]Psdfq wd{df cfzQme} c? wd{nfO{ ;dfg b]Vg g;s];fDk|bflos efjgf k|s6 x'g]eof] . ljZjdf b]vfk/]sf;a} wd{sf] nIo eg]sf] s'zn d+un ;]jfsf] sfd ug]{,d}qL s?0ff ;dfg efjgf ljsl;t ug]{, g}ltsjfgrl/qjfg eP/ ljj]sa'l4 k|of]u u/L /fu–å]if–df]x–cx+sf/ddsf/ lgjf/0f ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . hut lxtdf nfUg' kg]{;TotYo s'/f ;a} wd{af6 dflgcfPsf] 5 . ljleGgwd{sf] e]befj gu/L ;Rrf wd{ cg's/0f ug{ ;lsPdf;d'Ggt tyf zflGtk"0f{ ;dfh l;h{gf ug{ dxTjk"0f{of]ubfg x'g]5 . To;}n] ;d'Ggt tyf zflGtk"0f{ ;dfhl;h{gf ub}{ ljZjzflGtsf] lglDt ;dfgtf, ;j{ k|sf/n]hut lxt tyf wd{;dGjosf] l;4fGt ckgfpg ;dosf]dfu ePsf]n] o;kflnsf] a'4hoGtLaf6 k|]/0ff lnP/pk/f]Qm l;4fGt Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;sf];\ egL ;DalGwt;a}nfO{ ljgd| cg'/f]w ub{5' . K

-;Gbe{ >f]t M k~r cfnf]s, n]vs McUudxfkl08t 8f= n]l8 ;ofbf], cg'jfb M cf/= lj=jGB_


wd{k|]dL ;a}df 5'6fpg} gx'g] ;bf ;ª\u|x0fLoPj+ k7gLo u|Gy æa'4sfnLg g]kfnL ljZjsf]zÆ o;jL/–k"0f{ k':ts ;+u|xfnoaf6 laqmL ljt/0fsf] k|f/DeePsf] ;x;| hfgsf/L u/fpFb5f}+ .

cfheGbf ;f9] rf/bzscl3 cfrfo{ 8f= cd[tfgGbdxf:ylj/af6 a'4jrg lqlk6sdf cfwfl/t JolQm, kfqsfcfwf/df k|0fLt ug'{ePsf a'4sfnLg u|Gyx¿ xfnahf/df pknAw gePsf]n] xfdLaf6 a'4sfnLg g]kfnLlaZjsf]z gfdfª\sg u/L kf7sx¿ ;dIf NofPsf 5f}+,h'g g]kfnL efiffnufot laZjsf s'g} klg efiffdf;d]t cfh;Dd k':ts n]lvPsf 5}gg\ .

o:tf ljZj sf]zsf] cWoogaf6 ;SsnLgSsnL s'/fdf jf cgfjZos e|d jf ljZjf;df jfs;}sf] :jfy{ jf axsfpddf clNemg gk/L cfkm\gf]hLjg Joy{df u'dfpg jf e8\sgaf6 hf]lug ;lsgfsf;fy} kl/olQ lzIff cWoog / cEof;sf nflu / wd{df:jfjnDaL aGg hLjg pkof]uL x'G5 g}, To;sf ;fy}cfkm" nufot cfkm\gf ;GtltnfO{ ;d]t cGwwd{ jfcGo wd{df lj:tf/} ghflg+bf] tl/sfn] nflu/xg'af6;d]t hf]ufpg ;lsg]5 .

o:tf hLjgdf ax' pkof]uL ljZjsf]z k'/} u|Gy;]6t]¥x xhf/ al9 k[i7sf] @& yfgsf] ;]6 k':tssf] d"No!),)))÷– lgwf{l/t 5 . k/Gt' ;'ef/De laqmL ljt/0fdf@)Ü 5'6 df ?= *,)))÷– df wdfwd laqmL x'Fb}5 .xfn !# yfgsf] klxnf] v]ksf] ;]6 a'em\g x'Fbf k"/f d"No

cu|Ld a'emfpg' x'g cg'/f]w 5 . afFsL bf];|f] v]k lgs6eljio -#÷$ dlxgf leq_ df pknAw u/fOg] x'Fbf afFsL;]6 kfpg]df 9'Ss x'g'xf]nf . cfkm"nfO{ kfos kg]{ lgDgPs :yfg dWo]af6 k':ts p7fpg x'g xflb{s cg'/f]wub{5f}+ . wGojfb .

cu|Ld gfd n]vfO ;s]sfn] ;d]t cljnDa;Dks{ /fVg' xf]nf . df}sfsf] ;b'kof]u ug'{xf]nf .k':tssf nflu ;Dks{ JolQm tyf :yfgMk':tssf nflu ;Dks{ JolQm tyf :yfgMk':tssf nflu ;Dks{ JolQm tyf :yfgMk':tssf nflu ;Dks{ JolQm tyf :yfgMk':tssf nflu ;Dks{ JolQm tyf :yfgM!= leIf' wd{d"lt{ dxf:ylj/

cfgGbs'6L ljxf/, :joDe", sf7df8f}+ .df]afOn g+= (*$!@&&*^)

@= leIf' sf]08Go, df]= (*%!)$^!**a'4ljxf/, e[s'6Ld08k, sf7df8f}+ .

#= leIf' af]lw1fg, df]= (*%!!^&%@%ljZjzflGt ljxf/, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+ .

$= c= cUu`f0fL u'?df+, df]= (*$!$^!@@^cGt/f{li6«o af}4 efjgf s]Gb|, z+vd"n .

%= dbg/Tg dfgGw/, df]= (*%!)#))*%wd{sLlt{ ljxf/, >L3M, sf7df8f}+ .

^= /Tg;'Gb/ zfSo, df]= (*$!&!(&$$yfnf5]F, gfukf]v/L, eQmk'/ .

&= b'08axfb'/ jh|frfo{, k|sfzg k|d'vjL/–k"0f{ k':ts ;+u|xfno, ufMaxfn, nlntk'/df]= (*$!@!&$@(

æa'4sfnLg g]kfnL ljZjsf]zÆ sf] laqmL ljt/0f ;'ef/De

a


aif{ lbgsf !@ j6f k"l0f{dfx¿dWo]] a}zfif k"l0f{dfn]ljz]if dxŒj /fVb5 . o; lbgsf] k"l0f{df cGo k"l0f{dfeGbfcem a9L k"0f{, k|sfzdo, zLtndo clg hfHjNodfg ePe}m+ clg ;f/f hLjhut d} Pp6f gofF hfu/0f cfPsf]k|ltt x'G5 . a}zfv k"l0f{df s]jn rGb|dfsf] hLjg rqm;Fudfq ;DalGwt geP/ of] ltyL, of] lbgdf cfheGbf @^$#aif{ cl3 xfd|} b]z g]kfnsf] kljq kfjg e"ld n'lDagLp2fgdf ljZjzflGt gfos eujfg\ ;Dos ;+a'4sf] hGdePsf] lyof] . @^)* aif{ cl3 o;} lbg eujfg\ a'4n] #%aif{sf] pd]/df ef/tsf] laxf/ /fHodf kg]{ af]wuofdfhLjg d/0fsf] ejrqmaf6 d"Qm x'g ;lsg] ;+af]lw 1fgcyf{t\ a'4Tj 1fg k|fKt u/L l;4fy{ uf}tdaf6 eujfg\ a'4x'g' ePsf] lyof] eg] cfheGbf @%^# aif{ cl3 o;} lbgef/tsf] pQ/ k|b]zdf kg]{ s'zLgu/df jxfFsf] *) aif{sf]pd]/df dxfkl/lgjf{0f x'g' ePsf] lyof] . eujfg\ a'4sfhLjgdf 3l6t oL tLg} 36gf ;+of]ujz a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf]lbgdf ePs} sf/0f a}zfv k"l0f{dfnfO{ lq–;+of]u lbj; klgeGg] ul/G5 . ljz]iftM a}zfv k"l0f{dfnfO{ ljZje/L g} a'4hoGtLsf ¿kdf dgfpg] ul/G5 .

g]kfndf laz]if dxŒjsf] o; k"lgt lbgnfO{ /fhflqe'jgn] lj=;+=@))* ;fn h]7 & ut]sf lbgb]lv ;/sf/Ltj/af6 ;fj{hlgs labf lbg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP eg] @)!@kmfu'g & ut]sf lbg tTsflng /fhf dx]Gb|n] n'lDagL e|d0fu/L a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf] lbg g]kfndf lx+;fsd{ k"0f{t aGb ug{nufPsf lyP . lj=;+=@)%% ;fndf n'lDagLdf ;DkGgk|yd ljZj af}4 lzv/ ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t 3f]if0ff kqcg'¿k g]kfn ;/sf/n] !@ aif{ cl3 g} a}zfv k"l0f{dfnfO{n'lDagL lbj;sf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff u/L ;s]kl5 g]kfndfkl5Nnf] r/0fdf o; lbgnfO{ n'lDagL lbj;sf ?kdf dgfO{+b}cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] !# l8;]Da/ !((( sf]lbgdf a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf lbgnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf k|bfgu/L x/]s aif{sf] a'4 hoGtLsf lbg ljZje/ /x]sf ;+o'Qm

/fi6« ;+3sf ;a} sfof{nox¿df labf lb+b} cfPsf] 5 .g]kfndf ;j{k|yd ef]hk'/df a'4 hoGtL dgfOPsf] lyof] .tfg;]gdf a'4 hoGtLsf] z'?jft lj=;+=!*^# df kf6gaf6cfPsf ;'Gb/ zfSon] eLd;]g 6f]n, tfg;]gdf 9'Ëf ah|sf]r}To lgdf{0f ul/ cfgGb ljxf/sf] :yfkgf ul/P kZrftePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ olsgsf ;fy eGg' kbf{lj=;+= !(&@ ;fnb]lv 6S;f/ 6f]naf6 a'4 hoGtL /yofqfk|f/De ePsf] b]lvG5 . a'4 hoGtL xfd|f] b]z / blIf0fk"j{sf af}4 /fi6«x¿ rLg, ef/t, e'6fg, Dofgdf/, yfO{Nof08,>Ln+sf, tfOjfg, d+uf]lnof, nfj; cflb /fi6«x¿df dfqgeO{ cGo o'/f]kLo klZrd]nL /fi6«x¿ cd]l/sf, a]nfot,k|mfG;, :jL6\h/Nof08, O6nL, hd{gL nufotsf /fi6«x¿dfklg cToGt >4f, cf:yf / elQmsf ;fy dgfpg] ul/G5 .xfdLn] eujfg\ a'4 g]kfndf hGd]s} sf/0f xfd|f] uf}/ja9]sf] xf] / a'4 hGd]sf] b]z eg]/ ;uj{ lrgfpg ;s]sf5f}+ . s}og b]zsf gful/sx¿ hLjgdf slDtdf Ps k6sg]kfn cfP/ a'4 hGde"ld r'Dg n'lDagL k'U5g\ / a'4hGd:yn n'lDagLdf kfO{nf 6]Sg kfpg' cfk"mx¿sf] cxf]efUo7fGb5g\ . pgsf] bz{g, lzIff, pgsf] 1fg / Wofg dfu{dfpGd'v e}/x]sf 5g\ .

eujfg\ a'4sf] wd{n] dfgj hftLnfO{ lxt k'¥ofpg],;'v, zflGt / cfglGbt t'Nofpg], zLtntf k|bfg ug]{

a'4hoGtL / a'4lzIff

ljgo/fh zfSo,

led;]g 6f]n, tfg;]g #, kfNkfæwd{n] zq'efj xf]O{g ldqefj hufpg], lx+;fdf

xf]O{g clx+;fdf clek|]l/t x'g l;sfpg], o'4 xf]O{g zflGtsf]

rfxgf u/fpg], aflx/L cfj/0fdf dfq xf]O{g cGt{dg;Dd

;'v zflGt lbg], nf]eL xf]O{g bfgL x'g TofuL x'g l;sfpg],

hLjg / hutsf] clgTotf clg b'vnfO{ :jLsfb}{ cfO{kg]{

;'vb'vnfO{ ;fIfLefjn] x]g{ l;sfpg], sfNklgseGbf klg

oyfy{ efjnfO{ c+lusf/ ug{ l;sfpg], dfgjnfO{ dfq

ge} ;d:t k|f0fL hutnfO{ ;defjn], d}qLefjn] x]g{

l;sfpg] h:tf ;j{lxtsf/L u'0fx? ePaf6 a'4sf] 1fg,

a'4sf lzIffx? clg pgsf] bz{g ;a}sf nflu lk|o aGg

k'Uof] .Æ


ePsf]n] g} oq tq ;j{q ;+;f/e/ k}mlnPsf] xf] . pgsf]wd{n] zq'efj xf]O{g ldqefj hufpg], lx+;fdf xf]O{g clx+;fdfclek|]l/t x'g l;sfpg], o'4 xf]O{g zflGtsf] rfxgf u/fpg],aflx/L cfj/0fdf dfq xf]O{g cGt{dg;Dd ;'v zflGt lbg],nf]eL xf]O{g bfgL x'g TofuL x'g l;sfpg], hLjg / hutsf]clgTotf clg b'MvnfO{ :jLsfb}{ cfO{kg]{ ;'vb'vnfO{;fIfLefjn] x]g{ l;sfpg], sfNklgseGbf klg oyfy{ efjnfO{c+lusf/ ug{ l;sfpg], dfgjnfO{ dfq ge} ;d:t k|f0fLhutnfO{ ;defjn], d}qLefjn] x]g{ l;sfpg] h:tf;j{lxtsf/L u'0fx¿ ePaf6 a'4sf] 1fg, a'4sf lzIffx¿clg pgsf] bz{g ;a}sf nflu lk|o aGg k'Uof] / ljZje/ckl/xfo{ wd{sf ?kdf cgj/t\ ?kdf oqtq ;j{q km}lnPsf]xf] .

a'4sf] lzIffsf] k|d'v cfwf/ b'Mv / b'Mv d"lQm xf] .a'4n] dfgj hLjg / hutdf b'Mv 5, b'vsf sf/0fx¿5g\, b'Mv x6fpg ;lsG5 / b'Mv x6fpg] dfu{x¿ klg 5g\eg]/ atfpg' eof] . olx g} rf/ cfo{;To x'g\ . oL rf/cfo{;To g} a'4sf d"n pkb]zx¿ x'g\ .

!_ b'Mv ;To M b'v ;Tosf] cy{ ;a} s'/f b'MvbfoL x'g\eGg] ;TonfO{ a'e\mg' xf] . k|To]s s'/f kl/jt{gzLn 5, of]k|fs[lts lgod xf] / of] g} k/d b'Mv xf] . hGdg', a[4 x'g',/f]uL x'g', d[To' x'g', dg gkg]{;Fu a:g kg'{, dg k/]sf];Fula5f]l8g', dgn] rfx]sf] gkfpg' cflb cflb .

@_ b'Mv ;d'bo M b'v ;d'bo ;Tosf] cy{ xf] b'Mvsfsf/0f eGg] a'lemG5 / b'Mvsf jf:tljs sf/0f eg]sf] xfdLleqsf] nf]e, /fu tyf cf;Qmdo t[i0ff cyf{t :jfyL{OR5f xf] . af}4 bz{gsf] cfwf/zLnf k|tLTo;d'Tkfb cyf{tx]t'kmnjfbsf cg';f/ s'g} klg sfo{ x'gsf nflu sf/0frflxG5 . o; l;4fGt cg'?k g} dflg;sf] hGd d/0fsf]rqm rln g} /xG5 h;nfO{ k|ltTo;d'Tkfb rqm eg]/elgG5 . o; rqmsf afx| s8Lx¿ 5g\ . h;cg';f/!_ h/fd/0f @_ hflt -hGd_ #_ ej -cl:tTj_ $_ pkfbfg-cg'/fu_ %_ t[i0ff ^_ j]bgf &_ km:; -:kz{_ *_ if8fotg-^ OlGb|o_ (_ gfd ?k-dg / z/L/_ !)_ lj1fg-r]tgf_!!_ ;+:sf/ / !@_ cljBf -c1fgtf_ . oL s8Lx¿ ldn]/ag]sf] rqm rln/xFbf;Dd dfgj hLjgn] b'vaf6 d'lStkfpg ;Sb}g . b'Mv d'lStsf nflu o; rqmnfO{ g} /f]Sg'h?/L x'G5 .

#_ b'Mv lg/f]w ;ToM b'Mv lg/f]w ;To eGgfn] b'Mvsf]cGtnfO{ a'lemG5 cyf{t b'MvnfO{ cGt ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/a'e\mg' g} b'Mv ;d'bo ;To xf] . t[i0ff lgd{'n ug{ ;lsPdfcyf{t ;dfKt ePkl5 dfq b'Mvrqmsf] cGt x''G5 . b'Mvsf]d"n h8 g} t[i0ff xf] cyf{t\ cfzlSt . cfzlQm hlt ulx/f]x'G5, b'Mv klg Tolx cg';f/ g} ulx/f] x'G5 . csf]{ cy{dfeGg' kbf{ dflg;sf] lnKttf h]df hlt x'G5 To;}sf sf/0faf6dflg; b'Mvsf] e"d/Ldf ?dln/x]sf] x'G5 . dfofhfn, jf;gfcflbdf lnKt x'g', kbLo lnKttf clg wg k|fKtL cflbsf]lnKttfsf sf/0f g} dflg;n] cg]s lsl;dsf b'Mv ef]uul//x]sf x'G5g\ . t[i0ff lgd{'n ug{ ;lsPkl5 dfq jf:tljs;'v k|fKt x'G5 h;nfO{ lgjf{0f ;'v elgG5 .

$_ b'Mv lg/f]wufldgL k|ltkbf ;ToM b'Mv lg/f]wufldgLk|ltkbf ;To eGgfn] b'Mv lg/f]w ug]{ cyf{t\ b'MvnfO{ /f]Sg]dfu{ hgfpFb5 . o; dfu{nfO{ cfo{ci6flËs dfu{ elgPsf]5 . b'vaf6 d'lSt / jf:tljs ;'vzflGt kfpg] of] ;xLPj+ cr"s dfu{ eujfg\ a'4sf] df}lns Pj+ dxŒjk"0f{cfljisf/ xf] . o;n] dgnfO{ bl/nf] / z'4 agfpg laz]ifhf]8 lbPsf] 5 . eujfg\ a'4n] b'O{ clt dfu{ cyf{t\ clt;'v / clt b'MvnfO{ TofuL dWod dfu{ ckgfpg' kg]{atfpg' ePsf] 5 . dWod dfu{ eg]s} cfo{ci6flËs dfu{xf] / of] dfu{ g} b'Mv d'lQmsf] pko"Qm dfu{ xf] . o;df;lDdlnt * dfu{x¿sf] OdfGbf/Lk"0f{ cEof;af6 g} b'MvnfO{cGt u/L lgjf{0f k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . tL * dfu{x¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ .

!= ;Dos b[li6 cyf{t l7s wf/0ff eGgfn] h'g j:t'jf hLjgsf] k|s[lt h] h:tf] cj:yfdf 5 To;nfO{ Tolx¿kdf x]g'{ eGg] a'lemG5 . csf]{ cy{df eGg] xf] eg] k|To]sj:t', JolQm tyf kl/l:yltsf] oyfe"t 1fg bz{g g} ;Dosb[li6 xf] . sd{ / sd{kmn, Wofgsf] dxTj, clgTotf /oyfy{ af]w, Sn]z lgd"{n kfg]{ dfu{ / lgjf{0fsf] dxTjsflaifodf l7s wf/0ff agfpg' g} a'4 lzIff cg'?ksf] ;Dosb[li6 xf] . ljkZogf Wofgaf6 o;sf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsG5 .

@_ ;Dos ;+sNk cyf{t plrt ;+sNk eGgfn] ax'hglxtsf lglDt v/fa / b"lift ljrf/x¿af6 d"Qm eO{ /fu,å]if, df]x lagfsf] lrGtg dgg\nfO{ a'lemG5 .

#_ ;Dos jrg cyf{t l7s af]nL eGgfn] ;To, dw"// ;+oldt jrgnfO{ a'emfpFb5 . e"m7f], s6" zAb ;lxtsf]


zflGtsf k|tLs tyfut a'4sf] hGd, ;Daf]lw1fg nfetyf

dxfkl/lgjf{0f lbj; a'= ;+= @%^# sf] pknIodf;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLhgnfO{ xflb{s z'esfdgf .

s8f jrg, cgfjZos lgGbf, rrf{, r'lSn, ufnL unf}hjrgb]lv 6f9f eO{ gd| af]nL jrg g} ;Dos\ jrg xf] .

$_ ;Dos sdf{Gt cyf{t kl/z'4 sd{ eGgfn] dg,jrg tyf z/L/af6 c?nfO{ b'Mv xfgL gx'g] lsl;dn]ul/g] l7s, z'4 Pj+ pbf/ ;xL sd{nfO{ a'emfpFb5 . d"VotMk|f0fL lx+;f gug]{, rf]/L gug]{, Jolerf/ gug]{ cflb sd{x¿o;df kb{5g\ .

%_ ;Dos cflhljsf cyf{t ;xL hLljsfsf] cy{hLjg lhpg] qmddf cyjf cfkm\gf] clg kl/jf/sf] e/0fkf]if0fsf nflu s;}nfO{ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf wf]vfgx'g] u/L, zf]if0f, cGofo cyjf xfgL gx'g] u/L s'g} sfd,k]zf, Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug'{ eGg] a'emfpFb5 .

^_ ;Dos Jofofd cyf{t l7s k|oTg eGgfn] lg/Gt/¿kdf cfkm\gf] lrQnfO{ ;b}j ;r]t eO{ cju'0f / b'u{'0faf6ljd"v u/fpFb} ;b\u'0f tk{m cu|;/ u/fpg] dfgl;s k|of;nfO{a'emfpFb5 .

&_ ;Dos :d[lt cyf{t plrt :d[lt eGgfn] x/ 38Ldfcfkm\gf] z/L/ tyf lrQdf x'g] ;+j]bgf cyf{t cg'e"ltk|lt;hu /x]/ lagf /fu, å]if ;defjdf /lx/xg] cj:yfnfO{a'emfpFb5 . o;n] xfd|f] lrQnfO{ zfGt u/fpg d2tldNb5 . ljkZogf Wofg cEof;af6 ;Dos :d[ltsf] ljsf;ug{ ;lsG5 .

*_ ;Dos ;dfwL cyf{t l7s Psfu|tfM s'g} lsl;dsf]k|ltlqmof lagf ;dtf efjdf a;]/ clgTotfnfO{ a'e]m/cfkm\gf] lrQnfO{ lgd{n t'Nofpg] ljkZogf WofgfEof; g};Dos ;dfwL xf] . ;Dos ;dfwL cfo{ ci6flËs dfu{sf]dxŒjk"0f{ dfu{ xf] . o;sf] lg/Gt/ cEof;af6 g} xfdLn]cfkm\gf] dgnfO{ zfGt, alnof] / lgd{n agfpg ;Sb5f}+ .

eujfg\ a'4åf/f k|ltkflbt of] cfo{ ci6flËs dfu{lj1fg ;Ddt 5 / of] ;To dfu{ s]jn af}4dfuL{x¿n] dfqgeO{ hLjgdf bLuf] ;'v zflGt / cfgGb rfxg] hf] sf]xLn]klg cEof; ug{ ;Sb5 / o;sf] cEof;af6 hf] sf]xLn]klg b'Mv, ;Gtfk / czflGtaf6 5'6sf/f k|fKt u/L lgjf{0f;'v kfpg ;Sb5 .

To;}n] eujfg a'4åf/f k|ltk|flbt rf/ cfo{;TonfO{cGt/x[bob]lv a'emf}+, dgg\ u/f}+ / jxfFaf6 lgb]{lzt lzIffnfO{hLjgdf ptfb{{} kl/jf/, ;dfh clg /fi6«nfO{ ;sf/fTdsphf{ k|bfg u/f,}+ ug{ ;sf}+ . cGtdf, ;Dk"0f{hgnfO{ @^$#cf}+a'4 hGdhoGtL, n'lDagL lbj;, @^)*cf}+ ;Daf]lw 1fgnfelbj; tyf @%^#cf}+ dxfkl/lgjf{0f lbj; a}zfv k"l0f{dfsf];'vb\ pknIodf ;'v, zflGt / ;d[l4sf] nflu d}qLefj;lxtsf] d+undo z'esfdgf .

ejt' ;Aa d+und\ .

-;Gbe{ >f]tM cfgGbe"ld, cd[tf]kb]z af}4 dfl;s klqsf_

xl:tgfk'/ ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=rGbflul/ g=kf=–%, lsl;lk8L, sf7df8f}+


g]kfnL af}4 ;dfhsf k|ultzLn, v/f] / :ki6jQmfsf ?kdf lrlgG5, leIf' cZj3f]if . hLjgsf]Pstfsf ;dodf /fli6«o ;efsf ;b:o ;d]teO{;Sg'ePsf leIf' cZj3f]if d"ntM a'4wd{ ;dfh ljsf;/ ?kfGt/0fsf] dfWod x'g'kg]{,dg'iosf] lglZrt hLjgd"No ?kdf ljsl;t ug'{kg]{, hLjgpkof]uL / Jojxfl/sx''g'kg]{ ljrf/sf kIfkflt x'g\ . @%%^ cf}+ a'4hoGtLd"n ;df/f]x ;ldltsf cWoIf ;d]t /xg'ePsf leIf'cZj3f]if;+u kqsf/ ;'gLn dxh{gn] lnPs]f cGtjf{tfsf];f/;+If]k M–

-!_ o;k6ssf] a'4hoGtL s;/L dgfOFb} 5<

x/ ]s jif { a '4hoGtL dgfpg ] t/Lsfcf}krfl/stfdf dfq l;ldt eO{/x]sf] 5 . o; k6seg] cl:ywft' hfqf ljz]if dxTjsf] /xg] 5 . cl:ywft'hfqf x/]s tLg tLg jif{sf] Ps k6s x'g] ub{5 .a'4hoGtLsf lbg :joDe"l:yt cfgGbs'6L ljxf/dfpkl:ylt ;a} eQmhgx¿nfO{ vL/ ef]hg u/fO{g] eg];a}eGbf a9L k|z+;gLo /x]sf] 5 . dflg;x¿n] a'4sf]u'0f:d/0f u/L cfkm"df c;n rl/qsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{,s]xLxb;Dd cfkm"df ePsf] gsf/fTds k|j[lt 5f]8]/ u'0fLaGg] ;+sNk ug'{ g} ;lx ?kdf a'4hoGtL dgfpg'x'g]5 .

-@_ s] tkfO{nfO{ a'4hoGtL dgfpg] t/Lsfk/Dk/fut / sd{sf08L h:tf] nfUb}g<

d}n] t a'4hoGtL dgfpg] t/Lsfdf sd{sf08L/ k/Dk/fut afx]s c? ljz]iftf g} b]lVbg\ .

-#_ tkfO{sf] ljrf/wf/fdf a'4hoGtL s;/Ldgfpg'k5{ <

a'4hoGtL /rgfTds ultljlw u/]/ dgfpg'k5{ .

h:t} :yfgLo:t/ ;/;kmfO{, :jf:Yo lzlj/, c:ktfndfla/fdLx¿nfO { kmnkm "n ljt/0f ug ] { h:tfnf]ssNof0fsf/L sfd ug'{kb{5 . ax'hg lxtfo /ax'hg ;'vfosf] sfd ug'{ g} a'4hoGtL ;fy{s ?kdfdgfPsf] 7x5{ .

-$_ g]kfnsf] a'4 wd{sf] If]qdf tkfO{ Psk|ultzLn leIf'sf ?kdf lrlgg'x'G5 . t/ clxn] a'4wd{Ps k'/ftgjfbL wd{sf ?kdf k|rf/k|;f/ eO{/x]sf]5 . o;nfO{ tkfOn] s;/L lnO/xg' ePsf] 5 <

d]/f ] ljrf/df a '4wd { /rgfTds /nf]ssNof0fsf/L sfo{ u/]/ ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{xf] . o;sf] ljk/Lt a'4wd{sf] aflx/ b]lvg] ?kk'/ftgjfbL x'Fb}uPsf] 5 . gofF s'/f vf;} b]lvGg .

a'4hoGtL dgfpg] t/Lsf sd{sf08L dfqa'4hoGtL dgfpg] t/Lsf sd{sf08L dfqa'4hoGtL dgfpg] t/Lsf sd{sf08L dfqa'4hoGtL dgfpg] t/Lsf sd{sf08L dfqa'4hoGtL dgfpg] t/Lsf sd{sf08L dfq

x'g' ePg M leIf' cZj3f]ifx'g' ePg M leIf' cZj3f]ifx'g' ePg M leIf' cZj3f]ifx'g' ePg M leIf' cZj3f]ifx'g' ePg M leIf' cZj3f]if ;dfhsf] xfjf htf au]sf] 5, leIf'x? klg Tot} au]sf 5g\ . ;dfhsf] xfjf htf au]sf] 5, leIf'x? klg Tot} au]sf 5g\ . ;dfhsf] xfjf htf au]sf] 5, leIf'x? klg Tot} au]sf 5g\ . ;dfhsf] xfjf htf au]sf] 5, leIf'x? klg Tot} au]sf 5g\ . ;dfhsf] xfjf htf au]sf] 5, leIf'x? klg Tot} au]sf 5g\ .


s]xL /rgfTds sfd u/]/ k|rf/k;f/ ug'{'kg]{ xf] .t/ elQmnfO{ dfq hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . ;fDk|bflos wd{sf]?kdf b]vfkb{}5 . leIf'x¿ gj k'/f]lxtjfbsf] ;+:s/0fsf ?kdf kll/0ft x'Fb] uPsf] 5 ..olx g} ;a}eGbf 7"nf]lj8Dagfsf] s'/f] xf] .

-%_ k'/fgf k':tfsf leIf'x¿ / gofF k':tfsfleIf'x¿aLr s] cGt/ kfpg'x'G5<

k'/fgf k':tfsf leIf'x¿df ;+oldt / >d0fTja9L b]lvG5 eg] gofF k':tfsf leIf'x¿df Tof] u'0f sdb]lvG5 . k'/fgf k':tfsf leIf'x¿ a'4wd{sf] pTyfgdflgs} xb;Dd lgi7f / lqmofzLn x'g] u'0f lglxt lyof] .To;sf] t'ngfdf gofF k':tfsf leIf'x¿df eg] sdlqmofzLn b]lvG5 . ;dk{0fsf] efj sd 5 . To;}n]lxhf]cfh a'4wd{sf] ljsf;sf] ultljlwdf ;':tb]lvG5 .

-^_ xfn eO/x]sf] a'4wd{ ljsf;sf] ult, To;sf]k|j[lQ x]bfF g]kfndf :ylj/jfb a'4wd{sf] eljio s:tf]b]lvG5 <

z'? z'?df :ylj/jfb a'4wd{ eujfg a'4n]dg'iosf] lxt / ;'v, rl/q ;'wfg{sf] sf] nflu k|ltkfbgug'{ePsf] wd{sf] ?kdf ;dfhdf b]vfk/]sf] lyof] .wd{sf] ultljlw /rgfTds ?kdf cl3 a9]sf] lyof] .t/ clxn]sf] jftfj/0fdf :ylj/jfb a'4 wd{dfelQmdfu{n] k|>o kfPsf] b]lvG5 . w]/}h;f] k'/ftg;f]r / ;+:sf/ / sd{sf08L ug]{ vfnsf] 5 . leIf'x¿c?sf] e/f];fdf afFRg'kg]{ ePsf]n] xf]nf, g]kfn efiffsfpvfg nM jyfo Gof jg]u' eg]em} htfhtf kfgL aU5,TotfTot} df5f hfG5 eg]em} ;dfhsf] wf/ hxfFhxfFaU5 To:t} leIf'x¿sf] ljrf/ / dgl:ylt klg;f]xLcg'?k ag]sf] 5 . ax';+Vos dflg;x¿nfO{k"hfkf7 x'n hDdf kfg]{ sfd dgk5{ . To;}sf] k|efjleIf'x¿df k/]sf] 5 . To;nfO{ abNg] hd{sf] leIf'x¿dfn'Ktk|fo ePsf] 5 . :ylj/jfb a'4wd{ klg eljiodfsd{sf08L / k"hfkf7n] a9LeGbf a9L k|wfGotf kfpg]b]Vb5' . 1fg, wd{sf] oyf{yk/s kl/efiff a'‰g], cEof;ug]{, vf]h ug]{ qmd x/fpg] 5 .

-&_ leIf' cZj3f]if g]kfnL af}4 ;dfh, nf]slk|oJolQmTjsf ?kdf lnO{G5 . ;fFRr} tkfO{ nf]slk|ox'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f s] xf]nf <

dnfO{ hxfF;Dd nfU5, leIf' hLjg eg]sf] TofuLhLjg xf] . o;} cg'?k d nf]enfrdf k/]sf] 5}g\ .k};f hDdf ug]{ ;f]r slxn] cfPg . /fli6«o ;efsf];f+;b 5Fbf cfpg] kfl/>lds / eQfsf] clwsf+zul/a u'?jfsf] pkrf/, 5fqj[ltsf nflu vr{ u/],n'lDagL ljsf; sf]ifsf pkfWoIf x'Fbf cfˆg} k};fn]k]6«f]n /fv]/ uf8L r9y]{ . bfg cfPsf] /sd hDd};b'kof]u ug{ cfkm}n] lstfa n]v]/ k|sfzg ub{5' .:jf:Yo pkrf/sf nflu c?nfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf u5'{ .Tolt dfq geO{ leIf'dxf;+3, ag]kfl:yt afn cf>dd]Qf ;]G6/ @, # nfv /sd bfg u/]+ . d]/f] cg'ejdfbfg cfPsf] /sd ;b'kof]u ug]{, ;fwf/0f hLjgz}nL/ cln k|ultzLn ePsf]n] dflg;x¿n] lrg]sf] /;Ddfg u/]sf] h:tf] nfUb5 .

-*_ leIf' cZj3f]ifaf6 cfhsf leIf', leIf'0fL, pkf;s,pkfl;sf ljz]ift o'jfk':tfn] s:tf] k|]/0ff lng'knf{ <

leIf'leIf'0fLsf] hLjg j}/fu x'g'kg]{ hLjg xf] .TofuL hLjg xf] . lg:jfy{ efjn] sfd ug'{kg]{ hLjgxf] . To;}u/L pkf;s pkfl;sfx¿n] klg c;n rl/qlgdf{0f, zLn ;bfrf/ kfng ug{;s] /fd|f x'G5, h:tf]nfU5 . o'jfk':tfn] zLn ;bfrf/ kfngf u/L a'4wd{nfO{;dfh ?kfGt/0f / ;d'bfodf zflGt :yfkgf ug]{dfWodsf ?kdf ljsl;t ug'{k¥of] .

-(_ cfˆgf] k'/} hLjg a'4wd{sf] ljsf; /lj:tf/df ;dk{0f ug'{eof] . *% jif{ k'lu;Sbf klgcem} lqmofzLn x'g'x'G5 . cfˆgf] hLjgnfO{ s;/Llgofln/xg'ePsf] 5<

o'jfj:yf d}n] pkTosfsf u|fld0f e]u / pkTosfaflx/sf w]/} lhNnfx¿df a'4sf] ax'hglxtfo ax'hg;'vfosf] lzIff k|rf/k|;f/df lqmofzLn eP+ . cfhef]lnleIf'x¿ pkTosf aflx/ hfFb}gg\, lgliqmo ePsf 5g\,;fDk|bflos 5g\ eg]/ w]/} cfnf]lrt ePsf] ;'lgG5 .d}n] cfkmgf] hLjgdf leIf' eP/ TofuL hLjg b]vfpg


j[4f>dnfO{ ;xof]u

lbj+ut leIf' ;'d+un dxf:ylj/af6 :yflkt tyf xfna'4ljxf/ e[s'6Ld08kaf6 ;+/lIft ag]kfsf] af}4 j[4f>dnfO{ ef}ltsk"jf{wf/, cf>d ;+rfngfy{ s'g}klg ?kdf >4fn' bftfx?af6 ;xof]uug{ ;Sg'x'G5, oxfFx?sf] cfly{s ;xof]un] dfq cf>dnfO{ lg/Gt/tflbg ;lsg] ePsfn] j[4f>d ;xof]usf] ck]Iff /fVb5 .

o;}qmddf j[4f>dsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ lgDg bftfx?nfO{j[4f>dsf] tkm{af6 xflb{s ;fw'jfb JoQm ub{5 .!_ ;kmn art ;xsf/L ;+:yf, ag]kfaf6 ?= !!,!!!÷–

-P3f/xhf/ Ps;o P3f/_ k|fKt .@_ sn/j]e df]afOn ;]G6/af6 ?= @)))÷– -b'O{xhf/_ .#_ s[i0fnfn gsdL{, sf7df8f}+af6 ?= !%%%÷– -Psxhf/

kfFr;o krkGg_ ;xof]u k|fKt .$_ s]zrGb| zfSoaf6 k|fKt ?= !))).– -Psxhf/_ .%_ ;'g}gf >]i7af6 k|fKt ?= !))).– -Psxhf/_ .^_ e"if0f clwsf/Laf6 rfdn @ af]/f, t]n ! afs;,

bfn !) s]hL k|fKt .&_ ;Gb]z nfdfaf6 rfdn @ af]/f, bfn # s]hL, lrgL

# s]hL, rfprfp ! kfs]6k k|fKt .*_ ef]dL ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L ;+:yf, ag]kfaf6 la:s'6,

sg{k\mn]S;, r]jgk|f; k|fKt .(_ /d]z >]i7, ljj]s >]i7, pbo >]i7, lzsf xf8f

>]i7, ;'ldtf xf8f >]i7af6 rfdn @ af]/f, bfn %s]hL, lrgL % s]hL k|fKt .

d}qLk"0f{ z'e]R5f;lxt M cf>dsf] ;xof]ufy{;a} dxfg'efjx?n] ;Dks{ ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 —

cWoIf, leIf' sf]08Goaf}4 j[4f>d, ag]kf

kmf]gM )!!–^^@*$(, -tLg bf]af6f] x'Fb} gfnfhfg] Wofgdfu{_

gu/ ;Dks{ M a'4ljxf/ e[s'6Ld08k, kmf]gM (*%!)$^!**, $@@^&)@

;Nnfxsf/ M b}j1/fh sfo:y, ag]kf, kmf]gM (*$#)@)^$^

;lsG5 eg]/ sfd u/+] . cx+sf/ x'g'x'Fb}g eg]/ cl3a9]+ . leIf' hLjg afFr]/ ug'{kg]{ /rgfTds sfdk|lt d;Gt'i6 5' . oBlk s]xL s'/fdf c;kmn klg eP+ . h]xf];\ d}n] k|of; u/]+ eGg]df uj{ ub{5' .

-!)_ of}g rfxgf dflg;sf] g};lu{s rfxgfeG5g\ . o; b[li6n] x]bf{ leIf' hLjg s:tf] cg'e"tx'G5 <

d]/f] ljrf/df dflg;nfO{ dfgl;s of}grfxgfaf6 d'Qm x'g lgs} ufx|f] x'G5 . Ps lx;fan]c;Dej k|tLt x'G5 klg . a'4sfnLg ;dob]lvclxn];Ddsf leIf'x¿ dfgl;s of}g rfxgfn] d'QmePsf] kfpg sl7g x'G5 . dfgj hLjgdf of}g;DaGwLefjgfn] s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf k|efj kfg'{ :jefljs xf]eg] To;df ;+odtfsf] h?/t x'G5 . TofuL x'Fb}dfk"0f{tM dgdf of}gefjgf slxNo} cfFb} cfpFb}g eGg'c:jfefljs x'g;S5 of}gdfly ljho ug{ Wofg;fwgfsf] h?/t k5{ . of}g rfxgfaf6 d'Qm x'g ;xh5}g eGg] s'/f lg;+sf]rsf ;fy eGg ;lsG5 .

-!!_ c?n] bfg u/]sf] cfwf/df hLljsf lgjf{xug'{kbf{ JolQmut ?kdf tkfO{nfO{ s:tf] cg'e"t x'g]ub{5 <

csf{sf] e/f];fdf afFRg'kg]{ ePsf]n] leIf' hLjgxn'Fuf] cg'e"t x'Fb}g . O{dfGbf/ x'g ufx|f] x'Fbf]/x]5 .bfg lng] cfzf eO{/xG5 . bfgsf] ;b'kof]u gxf]nf lseGg] 8/eo x'G5 .

-!@_ tkfO{ o; klqsfdfkm{t\ s]xL eGg rfxg'x'G5ls<

d]/f] ljrf/df a'4 z'4, oyfy{jfbL lg:jfyL{ x'g\ .a'4n] dflg;x¿ c;n xf]; eg]/ wd{krf/ ug'{ePs]fxf] . dflg; c;n / lg:jfyL{ aGg ;s] kfl/jfl/s,;d'bfo:t/df zflGt :yfkgf x'G5 . k/:k/ st{Jokfng, O{dfGbf/,lg:jfyL{ aGg' g} a'4 wd{sf] k|rf/ x'g'xf] .

-Og8]km\6sf kflIfssf ;x ;Dkfbs dxh{gn]a'=;+= @%%^ sf] cj;/df lng'ePsf] cGt{jftf{ ;fGble{sePsf]n] k'gM k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . ;+=_


n'lDag

n'lDagL M kl/ro

o'g]:sf] @)!#

n'lDagL ljZjsf ;jf{lws kfjg :ynx?dWo]sf]Ps xf] . ztfAbLof+}b]lv dflg;x?n] uf}td a'4hGd]sf] :yfgsf] ljifodf ljleGg b[li6sf]0fx? agfPsf5g\ . n'lDagL;DaGwL dflg;x?sf] ;femf cjwf/0ffleqs]xL ljz]iftfx? cGtlg{lxt 5g\ .

n'lDagLsf] ljifodf dflg;x?df ljleGgcjwf/0ff, ck]Iff tyf b[li6sf]0fx? /x]sf] kfOG5 .tL ;a} n'lDagLsf] ;dli6ut 5ljsf c+ux? x'g\,h;nfO{ Pslqt ubf{ o; kljq:ynsf] cem j[xt5lj b]vf k5{ .

o; ljz]iftfnfO{ pbfg ^*–^( sf] syfn]/fd|/L bzf{pF5 . Psk6s lziox?n] eujfg\ a'4nfO{;f]w] ls lsg 3'dGt] ;Gof;L tyf leIf'x? ljljwljifodf lg/Gt/ ljjfb u/]/ klg s'g} ;xdltdfcfpg ;Sb}gg\ . hjfkmdf eujfg\ a'4n] Pp6f/fhfsf] syf ;'gfP . tL /fhfn] Psk6s k|frLggu/ >j:tLsf ;a} cGwf dflg;x?nfO{ Pp6f xfQLsf]cufl8 hDdf x'g] pbL{ hf/L u/] . tL k|To]snfO{xfQLsf] z/L/sf] :kz{ ug{ nufOof] . tL k|To]sn]xfQLsf] leGbfleGb} kIfx?sf] cg'e"lt u/] / xfQLdfcfk"mn] hfg]sf s'/fx?s} h:tf] u'0f /x]sf] cg'dfg

u/]– 6fpsf] ef8fh:tf], sfg gfª\nf]h:tf], bfx|fkmfnLh:tf], ;'08 xnf]h:tf], v'6\6f vDafh:tf],9f8 d';nLh:tf], k'R5/ kGo"h:tf], k'R5/sf /f}+x?a'?zh:tf] . tyflk, oL ;a} s'/fx?nfO{ ldnfpFbfg} xfQL aG5 eGg] s'/fsf] cg'e"lt eg] ltgn] ug{;s]gg\ .

To;kl5 k|a'4n] o; s'/fnfO{ Znf]såf/f:ki6 kf/],pkb]zs tyf ;Gt egL cf8Da/ ug]{x?s;/L cl8\sG5g\ / ljjfb ub{5g\ .cfk\mg} wf/0ffdf cl8\sP/ ljjfb ug]{x/s'g} s'/fsf] Ps dfq kf6f] b]Vb5g\ .

-pbfg, ^*–^(_

– n'lDagLsf] P]ltxfl;stfsf] ljifodf cfh xfdLnfO{1fg ePsf clwsf+z s'/fx? af}4 u|Gy, ofqLx?sfljj/0f tyf k'/ftflTjs cGj]if0fsf tYox?af6 k|fKtePsf x'g\ . ;g\ !*(^ df hg]{n v8\u zdz]/ /k'/ftTjljb\ PG6f]g k'mx// o; :yndf cfpFbf n'lDagLeUgfjz]ifx?n] 3]l/Psf] / y'Dsfy'DsLx?n] el/Psf]kl/ToQm :ynsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] .


tL cGwf dflg;x?sf] dtleGgtfh:t}n'lDagL;DaGwL cjwf/0ffx?df leGgtfx? /x]sf]kfOG5, hjls n'lDagL xfQLh:t} ljzfn s'/f xf] .

l;4fy{ uf}td n'lDagLsf] ufpFglhs /x]sf]pBfgdf hGd]sf lyP . ToxfF glhs} Pp6f hns'08lyof], h'gdf pgsL cfdfn] pgsf] hGdeGbf klxn]:gfg u/]sL lyOg\ . wfld{s cfn]vx?n] eujfg\a'4sf] hGd:ynsf] km/s km/s ljj/0fx? lbPsf5g\ .

hGdsf] ;do glhls+b} ubf{, pgsf lktf/fhf ;'k|a'4 u[xkltn] slknj:t'sf /fhf z'4f]wgnfO{o:tf] ;Gb]z k7fP M Úd]/f] 5f]/L, df};'kmsL dxf/fgLdfof ue{jtL ePsL / hGd]sf] ;do lgs6 /x]sf];Gb]z k|fKt ePsf] / hGdkZrft d]/L 5f]/L w]/}gafRg] d]/f] z+sf /x]sf] x'gfn] d]/L 5f]/LnfO{ dfOtLk7fOaS;gsf] nflu cg'/f]w ug'{ plrt 7fg]+ . pgsf]:jfutfy{ d}n] n'lDagLsf] pBfgdf Pp6f dxn tof/ul/;s]sf] 5' .Ú -nlntlj:t/sf] cfn]vaf6 ;fef/_-lnNn], !**#, k]h (_

a'4sf] hGd;DaGwL 36gfnfO{ n'lDagLsf]ufpF -jf lgs'~h_ ;+u} nu]/ hf]8\g] a'4hLjgLn]vg]sf] k/Dk/f /lxcfPsf] 5=== oxfF pNn]lvtlgs'~hsf] gfdfs/0f dfofjtLsL cfdfsf] gfdaf6ul/Psf] lyof], h;nfO{ dfofjtLsf lktf /fhf;'k|a'4n] b]jbx / slknj:t'sf] aLrdf kg]{ u/Llgdf{0f ug{ nufPsf lyP . -:6«ª, @))!, k]h #(_

ofqfsf] qmddfM pgL cfk\mgf ;ËLx?;Fudgf]x/ n'lDagL jgdf cfOk'lug\, hxfF pgL k'inltsftyf r/fx?sf] sn/j Wjlgsf] cfgGb lngsf]nflu /f]lsOg\ . -xfe]{, @))$, k]h !^_

n'lDagL u|fd glhs} l;4fy{ uf}td hlGdPsf]7fpF s'g} jg lyof] jf pBfg lyof] eGg] ljifodfljjfb /x]sf] 5 . o; ljifosf] 5nkmn pQm kl/j]zjgleq k|fs[lts ?kd} /x]sf] v'nf :yfg lyof] jfs'g} dfgj lgld{t jftfj/0f lyof] eGg] s'/fsf]jl/kl/ s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 .

;a} pknAw af}4 u|Gyx?n] slknj:t'df

;fnjg -;fnsf] jg_, n'lDagL jg -n'lDagLsf] jg_tyf dxfjg -7"nf] jg_ sf] cjl:yltnfO{ :jLsf/u5{g\ . oL jgx?df clwsf+z ?vx? ;fn k|hfltsflyP . slknj:t'sf zfSox? tyf b]jbxsfsf]lnox? b'a}n] ;'+o'Qm ?kdf n'lDagL pBfgsf]x]/rfx ub{y] eg]/ klg af}4 u|Gyn] pNn]v u/]sf]5 . To;cl3sf u|Gyx?df n'lDagL pBfgnfO{n'lDagLsfgg, n'lDagLjfl6sf, n'lDagLpkjg tyfn'lDagLlrQntfjg eg]/ klg pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .-la8f/L, @))$, k]h ^%_

n'lDagLsf] P]ltxfl;stfsf] ljifodf cfhxfdLnfO{ 1fg ePsf clwsf+z s'/fx? af}4 u|Gy,ofqLx?sf ljj/0f tyf k'/ftflTjs cGj]if0fsftYox?af6 k|fKt ePsf x'g\ . ;g\ !*(^ df hg]{nv8\u zdz]/ / k'/ftTjljb\ PG6f]g k'mx// o;:yndf cfpFbf n'lDagL eUgfjz]ifx?n] 3]l/Psf] /y'Dsfy'DsLx?n] el/Psf] kl/ToQm :ynsf] ?kdf/x]sf] lyof] . ToxfF ;fdfGo pTvgg\ sfo{x? ul/P,h;nfO{ kl5 ;g\ !*(( df k"0f{rGb| d'vhL{n]lg/Gt/tf lbP .

;g\ !(## b]lv !(#( sf aLrdf n'lDagLdfs]z/ zdz]/ ha/fn] cfk\mgf] k'/ftflTjs vGj]if0fgu/];Dd pQm :yndf s'g} ljz]if ef}lts kl/jt{gx?ePgg\ . To; cGj]if0fkZrft\ g} s]xL k'/ftflTjscjz]ifx? cgfj[t x'g] u/L ToxfFsf] y'Dsfsf] cfsf/dfkl/jt{g ug]{, ;Kt/ylzv/sf] hudfly dfofb]jLdlGb/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ / qmlds v'8\lsnfx? /O{6fsf] txx?;d]t ;dfj]z u/L ToxfFsf] hns'08sf]cfsf/df j[l4 ug]{ sfdx? eP . -l/hfn, !(&(,o'g]:sf], @))^_

n'lDagL;DaGwL 1fgsf] dxTjk"0f { c+zk'/ftflTjs clen]vx?df cfwfl/t 5g\ . ToxfF ePsfk|f/lDes k'/ftflTjs cGj]if0fx? cj}1flgs ljlw /k|lqmofaf6 z'? ul/P, h'g pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbL;DdcfOk'Ubf w]/} kl/is[t eP . cfh xfdL;Fu ljutpTvgg\x?sf] lj:t[t k|ltj]bgx? 5}g . kl5Nnfk'/ftflTjs cGj]if0fx?sf] tYof+sn] ut c9fO xhf/


jif{sf] cjlwdf pQm :ynsf] ljsf; s;/L ePsf]x'g'k5{ eGg] ljifodf oyfy{ ljj/0f lbG5 .

pGgfO;f+} ztfAbLsf] pQ/f4{lt/ n'lDagLsf]jl/kl/ b'O6f ljxf/x?, wd{zfnf tyf dx]Gb|:tDeh:tf ljleGg ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0f eof] .hfkfgL jf:t'sf/ s]Ghf] 6fË]n] n'lDagLsf] u'?of]hgf-h'g ;g\ !(&* df tof/ eof]_ agfpFbf pgn] d'Vok'/ftflTjs cjz]ifx? jl/kl/sf If]qdf Go"gtdk"jf{wf/x? /xg] u/L kljq pBfgsf] ?kdf ljsf;ug]{ kl/sNkgf u/] .

o; If]qdf /x]sf ;a} cfw'lgs ;+/rgfx?x6fpg'k5{ / P] ltxfl;s ?kdf k|df0fLs[tcjz]ifx?nfO{ dfq /xg lbOg'k5{ . -6fË], !(&*,k]h &)_

s]Ghf] 6fË]sf] u'?of]hgfdf lglxt zfGtjftfj/0f , ljZjJofkL dxTj / :ki6tfsfcjwf/0ffx?n] pQm :yfgsf] cfWoflTdstfnfO{ ef}ltsjftfj/0fdf kl/0ft ug]{ k|of;nfO{ k|ltljlDjt ub{5g\ .

ljz'4 k|fs[lts jftfj/0f, kljqtf, zflGt,;f}xfb{|tfh:tf zAbfjnLx? ljutdf tLyf{n'x?n]ug]{ ljleGg cg'i7fgx?;Fu;+u} k|of]u ul/GYof] .cfWoflTestfsf] k|Zgdf s'g rflx+ lglZrt d"t{s'/fn] o;nfO{ /fd|/L bzf{pF5 / To;df of] cGtlg{lxtx'G5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 5}g . tyflk s'g rflxF:yfgn] af}4 cfWoflTdstfsf] ;f/nfO{ cem /fd|/Lbzf{pF5 eGg] s'/fsf] :ki6 / ;femf b[li6sf]0fkl/eflift ul/Psf] 5}g . km]l/ klg, o; s'/fnfO{pQm :ynsf] cg'kd ljZjJofkL dxTjsf] ;dli6uta'emfOsf] cfwf/df to ul/g'k5{ . -af]sf8L{ @))%,k]h #_

n'lDagL ;+3 -n'lDagLdf a;f]af; ug]{cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfonfO{ a'emfpg] zAb_ n] d"ne"taf}4 cfrf/ ;+lxtf k|ltljlDat x'g] u/L kljqpBfgnfO{ …k~rzLn If]qÚ 3f]lift ug'{kg]{ k|:tfju/]sf] 5 . o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;g\ @))$ sf] bf];|f]af}4 ;Dd]ngsf] 3f]if0ffkqdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] .

tyflk, cfhsf] lbdf kljq pBfgsf] nflu

pko'Qm / k|fdfl0fs jftfj/0f s] x'g ;S5 eGg]s'/f to ubf{ ljutsf ztfAbLx?df n'lDagLsf]ef}lts jftfj/0fdf ePsf ljleGg kl/jt{gx?nfO{:ki6;Fu a'‰g' h?/L x'g;S5 .

n'lDagLnfO{ ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[tu/]kl5 ePsf c;+Vo 5nkmnx?n] ToxfF ul/g]jftfj/0fsf] ljsf;n] ToxfFsf k'/ftflTjs cjz]ifx?dfgsf/fTds c;/ kfg{ gx'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{eGg] b]vfPsf 5g\ . ;f}Gbo{j4{g sfo{x? pQm:ynsf] :ki6 b[li6sf]0f gagfOsg ul/g' x'Fb}g .

s]Ghf] 6fË]sf] egfOcg';f/, kljq pBfgsf]l8hfOgsf] d"ne"t l;4fGt gofF lgdf{0f sfo{x?nfO{k|ltjlGwt u/]/ / ljBdfg ;+/rgfx?nfO{ x6fP/Pj+ :yfgfGt/0f u/]/ zfGt k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf];[hgf ug'{ g} xf] . -o'g]:sf], @))^, k]h @!_

s]Ghf] 6fË]n] cfk\mgf] of]hgdf k|:tfj u/]sf]af6f] / 9nx?sf] sfo{ ubf{ o;n] ;+efljt k'/ftflTjs:yx?nfO{ c;/ k'¥ofpg ;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5, h;n]ubf{ u'?of]hgfnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ ljifodf s]xLcfjfhx? pl7/x]sf 5g\ .

hxfF;Dd ljZj;Dkbf :ynsf] k|Zg 5, s]Ghf]6fË]sf] u'?of]hgfnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ oyf]lrt;+zf]wg ul/g'k5{ . -af]sf8L{, @))%, k]h $_

s]Ghf] 6fË]sf] u'?of]hgfnfO{ p4[t ub}{;g\ !((# df g]kfnn] ljZj;Dkbf ;ldltnfO{ a'emfPsf]b:tfj]hn] dgf]lgt If]qeGbf aflx/ t/ ;lGgs6If]qeGbf leq /x]sf @) cf}+ ztfAbLsf s]xL wfld{sejgx? / n'lDagL ljsf; sf]ifn] k|of]u ub} cfPsf]s]xL ejgx? ;a} eTsfOg] egL :ki6;Fu pNn]v5 . -Osf]d;, !((^_ . vf;u/L o; If]qdf /x]sfb'O{ ljxf/x?sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ ejg eTsfpg]s'/f ljjfbdf kb}{ cfPsf] 5 . olb ltgnfO{ geTsfOg]xf] eg] kljq pBfgdf ltgnfO{ cfj4 u/fpg] :ki6zt{x? to ul/g'k5{ .

s]Ghf] 6fË]n] n'lDagLdf /x]sf k'tf/flTjscjz]if jl/kl/ k"j{–klZrd lbzfdf Ps dfOn -!^)) dL6/_ / pQ/–blIf0f lbzfdf Ps dfOneGbf


cln sd -!#^) dL6/_ sfod u/L kljq pBfgsf]If]qlgwf{/0f u/] . n'lDagLdf ;w}+ cfO/xg] af9Lsf]lgoGq0f ug{sf] nflu hns'08 / hnaGwsf] lgdf{0fn]pQm If]qnfO{ b'O{ efudf ljeQm u/]sf] 5 . oL b'a}s'/fx?sf] l8hfOg n'lDagLsf] ;jf{lws kljq tTjlglxt /x]sf] k|d'v k'/ftflTjs cjz]ifx?nfO{ cfj/0fk|bfg u/L ;'/lIft /fVgsf] nflu ul/Psf] lyof] .n'lDagLsf] If]qdf k'/ftflTjs cj/f]wx?nfO{ jl/kl/sf]e"efuaf6 5'6\ofOg' ;f] If]qsf] e"kl/b[Zodf ul/Psf]d'Vo x:tIf]k lyof], h;n] ubf{ kljq pBfgnfO{dfq ljZj;Dkbfsf] ?kdf ;"rLs[t ul/of] .kl/0ffd:j?k s]Ghf] 6fË]sf] u'?of]hgfn] …jg If]qÚ-jfOh], @))*_ egL kl/eflift u/]sf] kljq pBfgeGbfaflx/sf] If]q ljutsf sfo{qmd tyf 5nkmndfcf]e]mndf kg{ uof] .

;Eotfsf k|f/lDes lbgx?df dfgj /k|s[ltaLrsf] ;DaGw jt{dfg b[li6n] laNs'n} leGglyof] . k|foM k|fs[lts jftfj/0fnfO{ ;f/f /x:odohLj n'Sg] 7fpFsf] ?kdf x]l/GYof] / cfk"mnfO{ltgLx?af6 ;'/lIft /fVg'kg]{ x'GYof] . tyflk, k|s[ltn]dfgjnfO{ b]jTjsf] glhs k'¥ofof] . To;afx]s,dfgjx?nfO{ jfg:klts u'0fx? klg lbOof], h:t}u ' Kt sfndf -O {;fsfnsf ] bf ]>f ]b ] lv 5]7f } +

ztfAbL;Dd_ .a/x'6 / ;fFrLdf dfgj z/L/nfO{ ljz]if

k|sf/sf] lj?jfsf] ?kdf x]g{ yfln;s]sf] lyof] .dy'/f, ;f/gfysf snfsf}zndf / O;fsfnsf]bf]>f]b]lv 5}7f}+ ztfAbL;Dd /x]sf] u'Ktsnfsf cGoljleGg s]Gb|x?df dfgj z/LnfO{ o;sf] jfg:kltscfj/0faf6 x6fO{ 8fF7 / ntfx?sf] u'0fo'Qm :j?kdfx]l/g yflnPsf] lyof] . -ngf]o, !(&!, k]h @$_

dfly bzf{OPsf] dfgj / k|s[ltaLrsf] lgs6;DaGw l;4fy{ uf}tdsf] hLjgsfnel/ cg'e"t ug{;lsG5 .

cfh ;+;f/el/sf tLyf{n' tyf ko{6sx?eujfg\ a'4 hGd]sf] :yfgsf] cg'e"lt lng n'lDagLcfpF5g\ . ltgLx? cfk\mgf wfld{s tyf cfWoflTdsefjgfx?nfO{ k|foM cfk\mgf ljljw ;+:s[lt;FuufFl;Psf ljleGg tl/sfx?af6 cleJoQm ug{ n'lDagLcfpF5g\ . sf]xL Wofg ug{ cfpF5g\ eg] sf]xLdGqf]Rrf/0f ug{ cfpF5g\ . sf]xL ;'gsf] df]nDafr9fpg cfpF5g\ eg] s;}n] e]6L ?k}ofF, w"k jf b"wr9fpF5g\ tL ;a} zflGt / ;f}xfb|{tfsf] sfdgflnP/ cfpF5g\ . K

-d"n >f]t M The Sacred Garden of Lumbini (Perceptions

of Buddha's Birthplace), UNESCO 2013, Kathmandu.)

zflGtsf k|tLs tyfut a'4sf] hGd, ;Daf]lw1fg nfe tyfdxfkl/lgjf{0f lbj; a'= ;+= @%^# sf] pknIodf

;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLhgnfO{ xflb{s z'esfdgf .

af}4 dfl;s klqsf af}4 j[4f>d ag]kf

af}4 dlxnf ;+3 g]kfn kl/jf/cfrfo{ leIf' s'df/ sfZok

wfld{s sf]if

Wofgs'6L ljxf/, ag]kf laZj zflGt ljxf/, gofF afg]Zj/


clxn]sf] ljZj ;dfhdf ljljw k|sf/sf] eo,b'Mv ;d:of cefjsf] rrf{ eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df :jf:Yo;d:of klg c5'tf] 5}g . 3/ kl/jf/ ;dfhdf cfly{s,z}lIfs, Goflos, k|zf;lgs cflbsf] e}m emd]nfsf]cj:yfdf JolQmsf] zfl/l/s, dfgl;s :jf:Yosf] 7"nf]e"ldsf /x]sf]df z+sf 5}g . JolQmsf] :jf:Yo l7s 5jf 5}g eGg] s'/fdf cf–cfk\mgf] km/s wf/0ff x'g ;S5t/ b}lgs hLjgdf ug]{ cfxf/ ljxf/ ljrf/af6 z/L/dfk|s6 x'g] nIf0fx¿af6 cfk"m /f]uL xf] jf xf]Og eGg]hfgsf/L JolQm :j+o cfk}mn] hfGg ;Sg] v'la ljsf;ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . JolQmx¿ ;dfhdf ljljwk|sf/sf] ;d:ofdf hsl8Psf] cj:yf, k'gM k'gM ToxLcj:yfdf hsl8P/ cfk\mgf] cd"No hLjgsf] d"Nojfg;do, k/L>d v]/ kmfNg' tyf cGo nfesf] -cfly{s,dfg, O{Hht, kb k|lt:yf_ k5f8L bu'b}{ cfkm\gf] :jf:Yosf]xfgL ug{df t nflu/x]sf] 5}g < o;df :d/0fLo 5,JolQmsf] :jf:Yo h:tf] nfe c? s]xL x'g ;Sb}gg\ .

o;} ;Gbe{df wDdkbsf Znf]s /fVg plrt x'G5 .cf/f]Uod/df nfef—;GtlÝ k/d+ 3g .lj:;f; k/df ~fftL—lgAafg+ k/d+ ;'v+ ..

-@)$ ;'v jUuf]_cy{M lg/f]u x'g h:tf] nfe c? 5}g, ;Gt'i6 x'g'

h:tf] 7"nf] wg c? 5}g, ljZjf;L h:tf] 7"nf] aG3' c?x'+b}g, lgjf{0fh:tf] ;'v c? x'g ;Sb}gg\ .

-;fef/M wDdkb, leIf' cd[tfgGb_kfnL lqlk6sdf :jf:Yo ;DalGw w]/} rrf{ ePsf]

5 . eujfg\ uf}td a'4n] hg :jf:Yo /Iffsf] nflulgodx¿ agfpg' ePsf] b]lvG5 d'ntM /f]u b'O{lsl;dsf 5g\– -!_ zf/Ll/s / -@_ dfgl;s .

;/;kmfOsf] cefj, vfgfsf] cefj -of]Uo vfggvfg'_, b'lift kfgL, df};d kl/jt{g cflbsf] sf/0fn]zf/Ll/s /f]u nfU5 eg] c;Gtf]if, cfTdUnfgL,

cgfjZos z+sf, cfzfsf] ct[Kt, lg/fzfsf] 5FfofdfaFflr/xg', ljif}nL ;+ut, ljifd jftfj/0f tyf untwf/0ff cflbsf] sf/0fn] dfgl;s /f]u nfU5 .;'qlk6sdf pNn]v eP cg'?k dfgl;s /f]usf] pkrf/cfgfkfgaf6 x'g] s'/f ;Demg' of]Uo 5 .

eujfg\ uf}td a'4sf] lzIff cg';f/ lg/f]uL x'gnfO{^ j6f c+u k'/f ePsf] x'g kb{5 . tL x'g\ -!_ cfxf/plrt x'g kb{5 . -@_ a:g] 7fpF plrt x'g' kb{5 .-#_ cfk'm;Fu} a:g]x¿;Fu ljrf/ ldNg' kb{5 .-$_ a:g] 7fpFdf ;?jf /f]uL, emu8fn'x¿ x'g' x'Fb}g .-%_ xfjfkfgL cg's'n x'g' kb{5 . -^_ ;kmfO{ x'g' kb{5 .-;fef/M af}4 ;flxTo / :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf lg/f]lutfleIf' cZjwf]if, n]v lbjUft eGt]Ho" k|lt ljz]if gtd:ts;lxt_

k'gM wDdkbsf s]xL Znf]sx¿ zfGbles x'G5 .kl/lh00fÚldb+ ?k+—/f]ulg8\\9+ keË'/+ .leHhlt k"lt;Gb]xf] d/0fÚGt+ lx hLljt+ .. -!$*_cy{M hL0f{ eP/ hfg] z/L/, /f]usf] 3/ ePsf] of]

z/L/, s'x]/ gfz eP/ hfg]] z/L/ xf] of], hLljt k|f0fL;a} d/0f eP/ hfg' kg]{ g} x'G5 .

co;fÚj dn+ ;d'lÝt+ tÚb'[[Ýfo tÚd]j vfblt . Pj| clt Wff]grfl/g+ ;ssDdflg golGt b'Uult+ .. -@$)_ dnjUuf]cy{M kmnfdaf6 cfPsf] lvofn] kmnfdnfO{ gi6

u/]e}m, vfnL vfg] lkpg]df dfq r+rn x'g] JolQmnfO{cfk\mgf] sd{n] b'u{lttk{m nfG5 .

ca s] vfg] s;/L vfg] s''''/f klg ljrf/0fLo 5 .;j{k|yd t JolQmn] vfg] s'/f hLj|f]sf] :jfbsf] nflugeO{ cfk\mgf] z/L/sf] rl/q cg'?k ug'{ kb{5 c?sf]b]vfl;vLdf nfUg' xF'b}g . JolQmsf] z/L/ tftf], lr;f],skm, lkTf, afo', cDn kbfy{ cg'¿k To;nfO{ ;Gt'ngug{ cg'¿k plrt cfxf/ x'g' kb{5 .

ljz'l4 dfu{df pNn]v eP cg';f/ k'?ifsf] alQ;/ dlxnfsf] PSsfO; xft nfdf] cfGb|fdf 6fFl;Psf]kmf]x/ Ps b'O{ lbgdf lg:sFb}g, To;sf] nflu !%.@)

lg/f]u x'g' ;j}eGbf 7"nf] nfe

lzlzn lrqsf/ lzlzn lrqsf/ lzlzn lrqsf/ lzlzn lrqsf/ lzlzn lrqsf/


lbg nfU5 . km]l/ JolQmn] slt vfg] eGg] ;jfndfdfly pNn]v ePem}+ Ps efu vfnL g} /fVg plrt xf]eg] cem vfPsf] ;a} efu cfkm\gf] nflu dfq xf]Og,k]6 leq x'g] #@ k|sf/sf k/hLjLx¿sf] nflu klg Psefu xf] . csf]{ efu h7f/fUgLn] eid kfb{5, b'O{efulbzf lkzfj lrk|f, cf+;', kl;gf cflb eP/ lg:sG5 /afFsL Ps efu dfq /ut, df;L aGb} zlQm k|bfgub{5 .

o; kl/j]zdf s]xL Znf]sx¿ ;fGble{s x'G5 .rtf/f] k~r cfnf]k] ce'Tjf pbs+ lkj].cn+ kmf;' ljxf/fo klxt:; leSv'gf] ..cy{ M :j:Yo x'g / lgjf{0f d'vL leIf'n] rf/ kfFr

ufF; sd vfP/ kfgL lkpg' kb{5 .kl6;+vf of]lg;f] lk08kft+ kl6;]jfld g]j bjfo,

g dbfo g d08gfo, g lje";gfo, ofjb]j Od:;sfo:; l7ltof ofkgfo, ljlx +; "k l/ lstofa…drl/ofg'Uuxfo Olt k'/f0f~r j]bg+ kl6x+vfld gj~rj]bg+ gpKkfb]:;fld ofqf r d] elj:;lt cgjHhfr kmf;'ljxf/f] rflt .

cy{M d ljj]sk"0f{ eP/ cfxf/ ;]jg ub{5' . gdgf]/~hgsf] nflu, g c+xsf/sf] nflu g ;hfj6sf]nflu, g ;'Gb/tfsf] nflu . hj ;Dd of] z/L/ l:y//xG5 ta;Dd hLjgofkg ug{sf] nflu, k'/fgf] /f]ulgsf] ug{sf] nflu, gofF /f]u pTkGg gug{sf] nflu /d]/f] hLjgofqf afwf/lxt / ;'vk'j{js xf];\ eGgsf]nflu xf] . -;fef/M e2Gt ;Dos;Djf]lw k|f0fk'q, ;DoslzIff, DofUbL af}4 ;+3, a'=;= @%%)_

clxn]sf] ;dfhdf :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] s|ddfljleGg k/LIf0f, ljleGg k4ltsf] pkrf/ cflbn] ;xL;dfwfg ePsf] gePsf] klg k|;+u :d/0fLo 5 eg]cem /f]usf] cf}ifwL eGbf /f]u nfUg glbg tk{m JolQmx/bd ;hs x'g' g} pQd pkfo xf] . o;sf] nflucfkm\gf] nflu plrt cfxf/sf] rog, dfqfsf] 1fg,vfg / lkpg] ;dosf] kfjGbL, b}lgs hLjg k4ltdfplrt s[ofsnfk / ;a}eGbf 7"nf] t plrt ljrf/ g]}xf] . JolQmsf] vfgkfg / /f]usf] nIf0f JolQmsf] :j+osfz/L/ xf] eg] vfgfsf] rog-k|sf/_ / dfqsf] 1fg klgJolQm :j+odf x'g lglj{ljjfb tYo x'g .

cfh ;dfhsf] ljifd k/Ll:ytL, JolQmx¿sf]

:jf:Yo cj:yf / vr{sf] cj:yfdf wg gfz / :jf:Yogfz nufot ;a}lt/ gfz g} gfz t eO/x]sf] 5}g <o;df cem :d/0fLo 5, wg gfz x'g' 7"nf] gfz xf]Og,k|1f gfz x'g' ;a}eGbf 7"nf] gfz xf] .

clxn]sf] ;dfhdf ljleGg k|sf/sf] /f]ux¿sf]jlu{s/0f ePsf] 5 t/ ;a}sf] d"n sf/0f cg'lrtcfxf/, cg'lrt ljxf/, cg'lrt ljrf/ g} xf] eg]/f]usf] lgbfg / cem /f]u nfUg glbg plrt cfxf/,plrt ljxf/ / plrt ljrf/ g} xf] .

cGTodf k'g Mcf/f]Uod/df nfef —;GtlÝ k/d+ 3g .lj:;f; k/df ~fftL —lgAafg+ k/d+ ;'v+ ..ctM k|To]s JolQmn] zf/Ll/s :jf:Yosf] nflu

;/;kmfO, vfgf lkgf tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yosf] nflulat]sf] s'/fdf lrGtf gu/L, w]/} dxTjfsf+IfL geO{,cfk'm;+u h]h:tf] ;D+klt 5 To;df ;Gt'i6 x'g' g}:jf:Yosf] nflu ;xL dfkb08 x'g ;Sb5 .

eujfg\ uf}tda'4sf] lzIff sfo{ sf/0fsf]l;4fGtnfO{ g} :d/0f u/L s'g} klg sfo{ lagf sf/0fgx'g] e+}m /f]usf] sf/0f JolQmsf] cg'lrt cfxf/ ljxf// ljrf/ g} ePsf]df z+sf 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdfJolQmn] plrt cfxf/ ljxf/ / ljrf/ ug{ tk{m pGd'veO{ lg/f]u g} ;aeGbf 7"nf] nfe xf] egL dgg ug'{plrt x'G5 . ;a}sf] sNof0f xf]; Û

-of] n]v :jf:Yo ljz]if1sf] ?kdf n]v]sf] geO{af}4 lzIff :jf:Yo ;DjlGw ePsf k|z+ux¿dfq p7fpgvf]h]sf] 5' / cem o;df yk k/Ldfh{g ;lxtljz]if1x¿jf6 lg/Gt/tf ;d]tsf] ck]Iff ;lxt lh1f;'JolQmx¿af6 yk cWoog cg';Gwgfsf] nflu cfu|xub]{ ;a}df a'=;+ @%^# sf] d+undo sfdgf / ;fw'jfb_

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M!= wDdkb, leIf' cd[tfgGb@= af}4 ;flxTo / :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf lg/f]lutf n]v,

leIf' cZjwf]if#= ;Dos lzIff , DofUbL af}4 ;+3, a'=;= @%%)$= lg/f]u cfgGbsf] /xio, 8f= pd]z >]i7, k|s[lt

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Gautam Buddha is a well-known name intoday’s modern world. Recognizing the importanceof the name of the Buddha, Nepal has also givenhis name to the world to draw the attention ofvisitors. Very recently we have heard such nameslike "International Gautam Buddha Hospital,International Gautam Buddha Airport andInternational Gautam Buddha CricketStadium" are some of them. Nepalese100 rupees note also carries themessage of Lord Buddha’s birthplace.

It is not much importantto speak on the issue of his birthplace. People of many countrieshave visited Nepal and manyvisitors do not forget to pay a visitto Lumbini during their stay inNepal. So, those visiting Nepal havealready learnt that SakyamuniGautam Buddha was born in Lumbiniof the western Nepal. The name of theBuddha and his teachings are reaching far andwide, almost every place in modern day.Information technology has developed so fast andthose interested in learning the teachings of theBuddha can find out details about his life, his historyand the method how he used to teach his disciplesselflessly for their benefit, wellbeing and happiness.Eventual result of his teachings is concerned withpeace. As of the teachings of the Buddha the wayof approaching to peace is very subtle and differentfrom the system of other beliefs. All his disciplesat the time of the Buddha worked for the cause ofpeace and the goal of their life through listeningto him earnestly.

According to the Buddha, beginning of thislife is inconceivable. Until Nirvana (complete end

of desires particularly related to senses (kama),existence (bhava) and non-existence (vibhava)is attained those born into this world are bound toexperience whatever is given to them. Jatakastories of the Bodhisattva which related hisprevious life stories are also some examples andsay that the process of life continues until desiresare completely put into the end. We cannot saywhen we came into this world and when are wereaching the end of Sansaric life. Life continuesin Sansara until the complete end of suffering is

attained. So, the Buddha preached his sermonsthat could be conducive for the disciples

to lead their life towards the end ofsuffering.

All were not equal in theirpotential of understanding histeachings. Some of his disciplescould understand his sermons quicklywhereas some others took a plentyof time to learn, a plenty of time topractice the teachings of the Buddha.Yet, the results of their learning andpractice were not achievedimmediately. Those who learnt quickly

were wise (khippa panna) for they hadproper listening power and grasped the meaning

of sermons. When the results are slow the discipleswould lose their faith in the teachings. It’s not thefault of the teachings. It’s the fault of discipleswhich followed them life after life as they couldnot pay their proper attention while listening andlearning lessons. When reading the story of CulaPanthaka we could acquire certain knowledge ofdormant nature of human beings which has madeus difficult to understand and taken time to awakenthe mind.

The Buddha used to present similes while hewas delivering sermons to his disciples. Hisdisciples were of different levels. Some couldunderstand his sermons without making mucheffort and some could not understand. The Buddhapresented examples and similes for those who

Teaching Method of Gautam Buddha

Bhikshu Upatissa


were weak in understanding. Examples and similesmade them clear and understand the profoundteachings of the Buddha. Their doubt andperplexity pertaining to the teachings no longerexisted through seeing examples and similes.

Due to ignorance, all those born into this worlddo one of two things good or bad. Someone thatknows the benefit of good things will take theadvantage by doing good. Someone that do nothave faith in good things may take advantage bydoing evil things. Knowing the benefit of good thingssomeone might do them again and again for hishappiness. Happiness derived from good things isdifferent from the happiness of evil things. Due tolack of proper understanding someone couldcommit sin in pursuit of their happiness. TheBuddha used to say that all karmic formations aredependent on ignorance. So, when the time is ripethe result gained from these two kinds ofadvantages will be different. As you do so youreap. (yadisam vapate bijam tadisam haratephalam.)

In order to convince his disciples the Buddhadid not like preaching them profoundly. Simply hepreached importance of generosity (dana) andbenefits gained by the practice of giving. Danameans giving away someone’s belongings toothers. Those who do not have the habit or thepractice of giving away their belongings might notappreciate ‘dana.’ Even donors who know thesignificance of dana can find it hard to give awayfrequently. Donors know how they work hard toearn a little money and save for their livelihoodand their family. If they could not earn daily theirbusiness would lose and their family suffer.However, from the spiritual view of life dana isfound appreciated in almost every religion. Charity,donation, sacrifice, dedication, volunteer and help– the meaning of all these words convey themeaning of dana. Those who work selflessly ordo dana for others, represent the meaning of thesewords and will have ultimately happiness of theirmind. Of coure, we have not seen where heavenis. Those who are faithful in giving dana will feeldivine happiness. Dana accomplishes all wishesof a donor. Dana paves the way to heaven. Those

who give dana will work hard. By giving to othersthey feel like seeing all are treated equally insociety. Dana is like an escalator to heaven. Thosewho practice dana to reduce their greed to giveup their attachment probably ascend to heaven.So the Buddha used to say that if someone couldgive up greed only he is destined to be an Anagami– the 3rd stage of sainthood.

Two other important aspects of his teachingsare moral behavior and meditation. All those wholike to know the teachings of the Buddha, wholike to be called as his followers and walk on thepath as guided by him need to practice generosity(dana), moral behaviour (sila) and cultivation ofone’s mind (bhavana). When going through hisdiscourses we find that the Buddha has notpreached profound doctrine to his followers at thebeginning. What he used to preach was importanceof a little dana to those who were in need of foodand medicines for those who could not afford tobuy them. He said that until the last days of one’slife one should live morally a good life. To havefaith in moral behaviour and living morally a goodlife brings about happiness.

Meditation is a system of training one’s mind.When practicing meditation one will graduallyknow the subtle nature of his mind. Throughknowing and seeing one’s mind, one can understandthe importance of a virtuous life, the importanceof moral behaviour which is known as sila in theteachings of the Buddha.

The followers of the Buddha and those whoare interested in walking on the path as guided byhis teachings practice these three aspects in theirday today life. While practicing these three aspectsas taught by the Buddha, the followers willgradually learn and understand all other profoundand subtle teachings such as how he preached thefour noble truths, the role of cause and effect, thelink of dependant origination etc. According to thegradual method of his teaching, the Buddha simplyeducated his disciples, his followers and gave themhis knowledge to awaken the nature of theirdormant minds. The gradual process of teachingsof the Buddha was aimed towards approaching topeace and a path of liberation.K


1. IntroductionThe theories based on political norms, economic

implications, psychological concepts, religiousviews have been proposed so far in an attempt toestablish world peace. Different cultures, religions,philosophies and organizations have varyingconcepts on how such a state would come about.

The International Day of Peace was establishedin 1981 by the United Nations General Assembly.Two decades later, in 2001, the General Assemblyunanimously voted to designate the Day as a periodof non-violence.

Despite many efforts being done worldwide,violence persists in world in place of peace. A reportin June 2015 on the Global Peace Index highlightedthat the impact of violence on the global economyreached US$14.3 trillion. The report also found thatthe economic cost of violence is 13.4% of worldGDP, equal to the total economic output of Brazil,Canada, France, Germany, Spain and the UKcombined. (Retrieved from www.wikipedia.org/wiki/world peace)

So what is the problem and the solution? Yet aquestion, unanswered fully. Emotional intelligence,wellness psychology, conflict management, etc. aresome of the concepts that human have introducedin an effort. The problem is persisting war andconflicts around the world.

This paper targets to present BuddhistPhilosophy as a source of remedy. The works aredone here on the base of books of Abhiddhammawritten by different authentic personalities. Theprimary source of these books is Pali text.

Many Buddhists believe that world peace canonly be achieved if we first establish peace withinour minds. The idea is that anger and other negativestates of mind are the cause of wars and fighting.Buddhists believe people can livein peace and harmony only if we abandon negativeemotions such as anger in our minds and cultivatepositive emotions such as love and compassion.

(Retrieved from www.wikipedia.org/wiki/ worldpeace)

According to the Buddhist philosophy, we needto understand that both of the world peace and waris originated from a mind of a human. To understandthis fact sin depth, it is necessary to learnAbhiddhamma as taught by the Buddha.

The approach to the teaching and practice ofSatipatthana meditation or commonly known asVipassana, relies heavily on an Abhidhammicinterpretation of meditative experience.

2. Abhiddhamma : A theoretical frameworkThe seven books of the Abhidhamma Pitaka,

the third division of the Tipitaka, offer anextraordinarily detailed analysis of the basic naturalprinciples that govern mental and physicalprocesses. Whereas the Sutta and Vinaya Pitakaslay out the practical aspects of the Buddhist path toAwakening, the Abhidhamma Pitaka provides atheoretical framework to explain the causalkeystones of that very path. In Abhidhammaphilosophy the familiar psycho-physical universe isdistilled to its essence according to precisely definednatural laws.

2.1 The Ultimate RealitiesBefore entering into the main subject of the

paper, that is, six roots of mind, we need tounderstand some basic terms of the ultimate realitieson the base of Abhiddhamma.

The Abhidhamma deals with realities existingin an ultimate sense, called in Pali paramatthadhammaa. There are four such realities:

1. Citta, mind or consciousness, experiencesan object. Citta occurs as distinct momentary statesof consciousness.

2. Cetasikas, the mental factors that arise andcolours the cittas. Cetasikas accompany citta everymoment.

3. Rupa, physical phenomena, or materialform.

4. Nibbaana, the state of enlightment. (FromBhikkhuni Dhammavati, 2013 )

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Dr. Reena Tuladhar 'Pariyatti Saddhamma Kobida'

Global Peace through Awareness on SixRoots of Mind


Mind (Citta)A citta is that which experiences an object.

Cittas experience different objects through the sixdoors of body, that is, eyes, ears, nose, tongue,body-sense and mind. Seeing is a citta experiencingthat which appears through the eyes. When visibleobject contacts the eye-sense there are conditionsfor seeing. When sound contacts the ear-sense, thereare conditions for a citta which experiences sound.A citta smells through the nose. A citta tastes flavourthrough the tongue. A citta which experiences abodily impression experiences this through thebody-sense. Through the mind-door citta canexperience all kinds of objects, mainly thoughts.There can be only one citta at a time and citta canexperience only one object at a time. InAbhidhhamma, 89 types of cittas in brief and 121types of cittas in detail is explained.

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Mental Factors (Cetasika)The second paramattha dhamma is cetasika.

Cetasikas are mental factors. One can think ofsomething with aversion, with a pleasant feeling,with wisdom. Aversion, feeling and wisdom aremental phenomena which are not citta; they arecetasikas which accompany different cittas. Thefifty-two kinds of cetasika are classified as good,evil and neutral.

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Physical Phenomen (Rupa) Rupa is the third paramattha dhamma which

is classified into twenty-eight classes altogether onthe base of four principal rupas or 'Great Elements',in Pali: maha-bhuta-rupa. They are:

1. 'Element of Earth' or solidity (to beexperienced as hardness or softness)

2. 'Element of Water' or humidity (to beexperienced as liquidity or frozen matter )

3. 'Element of Fire' or temperature (to beexperienced as heat or cold)

4. 'Element of Wind' or motion (to beexperienced as motion or pressure)

Citta, cetasika and rupa which are conditionedrealities, are also known as mind and matter ( namand rupa). This again can be classified as the fivekhandhas. Khandha means 'group' or 'aggregate'.They are:

1. Rupakkhandha, which are all physicalphenomena.

2. Vedanakkhandha, which is feeling.3. Sannakkhandha, which is perception.4. Sankharakkhandha, volition, comprising

fifty cetasikas.5. Vinnanakkhandha, comprising all cittasOf the five khandhas, rupakkhandha is the part

of matter phenomenon. The remaining four are thepart of mind phenomenon, of which, Vedana,sanna, and sankhara are cetasikas and vinnana iscitta.

•

The state of Enlightment (Nibbana)The fourth paramartha dhamma, Nibbana is

not a khandha; it is void of khandha (in Pali:khandha-vimutti). (From Bhikkhu Buddhaghosha,2048 B.S.)

2.2 Six roots of mindWhen we study Abhidhamma we learn that

there are three groups of akusala cittas or evilrooted minds and three groups' kusala cittas or goodrooted minds. They are:

1. Lobha-mula-cittas, or cittas rooted inattachment

2. Dosa-mula-cittas, or cittas rooted inaversion

3. Moha-mula- cittas, or cittas rooted inignorance

Lobha is 'clinging' or 'attachment'. Dosa isaversion and Moha is ignorance. These are cetasikasor roots which make a citta akusala. In the case ofa desirable object of sense, there arises, as a rule,clinging or attachment. In the case of an undesirableobject, ordinarily there is aversion. It is ‘moha’ thatclouds an object and blinds the mind. According tothe Abhidhamma, moha is common to all evil. Lobhaand dosa do not arise alone, but always incombination with moha. Moha, on the other hand,does arise singly. There are several other akusalacetasikas which colours a citta akusala , such asego (abhimana), wrong view (ditthi) and envy (issa),miser (machhariya) etc.

Diametrically opposed to the above three roots,are the roots of Kusala, the moral types ofconsciousness.

4. alobha -mula cittas, or cittas rooted in non-attachment or generosity.

5. Adosa-mula-cittas, or cittas rooted in lovingand kindness, goodwill.

6. Moha-mula-cittas, or cittas rooted inwisdom.


Alobha means non-attachment, generosity.Adosa means non-anger or non-hatred, goodwill,or benevolence, or loving-kindness (metta). Amohameans non-delusion, wisdom or knowledge(pannya). These roots of Kusala cetasika colours acitta to make a kusala citta or a wholesome citta.There are several other kusala cetasikas whichcolours a citta kusala , such as shamefulness onwrong deeds (hiri), faith in good actions (saddha),mindfulness (sati) etc. (From Bhikkhu Bodhi,1993)

Thus the Buddha taught there are six roots(mula) that lie behind every action (karma) that wedo: three wholesome roots (kusala -mula) and threeunwholesome roots (akusala-mula). These rootsare volitional states of mind, sankhara, thatpredetermine the nature of thoughts, words anddeeds. If they are wholesome, then there will bepositive results, whereas if they are unwholesome,the results will be negative.

One of the Buddha's Sayings is here fromDhammapada, Citta Vagga,Verse 42: " When onebandit sees another, he attacks the second bandit.In the same way, one person sees someone he hates,he also does harm to the hated person. But what thebadly deployed mind does to the possessor of themind is far worse than what a bandit or what onehater will do to another hater." (From VenerableWeragoda Saroda, 1993).

2.3 The process of root of mind to bodily actionHow does the process go? When we see

something beautiful, if the cetasika which is lobhaarises with the citta at that moment it starts makingattachment or clinging. Greed arises on an attractiveobject and may end up in stealing, smuggling, lootingand even killing. The greed for sexual satisfactioncan drive a person to the most extreme of acts,even rape. Hatred covers every mode of mind thatfeels repulsion or disgust towards an object. Thenfrom the slightest feeling of ill-humor to the kind ofanger and rage that sees people even kill each other.

There are some people in whom greed and hateare so strong that they do not know what generosityis, they are quick to criticize others. If they get achance they will destroy everything that stands inthe way of their attempts to boost their own ego.

On the other hand, the three wholesome roots(kusala-mula) make up the positive side of ouractions. It can be cultivated through awareness andintensive effort to incline towards goodness. When

we perform dana (generosity), sila (morality) andbhavana (progress in insight), the action is derivedfrom kusala mula citta, good roots. All differentkinds of wholesomeness such as the appreciationof other people’s good deeds, helping others,politeness, paving respect, observing the precepts,studying and teaching Dhamma, samatha (tranquilmeditation) and vipassana (progress of ‘insight’)are the result of kusala mula , resulting in gooddeeds and each good deed will bring a pleasant result.

We see many people willingly and joyfully, donot hesitate to help their needy fellow beings, andwho will even risk their own lives to save those indistress. For example, rescuers of victims in anatural disasters. If these rescuers' mind is notmotivated by kusala mula, their steps may not goforward.

These diverse characters the misers, murderers,rapists, heroes, benefactors, and rescuers are whatthey are because of the strength of roots withintheir mind.

3. Elimination of evil roots: The main pathtowards global peace

The Buddhist training is to eliminate three layersof evil rooted defilements (kilesh) by practice ofsila, samadhi and pannya which are actually threesections of the Eightfold Noble path. The three layersof defilements can be understood as below.

1. Transgression (viitikkama kilesh):Defilement from the strongest root leads to evil bodilyand verbal acts. This is checked by the practice ofsila, morality, observing the five precepts.

2. Obsession (pariyutthaana kilesh):Defilement from weaker root comes to theconscious level and threatens to lead to transgressionif not restrained by the practice of mindfulness. Itis to be checked by tranquility, samadhi.

3. Latency (anusaya kilesh): Hiddendefilements, which are ready to surface through theimpact of sensory stimuli. Its elimination requiresinsight-wisdom (vipassanaa-pannya), the decisiveliberating factor in Buddhism. (From Gorkom, 1997)

4. ConclusionNobody wishes to experience an unhappy

result, but as they do not realize the cause ofunhappy results is unwholesome citta, theyrepeatedly perform unwholesome deeds. If we learnto be alert on functions of our mind we will havemore understanding of ourselves and of others. Wewill have more compassion and loving kindness


towards others, even when they behave in adisagreeable way.

The cittas accompanied by cetasikas arise in acountless number within a moment, yet we knowso little about them. We are not aware on flow ofcitta.

By practice of mindfulness, or vipassana, wedevelop a skill of being alert within ourself. Whenwe dislike other people's harsh words, at themoment, we become alert that our mind is about toturn into akusala mula with aversion. Then insteadof paying attention to those harsh words, webecome aware of our own akusala cittas. So wewill step back doing unwholesome deeds which willdefinitely bring happy results for self and others.

Hundreds of Vipassana meditation centres andits practioners around the world today are no otherthan the source of peace and harmony. If we lookback to history, we see Emperor Ashok of Indiawho turned into Dhammasoka, a source of peacefrom Chandasoka, a big warrior. A Chand warriorwas transformed into a peaceful man after listeningto Dhamma preached by a young Novice Nigrodh,an enlightened person.

ReferencesBhikkhu Bodhi (2000). (General edition)

Abhiddhammatha Sangha A Comprehensive Manualof Abhiddhamma. Washington, Pariyatti.

Bhikkhu Buddhaghosha Mahasthavir (2048B.S.). (Translated and edited) AbhidharmarthaSangraha. Lalitpur:Published by KulnarsinghShakya.

Bhikkhu Narada Mahathera (1956). A Mannualof Abhiddhamma. KualaLampur: BuddhistMissionary Society.

Bhikkhuni Dhammavati (2013). Abhidharma.Kathmandu: Dharmakirti Publication.

Gorkam, N.V.,Abhiddhamma in Daily life,(1997), Retrieved fromwww.Amazon.com/Abhiddhamma in daily life/Nina,2011.

Vipassana Vishodhan Vinyas,Mahasatipatthanasutta, (2013). Igatpuri: VipassanaVishodhan Vinyas, Dhammagiri.

Venerable Weragoda Sarada Thero (1993). TheTreasury of Truth: Illustrated Dhammapada. Taipei:The Corporate Body of Buddha EducationalFoundation.

Source of Internet: www. wikipedia.org/wiki/world peace)

(Note: This Paper has been presented in the8th International Conference on "Global Peacethrough Emotional Literacy, Wellness Psychologyof Workplace Behavior, and Effective PeopleManagement" on November, 2018; which jointlyOrganized by World Without Anger (WWA ) andNepal and Global Peace Foundation (GPF) inassociation with World Emotional Literacy League(WELL), USA and Global Harmony Association(GHA), India and Co-organized by QuestInternational College, Pokhara University)

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Hearty Greetings and best wishes to all peace-loving people of the world on the most auspiciousoccasion of 2563rd Buddha Jayanti. May Loving-Kindness, Compassion, Altruistic Joy andEquanimity pervade all Dhamma Realms.

21st Century world has witnessed the wonders ofthe advanced and sophisticated science andtechnology, which provided eases, amenities andluxuries in day to day human life. Does it mean modernday living could give peace and tranquility to humanmind? I do not think science and technology couldtouch and treat human heart for the state of peace,bliss and harmony. I think, everybody agrees, scienceis concerned with the materialistic world only, not beingsensitive to urgent need of mental or inner self of theperson. The Buddha dealt with inner world of self, onlytalking about Dharma, leading human beings to thespiritual height during the dispensation of histeachings for forty five years until his last breath,Mahaparinirvana. It is my opinion that the Buddha`steachings of love and compassion only can tacklemodern day problems of violence, turmoil, chaos andconflicts caused by human materialistic pursuits.

The Buddha`s whole life was overwhelmed withthe highest sense of COMPASSION (karuna) forhuman and all living beings. The past lives of theBuddha as a Boddhisattva (Jatakas) give details tous, how he endeavored himself to selfless giving andloving compassion to relieve the living beings frompains and sufferings. As Boddhisattva Siddhartha, hewas always sunk in deep thoughts and beneficialattitudes, and aptitudes of compassion towards others.His potential Buddhahood startled at the very earlyage with the feeling, how he could be of use to eliminatesufferings of people caused by birth, aging, illness anddeath. Such a conscientious feeling, moved him well tosacrifice everything - palace, family and royal amenitiesto go in search of and find out ways to liberate sentientbeings. He got enlightenment and after that hededicated himself body and heart on to the service, toenlighten human beings. He taught the ultimate fournoble truths out of compassion to the worldly beings,for their release from pains and sufferings.

Even on the minutes of his last breath, he exhibitedhis extraordinary compassion to his pupils, givingsermons on insubstantiality of everything. TheBuddha`s only concern was liberation, NIBBANA ofsentient beings. His compassion was for the blissfuland peaceful living of entire humanity. He was theperfect model of love and compassion for others tolearn and emulate, which was proven by many instanceshow monks, nuns and other commoners withpotentialities, got total radical transformation of theirlives for good. His sermons on the law of dependentorigination, five and eight precepts, and eightfold pathare ignited only with love and compassion and nothingmore. His teachings of non-violence, non-theft,abstinence from unlawful intercourse, non-lying, andnon- use of intoxicants are all derived from the spirit ofcompassion. It was the normal routine of the Buddhathat early morning he used to think over, whom shouldhe bestow grace to enlighten his pupils and devoutlayman as well, that day. He used to watch out with hisdivine eyes to discover potentialities to achieve thehigher state of dhamma of his disciples and other laities,so to help and create suitable causes and situations.

As the Buddha taught, Compassion is one of thefour highest and immeasurable sublime states of mind,Catubrahmabihar, characterized by a feeling of deepsympathetic concern for others, humans as well asother living creatures, with a strong desire to alleviatetheir sufferings, pains and misfortunes. Compassion isexpressed not only during the time of sorrowfulsituations but also it gives true direction and alertnessto those in happy states, who are doing wrongsconsciously or unconsciously, which may beconsequential of unfortunate situations. Therefore, itis the motive to encourage oneself and others as wellto do the overall best for happiness of oneself and forothers. Compassion is not the raw sympathy to expressjust outwardly, but it should be the precursor ofempathy with warmth and care as the positive feelingfor others, thinking of their good and welfare.

True compassion is not the emotional response,but a firm commitment founded on reason with no self– grasping and it is the genuine outcome of Metta,loving – kindness, identifying the sufferings of othersas one`s own. In fact compassion springs out from thevery within of heart. It is the inherent nature of purehuman mind, unpolluted both internally and externally.

Compassion - the heart of the teachings ofthe Buddha, the most compassionate one

Deva Kaji Shakya


Compassion develops and is expressed lucid andclear in the form of qualities like charity, benevolence,helpfulness, tolerance, patience, wisdom, kindness,perseverance, warmth, resolve and altruism ultimately.Compassion is really the matter of rational sensitiveness,which motivates people to go out of their ways to helpothers to relieve them from physical, mental andemotional pains.

Because of compassion, individuals experienceinner happiness and contentment, by helping others.Compassion is the active human value, based on soundjudgement and the total rationale applied practically forothers. With passivity without genuine application inday to day life, Compassion is of no value at all and itstrue meaning will be lost. The importance of compassionlies in the inner tranquilities, it brings forth in humanmind, resulting in positive impact and contributingimmensely to create the beautiful, blissful andprosperous world full of peace and harmony.

Dalai Lama said, "Love and compassion arenecessities not luxuries, without them humanity cannotsurvive". Anger and hatred hinder the growth anddevelopment of human personality in right direction,making people cruel and indifferent, causing socialmishap. Compassion is the powerful antidote to angerand hatred. It is the highest human value, which theBuddha has put greatest emphasis on for transformingpeople into true human beings. It is the greatest virtue,which helps turn this unsubstantial living in humanrealm to the state full of essence, paving the way for thebirth in higher realms, leading to NIBBANA, thesupreme state of bliss and peace, the only goalBuddhism has envisaged.

Compassion is the source of happiness, whichdevelops slowly and gradually at different levels,ranging from individuals to family, community, society,country and in the long run extensively covering thewhole universe. Compassion is the sublime value, themindful awakening, concerned with the control andrelentless continuous lofty spiritual practice throughmeditation.

Dhammapada verse no 270 clearly speaks ofcompassion as the fundamental element of noble living.It says,"one is not called noble, who harms living beings.By not harming living beings one is called noble."Therefore, compassion is the indispensable element ofnobleness and philanthropical attitude.

In Nalaka Sutta, Buddha speaks about Compassionin the way, "As I am, so are these. As are these, so am I.Drawing parallel to yourself, neither kill nor get othersto kill".

Compassion is clearly expressed in verse no 129of Dhammapada. "All tremble at violence, all fear death.Putting oneself in the place of another, one should notkill nor cause another to kill". Compassion is the laweternal that hatred is never appeased by hatred in thisworld. By not hatred alone is hatred appeased inaccordance with the verse of Dhammapada.

His Holiness Dalai Lama said that we might rejecteverything else: religion, ideology, all received wisdom,but we cannot escape the necessity of love andcompassion. Compassion is very closely connectedwith loving-kindness, sympathetic joy and equanimitywhich are called four immeasurable sublime states ofmind and they are bases for powerful meditativeinsights. Cultivation of compassion, the emphatic wishfor beings to make them free from sufferings, is basedon cultivation of loving-kindness.

Sensing all beings as dear through the practice oflove and the reflecting on the sufferings they go,compassion for them naturally arises. Then it becomesa mental power, which undercuts tendencies towardcruelty. Compassion gives inner healings, protectingself and others too and it purifies minds which are fullof confusions. The four sublime states of mind areinterdependent, one makes another help grow anddevelop easily as they are complementary to each other.

Boddhisattva, the potential Buddha has a solemnvow to be compassionate to all beings and it is out ofcompassion, he is always ready to rub shoulders withthe wrong-doers to reach and draw them toward thegood. The Boddhisattva is always led by compassionin attitude, words, and thoughts and in action.

8th century Mahayani scholar and great teacher ofDhamma, Shantideva says that entering into theBoddhisattva path, one is fully immersed in the senseof oneness of all beings, knowing no difference betweenself and others, as they are merely relative and contextualterms. Shantideva argues that there is no "this bankand other bank of the river". Neither side of the river isintrinsically "other bank", which is just the perspectiveof looking at the thing. Compassion is the sense ofoneness between self and other.

Now the question arises how the sense ofcompassion can be boosted in a human mind. Everyhuman being, even with very low level morals and terribleignorance has, by nature, seeds of compassion withinhim or herself, hidden and waiting for manifestation indue course of time when causes and condition meet. Itis just the matter of appropriate stimulus, energetic andearnest practice one will be able to show his or herinnate compassion. It is related to mind factor, which


lets compassion work for one`s own and others` benefittoo. Vipassana meditation purifies mind, which letoriginate and grow love and compassion in a person.

The 5th century scholar Buddhaghosa, in hisbook, "Path of Purification", gives instructionsregarding the practice of growth and development ofcompassion in human mind. To start with, he instructsthe practitioners to focus first on someone experiencingintense misery. This evokes strongly compassionatewish in the practitioners, for him or her in sufferings, toemancipate them from. Slowly but gradually the mindshould be directed to same emphatic feelings and wishfor compassion to a friend, then to neutral person,extending again to someone who has hostile feelingstowards him or herself. Finally, he instructs to let mindimmerse in compassion for all - inclusive andeverywhere. Growth and development of compassionshould be made stable and not interruptible. Oneshould be able to derive joy from such a practice.Practices deepen into increasingly the subtle level ofmeditative absorption. We can focus compassion onall sentient beings including those, who are not justpresently experiencing obvious misery but by recallingtheir past sufferings. One may practice different waysand techniques to bring situations, which may motivatearise love and compassion. Love and compassion movetogether, giving birth to altruistic joy and equanimity.

The pair of virtues, Loving-kindness andcompassion can be earnestly and methodically

cultivated, not only as a way of conduct towards fellowbeings, but also as a meditation on the sublime statesof mind, brahmaviharabhavana, leading to higherstage of mental development known as meditativeabsorption.

The Buddha strongly exhorted to Rahula,"Cultivate, Rahula, the meditation on loving-kindness;for by cultivating loving-kindness ill-will is vanished.Cultivate, Rahula, the meditation on compassion; forby cultivating compassion harm and cruelty arevanished." It is crystal clear now that Metta and Karunaare diametrically opposed to ill-will and crueltyrespectively.

So to help solve the problems related to race, caste,colour, community, creed, language, rank, positions,power, cultural differences and differences of religiousfaiths prevailed over in this materialistic world, thespiritual elevation through metta and karuna should becultivated and let them grow gradually but effectivelythrough spiritual practices and activities. Such mentalexercises and activities should start from individualsthemselves and family, extending them to differentlevels, covering community, society, region, countryand ultimately to the universe as a whole.

The development of Appamannayo, theboundless sublime states of loving-kindness andcompassion contributes tremendously to banishdisharmony and conflicts in the world, promotingaltruism, peace and harmony throughout the universe.

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AbstractThis study is based on Buddha’s greatest

discovery the Noble Eightfold Path (Middle Path or,Madhya marga). This study is based on purification ofmind and liberation from suffering to get ultimate peace(nirvana/enlightenment) which brings success,happiness, peace and prosperity in our daily life. ThisNoble Eightfold Paths which is called Arya-astangikMarga for all, because this is an art of living. By applyingArya-astangik Marga, peace and prosperity can bepossible in this planet. Buddha got enlightenment bypracticing Vipassana. Vipassana is relevant to all people(businessmen, students, teachers, bureaucrats,doctors, engineers, politicians, etc.). Vipassana helpsto apply the Noble Eightfold Path which is the centralpoint of Buddha’s teaching.

Key words: Discovery, Noble Eightfold Path,Enlightenment, Vipassana, Peace, Teaching, prosperity.

Introduction2562 years ago from now, Siddhartha Gautam

took birth in Lumbini, Nepal in royal family, he left allthe royal luxuries at the age of 29 years, meditated for 6years and got enlightenment at the age of 35 . The stepsto reduce pain and suffering can be known by eightfold paths as suggested by Lord Buddha which includethe following:

1. Right vision( understanding)2. Right determination3. Right speech4. Right action5. Right livelihood6. Right effort7. Right mindfulness8. Right concentrationEightfold paths lead people in every corner of

world towards sustainable peace, harmony, co operationand prosperity.

According to Shivapuri baba, "Lord Buddha isthe sparkling sun of midday who reached highest levelof spirituality."1 It is the truth that whenever peopleremain in this world, Lord Buddha will also reside inthe people’s memory. So, Gautam Buddha is called theeminent personality of the whole universe.

Buddha’s teaching starts from pain and sufferingsof life. It says that to take birth is a suffering of anyoneand there are some effective ways to stop pain,problems and sufferings. One of the solutions is Eeight

A Study on Noble Eightfold Path of Buddha

Rajendra Prasad Neupanefold path. ‘Sila’, ‘Samadhi’ and ‘Pragya’ are the mainorgans of Arya-astangik Marga which is central themeof Buddha’s teaching.Chatu-Arya Satya (The four Noble Truths):1. There is a suffering.2. Suffering has a cause.3. Suffering can be ceased.4. There is the Eight fold path to the cessation of

suffering.

These four points are the Four Noble Truths.Arya-astangik Marga (The Noble Eightfold path):

Arya-astangik Marga or Eightfold path is dividedinto three division i.e.A. Shila (Moral living),B. Samadhi (Control of mind), and

1. Yogendra Bhakta Shrestha Malla, Prabhu koKhojma,( 2011), P.88C. Pragya (Total purification of the mind by wisdomand insight

A. Shila : Shila refers to good attitude andpositive behavior. It is the way of limiting body andspeech for earnest living and leading a life full of goodactivities. Sila acts as a basement for enlightment.

"Sila is necessary not only for the good of societybut also for the good of each of its member, and notonly for the worldly goodness of a person but also forhis progress in the path of Dharma."2

What can you say is person and society alongwith material and spiritual change is only possible bysila. There are three major organs of sila. They are:-

1. Right speech2. Right action3. Right livelihood1. Right speech: Truth speaking with the sweet

words are the ultimate right speech. Untruth and hoarseorder are the only ways that lead to detrimental effectslike war, fight, conflict and clash. Crystal clear speakingbehavior increases friends, nonetheless falsity yieldsno any friendly behavior. Problems in socialization,disgrace and humiliation arise in one’s life. So, there isno exaggeration that right speech is necessary in everywalk of our life.

2. Right action: "Action speaks louder thanwords", is a popular proverb. Committing heinouscrimes, murders, involving in human traffickingindustries are not considered right action in all nookand corners of the world. One must use his /herdiscretion to analyze what is good and what is bad andact accordingly.


2. William Hart Vipassana Meditation, the art ofliving as taught by S.N. Goenka, (Igatipuri:VipassanaResearch Institute, 2014)

Help done to needy people, avoiding bribes andacting righteously create merits.

3. Right livelihood : Everyone has right to livein his/her own way but in course of making and fulfillingall our needs, occupation carried must be legal, eminentand must be fruitful to the nation. Lord Buddha hassuggested not to involve in following five professions:

a. Smuggling of armsb. Trading poisonc. Trading alcoholic drinksd. Killing animals and selling meatse. Human traffickingIt is known that ailing trade of arms and

ammunitions has treated the world in a sense that thirdworld war would take place. Huge property has beenspent in making of such weapons that are responsiblefor pathetic deaths of innocent lives. Use of poison infood items has reduced our lifespan. It is because ofbusiness of poison. Use of alcoholic products thatproduce bad effect in human brain are being usedalarmingly these days. Slaughtering animals for meathas been turning society worse and worse. Illegaltrading of human organs and trafficking human is theworst form of crime. If we become able to abide bythese prohibitions provided by Lord Buddha, peaceand prosperity can be pervaded all over the world.

B. Samadhi : It is the way of making mind ingood control and carrying any kind of work withmindfulness. Whenever there is insufficient controlover our mind, we don’t become able to abide by theprinciples of ‘sila’. Restless, unnecessarily desires i.e.craving mind gets a lot of pain and suffering which isthe wellspring of tensions and stress. As per theVipassana guru S.N. Goenka, Samadhi is alsoconsidered as a Samatha-bhavana. "The practice ofconcentration is also called the development oftranquility."3 Practice of tranquility makes one patienceduring any difficult situation. The contents that developthis type of state is called Samatha-bhavana. LordBuddha had highlighted 40 types of workplace on thebasis of different organs:

4. Right effort5. Right mindfulness6. Right concentration4. Right effort: Good effort and right practice

along with confidence in work and vigor are increasedwith the help of right effort. There are 4 types oftranquility:

a. Right effort- effort for avoiding illegal workand sin

b. Deep effort- effort for throwing away bad ideasthat haunt mind

c. Good feeling development effort- effort formaking good idea, attitude and plans

d. Preservation effort- effort for securing meritsand increasing them

5. Right mindfulness: Feel the present moment,be aware and vigilant is called right mindfulness. Itdevelops ability to become aware of any situation thatmight arise in our mind. It is of four types:

a. Kayanupasyana: Be aware of physicalactivities

b. Vedanupasyana: Be aware of happy and sadsensations

c. Chitanupasyana: Be aware of mental state andactivities

d. Dhammanupasyana: Be aware of thoughtsand attitudes

6. Right concentration: Clean, clear, calm andgood mind’s concentration is termed as rightconcentration. It is of following types:

3. Ibid, P.72a. First concentration: It incorporates idea,

thought, love, happiness and focus.b. Second concentration: It includes thought,

love, happiness, focus but not idea.c. Third concentration: In this concentration too,

it includes just love, well being and concentration.d. Fourth concentration: Eventually, well being

and concentration remains in this concentration.e. Fifth concentration: In this type of

concentration, only focus remains while other elementsare gone.

In this way, when a person meditating reaches tothe fifth level, then that stage is called tranquility. Then,the door to enlightenment is opened.

C. Pragya (wisdom/enlightenment): Frequentpractice of ‘sila’ and ‘Samadhi’ brings people in thestate of ‘pragya’ where no more desire or craving exists.There are three levels of ‘pragya’:

a. Shrutmaya pragya: Knowledge by listening,reading and studying

b. Chintanmaya pragya: Knowledge byanalyzing listened and read things

c. Bhavanamaya pragya: Knowledge from ownbehavior and experience

Among these three types of knowledge,Bhavanamaya pragya is the real treasure as its presenceyields for positive change in thought, belief andopinion. For this type of knowledge, it’s needed topractice Vipassana Bhavana. According to the VipasanaGuru S.N. Goenka, pragya is considered as Vipassana-bhavana. "The practice of wisdom is called thedevelopment of insight (Vipassana-bhavana)"4

4. Ibid, P.77


Vipasana-bhavana completely purifies and makesmind free from suffering, then a Vipassana practitionerachieves Nirvana.

There are two main organ of pragya (wisdom):5. Right vision: Universal vision, principle and

truth including good perspective come under rightvision. Well-understanding of four noble truth,knowledge

Regarding different activity is termed as rightvision. Foresight upcoming future, deeply analyze fournoble truths, admit universal facts and well-thinking,understanding and realization came under right vision.

6. Right determination: Right aim, decision,conclusion come under right determination. Proper useof one’s discretion (i.e. the ability to identify what isgood and what is bad) and being determined to onlygood activity is the right determination. Determinationcan be of 3 types:

a. Naiskramye Sankalpa :Avoiding attachmentsand sensual pleasures

b. Abyapad Sankalpa: Being always happyavoiding fear and anger

c. Avihimsa Sankalpa: Being always kind andcompassionate

Importances and advantages of Arya-astangikMarga (Noble Eightfold Path)

• Right understanding or right perspectivegives us clear vision or map of life which is veryimportant

• Right thought or right resolution gives rightdecision in life

• Right speech which appears good to listen istrustworthy, calm and peaceful nature which can beobserved in one’s mind

• Right action can be good in every walk of life.Being engaged in quality work can be fruitful inmaintenance of peace along with prosperity

• Right livelihood is the way of earning andsource of income should be honest. It prohibits theloss of wealth and property and helps to make one’slife prosperous.

• Right effort is the practice of developingmental capacity through several good efforts.

• Right mindfulness is good practice to be alertin every situation so as to become aware of the thingsthat happen in our life. For mindfulness practice, weapply Vipassana .It teaches us to deal with all situationscalmly and aware fully without developing attachmentsor cravings. All round development is possible due toequanimous mind.

• Right concentration helps to focus our mind100%. Right concentration is required to get materialand spiritual success as well as happiness.

• Maitri (Loving kindness), karuna(compassion), mudita (sympathetic joy) and upekcha

(Equanimity) can be achieved by practicing Arya -astangikmarga.

• Maitri (Loving kindness):- It is the matter offeeling of friendship. Due to the lack of loving kindness,conflicts between family members, nations can be seenwhich can create the environment of fight and war. Wecan be fully benefitted by the friendly behavior to allpeople. Diseases like high blood pressure, diabetes,anger and stress related disease and mental problemsetc occur and take the worst form in the absence ofloving kindness. But if we have loving kindness, weour health, money , peace. We can make healthy andgood society or nation or world.

• Karuna (Compassion):- compassion means tohelp other from pain & sufferings. Relief works in caseof natural disasters like flood, landslide is also the majorvirtue of compassion. Help to helpless is the greatestcompassion. So there is great role of compassion tobring positive change in family, society, nation andwhole world. Compassion helps to remove negativeactivities thinking and feelings from our environment.

• Mudita (Sympathetic joy):- Mudita is to behappy with other happiness. More than this, it is thevirtue of person where he/she finds others happinessas his own. If there is no development of feelings ofjealousy, sorrow, anger, then there always occursmisery and problems in socialisation. Good works getdeteriorated due to the absence of mudita. So bypracticing the Noble Eightfold Path, mudita starts tomanifest in our. Then, our life becomes easier andcomfortable. Peace, prosperity and improvement canbe possible due to mudita.

• Upekcha (Equanimity):- It is the feeling ofequanimity towards likes and dislikes positive andnegative and to get balance of mind. It is the feeling oftolerance with the behaviors done by others. Beingalert in every positive and negative things that canhappen in future helps to avoid sufferings. If thiscomponent is applied and practiced daily, one don’thave to suffer in his/her life. We should not lose ourbalance of mind with ups and downs of life, favorableand unfavorable situations, events and people.Equanimity mind makes healthy body and peaceful mindalways which brings/gives positive effects/results.

So, these who practice Arya-astangikMarga willbe able to achieve Chatura Brahama Vihar (Four Abodeof Brahama) which can make our life healthy, wealthy,happy, and peaceful and prosperous.

• In today’s context, different conflicts, tensionsare arising everywhere can be uprooted by Four Abodeof Brahama. These are the truths that greatestphilosophers of world have trusted and have suggestedthat we need to achieve four Abode of Brahama to getrelief from the suffering physical, mental, social andpsychological level. Without skills, working efficiencyand focused mind, one cannot be involved in that


profession. To make skills, working ability and focusedmind sustainable and long-lasting, shila, Samadhi andpragya are required. To get healthy happiness and innersatisfaction, we need to get Nirbana. Nirbana can beachieved by applying and following Arya-astangikMarga. We can achieve peace and order in society,peace and happiness in person, harmony, co-operationand development in country only by Arya-astangikMarga, Actually, knowledge given by Lord Buddha isguided by Arya-astangik Marga in several aspects likephysical, social, political, economic, philosophical,educational aspects etc. Buddha’s teachings foster toguide society towards welfare, good formation andimplementation of rules and regulations within thesociety. Also, they are equally valuable for making mindpeaceful and calm.

• As per New Business Magazine, there are somany entrepreneurs, Business leaders are becomingsuccessful and happy because of applying Buddhistmeditation. It is written as –"It has become so popularthat even the US search Google provides internalcauses to its employees called º search Inside Yourselfºa meditation based on Buddhist practices to teach itsstaff to manage their emotions and make them betterworkers in the process. Here are some of the world’sprominent business leaders and management gurus toremain happy and successful in their personal andprofessional life. They are-marc Benioff, Jeffweiner,Pierre Omidyar, Marshall Goldsmith, Kazuo Inamon,YogoroKatov and Takeshi, Jack Ma, Zhang Yin, AnandaKrishna and Lee Shau Kee.’’ 5 Among them, it is writtenabout Marc Benioff in this way- "Marc Benioff founderCEO of sales force, an American cloud company, isalso knows for having introduced meditation andmindfulness courses in his company. At theheadquarters of sales force there is a "MindfulnessZones º where staff of the company can go and relax. º6 similarly, it is written about Jack Ma, in this way-"other well-known entrepreneurs include Jack Ma thefounder of Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba. Anindividual known for his positive attitude, Ma haspracticed patience and is often quoted giving advicethat related to Buddhist teachings. He believes in RightLivelihood and is an advocate for CSR initiatives aswell as improving China’s environment. He believesthat it is not just about making money but it is aboutmaking º healthy money.’’ 7

5. Madan Lamsal, New Business Age vol.17(Kathmandu: New Business Age (P) Ltd.) 2017, p. 60

6. Ibid, p. 607. Ibid, p. 61From this examples, we can say that the

importance, and benefits of Arya-astangikMarga is veryhigh in each and every sector. Arya-astangikMargahelps to make positive, thinking and attitude, peaceand prosperity with right livelihood. As we know that

more positive and peace increases more productivity,progress and action.

Covering all these aspects, Arya-astangikMargacan be proved the key to search peace, prosperitysuccess and happiness.

ConclusionIn fact, peace is the way for prosperity and

prosperity further fosters peace. Peace is not onlylimited within environment but also within the mind ofthe people. Only right speech, right action, rightlivelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, rightconcentration, right understanding (vision) and rightthought (determination) pave a right way towards thelong lasting peace. Unless we follow Noble Eight FoldPath, we cannot achieve peace. That’s why there is thegreat importance and significance of Noble EightfoldPath for all for everywhere. This is the complete way ofgetting success each and everywhere and the maincontribution of the Buddha.

The practice of Nobel Eightfold Path leads toattain complete peace of mind. Here the restless mindis changed to peace of mind. So a change is possible.Suffering can be replaced by peace of mind. Here thefact (truth) of change means impermanence of allphenomena which is to be understood. Knowing orunderstanding about suffering and impermanenceagain leads to understanding of non-selfness of allabsolute things (Dharma) as well. Therefore realizationof the noble eightfold path is the key of human goal.By realizing the noble eightfold paths, a person canget enlightenment which is real achievement of life.

References :• Shrestha Malla, Yogendra Bhakta, Prabhuko Khojma,

(Kathmandu, Yogendra Bhakta Shrestha Malla) 2011• William Hart, Vipassana Meditation, the art of living

as taught by S.N. Goenka,(Igatipuri: Vipassana ResearchInstitute) 2014

• Neupane, Rajendra Prasad, Gairibi NibarankolagiArya-astangik Marga, (Kathmandu, Rajendra PrasadNeupane) 2074

• Neupane, Rajendra Prasad, Swatha Sharir, Shanta Manand Atmanubhuti, (Kathmandu:Trishuli BangmayaPratisthan),2072

• Jyoti, Roop, Yoga sandesh, (Kathmandu : Embassy ofIndia),2017

• Manandhar, R, "Conscious Leadership"(Kathmandu :Kabule-the wise leader), 2017

• New Business Age(Kathmandu : Madan Lamsal) 2017• Shakya, Tirthratna, Buddha Jyoti vol.1 (Bagbazar,

Kathmandu :Padma Kanya Multiple Campus),2013• Manandhar, Triratna, Buddha Sikchaka Ayamharu,

(Kirtipur: Shreekriti Baudha Kendra),2065


The life of agreat being is more orless mysterious. Eventhough there is abiography or anaccount of his or herlife, it is not exact orclear-cut. In otherwords, it is difficult tofind the biography ofgreat beings in acomplete form. Similaris the case with thebiography ofShakyamuni, theBuddha. Variousversions of the storiesof the Buddha's birthwhich I have collected and included in this book haveled me to come to the above conclusion. We can comeacross similar experiences while going Mahatmas,saints and sages and other personalities. An attempthas been here to give an account of various versionsof the stories of the Buddha's birth.

The Buddha was born in the flower garden ofLumbini Park on the border on Nepal about 620 BC,and died about 543 BC at Kusinagar in Oudh. In pointof age, therefore, most other creeds are youthfulcompared with this venerable religion, which has in itthe eternity of a universal hope, the immortality of aboundless love, an indestructible element of faith infinal good, and the proudest assertion ever made ofhuman freedom.

- Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia.

In the year 623 BC his (Suddhodana's) Queen.Mahamaya, was travelling in state from Kapilvastu toDevadaha, her parents' home to have her first child. Onher way, the Queen gave birth to a divine son in theLumbini grove between two tall Sal trees, then in theirfull spring blossom. A monument at the birthplace ofthe Buddha, erected by Emperor Ashoka 375 years afterthe event still stands witness to its historical character.

- 2500 years of Buddhism, edited by P.V. Papat

The Buddha was born of the Aryan race inthe Kshatriya caste of the Shakya clan whose countrylay along the south edge of Nepal. Its capital wasKapilvastu and it was on a journey from it that hismother, Maya, a name so obviously symbolic that onemight have expected it gave birth to a son in the Lumbinigardens which lie just over the modern border of theNepal Terai.

- R.R. Diwakar, Bhagawan Buddha

That night the wife of King Sudhodana,Maya the queen, asleep beside her Lord,Dreamed a strange dream, dreamed that a star fromheaven,Splendid, six-rayed, in color rosy-pearlWhere of the token was an ElephantSix tusked and white as milk of KamadhukShot through the void and shining into her,Entered her womb upon the right. Awake,Bliss beyond mortal mother's filled her breast,And over half the earth a lovely light forewent morn.

- Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia

The time of the Buddha's Parinirvana (passingaway) was approaching. Ananda, his most trusteddisciple as well as cousin, was worried. He said to theBuddha, "Most Venerable, how do we cremate the bodyof the Tathagata?" The Buddha replied, "Don't putyourself in trouble by worshipping the body of theTathagata. You go in search of truth. Be effortful forthe right cause. Take refuge in yourself, don't seekrefuge elsewhere." Around the same time the monks,distressed as they were, gathered to hear the final wordsof the Buddha. The Buddha said, " Monks! Didn't I tellyou beforehand that you have to part with all theloving objects. That which is born is certain to die.Therefore, whatever I told you, listen to this and practiceit. You may say that the Tathagata has gone and youhave lost the teacher. Don't say like that. Whatever Itaught about the Dharma and Vinaya, that is yourteacher."

- Lines from Mahaparinibbana Sutta

Various Versions of the Stories of the Buddha's birth- Presented by Kondanya


On this Full Moon Day of Vaisakh, I have cometo join the birthday of Lord Buddha and to bow myhead in reverence to him whom I regard in my inmostbeing as the greatest man ever born on this earth. Thereis no formal demonstration on my part befitting theoccasion. I offer him here today the homage I haveoffered him again and again in the deep privacy of mysoul.

We see Buddhadeva the Mahayogi seatedtoday on the throne of men's hearts, the glory of hismanifestation in the distant past crossing the boundsof his time and continuing beyond the present.

- Rabindranath Tagore

Seated on the lotus flower, calm andimpassive, above passion and desire, beyond the strifeand storm unattainable, yet again we look behind thosestill, unmoving features there is a passion and anemotion, strange and more powerful than the passionsand emotions we have known. His eyes are of thisworld, so far away he seems, out of reach, closed, butsome power looks out of them and a vital energy fillsthe frame. The ages roll by and Buddha seems not sofar away. After all his voice whispers in our ears andtells us not to run away from the struggle but, clameyed, to face it, and to see in life ever greateropportunities for growth and advancement.

- Jawaharlal Nehru

At this time there was Anathapindika, a manof unmeasured wealth, visiting Rajagaha (Rajagriha).Being of a charitable disposition, he was called "thesupporter of orphans and the friend of the poor."Hearing that the Buddha had come to the world andwas stopping in the bamboo grove near the city, he setout in the very night to meet the Blessed One.

And the Blessed One saw at one the sterlingquality of Anathpindika's heart and greeted him withwords of religious comfort. And Anathapindika listenedto the sweetness of the truth preached by the BlessedOne. And the Buddha said, "The restless, busy natureof the world, this, I declare, is at the root of pain. Attainthat composure of mind which is resting in the peaceof immortality. Self is but a heap of composite qualities,and its world is empty like a fantasy."

Then the Blessed One proceeded with a greatnumber of brethren to Vesali (Vaisali), and he stayed atthe grove of the courtesan Ambapali. And he said tothe brethren: "Let a brother, O Bhikkus, be mindful andthoughtful. Let a brother, whilst in the world; overcomethe grief which arises from bodily craving, from thelust of sensations, and from the errors of wrong

reasoning. Whatever you do, act always in full presenceof mind. Be thoughtful in eating and drinking, in walkingor standing or in sleeping or waking while talking orbeing silent."

When the courtesan Ambapali heard that theBlessed One was staying in the mango grove, she wasexceedingly glad and went in a carriage as far as theground was passable for carriages. There she alightedand thence proceeding to the place where the BlessedOne was, she took her seat respectfully at his feet onone side. As a prudent woman goes forth to performher religious duties, so she appeared in a simple dresswithout any ornaments, yet beautiful to look upon.

- Paul Carus, The Gospel of the Buddha

Buddhist of not Buddhist, I have examinedevery one of the great religious systems of the world,and in none of them have I found anything to surpass,in beauty and oppressiveness, the Noble EightfoldPath and the Four Noble Truths of the Buddha. I amcontent to shape my life according to that Path.

- T.W. Rhys Davids

More potent than his method and his wordwas the blessed one's wonderful personality. When hetalked with men, his serene look inspired them withawe and reverence, and his lovely voice struck themwith rapture and amazement. Could mere words convertthe robber Angulimala or the cannibal of Alavi? To havecome under his spell is to be his forever. He was awinner of heart. It is not so much because he preachedthe truth that his hearers believed; it is because he hadwon their hearts that his words appeared to them trueand salutary. A single word from him was enough toreconcile King Prasenjit to his Queen Malika. His heartalways overflowed with kindness....To meet him is tobe penetrated by his love (maitri) and to know him is tolove him forever.

- Prof. P. Lakshmi Narasu

The life of Buddha has an especial appeal. Allmy life I have been very fond of Buddha...I have moreveneration for that character than for any other ....thatboldness, that freshness ...and that tremendous love.He was born for the good of men. Others many seekGod, others may seek truth for themselves, he did notever care to know truth for himself. He sought truthbecause people were in misery. How can we ignorant,selfish, narrow-minded human beings ever understandthe greatness of this man.

- Swami Vivekananda

Source : Singh, Harischandra Lal, 2012.The Light of The World.


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af}4 ljåfg s]bf/ zfSo cleglGbt( r}q, sf7df8f}+ . Aff}4 ;+:s[lt ljifosf

1ftf Pj+ n'lDagL af}4 ljZjljBfnosf ;+:yfks/lhi6«f/ s]bf/ zfSonfO{ jlgtf q}dfl;s ;flxlTosklqsfn] ;Ddfg u/]sf] 5 . Jflgtf q}dfl;sn] o;jif{ @( hgfnfO{ ljleGg ljwfdf ;h{sx?nfO{ ;Ddfgu/]sf] lyof] . jfnhfts syf n]vgsf l;4x:t,sljtf, lgjGw, syf afngf6s, /]l8of] Wjlg gf6ssf;h{s, af}4 ;+:s[lt ljifodf ulx/f] bVvn/fVg'ePsf s]bf/ zfSonfO{ sdnflbl:yt k|1f ejgdfb]js'df/L yfkf afn ;flxTo jlgtf ;Ddfg k'/:sf/@)&%af6 b; xhf/ ?k}ofF /fzL;lxt cleglGbtul/Psf] xf] .

cfdf 8Da/ s'df/L / a'jf a'l4nfn zfSosf;'k'q s]bf/ zfSosf] hGd ;g\ !($( df3 dlxgfsf]!) ut] ;+v'jf;efsf] r}gk'/df ePsf] xf] . k|f]h]S6af6k]z/t hLjg ;'? ug'{eO{ @)!( ;fnb]lv ;flxToIf]qdf nfUg'ePsf s]bf/ zfSo jfn hfts syfn]vgdf kl/lrt x'g'x'G5 . sljtf, ljaGw, syfjfngf6s /]l8of] Wjlg gf6ssf ;h{s s]bf/sfy'k}| jfn hfts syfs[ltx? k|sflzt 5g\ . @)#^;fn b]lv uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf cfj4 /lx afnklqsfd'gfsf ;Dkfbs;Dd eO{ ;]jf lgj[Q x'g'ePsf zfSon];flxTo ;]jf / af}4wd{df sfo{ u/]jfkt y'k|} dfg;Ddfg / k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug'{ePsf] 5 .

g]kfn af}4 kl/olQ lzIffsf] %^ cf}+ lbIffGt;df/f]x ;DkGg

sf7df8f } + , a }zfv !( . clvn g]kfnleIf'dxf;+3åf/f ;+rflnt g]kfn af}4 kl/olQ lzIffsf]%^ cf} lbIffGt ;df/f]x ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .

leIf' dxf;+3sf cWoIf d}qL dxf:ylj/sf];efkltTjdf ;DkGg pQm sfo{qmddf, sf7df8f}+dxfgu/kflnsfsf d]o/ ljBf ;'Gb/ zfSon] sf]ljbclGtd jif{df af]8{ k|yd x'g] lbk+s/ kl/olQ s]Gb|sf/f]hg zfSonfO{ kbs tyf k|df0f kq ljt/0fug{'eof] .

;fy } sf ] ljbdf låtLo / t [tLo x 'g ]ljBfyL{x?nfO{ klg k'/:sf/ ljt/0f ug{' eof] .o;}ul/ ;4Ddkfns sIff & df af]8{ k|yd, låtLo/ t[tLo x'g] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ klg k'/:sf/ tyfk|df0f kq k|bfg ug{'eof] . ;4Ddkfns txdfljZjzfGtL ljxf/sf leIf' ;f/b:;L, leIf' h]o\of],cGt{/fli6«o a'4 pbo ljxf/sf xl/ j'rfdu/ qmdzMaf]8{ k|yd, låtLo / t[tLo ePsf lyP .

clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3sf cWoIf leIf'd}qL dxf:ylj/, k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf kl/IfflgoGqs leIf' jf]lw1fg, kf7oqmd ;ldltsf ;+of]hsleIf' k~`f;f/ / ;lrj leIf' lkob:;Ln] sIff ^b]lv sIff ! ;Dd af]8{ :yfg xfl;n ug{ ;kmnljBfyL{x?nfO{ k'/:sf/ ljt/0f ug{'ePsf] lyof] .

clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3sf ;+3gfos >4]o1fgk"l0f{s dxf:ylj/n] kl/olQ kf7\oqmd k|sfzgug{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug{'x'g] bftfx?nfO{ sb/ kqk|bfg ug{'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf :jfut efif0fleIf' lkob:;Laf6 ePsf] lyof] eg] wGojfb 1fkgcldtf wfVjfn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

g]kfn af}4 kl/olQ lzIff a'=;+ @%^@ jif{df&% j6f s]Gb| / !! j6f k|fO{e]6 s]Gb|af6 hDdf%))@ hgf ljBfyL{x?n] cfj]bg kmf/fd e/]sflyP eg] $,!^& hgf ljBfyL{x?n] k/LIff lbPsflyP h;dWo] #*$& hgf ljBfyL{x? pQL0f{ ePsf5g\ . @@ hgf ljBfyL{x? af]8{ :yfg xfl;n ug{;kmn ePsf 5g\ eg] $$# hgf ljBfyL{x? l8l:6+zg,!^$$ ljBfyL{x? k|yd >]0fL, !!^$ bf];|f] >]0fL /%(^ hgf ljBfyL{x? t[tLo >]0fLdf pQL0f{ ePsf5g\ .


:juL{o ;+3gfos leIf' cZj3f]if dxf:ylj/n]/fli6«o ;efdf lgjf{x ug{'ePsf] e"ldsf ;+;b\sf] Oltxf;d}Pp6f k|]/0ffbfoL / pNn]vgLo sfo{sf ?kdf ;bj} :d/0f/lx/xg] Ps sfo{qmdsf jQmfx¿n] atfPsf 5g\ .

@)$& ;fnb]lv @)$( ;fn;Dd /fli6«o ;efsf];b:osf] ?kdf leIf' cZj3f]ifn] lgjf{x ug{'ePsf]e"ldsfnfO{ clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3n] /fhwfgLdfcfof]hgf u/]sf] u'0ffg':d/0f Pj+ >4f~hnL ;efsf;xefuLx¿n] o;/L :d/0f u/]sf x'g\ .

leIf' cZj3f]if;Fu} Tolta]nf /fli6«o ;efsf ;b:o/xg'ePsf g]skf ;+;bLo bnsf pkg]tf ;'jf; g]Djfªn]eGg'eof]– …;bgdf u]?jfj:q nufPsf leIf' cZj3f]if;f+;bx¿sf nflu ;w}+ cfsif{0fsf] s]G› x'g'x'GYof] . a}7sdfleIf' cZj3f]ifn] n'lDagLsf] ljsf;, hflt, efiff / wfld{s;dfgtf, a'4 wd{sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/af/] v/f]af]Ng'x'GYof] . ;+;ßf Pp6f leIf', To;dfly lg8/ jQmfsf]?kdf pxfFn] xfdL ;a}sf] Wofg tflg/xg'x'GYof] .Ú

leIf' cZj3f]if;Fu hf]l8Psf] ;+:d/0f ;'gfpFb}pkg]tf g]Djfªn] km]l/ ;'gfpg'eof]– …@)$& ;fnsf];+ljwfgdf wdl{\g/k]If pNn]v u/fpg pxfFsf] 7"n} hf]8/x]sf] lyof] . Tolta]nfsf] pxfFsf] k|of;n] @)^$ ;fndfcfP/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf wd{lg/k]If n]lvPkl5 aNn;fy{stf kfPsf] lyof] .Ú

pxfFn] leIf' cZj3f]ifn] ;+ljwfgdf wdl{\g/k]Ifagfpg k]z u/]sf k|:tfjsf] d:of}bf sfg'gsf] ljBfyL{sf]gftfn] cfkm"n] n]v]sf] ;lDemg'eof] .

@)%! ;fndf dgdf]xg clwsf/Lsf] g]t[Tjdfag]sf] ;/sf/df n'lDagL ljsf; sf]ifsf] pkfWoIfsf]?kdf leIf' cZj3f]ifn] lgjf{x ug{'ePsf] ;lqmotfnfO{;lDemFb} tTsfnLg sf]ifsf ;b:o ;lrj ljdnaxfb'/zfSon] eGg'eof]– …leIf' cZj3f]ifn] n'lDagL ljsf;sf]nflu nugzLn / st{Jo lgi7 eO{ sfd ug{'eof] . P]g,lgodsf] kfngf / hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL eO{ ;/sf/sf]k|lti7f hf]ufpg pxfF ;w+} k|TogzLn x'g'x'GYof] .sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dodf pkl:ylt x'g, sfd ug{ x/]s lbglgb]{zg ug{'x'GYof], cfkm}n] klg sfd ug{'x'GYof] .Ú

;ftf}+ ;+3gfos leIf' 1f0fk"l0f{s dxf:ylj/n]leIf' cZj3f]if Pp6f b[9 lglZroL, v'nf / :ki6jQmf/x]sf] pNn]v ub}{ Tofu, ;fwf/0f hLjgz}nL / ljåQfdfPp6f pbfx/0fLo leIf' /x]sf] wf/0ff /fVg'eof] .

wDdjtL u'?df+n] leIf' cZj3f]ifnfO{ …sDo'lgi6leIf'Ú eg]/ lj/f]w ug]{ hdft klg pxfFn] wd{sLlt{ af}4cWoog uf]i7Ldfkm{t ljleGg lhNnf lhNnfdf uP/ wfld{sk|jrg, 5nkmn / o'jfsf] ;xeflutf hf]8 lbPsf] ;lqmoe"ldsfn] k|efljt ePsf] rrf{ ug{'eof] .

clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3sf cWoIf leIf' d}qLdxf:ylj/n] @)#* ;fndf leIf' cZj3f]if;Fu ldn]/

;+3gfos leIf' cZj3f]ifsf] >4f~hnL ;ef ;DkGg


vf]lnPsf] g]kfnsf] klxnf] leIf' tflnd s]G› ;+3f/fdleIf' tflnd s]G›sf] z'?cftL jif{sf sl7gfO / a'4wd{sf] ljsf;df o;sf] ;dli6ut of]ubfgaf/] cfˆgf]egfO s]lG›t ug{'eof] .

;f] cj;/df k|f= ;'j{0f zfSon] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{;/n / ;xh tl/sfn] a'4wd{ a'emfpg leIf' cZj3f]ifn]8]9 ;o hlt k':ts n]Vg'ePsf] pNn]v ub}{ leIf'cZj3f]ifsf] n]vgz}nL, efiffz}nLaf/] cfˆgf] egfO/fVg'eof] .

clvn g]kfn leIf' dxf;+3sf dxf;lrj Pj+>4f~hnL ;efsf ;+of]hs leIf' sf]08Gon] leIf'cZj3f]ifn] a'4wd{nfO{ Jofjxfl/s, :jtGq lrGtgn] x]g]{/ a'‰g] tl/sfnfO{ ;b}j hf]8 lbg'x'g] k|ultzLn JolQmTj/x]sf] wf/0ff /fVg'eof] .

g]kfn af}4 dlxnf ;+3sf pkfWoIf dL/f Hof]ltn]a'4wd{sf] If]qdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;dfgtf, dlxnfsf];zQmLs/0fsf nflu k/Dk/fut ;f]raf6 aflx/ lgl:sP/leIf' cZj3f]ifn] lgjf{x ug{'ePsf] ;lqmo / ljrf/n]n}lËs ;dfgtfsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ ;flat ePsf] wf/0ff/fVg'eof] .

o;cl3 lbj+ut ;+3gfos leIf' cZj3f]ifsf]t:jL/df dfNofk{0f u/L jh|rfo{ u'?h', nfdf u'? /leIf'x¿n] lgjf{0f sfdgf ub}{ kf7 u/]sf lyP . leIf'cZj3f]ifsf] @)&% r}t @@ ut] (# jif{sf] pd]/df lgwgePsf] lyof] .

;f] >4f~hnL ;efsf] k|d'v cfof]hsdf clvng]kfn leIf' dxf;+3 tyf ;xcfof]hsx¿df cfgGbs'6Lljxf/, :jo\De", a'4ljxf/ e[s'6L d08k, o]{, ljZjzflGtljxf/, gofF afg]Zj/, Wofgs'6L ljxf/, ag]kf, ;+3f/fdljxf/ kl/jf/, 9Nsf], >L3M ljxf/, sf7df8f}+, lgjf{0fd"lt{ljxf/, ls08f]n, Rff?dlt a'4ljxf/, rfaxL, lhtjga'4ljxf/, yfgsf]6, s?0ff ljxf/, dftftLy{, sf7df8f}+dxfgu/ kflnsf, o]+, wdf]{bo ;ef kl/jf/, g]kfn af}4kl/olQ lzIff kl/jf/, af}4 dlxnf ;+3, g]kfn kl/jf/,o'js af}4 d08n (YMBA), g]kfn, a'4hoGtL ;df/f]x;ldlt, o]F, d}qL s]Gb|, ag]kf, cfgGbs'6L ljBfkL7, :jo\De",d}qL :s"n kl/jf/, 5fpgL, ;'gGbf/fd÷ozf]w/f af}4ljBfno, nlntk'/ /x]sf] lyof] .

Vjko\ leIf' cZj3f]ifoft >4f~hnL^ a}zfv, @)&^ M Vjk . g]kfMof v'DxDxM

;+3gfos leIf' cZj3f]if dxf:ylj/ lbj+ut h'oflaHofMu'ln+ j:kf]nof n'dlGt Vjko\ >4f~hnL ;efh'n . 8f= s]zjdfg zfSoof d"kfxfF;'O{ d'lgljxf/o\ h"u'Hof‰jno\ j;kf]nof u'0f n'd+sf 5u" ldg]6 df}gwf/0fofo]w'+sf yLyL ljåfglk;+ eGt]of ljifo; g'uMvFKj+sflbn . d'lgljxf/, af}4 ;+3 eQmk'/, o'jf af}4 k'rM,d}q]o o'jf ;+3, bLk+s/ 1fgdfnf ehg vnM j wdf]{bo;ef, Vjk srfMof d+sf Uj;fono\ h"u' Hof‰jno\lq/Tg zfSo+ n;s'; of;]+ Vjko\ a'4wd{of dfWod+o'jfto\ hfu/0f xo\t cZj3f]if eGt]of of]ubfg b"u' vFKj+sflbn . cy] x] af}4 ljåfg /Tg;'Gb/ zfSoh'+j;kf]n eGt]of hLjgL GXoAjoflbn . snfsf/ czf]sk|hfkltkfv]+ bo\s'u' j;kf]n eGt]of d"lt{O :jfF b]5f;]+h"u' ;efo\ lty{/fh jh|frfo{kfv]+ :j+u" bzs GXof] af}4;+3of cfof]hgfo\ h"u' af}4 sIffof sf/0f+ Vjko\ o'jfaf}4 k'rM, d}q]o o'jf ;+3 nufot Vjkof o'jf ;dfho\hfu/0f jMu' vF n'd+sflbn . cy]x] cx{t klqsfof;Dkfbs rGb|axfb'/ pnsh'+ a'4wd{of Aofjxfl/s AofVofofo]u' j;kf]nof ljz]iftf b'u' vF n'd+sflbn . Hof‰jno\wd{/Tg zfSo+ j;kf]nof n'dGtL Rjoflbu' >4f~hnLsljtf t'n;Lsflh dfgGw/+ Go+sflbn . leIf' wDd;f]egdxf:ylj/, leIf' ;'d]w dxf:ylj/ j cfnf]s :ylj/ofpkl:ylt; GXofMu' Hof‰jno\ pkl:yt ;sl;t+ /fds[i0fj}Bkfv]+ wGojfb laofbLu' nIdLrGb| jh|frfo{kfv]+ ;dfrf/k|fKt h"u' vM .

Df}q]o o'jf ;+3of 5Gx'of hfu/0f lzlj/Df}q]o o'jf ;+3of Uj;fno\ kl/olQ Ajgfldof

cleefjslkGt nlIft ofgf 5Gx'of af}4 cfwf/e"tlzIffof sIff ;~rfng h'n . lem+:jDx cleefjslk;+AjltsfMu' y'u' lzlj/o\ >4]o ̀ f0fjtL u'?dfFkfv]+ u[x:yhLjgo\ lqz/0fof dxTj ljifo\no\ Aj+sflaHoft . j;kf]n+cleefjs ju{oft a'4, sd{oft wd{, kl/jf/oft ;+3ofpkdf la;]+ cleefjslk;+ a'4+ y]+ bzkf/ldtf wd{kfngofo]dfMu' j y'ls+ofgf kl/jf/ ;'vL j ;Da[l4 HjL w}u'vF yL yL p8fx/0f laof :ki6 ofgflaHoft . cy] x]


k|1f zfSokfv]+ rt'a|Dx ljxf/, ;+lrt a'4frfo{kfv]+ wd{cno\ nIdLrGb| ah|frfo{kfv]+ bzcs'zn ljifo;Aj+sflaHoft .

Hof‰jof cGto\ cleefjslk+ uf}/L >]i7, ;flxnLtfdfË j kl/olQ ljBfyL{{ nIdLs]z/L k|hfkltlk;+ y'u'Hof‰jM t;s+ x] pknAwLk"0f{ h"u' vF lGxygf lbn . cy]x] joslk;+ yM sfo\DXoflk+ kl/olQ Ajgf af]lnargafFnfgf jMu', ldng;f/ h"u' j cfr/0f g+ af+nfgfjMu'g'uMvF Kj+sflbn . ;+3of ;+:yfks cWoIf lty{/fhah|frfo{h'+ cleefjslkGt g+ kl/olQ lzIff dxTjk"0f{h"u' ljrfM Kj+sflbn . Hof‰jno\ ;+3of cWoIf hd'gfuf];fO{kfv]+ kl/olQ lzIffof gfkgfk+ ;+3+ yL yL Aoaxfl/sHof‰jt g+ GXofsf o+s]u' k|ltj4tf Kj+s';] ;sl;twGoafb laoflbn .

a/h' u'7L, kfNkfsf] bf];|f] clwj]zg ;DkGgr}q !(, tfg;]g, kfNkf . a/h', u'7L, kfNkfsf]

bf];|f] clwj]zg >L dxfaf]lw ljxf/, nx/]lkkn, tfg;]gdfeJotfsf ;fy ;' ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . cWoIf a'4/TgzfSosf] cWoIftfdf ;+rflnt clwj]zgsf] ;d'b\3f6g;df/f]xdf pkfWoIf >L s]zjnfn ah|frfo{n] :jfutdGtJo JoQm ug'{ eP kZrft cWoIf >L a'4/Tg zfSon]+

tfg;]g, kfNkfdf /xFb} a:b} cfPsf zfSo ah|frfo{;d'bfosf] ;+:s[lt klxrfgnfO{ sfod ub}{ k/:k/ ;xof]u,;b\efj / ;dembf/Lk"0f{ 9+uaf6 ;';+u7Lt x'Fb} cfly{s /;fdflhs ?kdf o; ;d'bfonfO{ cem a9L ;an /;d[4 agfpg] d"Vo p2]Zosf;fy a/h' u'7Lsf] :yfkgfePsf] atfpFb} sfo{qmd dfly k|sfz kfg'{ eP kZrftk|d'v cltyL % gDa/ k|b]zsf ;ef;b\ dfggLo 8f=k'/gdfg ah|frfo{n] a'4d"lt{ cufl8 bLk k|Hjng u/L

clgRrfjt ;+vf/fljut Ps jif{b]lv kmf]S;f] /dl:tis SofG;/af6 ;+qmldtwd{zLnf a'4 ljxf/sL cgfufl/sfsd{zLnf u'?df++sf] oxL a}zfv@^ ut] /flt !!M$% ah]

lgwg ePsf] 5 .pxfFsf] lgjf{0f nfesf] sfdgf ub}{xflb{s >4f~hnL JoQm ub{5f}+ .

laZj df]6/ 6]«8;{v–@, $)*, k'tln;8s, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .kmf]g g+=M $@#*!$&, $)#))$$, )!@@(@@#)

E-mail: [email protected]

6f]of]6f, ldT;'lal;, lgzfg, O;'h', ;'h'lsOToflb ufl8sf kf6{;\x?sf] ;fy} Jofl6« / OGe6{/sf]

nflu ;Dks{ ug'{xf];\ .

kfk sd{ -cs'zn sd{_ slxNo} gug'{k'0o -s'zn sd{_ ub}{ hfg' .cfkm\gf] lrQnfO{ -dg_ z'4 ug'{

oxL g} a'4sf] pkb]z xf]

af}4 dfl;s klqsf kl/jf/


;df/f]xsf] ljlwjt\ ;d'b\3f6g ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;df/f]xdf sf]iffWoIf k|la0f ah|frfo{ / dxf;lrj

lago/fh ah|frfo{af6 u'7Lsf] aif{ lbgsf] cfoJook|ltj]bg Pj+ aflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/LP kl5tfg;]g, kfNkfsf zfSoah|frfo{ ;d'bfosf Ho]i7gful/sJbo >Ldlt hf]uk|ef ah|frfo{-(^ aif{_ /yfkfMcfh" >L ;Gtnfn ah|frfo{-**aif{_, kfNkfaf6lgjf{lrt k|b]z ;ef;b\ 8f= k'/gdfg ah|frfo{, nf]styf ehg ;+lutdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfpg'ePsf ;+lutsf/ dx]z/Tg zfSo …b]p/fnLÚ, v]ns'bIf]qdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k¥ofpFb} cfpg' ePsf v]nf8L>L /fh]Gb|axfb'/ ah|frfo{ / gl;{Ë lzIff If]qdf pTs[i6glthfsf ;fy plQ0f{ eO{ k6s k6s /fi6«klt,pk/fi6«kltaf6 5fqf ljBf kbs xfl;n u/]sf >L;[li6 ah|frfo{nfO{ k|d'v cltyL Pj+ cWoIfaf6 bf];Nnfcf]9fO{ d}qL pkxf/ :j?k a'4 k|ltdfsf ;fy ;Ddfgk|q k|bfg u/L ;Ddflgt u/LPsf] lyof] . ;df/f]xdfu'7Laf6 ;DkGg u/LPsf ljeLGg ultljwLx?sf] ;+of]hseO{ lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ u'7Lsf sf]iffWoIf >L k|la0fah|frfo{, sfo{ ;ldlt ;b:ox? qmdzM :j= u[xkltzfSo, z}n]Gb| ah|frfo{, ;'/h ah|frfo{ / /fh]zah|frfo{nfO{ k|z+;f kqsf ;fy vfbf Pj+ pkxf/ :j?ka'4 k|ltdf k|d'v cltyL Pj+ cWoIfaf6 k|bfg u/LPsf]lyof] .

k|d'v cltyL dfggLo ;ef;b\ 8f= k'/gdfgah|frfo{n] z'esfdgf dGtJo JoQm ug'{ ePsf] pQm;df/f]xdf ;Ddflgt ;[li6 ah|frfo{, /fh]Gb| ah|frfo{,dx]z/Tg zfSo b]p/fnL, tfg;]g u'7L, tfg;]g zfvfsfcWoIf >L uf]kfnk|;fb >]i7 af}4 ;+3;+:yfx?sf] tk{maf6s?0ff af}4 ;+3sf cWoIf >L 5q/fh zfSon] ;d]tu'7Lsf ultljwLx?sf] ;x|fxgf ub}{ z'esfdgf dGtJoJoQm ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;df/f]xsf ;+rfns dxf;lrjlago/fh ah|frfo{n] cWoIfsf] cg'dltaf6 ;d'b\3f6g;q ;dfkg ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . ;d'b\3f6g;df/f]x kZrft ;+rflnt aGb ;qdf ;DkGg u/LPsf]lgjf{rgdf u'7Lsf] cfufdL @ alif{o sfo{cjlwsf] cWoIfkbdf >L s]zjnfn ah|frfo{, pkfWoIf kbdf >Llago/fh ah|frfo{, dxf;lrjdf >L ;'/]zdfg a'4frfo{,sf]iffWoIfdf >L k|la0f ah|frfo{ / ;lrjdf >L lbg]zah|frfo{ lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt ePsf 5g\ . o:t}u/L sfo{;ldlt ;b:o kbdf qmdzM >L dx]znfn zfSo, >L;'/h ah|frfo{, >L gf/fo0faxfb'/ ah|frfo{, >L ;+ho/fhzfSo >L lj/]Gb|/fh zfSo, >L /fh]z ah|frfo{, >Llw/h ah|frfo{, >L a;Gtnfn ah|frfo{, >L 1fg]Gb|sfhLzfSo, >L k'/gaxfb'/ ah|frfo{ / >L /fh]Gb|axfb'/ah|frfo{ lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt x'g' ePsf] 5 eg] >L a'4/TgzfSo lgjt{dfg cWoIfsf ?kdf /xg' x'g]5 .

KKKKK

anDa' Rofp ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=anDa', sf7df8f}+

zflGtsf k|tLs tyfut a'4sf] hGd,;Daf]lw1fg nfe tyf

dxfkl/lgjf{0f lbj; a'= ;+= @%^# sf]pknIodf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLhgnfO{ xflb{s

z'esfdgf .

jffof k 'lgx a'4k l0f df jif{ { $& c +s ! the ananda bhoomi (year 47 ...€¦ ·...

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