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TRANSCRIPT
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Jana Eckei, Lucie Anna Christa Maria Knor, Annick Kokoe Koudadjey, Stephanie Caroline Hui Ong, Sophie Anna Luise Paul, Soohyun Rhee,
Yu Mi Won
020063 USC - Societies in Transformation - India and China
Dr. Jörg Himmelreich Prof. Dr. Dominic Sachsenmaier
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Introduction (Yu Mi)
India ◦ Past policies (Lucie)
◦ Current renewable energy (Sophie)
◦ Developmental Initiatives (Jana)
China ◦ Past & current policies (Soohyun)
◦ Future outlook (Stephanie)
Conclusion (Annick)
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How will India and China respond to the ever increasing energy demand in their growing population and what are the implications on the environment?
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After independence: Dependent on biomass; rising demand for
electricity and fossil fuels (due to: urbanization, industrialization, population growth
1970s: Focus on developing renewables, pilot projects
1980s: Building infrastructure: Giving access to (clean)
energy; public sector plays an important role: subsidies,
tax incentives
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Examples for energy policy in the 1980s
National Biogas Programme
Subsidies for liquefied petroleum and kerosene
Programme on improved Chulha (1982-2002)
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1990s ◦ increasing participation of private
sector; wind energy sector broadened considerably
2000s ◦ better tariffs for renewables
implemented, important governmental acts
Source of picture: http://www.energie-punkt.de/links.html
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Government Acts in the 2000s:
2001 Energy Conservation Act
2003 Electricity Act
2005 National Environment Policy
2006 National Toxicology Programme
2008 National Action Plan on Climate Change
Source of picture: www.14gaam.com/Image/Logo-Indian-Government.gif
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Summary Population growth and modernization → ever
increasing demand for energy
Energy policies focused on providing energy to the rural population relying on biomass
Willingness to change towards renewables
Inefficiency in implementing the policies
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Energy consumption is increasing rapidly due to economic growth
5th largest energy consumer ◦ However, per capita consumption still relatively low
Key development objective: supply energy to all areas
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Implementation of REs to supplement fossil energy sources
Good for energy security
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Wind • Development in the 1990s • 5th largest producer
world wide
Biomass • Power and heat • Agricultural and
industrial waste • Very good for villages • Already used for a long
time
Solar • Solar thermal and PV • Only small share
Hydro • Already well established
Nuclear • 5 reactors under
construction 3rd highest in the world
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Meet energy requirements in isolated communities
REs very well suited ◦ Solar water heating systems
◦ Solar lighting systems
◦ Family-size biogas plants
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5 regions
Inadequate interregional connection
Too many parties are involved in energy decision making
WRLDC
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Energy conservation ◦ Energy Conservation Act in 2001
Unbundling of vertically integrated electricity supply
Electricity Regulatory Commission in every state
Renewable Energy Certificates in 2010
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Less losses by investment in a more efficient electricity grid
Commitment to greater energy efficiency
Higher efficiency in power plants
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What are the future energy sources?
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Domestic coal resources will be exhausted by 2045
The government is planning to substitute coal with nuclear energy making major grid contributions by 2015
India has a flourishing and largely indigenous nuclear power program and expects to have 14,600 MWe nuclear capacity on line by 2020. It aims to supply 25% of electricity from nuclear power by 2050.
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Worldwide first separated Ministry for Renewable Energy
◦ Energy Efficiency Mission
◦ Solar Mission
Goal: to 1.000MW solar power
by 2013 (from 10MW in
2010) to 20.000MW
through solar power
and solar thermal
devices by 2025.
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Uttar Pradesh - Social Entrepreneurship, making electricity available in rural India
MGP has expanded service to 48 villages and 1,200 customers as of July 31, 2012
MGP builds low cost, energy efficient micro
grids tailored to the specific needs of off-grid households.
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For $0.50 per week, MGP provides two lights and a mobile charging unit which operate seven hours per night.
These lights are brighter, cleaner, and longer running than their clients are
able to afford from
kerosene wick
lanterns.
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Increasing demand and supply of energy will lead to drastic upturn in CO2 emissions.
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912 projects in India according to UNFCCC ◦ 193 projects on energy efficiency
◦ 254 Biomass
◦ 142 wind power
◦ 23 biogas
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Industry – 42%
Residential – 30%
Transportation – 11%
Commercial and Agriculture – 4%
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• ~1960s : relied almost entirely on biomass and coal
• 1970s : started producing commercial energy still not every got access to electricity
• End of 1970s : major economic reform • 2006 : import natural gas • -2007~ : major player in the world energy
market
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Imbalance between supply and demand ◦ Serious regional imbalance
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National and local levels done by different bodies
State Council – country‟s highest governing body
National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) has responsibility for making energy policies
Five-year Plan ◦ 11th (2006-2010)
◦ 12th (2011-2015)
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• Introducing the “Renewable Energy Law” in 2005, being effective in 2006
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4 major sources of renewable energy with different level of development
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http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/
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2011 – 2015
Investment: $473.1 bio.
Renewable energy targets:
478 mio. mt of coal equivalent 9.5% of overall energy consumption ◦ Hydropower capacity: 290 GW
◦ Wind power: 100 GW
◦ Biomass consumption: 50 mio. Mtce
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Half of the world‟s CDM projects are hosted by China, total number: 2,378 (UNFCCC)
CER (Certified Emission Reduction) Projects: ◦ Average annual reductions: 261,113,050.3 tCO2
Project types:
Lehman, de Nobili (www.lehmanlaw.com)
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By 2020 20% of energy demand: ◦ Total of 500 GW consisting of alternative energy
300 GW: hydro energy
100 GW: wind power
20 GW: solar
15 Mt: biomass
By 2030: wind power can cover full energy demand
By 2050: ◦ 50 – 70% of energy supply from oil, natural gas, hydro,
nuclear, wind, solar, biomass and other alternative energy
◦ More than 4 PWh of power will come from neighbouring states
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16 nuclear reactors in operation, more than 26 under construction
China‟s wind power share may outpace nuclear energy production by 2020
Electricity production share in 2011:
Future supply projections: ◦ 2020: 60 GW
◦ 2030: 200 GW
◦ 2050: 400 GW
http://www.iaea.org/
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Independence and energy security
Rising energy demand during rapid economic growth
Energy efficiency
Grid connection
Environmental impact
Market reforms
Access to alternative energy sources
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Answer to the research question and comparison between India and
China„s energy situations.
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How will India and China respond to the ever increasing energy demand in their growing population and what are the implications on the environment?
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How will they respond?
Integrating more in the global market
Investing in alternative energy sources
Subsidizing to promote the production of alternative and cleaner energies such as biomass and micro grid power
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Implications for the environment?
Increasing demand in energy has a negative impact on the environment
India and China are investing in alternative energy sources, the environment will thus become healthier in the long run
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China India
Increasing population Increasing population
Consumption rate surpassing
energy production rate
Consumption rate
surpassing energy
production rate
2nd largest energy consumer
in the world behind the USA
By 2030, will be the 3rd
largest energy consumer
before Japan and Russia
World‟s 2nd largest consumer
of coal
World‟s 3rd largest
consumer of coal
Huge consumer of oil and
natural gas
Huge consumer of oil,
natural gas and coal
Has to import oil and natural
gas in order to satisfy
demand
Has to import coal, natural
gas and oil to satisfy
domestic demand
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China India
Crucial that the country changes
its energy mix by investing more
in clean, reliable and convenient
sources of energy.
Country must invest more in
clean renewable energies in
order to maintain energy
security and have a more
sustainable energy mix
Big emitter of carbon dioxide.
Serious air and water pollution
problems.
Food vs. fuel dilemma. The
country has to choose in same
areas between food security
and energy security.
Energy policies difficult to
implement because emphasis is
not put on energy security and
ecology, but rather on economic
growth and job creation.
Energy policies difficult to
implement due to the lack of
agreement on a common
energy security strategy. The
country recognizes that it has
to act fast in order to be self-
sufficient and to reduce its
persistent balance deficit
which is partially due to gas,
oil and coal imports.
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China India
Chinese government encourages and
subsidizes the production of biomass
fuels, which are considered to be a good
alternative to fossil fuels.
India is also investing in nuclear
energy and in wind and water power.
Per capita primary consumption is
relatively high, due to the steadily
growing GDP per capita and
urbanization.
Per capita primary consumption in the
country is low. Large disparities in
consumption across the economic
and social classes. India subsidizes
domestic energy consumption so that
the low and middle income
constituents of the population can
also access energy at an affordable
price.
Challenge is to promote a more efficient
use of oil in transportation, since there
are growing numbers of vehicle owners.
Work on finding other energies to use
instead of oil for transportation.
Challenge is to make energy
accessible to the whole population
and to reduce the import of resources
such as oil and coal, by finding
alternative sources of energy.
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What would be your answer to our research question: How will India and China respond to the ever increasing energy demand in their growing population and what are the implications on the environment?
What do you think about China‟s current preference of economic growth rather than energy security and a healthy environment?
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http://cdm.ccchina.gov.cn/english/
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Statistics/Registration/NumOfRegisteredProjByHostPartiesPieChart.html
http://www.lehmanlaw.com/fileadmin/lehmanlaw_com/Publications/clean_development_mechanism_projects_in_china-a_brief_guide.pdf
http://uk.reuters.com/article/2009/04/20/china-windpower-idUKPEK33615120090420
http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2011/09/28/china-revises-measures-on-clean-development-mechanism-projects.html
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf63.html
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http://china.lbl.gov/publications/Energy-and-Carbon-Emissions-Outlook-of-China-in-2050
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