Condensed Matter Nuclear Science
(Cold Fusion)
Jean-Paul Biberian
Maître de Conférence, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy,
CNRS / CRMC-N / Université d’Aix-Marseille II
Tél: + 33 660 14 04 85
Email: [email protected]
Budapest November 15, 2006 2
Overview
A brief history of Cold Fusion The original Pons & Fleischmann experiment Excess Heat Helium detection Particles Transmutation Theory Conferences Laboratories Conclusion
Brief history of Cold Fusion Discovered by Professors Stan Pons and Martin Fleischman in 1989. Announced at a press conference on March 23, 1989. Immediately after the scientific community split in two: a large majority disbelieved the reality of Cold Fusion, and a small minority either believed in the results, or managed to duplicate the results.
The original Pons & Fleishmann experiment
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Experimental set up
LiOD
Silver coating
Thermistor
cathode
anode
Constant temperature bath
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Experimental set up
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Reactions
D + D T + p 4.0 MeV 50%
D + D He-3 + n 3.3 MeV 50%
D + D He-4 + gamma 24 MeV 10-7
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Miracles
1- The Coulomb barrier
2- No neutrons (where is the dead graduate student?)
3- No gamma rays
Excess Heat measurements
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Double cathode : Arata
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Experimental set up : Arata
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Excess Heat D2O vs H2O : Arata
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Co-deposition Pd/D : Miles et al.
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Co-deposition Pd/D : Biberian
Dewar
Palladium
Platinum
Thermistor in
Thermistor out
100 ml/min distilled water at constant temperature
Pump
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Experiments with D2O- Pout vs time
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217 241 265 289 313 337 361 385 409 433 457 481 505
Pin D2O Pout D2O
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Experiments with H2O- Pout vs time
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217 241 265 289 313 337 361 385 409 433 457 481 505
Pin H2O Pout H2O
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Comparison D2O/H2O
Pin-Pout
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
D2O
H2O
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Energy produced
•Total energy produced, without correction for heat conduction losses: 0.33 MJ
•Assuming 100 kJ/mole : 3.3 moles
•Palladium electrode :1g, i.e. : 0.01 mole
•If D+D He-4 :2.1017 atoms He-4 produced in 21 days, 4.4 107 seconds, 4.5 109 He-4/sec.
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Gold layer on palladium : Biberian
Pd recouvert d'or
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Jours
DIC
(W
)
days
Gold plated Pd
XSH
(W
)
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Laser stimulation : Letts-Cravens
DGL565b24
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 53 105 157 209 261 313 365 417 469 521
Time(min)
Exc
ess
Pw
r(m
w)
Excess Pwr(mw)
Laser on
Laser Polar. change
Particles detection Helium Tritium Neutrons Protons X-rays
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Arata : Helium-4
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Claytor : Tritium
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Experimental set up : Jones
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Jones : Neutrons
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Experimental set up : Violante
Anode
Electric contact
Metallic thin film (400 A)Plastic support
Electrolyte
Ge Detector
Lead shield
Anode
Electric contact
Metallic thin film (400 A)Plastic support
Electrolyte
Ge Detector
Lead shield
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X rays : Violante
Transmutation
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Transmutations : Iwamura
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Experimental set up : Iwamura
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Cs Pr : Iwamura
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Sr Mo : Iwamura
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Anomalous Mo : Iwamura
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Transmutation reactions : Iwamura
Sr + 4 D Mo Cs + 4 D Pr
88
38
2
1
96
42133
55
2
1
141
59
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Anomalous Copper : Violante
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Theories
Phonon interaction. Plasmon interaction Bose Einstein type condensation. Electron screening. Hydrinos, Hydrex. Neutrinos.
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Conditions for CMNS
High loading of deuterium in metals: palladium, titanium…. Metals must have an appropriate metallurgical structure: grain
size, thin film… Dynamic state through pressure change, current variations, laser
stimulation…
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Conferences
ICCFs: ICCF10, in Boston in August 2003, ICCF11 in Marseilles, October 31- November 5, 2004.
Italy regular meetings in Asti. Next one in March 2004. Russia: a meeting every year. Japan : A « Cold Fusion » Society has been created.
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Journals and Web sites
•www.Lenr-canr.org : with 250 000 downloads in a year
•www.cmns.org : New electronic journal with referees
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Laboratories working in the field of CMNS
USA: MIT, SRI International, University of Illinois, Naval Research Laboratory,Portland State University, National Institute of Standard and Technology, Space and Naval Warfare Center San Diego, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Brigham Young University, Northwestern University
Russia: 29 laboratories Japan: Tokyo University,Osaka University, Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries,Yokohama National University, Hokkaido University, Kobe University, Iwate State University, Sapporo University, Hanazono University, Nippon Bunri University
China: Tsinghua University, Southwestern Institute of Physics, Sichuan University, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences
France: Marseilles University, CNAM (Paris), EDF. Italy: ENEA, INFN, Pirelli labs, University of Catania, University of
Rome, University of Lecce.
Conclusion Condensed Matter Nuclear Science is a genuine scientific field. Hydrogen isotopes are involved, mostly at high loading. Excess heat has been measured by numerous laboratories with very different techniques therefore this excludes artefacts. Nuclear ashes have been detected: helium, neutron, gammas, X-rays, transmutation. The mechanism is not the high energy two particles reaction. Theories exist that are compatible with present quantum mechanics. Lot more work need to be done to understand the science and develop technologies.