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Colloque « paysages culturels » Bibracte 21/13 mars 2016Intervention Jean-Pierre SYLLA étude de cas Solutré, Grand site de France
Symposium on "Cultural landscapes", Bibracte 21/13 March 2016Presentation by Jean-Pierre SYLLA Case study of Solutré, one of France's designated "Grand Sites"
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Confined boundary: Solutré-Pouilly-VergissonBroader boundary: (including Davayé-Fuissé-Prissé and Charnay-les-Mâcon)Land area: 2,774 hectares designated as protected areas: 582 hectares (21%) landmarked, 530 hectares (19%) Natura 2000: 159 hectares - Density: 50 to 100 inhabitants / km2 - proximity to Mâcon and communication links: TGV (Loché train station), A6 motorway, N79-RCEA national highway.Site management: Grand Site SPV, Joint Site Promotion Agency
France's "Grand Site":
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Mollusques – Musée des confluences - Lyon
A major geological and landscape-driven event, from the picturesque to the exceptional Beneath a prairie, fossilized sea beds, during the middle of the Jurassic Period, 200/150 million years Solutré advances (10 microns a year) towards its future land use.
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The sea retreats, between the Morvan and Charolais zones to the west and Bresse to the east, thrusting of the Alps around 30 million years before the Modern Era produces a series of hilltops oriented north-northeast / south-southwest shaped into asymmetric figures called "cuestas". Solutré was born…
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The rock juts towards the sky offering a geological facies composed of limestone strata, providing a local landmark and moreover a soil and growing conditions ideal for vineyards, particularly the Chardonnay varietal (sedimentary layers reaching as far as 1,000 m).
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The archaeological landscapes of the Solutrean Period (circa 24,000 years before the Modern Era) open onto barren, highly exposed spaces. As the climate warms, the landscape reverts around -15,000 years with the appearance of forest cover 84% occupied by fir trees and conifers.
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Solutré stands out as a unique crossroads of geological, natural and climatic systems, revealed as a mosaic of large landforms (e.g. open fields or plains, prairieland, hill slopes).
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Homo sapiens env. 40 000Musée confluencesLyon
Human activity got underway here early, as a sign of the area's appeal (protection offered by cliffs, abundant fauna, safe water sources, flint clay outcroppings,
etc.); this was the heyday of the Prehistoric hunter, the master stonecutter and craftsmen working with materials.
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Musée ursulines mâcon
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Musée de Genève
At the base of the mighty Rock, on the banks of the River Saône, during the 6th or 5th millennium, another civilization began to emerge, that of the Neolithic, clearings became more widespread, slash-and-burn removed forestland, farmers took a liking to barley and wheat (according to palynology).
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Carte Cassini-1761
The Medieval period disrupted the landscape with castles, as Solutré, at the gate to Burgundy, was key to strategic decisions: a critical line of defense, a celebrated pilgrimage site, a holy place for both Christian and pagan communities, and even a venue for renowned fairs.
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St Vincent de Mâcon
Cluny
By drawing a considerable number of legacy donations (2,000 property deeds), the Christianization (emanating from Cluny) and the communication corridor via the Saône Valley helped expand the vineyards with vast clearing (10th / 13th centuries).
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Doyenné de Mazille
Genealogy of this special territory: A happy outcome12 - Toponymy, or the science of place names, reveals the presence of an Ancient land, one where occupation has been intensive and continuous over the ages (as suggested by names like clos, condemine, cras, challioux, belouses, chassagnes).
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In a subsistence economy, the community is very keen on preserving its free grazing rights abolished in 1889 with shared herding and the practice of "swidden" to clear fields around settlements on the upper slopes of the rock formations.
H Hugrel – Musée de Mâcon
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Archives 71
Mixed-use farming associating crops with cattle breeding reached the height of its popularity in the mid-19th century: the tenant farming model was being applied to the vineyards, in a capital-labor association splitting the land use (2 hectares planted with vines, half an hectare in arable land, 1 hectare used as pasture, and 2 cows for breeding).
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The post-World War II boom years, from 1950 to 1980, saw the arrival of: mechanization, emphasis on greater yields by winegrowers, removal of hedges, imposed forestation appearing in areas unsuitable for vines, west of the grazing prairies.
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As pastureland was relinquished, unique ecological zones (chalk grasslands, 128 hectares growing many families of orchids, etc.) were threatened by being overrun by bushes (loss of biodiversity, a landscape with fewer vistas).
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Initial warning signals over the period 1980-2000! Real estate pressures, soil engineering, adverse impacts of tourist traffic, agricultural specialization, soil erosion, loss of fertile land use, limited wood harvesting of forested parcels.
Gis sol 2010
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Despite it all, the site has been "under protection" since 1909 and has garnered an increasing number of designations and labels (for its rock formations, villages, etc.), biotope preservation in 1991 encompassing 35 hectares, 159 hectares classified under Natura 2000, vineyards awarded the AOC distinction as of 1936, culminating in 2013 with bestowal of the "Grand Site de France" label.
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Finding balance in the environment: Generating wealth19 - The relationship between nature and agriculture, shaped by changing uses, led to a sort of "virtuous" economic model characterized as comprehensive, extensive and highly qualitative.
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This "social production" to quote H. Mendras offered by the landscape proceeds from a construct, an ordering: villages and vines climbing halfway up the slope topped by uncultivated moors and forested ridges, dotted with prairies or cropland on the valley floors.
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This "social production" to quote H. Mendras offered by the landscape proceeds from a construct, an ordering: villages and vines climbing halfway up the slope topped by uncultivated moors and forested ridges, dotted with prairies or cropland on the valley floors.
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This remolded landscape, bearing man's imprint, is a testimonial to the efforts undertaken to influence physical surroundings; it constitutes a valuable source for interpreting all sorts of uses, be they human, economic, agrarian or habitat-related.
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Solutré vividly displays rural society stigmas, a place "where time stands still" shielded from the industrial civilization as if the spectator was contemplating a landscape from a different era!
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Photos© Grand site
The sensorial, aesthetic or pictorial approach proves pertinent in drawing sharp contrasts: mineral / plant, wild / transformed by man, overgrown / cultivated / unbounded grassland / enclosed forests, abrupt rocky outcroppings, the uneven slant of hillsides.
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The evocative interface elements, winegrowers' homes with balconies, stone field huts, low walls, kilns, washhouses, stone buildings, the isolated tree, copses, country paths, all form a vernacular tying the area's disparate components.
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The state of the local landscape reveals a kind of "finalized relationship" within an equilibrium achieved to benefit a stable ecosystem, brought to a point of diversification and sustainability!
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All landscapes display an overview, a decor, a way of looking at the region from above, which in fact merely represents the "tip of the iceberg" JR Pitte.
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The region signifies "a place, while the landscape projects its image" (F Dogonet). Behind this "universal" landscape are intimate locales where life goes on, contrasting the singular with the generic, the specific with the general, the local with the global.
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La chasse à l’abîme – A Arcellin
Beyond the visible depictions lies the mental sphere, the inner sanctum of history, based on representations and built up through imagination and at times legend… like the hunt forcing horses to leap into the abyss.
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Media attention remains fixated on the reality experienced to produce a "crystallized history" of key dates, cultural artifacts, symbolic references and heritage values, a type of "holy repository" JP Ferrier. Lamartine, who from his solitude in Montceau, cast his sights on the "two petrified ships atop a sea of vines" or the ritualized outing by President Mitterrand, who said: "from the top, I get a better view of what's going out, what's coming in and especially what's staying still."
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A veritable icon, emblem and archetype of this land, the "Grand site" rises like an observatory and laboratory in a perpetual quest to be exemplary and demonstrative of best practices in rehabilitating dried stones, reintroducing pasture, recording residents' living memories, learning from the site.
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Wouldn't the increasing harmonization of landscapes and proliferation of "non-descript" scenery justify this search for "differentiating" places, unique and perhaps exceptional! (1.40% of the French territory).
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Musée de mâcon
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Encapsulating human sciences, earth sciences and life sciences, Solutré addresses our most deeply-rooted history; it is a "tome", recounting the permanence of Man, who instills meaning and the key to deciphering such a complex site, in grasping what's known as "the spirit of the place".