vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en tunisie
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7/10/2019 Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vers-une-meilleure-identification-de-la-clientele-touristique-europeenne-en-tunisie 1/106
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7/10/2019 Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vers-une-meilleure-identification-de-la-clientele-touristique-europeenne-en-tunisie 2/106
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7/10/2019 Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie
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7/10/2019 Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie
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7/10/2019 Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie
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7/10/2019 Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie
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7/10/2019 Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie
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7/10/2019 Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie
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ky}czcqyi&
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Eiz oyiy}z `}ofîocz idrekcif nãfã}oeidif eiz i}diz ai ¨ Jeozzc`cjockf ¸% ky ¨ jeozzc`cjockfoykdocqyi docz eiz i}diz Jeyzi}cfn i ofoeszi srkekncqyi zkf reyz zkypif yceczãz
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Jgor c}i C < Eo zind ifockf ro } opofo niz }ij gi}jgãz
??
@cny}i ? &‚ Zszãd ocqyi ai z ac``ã}ifiz or r}ko j giz ai zin di fockf X=7T
:& Eiz j}cç}iz ai zindifockf
_yieqyi zkc eo dãgkai ai zindifockf oakrãi% o r}ck}c ky o rkzi}ck}c% reyzciy}z
n}kyriz ai j}cç}iz ac``ã}ifz riypif ì}i yceczãz rky} ei aãjkyroni ai eo aidofai
ky}czcqyi <
'o# eiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz zkjck$aãdkn}orgcqyiz aiz pczciy}z 8
'm# ei rosz a–k}cncfi ay ky}czi 8
'j# ei jkdrk}idif ai zãlky} 8
'a# Ei dkc` izcdã ay zãlky}&
Ei rkcf jkddyf if}i jiz ac``ã}ifz j}cç}iz iz ei `oc qy–cez zkcif jkfzcaã}ãz
jkddi ri}cfifz rky} iwrecqyi} eo }ãrkfzi jkdrk}idifoei â e–k``}i r}krkzãi ro} eo
aizcfockf& Jirifaof% cez kmãczzif â aiyw ekncqyiz aczcfjiz X:3T < eo r}idcç}i 'j}cç}iz o
i m# jkfzczi â ozzcnfi} eiz ky}cziz aofz aiz n}kyriz ziekf eiy} zcdceo}cã zy} yfi ky
_yie iz ei n }kyri aãj }c if r }idci} ;
Yf zkyz$n}kyr i a i eo rk ryeockf
ky}czcqyi ko ei aãi}dcfãi r o} yfi
j eozzc`cjo ckf ziekf r eyzciy}z o }cmyz
Yf zkyz$n}kyr i a i eo rk ryeockf
ky}czcqyi k oei a ãi}dcfã ro} yf
j}cç}i j kffy a– opofj i
JKFJIRQ =
4 Zi difockf kz$gkj
JKFJIRQ ?
4 Zi difockf o }ck}c
_yiez zkf eiz n}kyriz â iwrek}i} ro} eo zyci ;
Yf zkyz$n}kyr i a i eo rk ryeockf
ky}czcqyi k oei a ãi}dcfã ro} yf
j}cç}i j kffy a– opofj i
Yf zkyz$n}kyri a i eo rk ryeockf
ky}czcqyi k o ei aã i}dcfãi ro } yfi
j eozzc`cjo ckf ziekf r eyzciy}z o }cmyz
JKFJIRQ 1
4 Zindifockf
rkz $gkj + o r}ck}c
JKFJIRQ :
4 Zindifockf o
r}ck}c + o r }ck}c
JKFJIRQ 9
4 Zindifockf o
r}ck}c + r kz $gkj
JKFJIRQ 0
4 Zindifockf
rkz$gkj+rkz$gkj
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Jgor c}i C < Eo zind ifockf ro } opofo niz }ij gi}jgãz
?=
reyzciy}z ai eiy}z jo}ojã}czcqyiz cfacpcayieeiz 'zkc aiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz nãfã}oeiz jkddi
e–íni% ei zsei ai pci% eo ri}zkffoecã 8 zkc eiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz zcyockffieeiz ai e–cfacpcay%
jkddi eiz ocyaiz% eiz krcfckfz% eiz ri}jirckfz ky eiz r}ã`ã}ifjiz#& Eo aiywcçdi ekncqyi
'j}cç}iz a i i# }irkzi zy} e–gsrkgçzi qyi eiz ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz zindifz zkf ecãiz oywac``ã}ifjiz aofz ei jkdrk}idif i akfj qyi eo po}comei ai zindifockf akc }oayc}i yfi
}ãrkfzi ay jkfzkddoiy} 'ekfnyiy} ay zãlky}% fcpioy ai aãrifziz }ãoeczãiz% `caãecã â eo
aizcfockf%†#&
o # Eo zind ifockf zkj ck$aã dk n}or gcqyi
J–iz yfi dãgkai ai zindifockf cfac}iji qyc jkfzcaç}i qyi eiz ac``ã}ifjiz aofz
eiz r}k`cez zkjck$aãdkn}orgcqyiz zkf â e–k}cncfi aiz ac``ã}ifjiz aofz eiz dkcpockfz ai
pksoni i eiz r}ã`ã}ifjiz X?2T i akfj qyi eiz po}comeiz ai zindifockf zkjck$
aãdkn}orgcqyiz 'e–íni% ei }ipify% eo ekjoeczockf% eo oceei ai eo `odceei% ei fcpioy a–ãyaiz%
eo jeozzi zkjcoei%†# zkf aiz cfacjoiy}z aiz mizkcfz i aãzc}z `yy}z ay ky}czi&
Jii zindifockf iz reyz zkypif yceczãi ro} eiz r}ocjcifz% i if ro}cjyeci} eiz
r}k`izzckffiez ay ky}czdi% ro}ji qyi eiz akffãiz zkjck$aãdkn}orgcqyiz% zy} eizqyieeiz
ieei zi mozi% zkf `ojceidif dizy}omeiz i ojjizzcmeiz i qy–ieeiz ri}diif yfi diceeiy}i
caifc`cjockf aiz ky}cziz rkifciez i eo qyofc`cjockf aiz zindifz kmifyz&Qkyi`kcz% if diof e–ojjif zy} eo aizj}crckf aiz cfacpcayz qyc jkfzcyif ei
zindif% reyñ qyi zy} e–ofoeszi aiz `ojiy}z qyc iwrecqyif eo `k}dockf ai ji zindif%
a–yfi ro}% i opij eo zofao}aczockf j}kczzofi aiz dkaiz ai jkfzkddockf if}i
ac``ã}ifiz jeozziz zkjcoeiz i joãnk}ciz a–íni% a–oy}i ro}% eo poeiy} r}ãacjcpi ay
jkdrk}idif ro} jii dãgkai ai zindifockf iz ai reyz if reyz `ocmei& Ce ro}oæ akfj
fãjizzoc}i a–orrecqyi} a–oy}iz dkaiz a–ofoesziz qyc zi mozif zy} aiz `ojiy}z joyzoez
rky} dciyw iwrecqyi} i r}ãpkc} jiz jkdrk}idifz ai pksoni&
m # Eo zin difo ckf n ãkn }or gcqyi
Jkfzczi â aã`cfc} aiz zindifz ai ky}cziz zy} eo mozi aiz `}kfcç}iz fockfoeiz& Eo
ekncqyi ai ji aãjkyroni zrocoe ai eo aidofai iz qyi jgoqyi rosz% jkfzcaã}ã jkddi yf
ziye zindif rkifcie% jkfzcyi yfi }ãnckf aczcfji aofz eoqyieei eiz jkfzkddoiy}z
ro}onif }oacckffieeidif eo dìdi eofnyi% eo dìdi jyey}i i zkypif ei dìdi zsei ai
pci i ro} jkfzãqyif ei dìdi jkdrk}idif ai pksoni X=?T & Ocfzc% jii orr}kjgi zyrrkzi
qyi kyz eiz ky}cziz â e–cfã}ciy} a–yf dìdi rosz zkf gkdknçfiz i cnfk}i eo rkzzcmcecã
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Jgor c}i C < Eo zind ifockf ro } opofo niz }ij gi}jgãz
?:
a–iwczifji ai n}kyriz a–cfacpcayz r}ãzifof aiz zjgãdoz ai jkdrk}idif zcdceoc}iz â
}opi}z reyzciy}z rosz&
Jirifaof% eo `comcecã ai jii zindifockf iz ai reyz if reyz dczi â doe ro} eiz
ifaofjiz pi}z eo nekmoeczockf qyc kf }ãayc e–gkdknãfãcã aiz jkdrk}idifz oy zicf
a–yf dìdi izroji nãkn}orgcqyi i oyndifã eiz zcdceo}cãz if}i jkfzkddoiy}z ai
fockfoecãz ac``ã}ifiz X10T 8 ei }ijky}z â yfi zindifockf }ofzfockfoei% cnfk}of eiz
`}kfcç}iz aiz rosz% iz r}krkzãi jkddi oei}focpi&
j # Eo zin difo ckf j kdr k}idi foei
Ce z–onc ai jkfzcyi} aiz zindifz }in}kyrof eiz cfacpcayz osof aiz ãeãdifz ai
jkdrk}idif zcdceoc}iz i rkypkc} ocfzc krcdczi} eiz ojckfz do}hicfn qyc jcmeif jizzindifz& Ziekf ei jkfiwi ai e–ãyai i zkf kmlijc`% ac``ã}ifiz po}comeiz riypif ì}i
yceczãiz <
∝ Ei zoy ai pczciy} < yfi aczcfjckf riy ì}i `oci if}i pczciy}z rkifciez% fkf$
pczciy}z% pczciy}z }ãnyeci}z ky c}}ãnyeci}z% pczciy}z rky} eo r}idcç}i `kcz%† 8
∝ Eo ay}ãi ai zãlky} ky eiz aãrifziz ro} ri}zkffi < e–kmlijc` iz ai `k}di} aiz zindifz
oyky} ai eo }ifomcecã r}kjy}ãi ro} ei ky}czi X19T 8
∝ Ei zoy ai `caãecã < eiz jecifz a–yfi aizcfockf akffãi riypif ì}i }in}kyrãz if
ky}cziz `caçeiz cfjkfacckffiez% `caçeiz fkf iwjeyzc`z i fkf `caçeiz% aofz eo ri}zrijcpi
ãof a–if}iifc} i ai aãpiekrri} eo `caãecã â eo aizcfockf 8
∝ Eo zifzcmcecã â yf `ojiy} do}hicfn < ji}ocfz cfacpcayz zkf ro}cjyecç}idif zifzcmeiz
â yfi po}comei do}hicfn ie qyi ei r}cw ky eiz zãlky}z zrãjcoyw& Ce riy akfj ì}i
cfã}izzof a–k}nofczi} ai `k}di} aiz zindifz zy} jii mozi i a–k}nofczi} aiz ojckfz
zrãjc`cqyiz aizcfãiz â zocz`oc}i eiy}z oifiz&
Doen}ã e–cfã}ì r}ocqyi ai ji}ocfz ai jiz j}cç}iz jkdrk}idifoyw% eiz zindifz
ocfzc `k}dãz zkf zkypif jkfzcyãz ai r}k`cez }çz gãã}knçfiz ji qyc }ifa
ro}cjyecç}idif jkdrecqyãi e–caifc`cjockf aiz cfacpcayz orro}ifof â jgoqyi zindif i
akfj e–orrecjockf aiz reofz do}hicfn&
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Jgor c}i C < Eo zind ifockf ro } opofo niz }ij gi}jgãz
?1
a # Eo zin di fo ckf ziekf ei dk c` izcdã a y zãlky}
Rky} yfi aizcfockf akffãi% eiz ky}cziz r}ãzifif ro}`kcz ji}ocfiz zcdcecyaiz
aofz ei jkdrk}idif < ay}ãi ay zãlky}% dkmcecã ek}z ay zãlky}% o}ojckfz r}ã`ã}ãiz%&&& Oro}c} ai jiz jkfzofjiz% ce iz rkzzcmei a–izcdi} eo dkcpockf r}cfjcroei aofz ei jgkcw ai
jii aizcfockf if ro}cjyeci} i if aãayc}i yf }in}kyridif aiz cfacpcayz ziekf ji dkc`&
Eo `cny}i = dkf}i eiz r}cfjcroyw sriz ai ky}cziz ãomecz ro} e–ãqycri a–ãyai LCJO ek}z
a–yfi ãyai }ãoeczãi if =222 X02T & Ro} iwidrei% aofz ei joa}i ai jii ãyai% ei ) ai
ky}cziz ¨ jc}jyc ¸ jk}}izrkfa oy ) ai pczciy}z akf ei jki``cjcif ai dkmcecã1 iz
zyrã}ciy} â : i ei ) ai ky}cziz ¨ zogo}cifz ¸ oy ) ai pczciy}z }ãzcaifz aofz eiz gñiez
ai eo }ãnckf No`zo$Qk|iy} reyz ai 1 fycz&
@cny}i = &‚ Qsriz ai ky}cziz if Qyfczci ziekf ei dkc` ay zãlky}
O joyzi ai eo zcdrecjcã ai zo dczi if reoji 'akffãiz yceczãiz `ojceidif
dizy}omeiz% omzifji ai }ijky}z â aiz dãgkaiz zoczcqyiz ai jeozzc`cjockf#% jiiowkfkdci jkffoæ yf zyjjçz fkoddif oyr}çz aiz k}nofczockfz ky}czcqyiz fockfoeiz 8
jirifaof% ei `oc qy–ieei zkc ãomeci a–yfi `oîkf cfyccpi% zy} eo mozi a–gsrkgçziz
idrc}cqyiz zofz }ãie `kfaidif gãk}cqyi% if `oc yfi dãgkai ai zindifockf riy `comei&
1
Jki``cjcif ai dkmcecã 'JD# 4 'fkdm}i koe aiz pczciy}z if}incz}ãz aofz eiz gñiez# + 'fkdm}i a–o}}cpãiz aipczciy}z#
Pczciy}
Qky}czi Iwjy}zckffczi
Pojofjiz O``oc}iz Pczci odczi `odceei
Oy}iz
Zãlky}zogo}cif
Jc}jycZãlky}moefãoc}i
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Jgor c}i C < Eo zind ifockf ro } opofo niz }ij gi}jgãz
?9
CC$ Ri}cfifji ai eo zindifockf ziekf eiz mãfã`cjiz }ijgi}jgãz
?& Joa}i gãk}cqyi
Eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz 'ky mãfã`cjiz# }ijgi}jgãz 'ky izrã}ãz#% cf}kayci ro}
GOEIS if ?307 X:?T % iz yfi orr}kjgi qyc zi mozi zy} e–gsrkgçzi qyi ei jkfzkddoiy}
zãeijckffi eo do}qyi ky ei r}kayc qyc }ãrkfa ei dciyw â ziz oifiz cfccoeiz i akf eo
jkfzkddockf eyc r}kjy}i yf ifzidmei a–opofoniz lynãz cfaczrifzomeiz rky} qyi zo
zocz`ojckf zkc dowcdoei X0?T & Eo ekncqyi zkyz$lojifi â jii zindifockf iz akfj qyi ¨
eiz mãfã`cjiz qyi eiz cfacpcayz }ijgi}jgif if jkfzkddof yf r}kayc ky yfi do}qyi if
ro}cjyeci}% zkf eiz }oczkfz ai mozi rky} e–iwczifji aiz zindifz ai do}jgã ¸
X:?T
&
Dk cpo ckfz pz& opofo ni z }ij gi}j gãz
Eo fkckf a–opofoni }ijgi}jgã iz }çz r}kjgi ai jieei ai dkcpockf& Cez jkfzcyif
kyz aiyw aiz `k}jiz qyc rkyzzif â onc}% if e–kjjy}}ifji ei ky}czi â jgkczc} yfi
aizcfockf if ro}cjyeci}% i akf e–k}cncfi zi zcyi aofz aiz mizkcfz fkf zocz`ocz&
Fãofdkcfz% ro} zo foy}i }kr r}k`kfai% ei jkfjir ai dkcpockf f–iz roz }çz
krã}ockffie oek}z qyi eiz mãfã`cjiz }ijgi}jgãz% zcyãz â yf fcpioy reyz zyri}`cjcie% zkf
`ojceidif caifc`comeiz i yceczomeiz rky} eo `k}dyeockf ai z}oãnciz do}hicfn
orr}kr}cãiz X9?T &
Zin di fo ckf ro } opofo niz pz& ij gfcqyiz }oa cckffieeiz ai zin di fo ckf
Qky if }ijkffoczzof eiz opofoniz aiz ijgfcqyiz ai zindifockf ai do}jgã
¨}oacckffieeiz¸ 'nãkn}orgcqyi% zkjck$aãdkn}orgcqyi ky jkdrk}idifoei# rky} k}cifi}
eiz ojckfz do}hicfn 'caifc`cjockf aiz yceczoiy}z i fkf yceczoiy}z% eiy} ekjoeczockf
nãkn}orgcqyi% jgkcw aiz jofoyw ai jkddyfcjockf%†#% eiy} cfjorojcã â r}ãac}ijk}}ijidif ei jkdrk}idif i â ji}fi} ei r}kjizzyz ai jgkcw ay ky}czi% o }ifay
fãjizzoc}i ei }ijky}z â jii aãdo}jgi oei}focpi qyc zi mozi zy} yfi ofoeszi aiz
jkfzkddoiy}z fkf reyz ziekf aiz `ojiy}z aizj}crc`z docz zy} eo mozi ai `ojiy}z joyzoez&
Eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz o yf ãpifoce ai akdocfiz a–orrecjockfz reyz eo}ni
qyi jieyc aiz oy}iz dãgkaiz jo} ieei orrk}i oyw r}ocjcifz yfi cdoni reyz jkdreçi aiz
jkfzkddoiy}z ji qyc riy ì}i ro}cjyecç}idif ycei rky} eo jkfjirckf aiz z}oãnciz ai
rkzcckffidif i ai jkddyfcjockf X=7T & If zãeijckffof aiz opofoniz oywqyiez eiz
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Jgor c}i C < Eo zind ifockf ro } opofo niz }ij gi}jgãz
?0
r}kzrijz zkf zifzcmeiz% ce iz rkzzcmei a–oyndifi} eiz jgofjiz ai jori} eiy} oifckf i
ai eiz cdrecqyi} aofz yf r}kjizzyz ai jkddyfcjockf 8 ro} oceeiy}z% eiz mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz
ri}diif ai dciyw aczcfnyi} eiz aãi}dcfofz ay jgkcw if}i aizcfockfz% ac``ã}ifjci}
eiz jodronfiz r}kdkckffieeiz i r}ãpkc} eiz fcpioyw a–oifckf i a–cdrecjockf ek}z ai eojkfjirckf ay dizzoni rymecjcoc}i X:=T &
If`cf% yf o}oc zyrreãdifoc}i ai eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz }ãzcai
aofz zo jorojcã â% fkf ziyeidif% jeozzc`ci} eiz jkfzkddoiy}z ziekf eiz mãfã`cjiz qy–cez
izrç}if% docz oyzzc â r}k`cei} jgoqyi zindif if }ijky}of oyw jo}ojã}czcqyiz
cfacpcayieeiz 'nãkn}orgcqyiz% aãdkn}orgcqyiz%†# aiz ky}cziz qyc ei jkdrkzif&
=& Foy}i aiz mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz
Eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz fãjizzci yfi aã`cfcckf r}ãoeomei aiz
mãfã`cjiz% qyi ei ky}czi izrç}i ai zkf zãlky}% â cfjey}i aofz e–ofoeszi ai jeozzc`cjockf&
Jirifaof% eo jkdreiwcã ay r}kjizzyz ai `k}dockf aiz dkcpockfz '`cny}i :# i ei `oc qyi
GOEIS X:?% :=T f–oc lodocz r}krkzã ai aã`cfcckf r}ãjczi aiz opofoniz â jkfzcaã}i} X=7T % o
if}oæfã yfi acpi}nifji a–opcz zy} eo qyizckf& Q}kcz orr}kjgiz aczcfjiz ai eo
zindifockf ro} opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz kf ãdi}nã <
∞ eiz mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz zkf eiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz zrãjc`cqyiz ai eo aizcfockf
ky ay zi}pcji X?0T ↝ o}cmyi$mozia mifi`c zindifockf 8
∞ eiz mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz jk}}izrkfaof oyw dkcpockfz rzsjgkzkjckekncqyiz
rky} ei pksoni X:>% 1=T ↝ rzsjgkekncjoees$mozia mifi`c zindifockf 8
∞ eiz mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz zkf yfi jkdmcfoczkf aiz o}cmyz ai eo aizcfockf
i aiz dkcpockfz aiz ky}cziz X :0% 1:% 11T &
If jkfzcaã}of qyi eiz ky}cziz zkf ofcdãz ro} aiyw zk}iz ai dkcpockfz < a–yfi
ro}% aiz dkcpockfz ãdkckffieeiz cfi}fiz '`ojiy}z ryzg# i a–oy}i ro} aiz dkcpockfz
jknfccpiz iwi}fiz '`ojiy}z ryee# X?=% =7T % eo }kczcçdi orr}kjgi zidmei ì}i
ro}cjyecç}idif jkgã}ifi opij eo ayoecã ay ky}czdi if of qyi jkfzkddockf ai
zi}pcjiz ofncmeiz i ai zocz`ojckf a–oifiz ãdkckffieeiz X=7T &
Eiz `ojiy}z ryzg zkf aiz aãzc}z nãfã}ãz cfã}ciy}idif qyc rkyzzif ei ky}czi â
jgi}jgi} aofz eiz kmliz% eiz zcyockfz i eiz ãpçfidifz% aiz zcnfiz qyc jkdrk}if eor}kdizzi ai }ãayc}i ziz ifpciz X:2T 8 ji zkf eiz dkcpockfz rzsjgkzkjckekncqyiz qyc ei
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Jgor c}i C < Eo zind ifockf ro } opofo niz }ij gi}jgãz
?>
r}ãaczrkzif â pksoni} if nãfã}oe% jkddi ei mizkcf a–ãjgorri}% eo zkjcoeczockf% eo
}ijgi}jgi ai fkypioyã% e–opify}i ky eo aãjkypi}i ai zkc&
Eiz `ojiy}z ryee zkf nãfã}ãz ro} eo jkffoczzofji a–o}cmyz qyi ei ky}czi orr}ãjci&
Ji zkf eiz }izzky}jiz ky eiz cdoniz zrãjc`cqyiz â yfi aizcfockf qyc ri}diif oyw
ky}cziz ai zi }ifa}i jkdri ai eiy}z `yy}z mizkcfz ek}z ay zãlky}& Ieeiz riypif r}ifa}i
}kcz `k}diz X:T <
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Jgor c}i C < Eo zind ifockf ro } opofo niz }ij gi}jgãz
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Jgor c}i C < Eo zind ifockf ro } opofo niz }ij gi}jgãz
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o # Jo }oj ã}czcqyiz i o pofoni z rk ifciez
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ky}czi i dizy}i ai eo qyoecã ai zi}pcji X=7T 8
( Orrecjomcecã aiz }ãzyeoz ai eo zindifockf < Eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz
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m # Cfjkfpãfcifz i r}km eãdo cqyi z zkyeipãiz
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akffã& Q}kcz rkzzcmcecãz iwczif < eiz mãfã`cjiz mozãz zy} eiz o}cmyz% eiz mãfã`cjiz
rzsjgkzkjckekncqyiz% ky yfi jkdmcfoczkf aiz aiyw X=7T 8
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opofoniz izrã}ãz riypif ãpkeyi} opij ei idrz 'fkoddif zy} yfi dksiffi ky
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Jgor c}i C < Eo zind ifockf ro } opofo niz }ij gi}jgãz
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iz akfj ai eo reyz goyi cdrk}ofji% qyieei qyi zkc eo aãdo}jgi oakrãi 'o r}ck}c ky
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Jgorc}i CC < Yceczockf a iz }ãzio yw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cj ciez rky} eo j eozzc`cjo ckf
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`kfjckffidif ay ji}pioy& Yf }ãzioy ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cjciez ky fiy}kdcdãcqyi iz yfi
z}yjy}i ai }ocidif ro}oeeçei i acz}cmyã ai e–cf`k}dockf qyc o eo jorojcã a–orr}ifa}i
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Jgorc}i CC < Yceczockf a iz }ãzio yw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cj ciez rky} eo j eozzc`cjo ckf
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zk}ci â ro}c} aiz if}ãiz i aiz rkcaz aiz jkffiwckfz ozzkjcãiz&
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Jgorc}i CC < Yceczockf a iz }ãzio yw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cj ciez rky} eo j eozzc`cjo ckf
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o # E–orr}ifczzoni
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Jgorc}i CC < Yceczockf a iz }ãzio yw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cj ciez rky} eo j eozzc`cjo ckf
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r}kmeçdi â }oci} 8
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fiy}kfiz i eiy}z rkcaz 'a–kó eiy} jkdro}oczkf opij aiz mkæiz fkc}iz# 8
$ eiy} ri}`k}dofji iz `k}idif aãrifaofi% rky} yfi o}jgcijy}i akffãi% ai eo qyoecã
ai e–ãjgofceekf a–orr}ifczzoni i aiz poeiy}z aiz rkcaz cfccoyw&
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Jgorc}i CC < Yceczockf a iz }ãzio yw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cj ciez rky} eo j eozzc`cjo ckf
=>
$ Ce iwczi yf }czqyi ai zy}$orr}ifczzoni ek}zqyi e–ãjgofceekf a–orr}ifczzoni iz
ric 8 aofz ji joz% eiz pijiy}z a–if}ãi zkf ro}`ocidif ¨ orr}cz ¸ ro} ei }ãzioy
qyc if ri}a kyi jorojcã ai nãfã}oeczockf 8
$ Ce f–iwczi roz ai `kfaidifz gãk}cqyiz rky} e–ãpoeyockf ai eo poecacã i ai eo
`comcecã aiz ]FO&
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Jgorc}i CC < Yceczockf a iz }ãzio yw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cj ciez rky} eo j eozzc`cjo ckf
=7
CC$ Eiz jo}iz oyk$k}nofczo}cjiz ai Hkgkfif
?& R}ãzifockf
Eiz jo}iz oyk$k}nofczo}cjiz orrieãiz oyzzc jo}iz ai Hkgkfif% ky ifjk}i ZKD%
Zie`$K}nofc|cfn Dorz% iz yf sri ro}cjyeci} ai }ãzioy ai fiy}kfiz% czzy aiz }opoyw ai
Hkgkfif X>T % jkfzcyã ai aiyw jkyjgiz i mozã zy} yf orr}ifczzoni fkf zyri}pczã&
Eo ijgfcqyi aiz jo}iz oyk$k}nofczo}cjiz j}ãi â ro}c} a–yf izroji ai akffãiz â f
acdifzckfz% yfi jo}i â aiyw acdifzckfz& Zy} jii jo}i ce iz rkzzcmei a–caifc`ci} eiz
`}kfcç}iz qyc aã`cfczzif aiz n}kyriz reyz ky dkcfz gkdknçfiz% jkfzcyãz aiz akffãiz ai
aãro} osof eiz dìdiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz X>T &
Eiz ZKD r}ãzifif }kcz opofoniz r}cfjcroyw <
k cez jkfzcyif yfi ijgfcqyi ai jeozzc`cjockf pczyieei akf e–cfi}r}ãockf iz
mioyjkyr reyz cfyccpi qyi rky} eiz ijgfcqyiz zoczcqyiz ¨ jeozzcqyiz ¸& If i``i% eiz
ZKD jkfzi}pif eiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz krkekncqyiz ai e–izroji a–if}ãi i akfj aiyw
yfcãz ai eo jo}i r}kayci }oayczif yf jkdrk}idif a–oyof reyz zidmeomei qyi eo
aczofji qyc eiz zãro}i iz `ocmei 8
k cez }ijky}if â yf orr}ifczzoni fkf zyri}pczã < eiz }ãzyeoz aãjkyeif ac}ijidif aiz
r}kr}cããz cf}cfzçqyiz oyw akffãiz if e.omzifji ai ky -zyri}pcziy}- ky iwri} qyc
oy}oc yfi jkffoczzofji o r}ck}c ai eo }ãrkfzi â kmifc} 8
k cez zkf zkypif zyrã}ciy}z oyw dãgkaiz ai jeozzc`cjockf }oacckffieeiz rky} roeeci}
eiz cdri}`ijckfz z}yjy}ieeiz aiz akffãiz&
=& O}jgcijy}i aiz jo}iz ai Hkgkfif
Eiz ZKD zi jkdrkzif a–yfi jkyjgi a–if}ãi i a–yfi jkyjgi ai zk}ci if
jkdrãcckf kó eiz fiy}kfiz zkf }iecãz if jkffiwckf jkdreçi opij eiz fiy}kfiz ai eo
jkyjgi a–if}ãi&
Eo jkyjgi a–if}ãi jkdr}ifa ei n}kyri ai fiy}kfiz% if jkfoj ac}ij opij eiz
akffãiz% }ir}ãzifãiz ro} ei pijiy} w4Xw?%†%wfT% qyi e–kf zkydi oy }ãzioy& Jii jkyjgi
iz aci reozcqyi jo} ieei dãdk}czi eiz dkac`cjockfz aiz rkcaz aiz jkffiwckfz
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Jgorc}i CC < Yceczockf a iz }ãzio yw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cj ciez rky} eo j eozzc`cjo ckf
=3
~4X~?%†%~fT i ieei o rky} `kfjckf ai r}kayc}i yfi dizy}i ai zcdceo}cã if}i eiz
pijiy}z rkcaz ozzkjcãz â jgoqyi fiy}kfi i e–if}ãi r}ãzifãi&
Eo jkyjgi ai zk}ci iz jkfzcyãi aiz fiy}kfiz ai jii jkyjgi qyc akffif eo
}ãrkfzi ay }ãzioy&
@cny}i : &‚ O}jgcij y}i a –yfi j o}i ai Hkgkfif
:& Oenk}cgdi a–orr}ifczzoni ZKD
E–oenk}cgdi idreksã rky} eo }ãoeczockf aiz jo}iz oyk$k}nofczãiz r}kjçai% aofz yf
r}idci} idrz% â e–cfccoeczockf aiz rkcaz ay }ãzioy& Nãfã}oeidif% eiz poeiy}z aiz rkcaz
zkf jgkczciz oeãokc}idif% o`cf ai f–iwi}ji} oyjyfi cf`eyifji zy} eo jo}i `yy}i&
Yfi `kcz ei }ãzioy jk}}ijidif cfccoeczã% aiyw ãoriz zi zyjjçaif rky} jgoqyi roz
a–cã}ockf ' 4 ?% =%&&&# < yfi ãori ai jkdrãcckf if}i eiz fiy}kfiz qyc po aãi}dcfi} eo
}ãnckf ai eo jo}i qyi e.kf po olyzi}% i yfi ãori a.oaorockf aiz rkcaz ai eo }ãnckf
aãzcnfãi â e.kmzi}pockf r}kliãi&
Iori ai jkdrãcckf < Â jgoqyi cã}ockf% kf jgkczc ai `oîkf oeãokc}i yf pijiy}
a–if}ãi i kf }ijgi}jgi ei fkiya qyc dcfcdczi eo aczofji iyjecaciffi if}i ji pijiy} wc
'# i ei pijiy} rkcaz ~c& Ji fiy}kfi% ac -fiy}kfi nonfof-% i zkypif fkã MDY 'Miz
Dojgcfn Yfc#% iz kmify ro} eo `k}dyei <
cc ~ w mdy ∝4 #'dcfo}n#' % c4?%=%†%e
kó e iz ei fkdm}i koe ai fiy}kfiz aofz eo jo}i&
Jkyjgia–if}ãi
Cfa cpca y ?w?
~ l? ~ l= ~ l:
Cfa cpca y =w=
Cfa cpca y :w:
Cfa cpcay 1 ††w1
Jkyjgiai zk}ci
~ l1
l
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Jgorc}i CC < Yceczockf a iz }ãzio yw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cj ciez rky} eo j eozzc`cjo ckf
:2
Iori ai jkkrã}ockf < Ei pijiy} rkcaz ay fiy}kfi nonfof iz dkac`cã o`cf ai
dciyw }izzidmei} oy pijiy} a–if}ãi wc& Jii dkac`cjockf akc z–orrecqyi} oyzzc â kyz
eiz fkiyaz oy pkczcfoni ai e–yfcã nonfofi% qyoec`cãz ai fiy}kfiz jkkrã}ofz% i aãzcnfãzro} yfi kfjckf ai pkczcfoni aãj}kczzofi oy `y} i â dizy}i aiz cã}ockfz&
E–kmlijc` ai jii }çnei a–orr}ifczzoni iz a–oaori}% opij ai dkcfz if dkcfz
a–i``i% yf fkdm}i ai reyz if reyz }iz}icf ai fiy}kfiz rky} fi reyz cfjey}i â eo `cf ai
e–orr}ifczzoni qyi eiz pkczcfz cddãacoz ky oyjyf&
Eiz fŚyaz oy pkczcfoni ai e–yfcã j 'yfcã MDY ay pijiy} a–if}ãi c# zkf
ojyoeczãz ziekf eo `k}dyei <
X T
∝(
4(#'
#'#'#'#'#?'
~
~ w ~ ~
c
cc
c
ο #%'<
#%'<
j F c
j F c
∃
∇
ο'# iz yfi jkfzofi a–oaorockf '`ojiy} a–orr}ifczzoni# jkdr}czi if}i 2 i ?& Zo
poeiy} iz ozzi| ãeipãi rky} eiz r}idcç}iz cã}ockfz i aãj}kæ n}oayieeidif pi}z 2 8
F'j%# iz eo `kfjckf ai pkczcfoni ai e–yfcã j â eo rã}ckai qyc ri}di ai aãecdci} eo
|kfi ai dczi â lky} aiz fiy}kfiz oyky} ay MDY&
1& Jkfz}yjckf a–yfi jo}i ai Hkgkfif
Eo dãgkakeknci yceczãi rky} jkfz}yc}i yfi jo}i oyk$k}nofczo}cji zi jkdrkzi aiz
ãoriz zycpofiz X?1T <
?& Jgkczc} eiz akffãiz ai aãro}& Reyzciy}z ãyaiz r}ãjãaifiz yceczof eo ijgfcqyi aiz
jo}iz oyk$k}nofczo}cjiz r}ãjkfczif ai r}ã$}oci} e–izroji ai akffãiz a–if}ãiz if
eiz zofao}aczof 'ekc jif}ãi }ãayci# ky if }ãayczof zo acdifzckf 'if orrecqyof yfiofoeszi `ojk}cieei# rky} qyi e–orr}ifczzoni i e–cfi}r}ãockf ai eo jo}i aipciffif
reyz `ojceiz X >T & Jirifaof% i if e–omzifji ai `k}iz lyzc`cjockfz% jii }ofz`k}dockf
aiz po}comeiz ai aãro} f–iz roz fãjizzoc}i jo} ieei ifa â joyzi} eo aczk}zckf ai eo
z}yjy}i aiz aczofjiz if}i eiz akffãiz i ro} jkfzãqyif riy difi} â yfi
dkac`cjockf aiz }ãzyeoz ai jeozzc`cjockf X=3T &
=& Jgkczc} eo qkrkeknci ay }ãzioy% ei qoyw a–orr}ifqczzoni i eo eo}niy} ay pkczcfoni& Eo
krkeknci ay }ãzioy aãzcnfi eo `k}di ai eo jo}i ai Hkgkfif yceczãi& Ce iwczi aiyw
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Jgorc}i CC < Yceczockf a iz }ãzio yw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cj ciez rky} eo j eozzc`cjo ckf
:?
`k}diz ai n}ceeiz jkddyfãdif yceczãiz% }ijofnyeoc}i i giwonkfoei& Eo n}ceei
giwonkfoei iz r}ã`ã}omei rky} aiz dkc`z ai pczyoeczockf jo} ieei r}ãzifi zcw
fiy}kfiz ai pkczcfoni% jkf}i qyo}i rky} eo }ijofnyeoc}i '@cny}i 1#& Ei oyw
a–orr}ifczzoni cfacqyi â qyie rkcf eiz pijiy}z ai akffãiz a–if}ãi nonfofz pkf
o``iji} ei }ãzioy ifpc}kffof& If`cf% ei }oskf ai pkczcfoni }ã`ç}i â qyie rkcf ei }ãzioy
ifpc}kffof zi}o o``ijã&
@cny}i 1 &‚ Pkczcfoniz a–k }a}i ?%= i : 'o# a i sr i gãwon kfo e% 'm# ai sri
}ijofnyeoc}i
:& Jkfz}yc}i ei }ãzioy& Ei r}kjizzyz ai jkfz}yjckf zi aã}kyei if jkf`}kfof
cã}ocpidif eiz akffãiz a–if}ãi oy }ãzioy if yceczof ei dìdi pijiy} a–if}ãi
reyzciy}z `kcz% j–iz eo ekfnyiy} ai e–orr}ifczzoni&
E–orr}ifczzoni a–yfi jo}i ai Hkgkfif iz zkypif }ãoeczã if aiyw rgoziz& Aofz eo
r}idcç}i rgozi% yf `ojiy} a–orr}ifczzoni ãeipã 'poeiy} ãeipãi a–oergo# iz yceczã rky}
yfi oaorockf ‗orr}kwcdocpi– ai eo jo}i oyw akffãiz 8 aofz eo zijkfai rgozi% eo
poeiy} cfccoei a–oergo iz acdcfyãi rky} yf }ãneoni ‗`cf– ai eo ZKD&
1& Jgkczc} eo diceeiy}i jo}i rky} e–ofoeszi& Aiyw dizy}iz zkf nãfã}oeidif yceczãiz
rky} ãpoeyi} eo qyoecã ai eo jo}i < eo r}ãjczckf ai eo qyofc`cjockf i eo r}ãzi}pockf
ai eo krkeknci&
4 Pkczcfon iz oy r }id ci}% aiywcçd i i }kczcçdi fiy}kfi
'o# N}ceei }ijofn yeoc}i 'm# N}ceei giwo nk foei
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Jgorc}i CC < Yceczockf a iz }ãzio yw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cj ciez rky} eo j eozzc`cjo ckf
:=
Eo r}idcç}i dizy}i aãj}c eo `caãecã opij eoqyieei eiz yfcãz ai eo jo}i z–oaorif oyw
akffãiz a–orr}ifczzoni a–if}ãi& Zc ei pijiy} }ã`ã}ifji ay fiy}kfi pocfqyiy} j
joejyeã rky} yf pijiy} a–if}ãi wc iz iwojidif ãnoe â wc% e–i}}iy} ai r}ãjczckf ai
qyofc`cjockf zi}oc ãnoei â 2& Ocfzc% e–i}}iy} ai qyofc`cjockf ai kyi eo jo}i iz
joejyeãi jkddi eo dksiffi ai qyofc`cjockf zy} e–ifzidmei aiz akffãiz ai aãro} <
' #∟4
∝4f
c
jcc ~ wf
ID_?
%
?
kó wc iz ei pijiy} a–if}ãi i ~c%j iz ei pijiy} jk}}izrkfaof oy MDY j&
Eo aiywcçdi dizy}i ãpoeyi â qyie rkcf eo jo}i kmifyi r}ãzi}pi eo krkeknci aiz
akffãiz a–orr}ifczzoni ai aãro}& Jkf}oc}idif â eo dizy}i ai qyofc`cjockf
dksiffi% ieei jkfzcaç}i eo r}ãzi}pockf ai eo z}yjy}i ai eo jo}i& Rky} yfi jo}i
-k}ayi–% e–i}}iy} krkekncqyi iz n}ofai dìdi zc eo r}ãjczckf ai qyofc`cjockf iz
`ocmei&
Zo poeiy} iz joejyeãi jkddi zyc <
∟4
4f
c
c w f
IQK?
#'?
kó 'wc#4? zc ei r}idci} i ei zijkfa MDY ai wc fi zkf roz r}kjgiz e–yf ai e–oy}i% zcfkf 'wc#42&
9& Caifc`cjockf aiz n}kyriz zy} eo jo}i ai Hkgkfif
Eiz yfcãz ai eo jo}i ai Hkgkfif jkfzcyif yfi r}idcç}i jeozzc`cjockf aiz
akffãiz ai aãro}& Jiz yfcãz riypif ì}i cfi}r}ããiz jkddi aiz n}kyriz ¨ m}yz ¸ qyc
zi}kf% ro} eo zyci% jkdmcfãz o`cf ai `k}di} yf fkdm}i }ãayc% i akfj iwrekcomei% ai
zindifz X 91% 9?T '@cny}i 9#&
@c}ny}i 9 &‚ Aãdo}jgi â a iyw ã oriz yceczãi rky} eo j eozzc`cjockf a izakffãiz X9=T
Fcpio y a– om z}oj ckf ? Fcpioy a– om z}oj ckf =
F ãj gofceekfz D yfcãz j n}kyriz
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Jgorc}i CC < Yceczockf a iz }ãzio yw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cj ciez rky} eo j eozzc`cjo ckf
::
Rky} }ãoeczi} eo aiywcçdi ãori '}in}kyridif aiz yfcãz ai eo jo}i if yf ric
fkdm}i ai zindifz#% ce iwczi aiyw dãgkaiz yceczomeiz a–yfi dofcç}i jkdreãdifoc}i <
∞ Cfzrijckf ai e–Y$do}cji
Jii dãgkai jkfzczi â yceczi} eiz aczofjiz if}i eiz yfcãz aofz eo ZKD jkddi
j}cç}i aã`cfczzof eiz `}kfcç}iz if}i eiz n}kyriz X1>T & Jiz aczofjiz `k}dif yfi jo}i Y$
do}cji kó eiz |kfiz jeoc}iz }ir}ãzifif eiz akffãiz aczzcdceoc}iz oek}z qyi eiz pijiy}z ai
akffãiz r}kjgiz zkf }in}kyrãz aofz aiz |kfiz `kfjãiz& Ce zy``c oek}z ai }in}kyri} jiz
ai}fcç}iz rky} `k}di} yf zindif gkdknçfi '@cny}i 0#&
@c}ny}i 0 &‚ Iwidrei ai j eozzc`cjockf ro } yfi j o}i Y$d o}cw
∞ ]in}kyridif ro} yfi dãgkai zoczcqyi jeozzcqyi ¸
Eiz yfcãz ai eo jo}i ai Hkgkfif zkf }in}kyrãiz opij eo ijgfcqyi ai jeozzc`cjockf
aiz h$dksiffiz& Rky} omkyc} â yfi zkeyckf krcdoei% ce iz fãjizzoc}i a–i``ijyi}
reyzciy}z izz% if dkac`cof â jgoqyi `kcz ei fkdm}i ai n}kyriz â kmifc} i if yceczof
jkddi j}cç}i a–ãpoeyockf ai eo jeozzc`cjockf% e–cfacji Aopciz$Mkyeacf9 < yfi poeiy} dkcfz
ãeipãi ai ji cfacji iz ãqycpoeifi â yfi diceeiy}i zindifockf 'n}kyriz reyz
ac``ã}ifjcãz#&
9 E–cfacji Aopciz$Mkyeacf iz yfi dizy}i ai eo poecacã a–yfi ofoeszi srkekncqyi& Jii dizy}i iz `kfjckf ay}ock ai eo zkddi ai eo aczri}zckf cfi}$n}kyri zy} jieei cf}o$n}kyriz 8 ocfzc% yfi poeiy} dcfcdoei ai e–cfacji AM
cfacqyi yfi diceeiy}i jeozzc`cjockf&
Zkc J 4 xJ?% †% Jht eo jeozzc`cjockf a–yf ifzidmei a–kmliz A%
∟4
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c ] ] %%%&&&%?
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α
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kó z < J ↝ ] dizy}i eo aczri}zckf â e–cfã}ciy} a–yf n}kyri i α < J w J ↝ ] iz yfi dizy}i ai eo aczofjiif}i aiyw n}kyriz&
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Jgorc}i CC < Yceczockf a iz }ãzio yw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cj ciez rky} eo j eozzc`cjo ckf
:1
Jkfjeyzckf
Eo jkfpcpcoecã aiz jo}iz oyk$k}nofczo}cjiz% eiy} i``cjojcã r}kypãi aofz eo
}ãzkeyckf ai eo r}kmeãdocqyi ai jeozzc`cjockf n}íji fkoddif â eiy} }ãzczofji oyw
cdri}`ijckfz aiz akffãiz }ifa jii orr}kjgi fiy}kfoei cfã}izzofi rky} eo zindifockf
aiz ky}cziz if zãlky} if Qyfczci&
Jirifaof% eo zãeijckf aiz ro}odç}iz rkzzcmeiz ay }ãzioy 'krkeknciz% `kfjckfz ai
pkczcfoni% fkdm}i a–cã}ockfz%&&&# dofqyi ifjk}i ai zkecaiz `kfaidifz gãk}cqyiz i
}ieçpi reyñ a–yfi aãdo}jgi ¨ }coe ofa i}}k} ¸ X13T qyc cdrecqyi eo }ãoeczockf ai
fkdm}iyw izzocz if jgofniof eiz jkdmcfoczkfz ai ro}odç}iz rky} omkyc} â eo diceeiy}i
jo}i rkzzcmei& Ce cfjkdmi% akfj% â e–yceczoiy} ai `oc}i aiz jkdr}kdcz if}i eo qyofcã% eo
qyoecã i eo zomcecã aiz n}kyriz kmifyz i ai jgkczc} eo diceeiy}i jkdmcfoczkf jkdri
ify aiz kmlijc`z ai e–ãyai&
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:9
JJggoorrcc}}ii CCCCCC
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iiff QQyyffcczzccii
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
:0
C$ Dãgkakeknci ai e–ifqyìi
?& Joa}i ai eo }ijgi}jgi
E–cfoaãqyockf a–yfi zindifockf ¨ }oacckffieei ¸ aiz ky}cziz fkoddif zy} eo
mozi ai eiy} fockfoecã ky ay dkc` r}cfjcroe ai eiy} zãlky} 'moefãoc}i% zogo}cif%
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ãã ãomeci â ro}c} ai ac``ã}ifiz ãyaiz jkfji}fof eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz
}ijgi}jgãz aofz ei zijiy} ky}czcqyi&
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eo poecaockf ai jii eczi rky} fi }iifc} qyi eiz dkcpockfz eiz reyz orr}kr}cãiz oy
jkfiwi ai e–k``}i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci& If i``i% jgoqyi aizcfockf ãof jkfzcaã}ãi
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
:>
dkcpockf% eo ac``ã}ifji zi zcyof zcdreidif oy fcpioy eiwcjoe& Iwidrei < ¨ Rky}
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qyizckf aiz dkc`z ai zãlky} if Qyfczci&
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
:7
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
:3
m # Io ri = < Caifc`cjo ckf i a izj }cr ckf aiz zin di fz ai k y}cziz
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7/10/2019 Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
12
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gñiez ai :∞% 1∞ i 9∞>
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
1?
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
1=
• Eiz qyizckfz jkfji}fof ei }ipify ay dãfoni i eo aãrifzi ro} ri}zkffi ek}z ay
zãlky} kf ãã jkfzcaã}ãz ro} ji}ocfz }ãrkfaofz jkddi aiz qyizckfz a–k}a}i
ri}zkffie qy–cez f–kf roz â }ãpãei}&
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
1:
CC$ ]ãzyeoz ai e–ifqyìi
Fkyz opkfz }idcz eiz :92 qyizckffoc}iz oyw }izrkfzomeiz ai ?2 gñiez '7 gñiezif}i Zkyzzi i Ie Hofokyc i = â Hoc}kyof#% ?:1 qyizckffoc}iz jk}}ijidif }idrecz kf
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eo zoczkf izcpoei zsfkfsdi a–yfi reyz cdrk}ofi jgo}ni ai }opoce rky} eiz jkeeomk}oiy}z
aiz ãomeczzidifz jkfojãz&
Or}çz ãecdcfockf ai ?3 qyizckffoc}iz doe }idrecz '}iakfaofji aiz }ãrkfziz aofz
yf jkyrei% rky}jifoni ãeipã ai fkf$}ãrkfziz aofz yf dìdi qyizckffoc}i% fockfoecã ay}ãrkfaof fkf jkfji}fãi ro} e–ifqyìi#% ??9 qyizckffoc}iz kf ãã `cfoeidif }iifyz rky}
e–ofoeszi&
?& Ofoeszi aiz opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz ro} eiz ky}cziz
O`cf ai }izzk}c} aiz aiyw zkyz$ifzidmeiz ai mãfã`cjiz }ijgi}jgãz 'eiz ?7
dkcpockfz rzsjgkzkjckekncqyiz i eiz ?2 dkcpockfz ecãiz oyw o}cmyz ai eo aizcfockf#
aiyw zã}ciz }ãayciz ai `ojiy}z qyc zi}ocif reyz iwrekcomeiz rky} eo jkdr}ãgifzckf aiz
dkcpockfz aiz ky}cziz i e–cfi}r}ãockf aiz }ãzyeoz ai eo zindifockf% fkyz eiz opkfz
zkydcz â yfi ofoeszi if jkdrkzofiz r}cfjcroeiz 'OJR#&
Aiyw izz kf ãã }ãoeczãz o`cf ai z–ozzy}i} ai eo ri}cfifji ai eo `ojk}czockf aiz
aiyw ifzidmeiz ai po}comeiz& Eiz }ãzyeoz aiz aiyw izz < Eo dizy}i ai Hoczi} Disi}$
Kehcf 'HDK# }izrijcpidif ai 2%0>? i 2%02? i ei iz ai zrgã}cjcã ai Mo}ei 4::1%= i
=27%> 'zcnfc`cjockf42%222 rky} eiz aiyw#% cfacqyif qyi eo aãjczckf a–yceczi} e–OJR aofz
ji joz iz zyrrk}ãi ro} eiz akffãiz&Rky} eiz aiyw ofoesziz OJR% ei fkdm}i ai jkdrkzofiz â }iifc} o ãã aãi}dcfã ro}
eo }çnei ai Hoczi} 'poeiy} r}kr}i 6 ?#& E–oenk}cgdi ai }kockf Po}cdow o ãã orrecqyã
aofz eiz aiyw joz rky} odãeck}i} eo zcnfc`cjockf aiz jkdrkzofiz ky if jkfzi}pof
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
11
e–cfaãrifaofji if}i eiz owiz `ojk}ciez& If`cf% eo `comcecã cfi}fi aiz aiyw `ojk}czockfz o
ãã jkf`c}dãi ro} aiz poeiy} ai e–oergo ai J}kfmojg?: ai 2%000 i 2%0:?&
o # Eiz dkcpockfz cfacpcayieeiz
Aiz dkcpockfz ãdkckffieeiz cfi}fiz ay zãlky}% zir `ojiy}z kf ãdi}nã ' omeioy
:# 8 eiy} cfi}r}ãockf o ãã }ãoeczãi â ro}c} aiz jki``cjcifz ai jk}}ãeockf opij eiz
mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz qyc eiz jkdrkzif& Yfi poeiy} zyrã}ciy}i â 2%9 cdrecqyi qyi e–opofoni
}ijgi}jgã iz `k}idif jk}}ãeã oy `ojiy} jk}}izrkfaof i akfj qy–ce jkf}cmyi `k}idif
â zo `k}dockf <
• @ojiy} ? $ Zi }i`oc}i yfi zofã < }ã`ç}i â eo pkekfã ay ky}czi ai zk}c} ai eo }kycfi ai
zo pci qykcaciffi i ai zi }ieowi}& Ei zãlky} i ei }irkz rgszcqyi i difoe qy–ceorrk}i zkf jkfzcaã}ãz jkddi dã}cãz rky} }ãjyrã}i} ai eo `ocnyi ai eo pci
r}k`izzckffieei 8
• @ojiy} = $ Aãjkyp}c} < }ãzydi ei aãzc} ay ky}czi a–iwrek}i} yf fkypioy rosz i yfi
fkypieei jyey}i& Iof akffã qyi eiz jkaiz ai jiz ai}fci}z eyc zkf koeidif
ã}ofni}z% ce ozzkjci zo aãjkypi}i â e–opify}i i e–oygifcjcã% i pkc if zkf zãlky}
if Qyfczci yfi iwrã}cifji ro}cjyecç}idif if}cjgczzofi oy jky}z ai eo qyieei ce oy}o
e–kjjozckf ai pkc} ¨ oy}i jgkzi ¸ 8
• @ojiy} : $ Zi zifc} mcif < aãzcnfi ei aãzc} ay ky}czi â ¨ ì}i ¸% â zi zifc} mcif
rgszcqyidif% o``ijcpidif i cfieeijyieeidif% z–odyzi} ãof eo r}cfjcroei
dofc`izockf ai zkf ãrofkyczzidif 8
• @ojiy} 1 $ Ro}oni} < jii jkdrkzofi }ã`ç}i â eo zkjcomcecã ay ky}czi qyc }ijgi}jgi
eo jkdronfci aiz oy}iz% â ro}oni} zkf pãjy% ziz iwrã}cifjiz i zkf zãlky} oyzzc mcif
opij ziz jkdronfkfz ai aãro} qy–opij ai fkypieeiz ri}zkffiz akf ce iz r}ì â `oc}i
eo jkffoczzofji 8
• @ojiy} 9 $ R}ifa}i ay idrz ecm}i < Rky} ei ky}czi% ei jgkcw ai eo aizcfockf }ieçpi
reyz ai eo pkekfã ai r}ifa}i zcdreidif aiz pojofjiz i aczrkzi} ai idrz ecm}i% qyi
aiz o}cmyz ro}cjyeci}z ai eo aizcfockf i ay rosz pczcã 8
?: E–oergo ai J}kfmojg iz yf cfacjoiy} ai eo `comcecã ai eo `ojk}czockf& Ek}zqyi zo poeiy} ifa pi}z ?% ieei
cfacqyi yfi mkffi jkgã}ifji cfi}fi aiz po}comeiz qyc jkdrkzi jgoqyi `ojiy} 'yfi poeiy} zyrã}ciy}i â 2%0 iz
jkfzcaã}ãi jkddi zocz`oczofi#&
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
19
• @ojiy} 0 $ Zocz`oc}i zo jy}ckzcã < j–iz e–yfi aiz dkcpockfz r}idcç}iz aiz ky}cziz
qyc pczcif rky} eo r}idcç}i `kcz eo Qyfczci i qyc zkf ro} jkfzãqyif ofcdãz ro} ei
aãzc} ai jkdr}ifa}i% a.orr}ifa}i i ai pkc} yf rosz akf cez kf zc zkypif ififay
ro}ei} 'rkzccpidif i+ky fãnocpidif# 8
• @ojiy} > $ I}i opij ziz r}kjgiz < ei zãlky} if Qyfczci iz e–kjjozckf ai rozzi} ay
idrz opij zo `odceei i+ky ziz odcz&
7/10/2019 Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
10
Qom eioy : &‚ ]ãzyeoz ai e–ofo eszi `oj k}cieei a iz dkcpo ckfz rzsjgkekn cqyiz oy
zãlky} ?1
Jkdrkzofiz @oj iy} ? @oj iy} = @oj iy} : @oj iy} 1 @oj iy} 9 @oj iy} 0 @oj iy} >
'Zi }i`o c}iyfi zof ã#
'Aãj kyp}c}# 'Zi zif c}mcif#
'Ro}oni}# 'R}ifa}i ayid r z ecm}i#
'Zo cz`oc}i zojy}ckzcã#
'I}i opijziz r}kj giz#
ο ai J}kfmoj g 2%091 2%93> 2%937 2%17> $ $ $
Mãfã `cji i zrã }ã Jki``cj cif ai j k}}ãeockf mãfã`cji + `ojiy}
Rky} di a ãm o }}ozzi}
aiz ifzckfz + ay z}izz2%>37 2%2>> 2%?09 2%27: 2%202 $2%22= $2%?21
Rky} di aã ifa }i i
di }ir kzi}2%>>: 2%=22 $2%2:= 2%?12 $2%217 $2%??9 2%??>
Rky} ãjgo rr i} â eo
}ky cfi a i kyz eiz lky}z2%012 $2%272 $2%29= 2%2=9 2%=32 2%=>> 2%=9>
Ro}j i q yi li ei dã }ci 2%133 $2%23? 2%2:? $2%:2? 2%:9? 2%??1 2%?70
Rky} aãj kyp}c} yfi
oy }i jyey}i2%==: 2%001 2%2?9 $2%2?: $2%?2? 2%219 2%:91
Rky} aãjkyp}c} ai
fkypio yw ifa }kcz2%?01 2%7=? 2%2?? 2%230 $2%220 2%2=3 $2%2=2
Rky} pcp}i q yieq yi
jgk zi a– oygifcqyi$2%??: 2%0:2 2%2>7 2%?99 2%17? 2%=?9 $2%??0
Rky} fi }cif `o c}i , $2%=9: 2%919 2%2=2 $2%=1> $2%=0? $2%:39 2%?>:
Rky} pcp}i yfi opif y}i $2%?90 2%11> 2%=11 2%12= 2%233 2%:99 $2%?7:
Rky} d.ãr ofk yc} 2%?20 2%2?2 2%711 $2%23> $2%2:1 2%=70 $2%2??
Rky} d.o dyzi} $2%2:> 2%2:9 2%>1: 2%?=7 2%:>> $2%?>1 2%233
Rky} ro}on i} aiz
iwrã}cifjiz2%=?= 2%=37 2%10? 2%9=> $2%=?2 2%?97 2%?1>
Rky} di `oc}i a i
fkypioyw odcz2%233 $2%22: $2%29= 2%7>7 2%?:> $2%202 2%290
Rky} r}ifa }i a y idr z
ecm}i2%==? $2%2=0 2%?:? 2%2>> 2%>77 2%21> 2%?==
Rky} zo cz o c}i do
jy}ckzcã2%2:= 2%?2= 2%??7 $2%21? 2%217 2%711 2%?3=
Rky} ì}i if `o dceei +
opi j eiz od cz2%??9 2%?2> 2%2>7 2%20= 2%?:= 2%?11 2%709
, O`cf a– opk c} aiz cidz kyz rk zccpid if j k}}ãeãz% e–ã j gieei j kfj i}fof eo po }com ei ¨ rk y} fi }cif `o c}i ¸ o ããcfpi}zãi 8 ieei a kc ak fj ì}i cfi}r}ããi j kd di ão f eo `k}dyeockf j kf}oc}i ¨ rk y} oc}i q yieqyi j gkzi &
?1 Jiz > `ojiy}z ri}diif a–iwrecqyi} >2%> ) ai eo po}cofji koei&
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
1>
m # Mãfã`cjiz ecãz oyw o}cmyz ai eo aizcfockf
Eiz opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz ro} eiz ky}cziz i }ieoc`z oyw jo}ojã}czcqyiz ai eo
aizcfockf% kf ãã }in}kyrãz if 1 jkdrkzofiz ' omeioy 1# <
• @ojiy} 7 $ Ojjyice < }ifpkci â eo qyoecã ay jkfoj qyi ei ky}czi izrç}i if}iifc}
opij eiz oykjgkfiz qyi ji zkc ei ri}zkffie ai e–gñie ky eiz nifz j}kczãz if pceei 8
• @ojiy} 3 $ Ofcdockfz i o}ojckfz < }in}kyri eiz o}ojckfz jyey}ieeiz 'noz}kfkdci%
`kehek}i% gczkc}i# i eiz r}kn}oddiz a–ofcdockfz r}krkzãz ro} eiz gñiez 8
• @ojiy} ?2 $ Joa}i foy}ie < eo aizcfockf Qyfczci ãof ri}îyi jkddi yfi aizcfockf
moefãoc}i% zkf jecdo idrã}ã if gcpi} i jgoya if ãã% ocfzc qyi zkf eck}oe
jkfzcyif foy}ieeidif e–yf aiz r}idci}z opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz ro} eiz ky}cziziy}krãifz 8
• @ojiy} ?? $ ]orrk} qyoecã+jkø < ji `ojiy} }ã`ç}i oy fcpioy dowcdoe aiz r}izockfz
i ai jkf`k} qyi ei ky}czi izrç}i% jkdri ify ai zkf myani&
Qomeioy 1 &‚ ]ãzyeoz ai e–ofoeszi `ojk}cieei aiz o}cmyz ai eo aizcfockf ?9
Jkdrkzofiz @oj iy} 7 @oj iy} 3 @oj iy} ?2 @oj iy} ??
'Ojjyice# 'Ofcdockfz io}ojckfz#
'Joa }i foy}ie# ']orrk}qyoec ã+jkø#
ο ai J}kfmoj g 2%>?? 2%909 2%9>0 2%9?0
Mãfã `cji i zrã }ã Jki``cj cif ai j k}}ãeockf mãfã`cji + `ojiy}
Zifcdi f ai zãj y}cã 2%792 2%219 2%?90 2%21:
Gkzrcoecã+ j k}acoecã ai z nifz 2%>0= 2%?=2 2%231 2%:21
Ieãdifz jyey}iez i `kehek}cqyiz 2%201 2%7?9 $2%217 2%?=2
R}kn }od di z a– ofcdo ckf $2%=?1 2%092 2%1>3 2%2?3
No z}kfkd ci ekj oei 2%111 2%0:9 $2%??> $2%?22
Dyzãi z i zciz gczk }cqyiz 2%20? 2%11> $2%=9? 2%:?>
Reoniz 2%=72 2%2:0 2%>3? $2%29?
Jecdo i fzkeiceeã i j goya 2%297 $2%?97 2%>:: 2%=0:
Jkf`k} i jk ddka cãz 2%23? 2%?0: 2%23? 2%70>
]or rk } qyo ecã+ j kø ay zãlky} 2%192 $2%21? 2%?>0 2%999
?9 Jiz 1 `ojiy}z ri}diif a–iwrecqyi} 09 ) ai eo po}cofji koei&
7/10/2019 Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
17
=& Jeozzc`cjockf aiz ky}cziz ziekf eiz opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz
Ce z–onc ai }in}kyri} eiz ky}cziz qyc r}ãzifif yf r}k`ce ai mãfã`cjiz }ijgi}jgãz
}çz zcdceoc}i ai zk}i qyi jgoqyi n}kyri jkfzcyi yf zindif gkdknçfi& Aofz fk}i
ãyai% fkyz opkfz jgkczc eo dãgkai aiz jo}iz ai Hkgkfif jkddi kyce zoczcqyi ai
jeozzc`cjockf% if}i oy}iz% rky} zo jorojcã â }oci} aiz z}yjy}iz ai akffãiz cdro}`ociz
'pkc} jgorc}i =% zijckf CC$?#&
o # Jgkcw aiz akffãi z ai aã ro }
Eo jeozzc`cjockf aiz ky}cziz o ãã ãeomk}ãi zy} eo mozi ai eiy}z dkcpockfz rky}
zãlky}fi} if Qyfczci 8 oyzzc% eiz po}comeiz zãeijckffãiz rky} jkfz}yc}i eo jo}i ai Hkgkfif
jk}}izrkfaif oyw =7 po}comeiz qyc aãj}cpif eiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz rzsjgkzkjckekncqyiz aiz
}ãrkfaofz i eiz o}cmyz ai eo aizcfockf oywqyiez cez ojjk}aif ai e–cdrk}ofji& Ei
jgkcw ai jiz po}comeiz ai aãro} i fkf aiz `ojiy}z nãfã}ãz jc$aizzyz% iz lyzc`cã ro} eo
pkekfã a–yceczi} kyiz eiz akffãiz ai aãro} zofz ri}i a–cf`k}dockf% fc aczk}zckf ai
eiy}z z}yjy}iz&
m # Jgk cw ai z ro }od ç}iz i j kfz}yj ckf ai eo j o}i
Reyzciy}z izzocz kf ãã difãz o`cf ai jgkczc} eiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz ai eo jo}i aiHkgkfif i eiz ro}odç}iz ai zkf orr}ifczzoni krcdoyw& If reyz ai e–ãpoeyockf aiz
jo}iz zy} eo mozi ai e–i}}iy} ai qyofc`cjockf i ai eiy} ‗eczcmcecã– 'if i}di ai
zcnfc`cjockf#% ji}ocfiz }çneiz idrc}cqyiz% czzyiz ai ac``ã}ifz }opoyw zy} eiz ZKD% kf ãã
}izrijãiz X9>T <
• yfi n}ceei giwonkfoei iz r}ã`ã}ãi â yfi n}ceei }ijofnyeoc}i rky} eo pczyoeczockf ai
eo jo}i kmifyi 8
• eo `k}di ai eo jo}i akc ì}i }ijofnyeoc}i% reyñ qyi jo}}ãi% o`cf a–oicfa}i yfi
k}cifockf zomei aofz e–izroji ai akffãiz X90T 8
• Eo ekfnyiy} ao eo jo}i akc ì}i zyrã}ciy} ai :2 rky}jif â zo eo}niy} 8
• Eo ekfnyiy} a–orr}ifczzoni ai eo aiywcçdi rgozi akc ì}i oy dcfcdyd 922 `kcz ei
fkdm}i a–yfcãz aofz ei }ãzioy&
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
13
Eiz ro}odç}iz `cfoeidif }iifyz zkf eiz zycpofz <
j # Caif c`cjo ckf aiz n}kyr iz ai k y}cziz
Eo jeozzc`cjockf aiz yfcãz ai eo jo}i `cfoei o ãã }ãoeczãi reyzciy}z `kcz ro} eo
dãgkai aiz h$dksiffiz if po}cof ei fkdm}i ai zindifz zrãjc`cã& Eo poeiy} ai e–cfacji
Aopciz$Mkyeacf dcfcdoei o ãã jkfzoãi rky} yf fkdm}i ai n}kyriz ãnoe â 1 '@cny}i ?m#&
Ji fkdm}i iz jkf`c}dã ro} e–ãyai ai eo jo}i Y$do}cji% kmifyi if orrecqyof eiz
ro}odç}iz jgkczcz% i kó eiz |kfiz jeoc}iz }ir}ãzifif eiz akffãiz aczzcdceoc}iz '`}kfcç}iz
qyc zãro}if eiz zindifz# oek}z qyi eiz pijiy}z ai akffãiz r}kjgiz zkf }in}kyrãz aofz
aiz |kfiz `kfjãiz '@cny}i ?o#&
@c}ny}i ? &‚ Zindi fockf ai ai eo j o}i ai hkgkfif zãeijckffãi
'o# Jo}i Y$do}cji 'm# Jeozzc`cj ockf ro } eiz h $dksiffiz
Acdi fzckfz ai eo j o}i > w 9
Qkr kekn ci a i eo n}ceei Giwonkfoei
@kfj ckf ai pkczcfoni noyzzciffi
Rgozi cfccoei Rgozi `cfoei
Ekfn yiy} ai e–or r}ifczzon i = 222 roz =2 222 roz
Qoyw a–orr}ifczzoni 2%9 2%22?
Eo}ni y} ay pkczcfon i 0 :
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
92
:& R}k`cez aiz n}kyriz caifc`cãz
o # Ac `ã}ifji z if}i eiz n}kyr iz ziekf eiz opofo niz }ij gi}jgãz
Yfi ofoeszi aczj}cdcfofi o ãã }ãoeczãi o`cf a–ãyaci} eo }ieockf if}ie–orro}ifofji oyw n}kyriz caifc`cãz ro} eo jo}i ai Hkgkfif i eiz `ojiy}z }ir}ãzifof
eiz dkcpockfz aiz ky}cziz& Ieei o ri}dcz ai aãi}dcfi} eiz po}comeiz qyc iwrecqyif
e–orro}ifofji a–yf ky}czi â e–yf aiz 1 n}kyriz 'Qo m eioy 9#&
Qom eioy 9 &‚ Eiz po}com eiz aczj }cdcfofiz ai eo srk eknci }ãoeczãi
, Po}com eiz zcnfc`cj o cpiz o pij yf ziyce a– i}}iy} a i 9) 8 ,, Po }co meiz zcnfc`cjo cpiz
opi j yf ziyce a–i }}iy} ai ?)&
Eiz }ãzyeoz ay iz @ dkf}if qyi eiz ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz 1 n}kyriz zkf
zcnfc`cjocpiz 'oy }czqyi ai 9 )# rky} ?2 jkdrkzofiz zy} eiz ?? caifc`cãiz ro} e–ofoeszi
`ojk}cieei& Eiz poeiy}z ai @ eiz reyz ãeipãiz aãzcnfif eiz dkcpockfz qyc kf ri}dcz ai
ac``ã}ifjci} ei reyz eiz 1 n}kyriz& Eiz poeiy}z ai Eodmao ai ^cehz zidmeif jkf`c}di} jiz
}ãzyeoz aofz eo dizy}i kó ieeiz cfacqyif yfi reyz fii ac``ã}ifji if}i eiz n}kyriz
ek}zqy–ieeiz ifaif pi}z 2&
Eo ziyei po}comei qyc f–o roz ãã poecaã zoczcqyidif iz ei ¨ }orrk}
qyoecã+jkø ¸ 8 zkf omzifji a–cf`eyifji aofz eo jeozzc`cjockf aiz ky}cziz iz lyzc`cã ro} ei
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
9?
jkddi ãof cdrk}ofz pkc}i }çz cdrk}ofz ro} eo dolk}cã ai e–ãjgofceekf '32 )# zofz
aczcfjckf&
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Qom eio y 0 &‚ Ofo eszi a czj }cdcfo fi ai z opofo on iz }ij gi}jgãz ek}z ay zãlky} ?0
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zy``czofz rky} `oc}i eo r}klijckf aiz kmzi}pockfz i aiz po}comeiz iwrecjocpiz 'eiz
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if 1 n}kyriz '@cny}i =# i `ky}fc} aiz cfacjockfz rky} e–cfi}r}ãockf ai eiy}z r}k`cez
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
9=
@cny}i : &‚ Jo}i ri}jiryieei aiz opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz ro} eiz 1 n}kyriz
Eo `cny}i : ri}di% â ro}c} ai eo aczofji if}i eiz ac``ã}ifz pijiy}z $ }ir}ãzifof
eiz opofoniz izrã}ãz$ i eiz rkzcckfz aiz n}kyriz zy} eo jo}i% a–opkc} yf ori}îy ai eiy}z
dkcpockfz ai pksoni }izrijcpiz& Ce orro}oæ ocfzc qyi eo r}idcç}i dkc` ai pksoni aiz
didm}iz ay n}kyri : iz r}cfjcroeidif ¨ aãjkyp}c} ¸& Rky} eiz ky}cziz orro}ifof oy
n}kyri = eiz dkcpockfz r}cfjcroeiz rky} ei zãlky} ai ekczc} zkf ei ¨ joa}i foy}ie ¸ i ¨ zi
`oc}i yfi zofã ¸ i rky} jiyw ay n}kyri 1 ¨ zi zifc} dciyw ¸ i ¨ ofcdockfz io}ojckfz ¸& E–omzifji ai pijiy}z rkcfof if ac}ijckf ay n}kyri ? zynnç}i qyi eiz
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7/10/2019 Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
9:
m # Ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz n}kyriz ziekf eiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz cfacpcayieeiz aiz
ky}cziz
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ei `ocmei rkypkc} ay r}k`ce zkjck$aãdkn}orgcqyi ay ky}czi rky} iwrecqyi} ziz dkcpockfz
ai zãlky}&
Qom eioy > &‚ Jo}oj ã}czcqyiz aãdkn}or gcqyiz i zkj ckãj kfkd cqyiz aiz
ac``ã}ifz n}kyriz
,Ac``ã}ifj i zcnfc`cj o cpi if}i eiz n}ky ri z op ij yf ziyce a– i}}iy} ai ?) 8 o Qiz @ 'OFKPO# 8 m Qiz a i H}yzhoe$
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7/10/2019 Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
91
}ozzidmei qyi eiz ky}cziz czzyz a–yf dìdi i ziye rosz% kf omkyc}oc â yfi doypoczi
jeozzc`cjockf ai >9 ) ai e–ãjgofceekf 8 eo r}ãzifji a–yfi jkdrkzofi fockfoei akdcfofi
f–ãof fii qyi rky} ei n}kyri : qyc }ozzidmei 72 ) aiz ky}cziz Coecifz ai e–ãjgofceekf
'offiwi 1#&
Ro} oceeiy}z% e–iwczifji a–yfi `ocmei ac``ã}ifji ‚zoczcqyidif fkf zcnfc`cjocpi‚
if}i e–orro}ifofji â yf aiz 1 n}kyriz i eiz ac``ã}ifz n}kyriz a–íni% ifa â jkf`c}di} eiz
}ãzyeoz a–ãyaiz r}ãjãaifiz X93T qyc zynnç}if qy–ce s o riy ai ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz
}oczkfz ai pksoni} aiz ac``ã}ifz n}kyriz a–íni&
j # Ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz n}kyriz ziekf ei jkdrk}idif ai zãlky} aiz
ky}cziz
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dofkiyp}i ay ky}czi if ji qyc jkfji}fi eiz dkaoecãz ai zkf pksoni i ei idrz qy–ce po
rozzi} if Qyfczci&
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
99
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a # Aizj }crckf a iz r}k`cez aiz qyo }i n}kyr iz
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
90
aizcfockf Qyfczci#% ro} eiz ãeãdifz jyey}iez i `kehek}cqyiz '=0 )# i ro} eo noz}kfkdci
ekjoei '=0 )#&
Eiz didm}iz ai ji n}kyri zkf reyñ aiz pojofjci}z rozzc`z aofz eo dizy}i kó yf
riy dkcfz ai eo dkccã a–if}i iyw pciffif â Zkyzzi dkcpãz ro} ¨ fi }cif `oc}i ¸%
jkfzoj}if yfi `ocmei ro} ai eiy} myani rky} eiz aãreojidifz i aãrifzif }ieocpidif
ei reyz if fky}}cy}i i mkczzkfz i if ojgo ai joaioyw% o}czofo i zkypifc}z&
Ei dkcfz iwcniof a–yfi `oîkf nãfã}oei i if i}di ai jkf`k} i ai jkddkacãz if
ro}cjyeci}% j–iz oyzzc ei n}kyri qyc ojjk}ai ei dkcfz a–cdrk}ofji oy }orrk} qyoecã+jkø
ay zãlky} '09 )# i qyc z–cdrecqyi ei dkcfz aofz e–k}nofczockf ai eiy} zãlky} '7: )
jkf`cif eo koecã ai jii íjgi oy QK ky â yfi onifji ai pksoni#&
N}kyr i = < eiz ‗moefão c}iz rozzc`z–
Ji n}kyri iz jkdrkzã dolk}coc}idif a–oeeidofaz '7? )# qyc pciffif if Qyfczci
rky} zi aãifa}i i kymeci} ei z}izz ai eiy} pci qykcaciffi& Cez jgi}jgif yf mcif ì}i
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pojofjiz zy} eiz reoniz '3> )# zkyz yf jecdo jgoya i ifzkeiceeã '?22 )#&
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'?22 ) aiz ‗moefãoc}iz rozzc`z– jkfzcaç}if ei }orrk} qyoecã+jkø ay zãlky} if Qyfczci
jkddi yfi dkcpockf cdrk}ofi# i j–iz ro} oceeiy}z jieyc qyc aãrifzi ei dkcfz a–o}nif
ro} ri}zkffi rifaof ei zãlky} ∝if aigk}z ay jkø ai pksoni i a–gãmi}nidif ':?3 ₥ if
dksiffi#& Riy ojc`z jkddi eiz didm}iz ay r}idci} n}kyri% eiz ‗moefãoc}iz rozzc`z– fi
zkf ãnoeidif roz }çz cfã}izzãz ro} eiz ãeãdifz jyey}iez% gczk}cqyiz i `kehek}cqyiz i
zkf jiyw qyc aãrifzif ei dkcfz if `}ocz ai }ofzrk}&
N}kyri : < Eiz ‗iwrek}oiy}z–
Ji n}kyri iz jkdrkzã izzifcieeidif ai M}coffcqyiz '19 )# i a–Coecifz '=1 )#
qyc jgkczczzif eo aizcfockf Qyfczci opof ky rky} pcp}i yfi iwrã}cifji fkypieei kó cez
oy}kf e–kjjozckf ai aãjkyp}c} ai fkypioyw ifa}kcz '?22 ) aiz }ãrkfaofz# i yfi
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cez ojjk}aif ai e–cdrk}ofji oy jkfoj opij eiz nifz i oyw ofcdockfz i o}ojckfz
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
9>
jyey}ieeiz% if ro}cjyeci} rky} eo pczci aiz dyzãiz i aiz zciz gczk}cqyiz if ro}cjyeci}
'0>)#&
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i zkf eiz ky}cziz qyc aãrifzif ei reyz ek}z ai eiy} zãlky} '913 ₥#% mcif qyi ji zkc ei
n}kyri akf ei zãlky} iz% if dksiffi% ei reyz jky} '7%7 lky}z if dksiffi#&
N}kyri 1 < Eiz ‗zkjcomeiz jyey}iez–
Ji n}kyri iz ei dkcfz ínã ':> ofz if dksiffi# i iz jkdrkzã ai dkccã ro} aiz
M}coffcqyiz& Eiz didm}iz ai ji n}kyri pksonif if n}ofai dolk}cã ojjkdronfãz aiz
didm}iz ai eiy}z `odceeiz i+ky odcz '39 )#&
Cez ro}onif eo jkfjirckf aiz ‗iwrek}oiy}z– ay zãlky} jkddi ãof yfi kjjozckf
rky} pcp}i yfi opify}i oygifcqyi% i zkf `}ceiyw aiz fkypieeiz iwrã}cifjiz jyecfoc}iz
'30 )# i aiz dofc`izockfz jyey}ieeiz '30 )# docz zkf if reyz oojgãz â yfi acdifzckf
zkjcoei ay zãlky} < cez pciffif if Qyfczci rky} ì}i opij eiy}z r}kjgiz '77 )#% zi `oc}i ai
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}i}kypif opij eiz pojofjci}z ‗moefãoc}iz rozzc`z– aofz eo }ijgi}jgi ay mcif$ì}i i ay
joa}i foy}ie ro}cjyecç}idif o}osof ai eo Qyfczci&
If`cf% ei fcpioy aiz aãrifziz ek}z ay zãlky} aiz ky}cziz ‗zkjcomeiz jyey}iez– iz
}ieocpidif ãeipã '9?> ₥# i zo }ãro}cckf zy} eiz ac``ã}ifz rkziz iz zifzcmeidif eo
dìdi qyi rky} ei }kczcçdi n}kyri&
7/10/2019 Vers une meilleure identification de la clientèle touristique européenne en Tunisie
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
97
Qom eioy 3 &‚ Cdrk}ofji }ieocpi aiz opofon iz izrã}ãz ay zãlky} rky eiz
1 n}kyriz dkcpockffiez ?>
?> Jgoqyi n}orgcqyi }ir}ãzifi eo ro} }ieocpi ai ky}cziz jkfzcaã}of ei `ojiy} jk}}izrkfaof jkddi cdrk}of
aofz ei jgkcw ai eo Qyfczci jkddi aizcfockf ai pojofjiz% ro} }orrk} â eo dksiffi ai e–ãjgofceekf nekmoe&
@o j iy} ? < zi }i`o c}i yfi zof ã @o j iy } = < a ãj kyp }c}
$=
$?
2
?
=
N}kyri ? N}kyri = N}kyri : N}kyri 1
Ro}ji qyi li ei dã}ci
Rky} ãjgorri} â eo }kycfi ai kyz eiz lky}z
Rky} di aãifa}i i di }irkzi}
Rky} di aãmo}}ozzi} aiz ifzckfz+ay z}izz
$=
$?
2
?
=
N}kyri ? N}kyri = N}kyri : N}kyri 1
Rky} aãjkyp}c} ai fkypioyw ifa}kcz
Rky} pcp}i yfi opify}i
Rky} pcp}i qyieqyi jgkzi a–oygifcqyi
Rky} aãjkyp}c} yfi oy}i jyey}i
Rky} fi }cif `oc}i
@oj iy } : < Jo a}i fo y}ie @o j iy } 1 < ro}on i}
$=
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2
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=
N}kyri ? N}kyri = N}kyri : N}kyri 1
Jecdo ifzkeiceeã i jgoya Reoniz
$=
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2
?
=
N}kyri ? N}kyri = N}kyri : N}kyri 1
Rky} di `oc}i ai fkypioyw odcz
Rky} ro}qoni} aiz iwrã}cifjiz
Rky} ìq}i if `odceei + opij eiz odcz
@o j iy} 9 < Ofcdockfz i o }o j ckfz
$=
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2
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=
N}kyri ? N}kyri = N}kyri : N}kyri 1
R}kn}oddiz a–ofcdockf
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Noz}kfkdci ekjoei
Ieãdifz jyey}iez i `kehek}cqyiz
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
93
1& Caifc`cjockf i ãpoeyockf aiz zindifz
o # Dãgkakeknci
O`cf ai jkdreãi} eo zindifockf ai e–ãjgofceekf ai ky}cziz% yfi aiywcçdi
jeozzc`cjockf% ziekf ei jkdrk}idif ai zãlky} aiz ky}cziz% iz orrecqyãiz oyw 1 n}kyriz
r}ãjãaiddif caifc`cãz 'eiz ‗ojjkddkaofz–% eiz ‗moefãoc}iz rozzc`z–% eiz ‗iwrek}oiy}z– i
eiz ‗zkjcomeiz jyey}iez–#& E–kmlijc` ai ji zijkfa aãjkyroni iz ai }ozzidmei} eiz ky}cziz
ofcdãz ro} eiz dìdiz dkcpockfz 'i akfj jkfzcyof yf zkyz$do}jgã cfã}izzã ro} eiz
dìdiz r}kaycz ky}czcqyiz# if zkyz$n}kyriz osof eiz dìdiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz ai zãlky}&
Jii aãdo}jgi o rky} my a–omkyc} â aiz zindifz reyz gkdknçfiz oyzzc mcif oy fcpioyaiz dkcpockfz qyi aiz jkdrk}idifz% a–yfi ro} i ai dciyw aczcfnyi} e–cfã}ì
ãjkfkdcqyi qyi jgojyf ai jiz zindifz }ir}ãzifi rky} e–cfayz}ci ky}czcqyi% a–oy}i
ro}&
Jkdri ify ai eo oceei ecdcãi ai e–ãjgofceekf% eo dãgkai aiz h$dksiffiz o ãã
r}ã`ã}ãi oyw jo}iz oyk$k}nofczo}cjiz rky} zindifi} yf â yf eiz 1 n}kyriz zy} eo mozi
aiz 1 po}comeiz aãj}cpof ei zãlky} ay ky}czi < ay}ãi% aãrifziz ro} ri}zkffi% `}ãqyifji ai
pksoni i dkai a–k}nofczockf& Rky} jgoqyi n}kyri% yfi ofoeszi ay aifa}kn}oddi o ãã}ãoeczãi oy r}ãoeomei o`cf ai zrãjc`ci} ei fkdm}i ai zindifz â kmifc} i roeeci} ocfzc ei
r}cfjcroe cfjkfpãfcif ai eo dãgkai ai jeozzc`cjockf zãeijckffãi& Ei omeioy ?2 dkf}i
eiz r}cfjcroeiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz aãdkn}orgcqyiz i zkjck$ãjkfkdcqyiz zcnfc`cjocpidif
ac``ã}ifiz if}i zindifz&
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
02
Qomeioy ?2 &‚ R}cfjcroeiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz aiz zindifz caifc`cãz
m # O}oj cpcã a iz zin di fz
O`cf ai aãi}dcfi} qyiez zkf eiz n}kyriz ai ky}cziz eiz reyz o}ojc`z rky} ei
zijiy} ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci% eiz acw zindifz ai do}jgã kf ãã ãpoeyãz zy} eo mozi aiz
j}cç}iz ai r}k`comcecã% a–ojjizzcmcecã i ai `oczomcecã& Rky} jieo% fkyz opkfz jkfz}yc yf
cfaiw jkdrkzci X :>% :=T qyc }oayc e–cfã}ì ãjkfkdcqyi ai jiz zindifz i cfçn}i eiz }kcz
j}cç}iz zyzacz <
Jgoqyi n}kyri iz jeozzã i fkã zy} eo mozi ai zo ri}`k}dofji }ieocpi zy} eiz
po}comeiz jkdrkzof eiz j}cç}iz a–ãpoeyockf& Oy zindif eo diceeiy}i ri}`k}dofji% iz
ozzcnfãi eo fki ?2 i oy ai}fci} eo fki ?& Ei jeozzidif nekmoe rky} jgoqyi j}cç}i izaãi}dcfã if oaacckffof eiz poeiy}z zy} jgoqyi po}comei& If`cf% e–ãpoeyockf nekmoei aiz 1
zindifz iz aãi}dcfã if olkyof ei jeozzidif koe zy} jgojyf aiz : j}cç}iz 8 jiyw
osof eiz fkiz eiz reyz ãeipãiz zi}kf jkfzcaã}ãz jkddi ãof eiz reyz o}ojc`z&
Mcif qyi ji cfaiw orro}oczzi jkddi yfi zcdrec`cjockf ay r}kjizzyz jkdreiwi ai
zãeijckf aiz zindifz jcmeiz% ce riy% aofz ei joa}i a–yfi reofc`cjockf r}ãecdcfoc}i% ì}i
a–yfi ocai r}ãjciyzi rky} eiz aãjcaiy}z i eiz k}cifi} aofz eiy}z aãjczckfz z}oãncqyiz
pi}z eiz zindifz eiz reyz o}ojc`z ãjkfkdcqyidif X:>T &
Zin& N}kyri
dkcpockffie
)
}ãrkfaofz
Aãrifzi dks&ek}z ay zãlky}
'if ₥#
Ín i
dks&
]ipify offyie aydãfoni dks&
'if ₥#
O 1%: ) :=2 0: :1 922
M >%2 ) 00: 13 1= 922
J
N}kyr i ? < eiz‗ oj jkdd kao fz–
7%> ) ?>9 1: ?0 7>9
A 3%0 ) 917 90 => 222
I 0%? ) =70 :: =0 =92
@
N}kyr i = < eiz‗ moefão c}iz rozzc`z–
?=%= ) ?9> 12 =3 ?0>
N ?:%2 ) 727 1: :9 922
G
N}kyr i : < eiz
‗ iwr ek}oiy}z– ?:%2 ) =7: :7 => ??9
C 3%0 ) ==: :: :? 922
L
N}kyr i 1 < eiz
‗ zkj com eiz jyey}iez– ?2%1 ) >30 1: :> 922
Dk s& ãj gofceekf ?22 ) 1:7 1: :2 3>7
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
0?
∞ Ei j}cç}i ai r}k`comcecã < aãzcnfi e–cdrk}ofji a–yf zindif if i}di ai
pkeydi i ai }ifomcecã i iz ãpoeyã zy} eo mozi aiz 1 po}comeiz zycpofiz <
?$ eo oceei }ieocpi ay zindif '4 fkdm}i aiz ky}cziz jkdrkzof ei zindif + oceei ai
e–ãjgofceekf# 8
=$ eo ay}ãi ay zãlky} 8
:$ eo aãrifzi dksiffi ro} fycãi '4 dkfof koe aiz aãrifziz ay ky}czi + ay}ãi ay
zãlky}# 8
1$ eiz aãrifziz jkfzoj}ãiz oyw ojgoz ai zkypifc}z% i if acpi}czzidif i ofcdockfz
'4 dksiffi aiz r}krk}ckfz aiz aãrifziz if zkypifc}z i acpi}czzidif aofz ei
myani koe Þ dksiffi aiz aãrifziz ro} ri}zkffi ek}z ay zãlky}#% i qyc }ir}ãzifif
eiz }ipifyz aiz ojcpcãz rã}crgã}cqyiz ay ky}czdi% oy}iz qyi e–gãmi}nidif i eo
}izoy}ockf&
Qom eioy ?? &‚ Ofoeszi ai eo r }k`com cecã a iz ac``ã}ifz zin difz caifc cãz?7
Zindif Qoceei }ieocpi
Ay}ãi ay
zãlky}
Aãrifziz ro }
fycãi
Oy}iz }ipifyz
ky}cz&
Zjk}i
koe
O ? ?2 ? 9 ?>
M : 3 7 > =>
J 1 = : = ??
A 0 7 > 7 =3
I = ? 0 1 ?:
@ 7 9 = ? ?0
N ?2 1 ?2 ?2 :1
G ?2 0 9 0 =>
C 0 : 1 : ?0
L > > 3 3 :=
+?2 +?2 +?2 +?2 +12
?7 Rky} eiz aãocez ai joejye ay zjk}i% pkc} e–offiwi 9&
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
0=
If ofoeszof ei omeioy ??% kf fki qyi <
∝ ei zindif N% qyc }in}kyri ei reyz ai ky}cziz i ei zindif L zkf eiz aiyw n}kyriz
rkifcieeidif eiz reyz cfã}izzofz ãjkfkdcqyidif oyzzc mcif if nãfã}oe qy–if
i}di ai pkeydi ai }ipifyz ro} fycãi i ai aãrifziz ai acpi}czzidif i ojgoz ai
zkypifc}z 8
∝ ei zindif O }in}kyri eiz ky}cziz qyc rozzif% if dksiffi% ei reyz ekfn zãlky} if
Qyfczci '?1%> lky}z#% kyi`kcz% j–iz ei zindif ei reyz ã}kc '1%:) ay koe aiz
ky}cziz# i jieyc qyc r}ãzifi eo reyz `ocmei aãrifzi ro} fycãi 8
∝ ei zindif @% }kczcçdi reyz n}ofa zindif% iz oyzzc e–yf aiz zindifz qyc aãrifzi ei
dkcfz if nãfã}oe i if zkypifc}z i acpi}czzidif if ro}cjyeci}&
∞ Ei j}cç}i a–ojjizzcmcecã < }oayc ei ain}ã a–ojjizzcmcecã i``ijcpi ay zindif â
aiz ojckfz do}hicfn zrãjc`cqyiz i zi mozi zy} : ãeãdifz <
?& ei sri aiz zky}jiz a–cf`k}dockf 8 yf zindif iz jkfzcaã}ã a–oyof reyz ojjizzcmei
qyi eiz dksifz a–cf`k}dockfz oywqyiez eiz ky}cziz qyc ei jkfzcyif kf }ijky}z
rky} jgkczc} eo aizcfockf ai eiy}z pojofjiz zkf lynãz ¨ `comeiz ¸ ay rkcf ai pyi
aiz ojiy}z ky}czcqyiz& Eo `comcecã aiz ac``ã}ifz dãacoz iz ãpoeyãi zy} eo mozi aieo oceei ai eiy}z oyacifjiz% eiy} jkø ro} ri}zkffi kyjgãi i aiz rkzzcmcecãz ai eiy}
yceczockf 'om eio y ?=# 8 ocfzc% yf dãaco `comei ri}di ai z–oa}izzi} reyz `ojceidif%
reyz i``cjojidif i â yf dkcfa}i jkø% â yf zindif akffã&
Qom eioy ?= &‚ Ipoeyo ckf ai eo `comcecã ai z zky}jiz a–cf`k}do ckf yceczãiz
ro } ei ky}czi
ãããã Dk sif }çz comei ↝ ã Dksif ri y ` com ei&
Zky}j i a –cf`k}&
J}cç}i QK + oni fjiai pksoni @od ceei + odcz Cfi}fi Dono|cfizzrãjcoeczãiz O``cjgizrymecjcoc}iz Rymecjcããeãpczãi
Eo}ni y} ay rym ecjkyjgã
ã ãã ãããã ã ãã ããã
Jkø `cfofj ci} ããã Ac``cj cei âizcdi} ãããã ãã ãã ã
Ain }ã ai do æ}cziay dizzoni a c``yzã
ã ã ãããã ãã ãã ããã
Ipoeyo ckf nekm oei ãã ã ãããã ãã ãã ããã
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
0:
=$ ei fkdm}i dksif aiz zky}jiz a–cf`k}dockf qyi ei ky}czi yceczi rky} `oc}i zkf
jgkcw '4 fkdm}i ai dãacoz yceczãz ro} eiz didm}iz a–yf zindif + fkdm}i ai
ky}cziz jkdrkzof ji zindif# 8 eo qyoecã ai eo jkddyfcjockf if}i eo aizcfockfi yf zindif akffã riy ì}i odãeck}ãi aofz ei joz a–yf reyz n}ofa fkdm}i ai
dãacoz jkfzyeãz 8
:$ eo jkfjif}ockf nãkn}orgcqyi ay zindif ai do}jgã zy} eiz 1 rosz ãyacãz 8 reyz ei
zindif iz }ãro}c zy} yf reyz n}ofa fkdm}i ai rosz% reyz eo dczi if reoji a–yf reof
do}hicfn zi}o jkdrecqyãi â joyzi ay `}ojckffidif aiz dksifz gydocfz i
`cfofjci}z cfpizcz e–oifckf ai ji zindif&
Qom eioy ?: &‚ Ofo eszi ai e–oj jizzcmcecã aiz ac``ã}ifz zindi fz caifc`cãz?3
Zindif Qsri a iz zky}jiz
a–cf`k}dockf
Fm}i aiz zky}jiz
a–cf`k}dockf
Jkfjif}ockf
nãkn}orgcqyiZjk}i k oe
O 3 3 3 =>
M ? ? 1 0
J 1 : > ?1
A = = 0 ?2
I > ?2 ?2 =>
@ 0 7 7 ==
N 9 1 = ??
G 7 0 ? ?9
C ?2 9 : ?7
L : > 9 ?9
+?2 +?2 +?2 +:2
Eiz r}cfjcroeiz }ido}qyiz qyc }izzk}if ai e–ofoeszi ay omeioy ?: zkf <
∝ eiz zindifz O i I zkf eiz zindifz eiz reyz ojjizzcmeiz if }oczkf a–yf dkcfa}i
ãro}rceeidif nãkn}orgcqyi '}izrijcpidif 72) i ?22) aiz ky}cziz jkdrkzof ji
zindif zkf oeeidofaz# i a–yf }ijky}z% if dksiffi% â reyz ai dksifz
a–cf`k}dockfz '?%70 i ?%0# aofz ei jgkcw ai eo aizcfockf 8
?3 Rky} eiz aãocez ai joejye ay zjk}i% pkc} e–offiwi 0&
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
01
∝ doen}ã ei `oc qyi eiz ky}cziz jkdrkzof ei zindif G ocif }ijky}z% aofz eiy}
r}kjizzyz ai jgkcw% â yf mkf fkdm}i ai dksifz a–cf`k}dockf qyc zkf ai zy}j}kæ
}ieocpidif `comeiz% ji zindif iz dksiffidif ojjizzcmei â joyzi a–yfi r}ãzifji
dk}jieãi zy} eiz 1 rosz 8
∝ M i A zkf eiz zindifz lynãz jkddi ãof eiz dkcfz ojjizzcmeiz â yf ãpifyie reof
do}hicfn& Cez kf }ijky}z â dkcfz ai zky}jiz a–cf`k}dockfz '?%?: i ?%=>% if
dksiffi# i ai `ocmei `comcecã&
∞ Ei j}cç}i ai `oczomcecã < }ifpkci â eo jorojcã ai eo aizcfockf% if e–kjjy}}ifji
Zkyzzi$Hoc}kyof% â k``}c} yf r}kayc ky}czcqyi zrãjc`cqyi â yf zindif if ro}cjyeci}% ce
zi mozi zy} <
?$ e–oaãqyockf ai e–k``}i ky}czcqyi oyw oifiz ay zindif % }oayc eo rkzcckf
jkdrãccpi ojyieei ai Zkyzzi$Hoc}kyof ro} }orrk} oyw oy}iz aizcfockfz zy} eiz
o}cmyz }ijgi}jgãz ro} eiz ky}cziz 'omeioy ?1#& Eo fki }ieocpi â ji ãeãdif iz
joejyeãi if dyecrecof e–cdrk}ofji dksiffi ojjk}aãi ro} eiz didm}iz ai jgoqyi
zindif â acw o}cmyz% ro} ei ain}ã ai r}ãzifji izcdã ai e–o}cmy if qyizckf aofz
eo aizcfockf 8
Qomeioy ?1&‚ Rkzcckf jkdrãccpi }ieocpi ai eo aizcfockf Zkyzzi$Hoc}kyo f zy} eiz ac``ã}ifz o}cmyz
ããã Rkzcckf opo fon iyzi 8ãã rk zcckf dk siffi 8ã rk zcckf `ocmei&
=$ Ei dkai a–k}nofczockf ay zãlky} 8 Ek}zqyi eiz zãlky}z zkf k}nofczãz ro} yf
pksonczi% eo aizcfockf o dkcfz ai doæ}czi zy} eiy} jkddi}jcoeczockf% i zy} ei
rkzcckffidif qy–ieei izrç}i opkc} oyr}çz ay zindif jcmeã& Reyz eiz didm}iz a–yf
zindif kf ifaofji â r}ifa}i if jgo}ni ziyez% ky ky yfi ro}ci% aiz aãocez ai eiy}
pksoni% reyz eo aizcfockf iz joromei ai jkddyfcqyi} reyz ac}ijidif opij eizky}cziz jcmeãz&
Jkf`k} ijkddkacãz
]orrk} qyoecã + jkø ay zãlky}
Zifcdif aizãjy}cã
Jecdo ifzkeiceeãi jgoya
Reoniz
ãã ããã ããã ããã ãã
Gkzrcoecã + jk}acoecã aiz nifz
R}kn}oddiza–ofcdockf
Dyzãiz i zcizgczk}cqyiz
Noz}kfkdciekjoei
Ieãdifz jyey}iezi `kehek}cqyiz
ãã ã ãã ã ã
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Jgo r c}i CCC < Orr ecjockf a i eo zin difo ckf ro } opofo ni z }ijgi }jgãz â eo aidofa i ky}czcqyi if Qyfczci
09
Qomeioy ?9 &‚ Ofoeszi ai eo `oczomcecã rky} eiz ac``ã}ifz zindifz caifc`cãz=2
Zindif Oaãq yockf ai e–k``}i K}nofczockf ay zãlky} Zjk}i koe
O = ?2 ?=
M ? > 7
J : ? 1
A 7 0 ?1
I 0 1 ?2
@ > 9 ?=
N 9 7 ?:
G 1 : >
C ?2 = ?=L 3 3 ?7
+?2 +?2 +=2
Ei omeioy ?9 }ãzydi e–ãpoeyockf ai eo `oczomcecã rky} eiz ac``ã}ifz zindifz% ce if
}izzk} r}cfjcroeidif qyi <
∝ Ei zindif L iz ei zindif rky} eiqyie ce riy ì}i reyz `ojceidif ifpczonã ai
jkfz}yc}i yf rkzcckffidif i yfi rkeccqyi r}kayc zrãjc`cqyiz&
∝ Eiz okyz i e–cf`}oz}yjy}i ky}czcqyi ai eo }ãnckf Zkyzzi$Hoc}kyof zidmeif ì}i
oaãqyo opij eiz o}cmyz }ijgi}jgãz ro} eiz ‗moefãoc}iz rozzc`z– 'zindifz A i @# i
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Jgo rc}i CP < Cfã}ì r}ocqyi a i eo }ij gi}jgi
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C$ Cdrecjockfz rky} eiz r}k`izzckffiez ay ky}czdi
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Jgo rc}i CP < Cfã}ì r}ocqyi a i eo }ij gi}jgi
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Jgo rc}i CP < Cfã}ì r}ocqyi a i eo }ij gi}jgi
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Jgo rc}i CP < Cfã}ì r}ocqyi a i eo }ij gi}jgi
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Jgo rc}i CP < Cfã}ì r}ocqyi a i eo }ij gi}jgi
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aiz dìdiz oifiz ay zãlky}&
=& Rky} eiz gñieci}z i eiz r}izooc}iz ai zi}pcji
Eo zindifockf ai eo aidofai ky}czcqyi ziekf eiz opofoniz izrã}ãz cdrecqyi eo
jkfjirckf ai r}kaycz ky}czcqyiz zrãjc`cqyiz rky} jgoqyi n}kyri& Iof akffã qyi
e–cf`}oz}yjy}i ky}czcqyi ojyieei ai eo |kfi Zkyzzi$Hoc}kyof iz izzifcieeidif k}cifãi
pi}z eo zocz`ojckf aiz oifiz aiz pojofjci}z moefãoc}iz% eiz r}krkzcckfz zycpofiz pkf
kdi}i eiz zindifz A i @ ay n}kyri aiz ‗moefãoc}iz rozzc`z–&
∞ Aãpiekrri} ei k y}czdi y}mo cf
O ro}c} ay r}k`ce aiz ‗ojjkddkaofz– ãomec aofz ei jgorc}i :% ce orro}oæ qyi eiz
ky}cziz orro}ifof oy zindif O r}ã`ç}if aiz pojofjiz jif}ãiz zy} eiy} eciy ai
pceeãncoy}i& Ei aãpiekrridif a–yf r}kayc ―aãjkypi}i ai eo pceei— â Zkyzzi i â
Hoc}kyof rky}}oc jkfzcyi} yfi mkffi krrk}yfcã rky} eiy} `oc}i pkc} oy}i jgkzi qyi eo
di} i eiz o}ojckfz gczk}cqyiz jeozzcqyiz oywqyiez cez dkf}if }ieocpidif riy
a–cfã}ì i e–kjjozckf a–opkc} yf jkfoj zrkfofã opij eiz gomcofz ekjoyw&
O fki} qyi eo }ãyzzci a–yf ie r}kayc ky}czcqyi rozzi fkf ziyeidif ro} eozocz`ojckf aiz oifiz aiz ‗ojjkddkaofz– docz oyzzc ro} zo jorojcã â z–cfãn}i}
ro}`ocidif â eo rkeccqyi ai aãpiekrridif ai eo pceei& If e–omzifji ai jii r}ãjoyckf%
ji ky}czdi y}mocf riy ì}i â e–k}cncfi ai r}kmeçdiz ãjkfkdcqyiz i zkjcoyw jkddi eo
ngikëzockf $ ifpc}kffidifz ¨ o}c`cjciez ¸ aizcfãz oyw ky}cziz i kó cez zkf jkf`cfãz$
ky eo aczro}cckf r}kn}izzcpi aiz zrãjc`cjcãz ai ji}ocfz qyo}ci}z% ai eiy} odmcofji% ai
eiy}z ojcpcãz ãjkfkdcqyiz }oacckffieeiz i ai eiy} ifpc}kffidif oy r}k`c ai e–ojcpcã
ky}czcqyi&
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Jgo rc}i CP < Cfã}ì r}ocqyi a i eo }ij gi}jgi
>1
∞ R}kdkypk c} eo a ãj kypi}i o ykfk di a i eo pceei
Eiz ky}cziz orr}ãjci}ocif a–oyof reyz eiz zciz y}mocfz pczcãz% z–cez i``ijyocif
e–iwrek}ockf ai eo pceei% ziyez ky if ricz n}kyriz% aofz yf izr}c jkfpcpcoe i zrkfofã&Eiz r}krkzcckfz zycpofiz ri}di}ocif oyw ky}cziz ai pcp}i oy dciyw jii
iwrã}cifji if roeecof e–omzifji ai nycaiz ky}czcqyiz ojjkdronfoiy}z <
∝ odãeck}i} eo zcnfoeãcqyi a–k}cifockf 'fkdz aiz }yiz% idreojidif aiz eciyw
a–cfã}ì acpi}z%†# i zo pczcmcecã aofz eo pceei% i di}i n}ojciyzidif â eo
aczrkzcckf aiz ky}cziz% aiz jo}iz i aiz reofz aiz pceeiz i aiz zciz ai eo }ãnckf%
aofz aiz `k}doz r}ocqyiz 'ai rkjgi% reozc`cãz% opij eiz ccfã}oc}iz aiz dksifz ai
}ofzrk} jkddyf%†# 8
∝ aã`cfc} i }oji} zy} eiz reofz aiz ccfã}oc}iz ri}diof ai zcyi}% zy} aiz ro}jky}z
r}ãaã`cfcz% eiz ifa}kcz cfã}izzofz â pczci} i+ky â pkc} osof if jkddyf yf gçdi
ro}cjyeci} 'ei zgkrrcfn i e–ojgo ai zkypifc}z% e–o}jgcijy}i% ei ro}cdkcfi% eo
noz}kfkdci%†# 8
∝ reoji} aiz nycaiz ri}dofifz aofz ji}ocfz ifa}kcz z}oãncqyiz% fkoddif â
e–cfã}ciy} aiz dãacfoz% rky} k}cifi} i }ifzicnfi} ky ifjk}i ozzczi} eiz ky}cziz
aofz eiy}z ojgoz ai zkypifc}z&
∞ Aãpiekrr i} ei ky}czdi ai foy}i
Ei ky}czdi ai foy}i ky foy}i ky}czd% iz jkfzcaã}ã jkddi eo m}ofjgi qyc j}kæ ei
reyz }orcaidif aofz e–cfayz}ci ky}czcqyi dkfacoei% o``cjgof aiz oyw ai j}kczzofji ai
?2 â :2 ) ro} of i nãfã}of r}çz ai > ) ai e–ifzidmei aiz aãrifziz cfi}fockfoeiz if
ky}czdi X?7T & Ji ky}czdi jk}}izrkfa% if ro}cjyeci}% oyw dkcpockfz aiz ky}cziz
‗iwrek}oiy}z– 'zindifz N i G# qyc pksonif opij yf aãzc} cffã a–iwrek}ockf ia–opify}i i qyc piyeif jkffoæ}i aiz jyey}iz ac``ã}ifiz i aãjkyp}c} ai fkypioyw
joa}iz foy}iez&
Ce iwczi aiyw jkfjirckfz ac``ã}ifiz ay ky}czdi ai foy}i < eo r}idcç}i jkfzcaç}i
e–ifpc}kffidif foy}ie jkddi yf joa}i oaãqyo rky} }izzifc} aiz zifzockfz `k}iz â
}opi}z e–iwi}jcji a–yf ji}ocf fkdm}i a–ojcpcãz rgszcqyiz ky zrk}cpiz 'ky}czdi
a–opify}i#% eo aiywcçdi% jkfzcaç}i ei dceciy }y}oe jkddi yf izroji ai aãifi i ai
aãjkypi}i qyi ei ky}czi zi akc ai }izriji} 'ky}czdi }y}oe#& Rky} jiz aiyw jkfjirckfz
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Jgo rc}i CP < Cfã}ì r}ocqyi a i eo }ij gi}jgi
>9
ay zãlky}% o}osofiz rky} eiz ‗iwrek}oiy}z–% ce iz fãjizzoc}i ai j}ãi} yfi cf`}oz}yjy}i
a–gãmi}nidif i ai }izoy}ockf zrãjc`cqyi ocfzc qyi aiz z}yjy}iz r}krkzof eiz
ac``ã}ifiz ojcpcãz oaorãiz â ji sri ai ky}czdi&
∞ J}ãi} yfi cf`}oz}yjy}i ky}czcqyi if dceciy }y}oe
Eiz yfcãz a–gãmi}nidif aizcfãiz â ojjyiceec} ei zindif aiz ‗iwrek}oiy}z– akcpif
kmãc} â aiyw iwcnifjiz izzifcieeiz < e–caãoe ai eo zcdrecjcã }yzcqyi i ei jkf`k} i eiz
jkddkacãz qy–iwcni ei ky}czdi if of qyi rgãfkdçfi dkai}fi&
Aiz riciz z}yjy}iz jkddi eiz oymi}niz i eiz jgodm}iz a–gñi opij yf eknidif
zcdrei docz jkf`k}omei i aiz ojcpcãz jif}ãiz oyky} aiz dãci}z }y}oyw }oacckffiez
zidmeif ì}i eo `k}dyei caãoei rky} }ifjkf}i} eiz oifiz aiz ky}cziz zofz rky} oyofcdrecqyi} ai eky}az cfpizczzidifz&
Ro} oceeiy}z% n}íji â eiy} ro}`oci cfãn}ockf aofz ei joa}i foy}ie ocfzc qy–oyw
krrk}yfcãz a–cfpizczzidif i a–idrekcz qy–ieeiz }ir}ãzifif% eiz yfcãz gñiecç}iz ay
ky}czdi ai foy}i riypif jkfzcyi} yfi oei}focpi cfã}izzofi ai aãpiekrridif
ay}omei aofz aiz |kfiz }y}oeiz ãjkfkdcqyidif }cmyoc}iz ay ziye zijiy} on}cjkei&
∞ Aãpiekrr i} aiz oj cpcãz ai k y}czdi a –opi fy}i
Reyzciy}z ojcpcãz% reyz ky dkcfz zrk}cpiz% riypif ì}i aãpiekrrãiz o`cf ai
ri}di}i oyw ky}cziz pczãz ai pcp}i eiz zifzockfz `k}iz i ei nkø a–opify}i qy–cez
}ijgi}jgif <
Aiz jkdrãcckfz i aiz dofc`izockfz cfi}fockfoeiz aofz ji}ocfiz ai jiz
aczjcrecfiz rky}}ocif jkfzcyi}% â i}di% yfi mkffi krrk}yfcã rky} r}kdkypkc} ji
ky}czdi&
Eiz ky}z if dk fn ke`cç}iz i if YED Ei zo y â e–ã eozcqyi
Ei ro }o j gyczdi E– ãq ycockf
Ei ro }or ifi Ei j ofko ni
E–izj o eoa i 'ecm}i ky o }c`cj cieei# Eo pk cei
Eiz j ky }ziz a – k}cifo ckf Ei PQQ
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Jgo rc}i CP < Cfã}ì r}ocqyi a i eo }ij gi}jgi
>0
∞ Jkfjipkc} aiz zãlky}z ai ky}czdi }y}oe
Eiz dkc`z qyc oc}if eiz nifz â eo jodronfi }i`eçif yf cfã}ì n}ofaczzof rky} ei
ro}cdkcfi% eo }ijgi}jgi ai eo zkecyai i yf cfã}ì j}kczzof rky} ei ¨ aigk}z ¸ X00T &
E–o}ojcpcã aiz |kfiz }y}oeiz rky} ei ky}czdi i eiz ekczc}z iz izzifcieeidif ozzkjcãi â
e–cdoni ai eo }y}oecã& Jieei$jc iz ã}kcidif ecãi oy }oacckffie% â e–caãi }kdofcqyi ay ¨
mkf pciyw idrz ¸% â yf zsei ai pci zcdrei i ry}i% â eo foy}i cfoji i â eo ro}`oci
cfãn}ockf ai e–Gkddi aofz zkf ifpc}kffidif foy}ie& Eo fkzoenci aiz k}cncfiz% ei
mizkcf ai }ãjyrã}i} ei ecif ri}ay opij eo foy}i i eiz ¨ moziz ¸ ai eo pci% aofz yf
ifpc}kffidif ai reyz if reyz jkdreiwi% `k}idif k}nofczã% ofkfsdi% ifjkdm}ã%
z}izzof% y}mocf i ¨ cfgydocf % jkfzcyif oyof a–o}ocz rky} ei ky}czdi }y}oe X:9T &
Ri}di}i oyw ky}cziz ai rozzi} qyieqyiz lky}z if dceciy }y}oe }ipcif â eiy} k``}c}
yfi kjjozckf ai rozzi} yfi ro}ci ai eiy} zãlky} aofz yf ifpc}kffidif zocf% ai pcp}i aiz
iwrã}cifjiz oygifcqyiz cfjeyof eiz gomcofz ekjoyw i if`cf eo r}ocqyi a–ojcpcãz
po}cãiz <
∞ Odãeck}i} ei f cpioy a –o }oj ckf a iz zciz j yey}iez i gczk}cqyiz
E–cdrk}ofji aiz o}ojckfz jyey}ieeiz% gczk}cqyiz i `kehek}cqyiz rky} eiz zindifz
C i L% a–yfi ro}% i eo }cjgizzi ay ro}cdkcfi yfczcif i ai eo |kfi== a–oy}i ro}% }ifa
fãjizzoc}i e–odãeck}ockf ai eo r}ãzifockf aiz r}kaycz ky}czcqyiz aizcfãz oyw
‗zkjcomeiz jyey}iez–&
If ro}cjyeci}% eo dczi if iwrkzcckf jkfidrk}ocfi ay ro}cdkcfi if yceczof aiz
ijgfkeknciz }ãjifiz% ri}di oyw ky}cziz ai aãjkyp}c} i a–orr}ãjci} opij eiy}z 9 zifz eo
jyey}i i e–gczkc}i ai eo Qyfczci& Ocfzc% eiz zszçdiz a–iwrkzcckf cfi}ojc`z dyec$
== Ce iwczi 0> dkfydifz gczk}cqyiz jeozzãz aofz ei nkypi}fk}o ai Hoc}kyof i :9 â Zkyzzi&
Ei Jo dr cfn Eo rì j gi
E– km zi}pockf a – kczio yw Eo j go zziEi Q}ihhcfn Eo pczci aiz ro }jz fo ckfo yw
Eo }ofa kffã â mcjsj eii% â j gipoe%†
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Jgo rc}i CP < Cfã}ì r}ocqyi a i eo }ij gi}jgi
>>
zifzk}ciez `kf }izzifc} oy ky}czi zcdyeofãdif aiz zifzockfz }ãieeiz i cdoncfoc}iz qyc
oczif zo jy}ckzcã i zo `ozjcfockf i ei rekfni ifjk}i reyz aofz zkf iwrek}ockf X ?T &
Ro}dc eiz ijgfkeknciz oakrãiz aofz ei joa}i ai jii fkypieei dyzãkeknci% kf
}kypi < eiz acork}odoz ofcdãz% eiz zszçdiz a–oyacknycaiz% eiz Rkjhi RJ cfi}ojc`z% eiz
ãj}ofz if j}czoyw ecqycaiz% eo ac``yzckf ay iwi ro} jozqyi cf`}o}kyni% eo dczi if zjçfi
a–cdoniz }cacdifzckffieeiz% eiz zoeeiz ai pczckffidif i a–ãjkyi rofk}odcqyi X?T &
∞ If}cj gc} e–iwrã}cifj i dyzão ei
Ce z–onc ai aãrozzi} eo jkfjirckf }ãayj}cji ai e.iwrã}cifji dyzãoei jkddi ãof
yfcqyidif eo pczci aiz iwrkzcckfz% of ri}dofifiz qyi idrk}oc}iz% rky} yfi
jkfjirckf ai eo pczci jkddi yfi iwrã}cifji nekmoei% yf jkfoj opij e–gczkc}i yfczciffii zo jyey}i mã}mã}k$o}omk$dyzyedofi% qyc jkddifji â e–if}ãi ay ky}czi oy dyzãi i zi
r}kekfni or}çz qy–ce if zk}&
If oakrof ei rkcf ai pyi ay pczciy}% a–yfi `oîkf nãfã}oei% i ay ky}czi% reyz
ro}cjyecç}idif% e.iwrã}cifji dyzãoei akc cfjey}i kyz eiz oy}iz ozrijz ai eo pczci
jkddi ei zockffidif â r}kwcdcã% e–ojjyice jgoeiy}iyw% ei zky}c}i aiz didm}iz ay
ri}zkffie% eo r}kr}iã aiz eciyw% eo rkzzcmcecã a.ojgii} yf zkypifc}% yfi zcnfoeczockf
oaãqyoi% yfi omei â eofni} aofz eiz kceiiz% yf pizcoc}i rky} aãrkzi} zkf dofioy i yfi
dyzcqyi a.odmcofji reoczofi X?>T &
Jiz zi}pcjiz fi akcpif roz }ir}ãzifi} yfcqyidif yf doe fãjizzoc}i ky yf dksif
ai nãfã}i} aiz }ipifyz docz ì}i jkfzcaã}ãz jkddi yf ãeãdif izzifcie rky} `oc}i ai eo
pczci oy dyzãi yfi iwrã}cifji on}ãomei i jkdreçi& Ro} jkfzãqyif% ce iz cdrk}of qyi
ei dyzãi eiz jkk}akffi rky} qy.cez zkcif gkdknçfiz i jkdrocmeiz opij eiz mizkcfz aiz
ky}cziz i ei dofao ay dyzãi&
∞ Odãeck}i} ei r}kayc dyzãoe
Aofz eo ri}zrijcpi ai e–if}cjgczzidif ai e–iwrã}cifji dyzãoei% e–k``}i r}krkzãi ro}
ei dyzãi akc ì}i }ipyi o`cf ai dciyw }ãrkfa}i oyw oifiz ay zindif ai ky}cziz pczã
if ro}cjyeci}& If i``i% eiz iwrkzcckfz ri}dofifiz qyc jkfzcyif ei r}kayc r}cfjcroe% i
zkypif yfcqyi% r}krkzã ro} eiz dyzãiz ai eo |kfi Zkyzzi$Hoc}kyof oyw ky}cziz =:% zkf
=: Ce iwczi aofz eo |kfi ky}czcqyi Zkyzzi$Hoc}kyof aiyw dyzãiz < ei dyzãi }ãnckfoe ai Zkyzzi i ei dyzãi
zrãjcoeczã ai ]oqqoao&
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Jgo rc}i CP < Cfã}ì r}ocqyi a i eo }ij gi}jgi
>7
cfzy``czofz rky} eiz ‗zkjcomeiz jyey}iez– qyc jkfzcyif aiz pczciy}z opi}cz% â eo
}ijgi}jgi a–yfi iwrã}cifji acaojcqyi i if}cjgczzofi& O ji i``i% reyzciy}z r}kaycz
riypif ì}i j}ãiz jkddi ro} iwidrei eiz iwrkzcckfz idrk}oc}iz i eiz iwrkzcckfz
ccfã}ofiz% qyc ri}diif a–oc}i} e–oifckf zy} eiz jkeeijckfz ay dyzãi oyky} a–yf
ãpãfidif dãacocqyi% ky ifjk}i eiz zi}pcjiz ãayjoc`z% qyc â }opi}z eiz r}kn}oddiz ai
pczciz zrãjcoyw aizcfãz oyw if`ofz% oyw oakeizjifz% oyw oayeiz i oyw oæfãz riypif
zocz`oc}i eo zrãjc`cjcã zkjcomei aiz aiyw zindifz jkfji}fãz&
Ro} oceeiy}z% a–oy}iz zi}pcjiz riypif ì}i r}krkzãz < eiz zi}pcjiz oywcecoc}iz
'mkycqyi% }izoy}of% no}ai}ci% mcmeckgçqyi i jif}i ai akjydifockf#% eiz rymecjockfz
i if`cf% aiz ojcpcãz zrãjcoeiz ieei qyi eo ekjockf a.izroji rky} eo ifyi a.ojcpcãz
jyey}ieeiz 'zrijojeiz% jkfji}z%†#% eiz jkfzyeockfz oyr}çz ay ri}zkffie zrãjcoeczã ay
dyzãi i eiz jkf`ã}ifjiz qyc ky if jkdreãof e–k``}i r}krkzãi% riypif }ir}ãzifi} rky}
ei dyzãi oyof a–krrk}yfcãz ai jkddyfcqyi} i a–o``c}di} zkf cfãn}ockf aofz e–izroji
y}mocf&
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Jgo rc}i CP < Cfã}ì r}ocqyi a i eo }ij gi}jgi
>3
CC$ Cdrecjockfz rky} eiz }ijgi}jgiz `yy}iz if do}hicfn
?& Eiz ri}zrijcpiz a–yceczockf ai eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz izrã}ãz
Fk}i ãyai o ri}dcz ai jkf`c}di} eiz jkfjeyzckfz ai }ijgi}jgiz r}ãjãaifiz
jkfji}fof eo jkfpifofji ay jkfjir a–¨ opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz ¸ rky} eo jkdr}ãgifzckf i
eo r}ãacjckf ay jkdrk}idif ai jkfzkddockf& Eo zindifockf a–yf do}jgã ziekf ji
j}cç}i% r}kjgi ai eo fkckf ai dkcpockfz% riy opkc} rky} eiz r}k`izzckffiez do}hicfn
aiz cdrecjockfz cdrk}ofiz qyc aãrozzif eo zcdrei caifc`cjockf ai zindifz&
Qky a–omk}a% eo zindifockf ziekf eiz mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz riy ì}i yceczãi aofz
ac``ã}ifiz orrecjockfz qyc pkf ai eo reofc`cjockf aiz jodronfiz rymecjcoc}iz% â eo
jkfjirckf ai r}kaycz i e–ãpoeyockf ai eo qyoecã ay zi}pcji& Ifzyci% ieei r}ãzifi eo
jorojcã ai jeozzc`ci} rycz ai r}k`cei} eiz jkfzkddoiy}z if diof e–ojjif zy} eiz
r}cfjcroeiz ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz zindifz nãfã}ãz 8 jijc }if`k}ji eo poeiy} ai jii
zindifockf aofz eo dizy}i kó ieei `ky}fc oyw r}k`izzckffiez yfi cf`k}dockf jkdreçi
ai eo aidofai qyc eiy} ri}di ai dciyw jkdr}ifa}i eiz ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiy}z
jkfzkddoiy}z i ai eiz jcmei} opij reyz ai r}ãjczckf&
Ro} oceeiy}z% ce iz fãjizzoc}i% aofz ei joa}i aiz ãyaiz `yy}iz% ai difi} aiz ifqyìiz
r}ãecdcfoc}iz rky} z–ozzy}i} qyi eiz krcfckfz i eiz oifiz aiz jkfzkddoiy}z% aofz ei
jkfiwi ro}cjyeci} ai eo }ijgi}jgi% zkf `caçeidif }oayciz aofz eiz `k}dyeockfz aiz
mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz yceczãiz&
=& Yceczockf aiz jo}iz ai Hkgkfif i aiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz
Eo jorojcã aiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz â dofcryei} aiz akffãiz ro}ozcãiz riy ì}i
iwrekcãi aofz reyzciy}z akdocfiz aofz eo nizckf& Ocfzc% cez riypif }ir}ãzifi} aiz
oei}focpiz ryczzofiz i jkdreãdifoc}iz oyw ijgfcqyiz zoczcqyiz aofz eiz joz kó eiz
akffãiz zkf dyecpo}cãiz opij yf ain}ã ãeipã a–cfi}aãrifaofji if}i eiz `ojiy}z%
ek}zqyi aiz akffãiz zkf m}ycãiz ky cfjkdreçiz% ky ifjk}i ek}zqyi ei fkdm}i
a–gsrkgçziz â ozzydi} iz cdrk}of X92T &
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Jgo rc}i CP < Cfã}ì r}ocqyi a i eo }ij gi}jgi
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Jkfjeyzckf nãfã}oei
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zocz`oc}i eiz oifiz zrãjc`cqyiz iwr}cdãiz% zofz rky} oyof kjjyei} e–cdrk}ofji ay
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Jkfjeyzckf nãfã}oei
7:
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rozzãiz reyñ qyi `yy}iz% lyzc`cã aofz eo dãgkakeknci ai e–ifqyìi% akc ì}i
jkf`c}dã ro} e–ãyai ai e–ãpkeyckf i ai e–cdroj rkifcie aiz ac``ã}ifjiz aofz
e–cdrk}ofji aiz mãfã`cjiz }ijgi}jgãz if}i eiz aiyw dkdifz 8
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ky}cziz rkifciez% fkoddif jiyw qyc r}ã`ç}if aiz aizcfockfz jkfjy}}ifiz 8
∝ If`cf% eiz ifqyìiz oyr}çz aiz ky}cziz rky}}kf cfjey}i aiz qyizckfz rk}of zy}
a–oy}iz ozrijz ay zãlky} i qyc riypif jkf}cmyi} â yfi diceeiy}i caifc`cjockf i
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ojcpcãz oywqyieeiz cez ro}cjcrif% eiz zky}jiz ai zocz`ojckf i ai fkf zocz`ojckf%
e–cfifckf ai }iky}% †
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71
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Offiwiz
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Offiwi ? < ]ijiiz ay zijiy} ky}czcqyi yfczcif
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ai @k}do ck f r ky } eiz Rosz Czeod cqyi z'ZIZ]QJCJ# $ =229
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Offiwiz
70
∞ Ipkeyckf a y fkd m}i a –if}ãiz ai fk f }ãzcai fz i ai z }ij ii z
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Offiwiz
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Offiwiz
77
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Offiwiz
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i Aãrifziz ojjizzkc}iz 'jcno}iiz% rgkkz% `cedz% lky}foyw%†# †
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Offiwiz
32
?:# _yieei cdrk}ofji ojjk}ai|$pkyz â jgojyf aiz ãeãdifz zycpofz aofz ei jgkcw ai eoQyfczci jkddi aizcfockf ai pkz pojofjiz ;
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; ; ?9 Rky} ro}oni} aiz iwrã}cifjiz ; ; ?0 Rky} di aãifa}i i di }irkzi} ; ; ?> Rky} `oc}i ai e–ojcpcã rgszcqyi ; ; ?7 Rky} di aãmo}}ozzi} aiz ifzckfz+ay ; ;
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Offiwiz
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Offiwiz
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Offiwiz
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Offiwiz
31
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Offiwiz
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Offiwiz
30
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Mcmeckn}orgci
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X=9T AKEFCJO] Z i @]ICQON ]% Qgi cf eyifji k cfi}ojckfz mi~iif do}hi zindifockf
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fk 30% Pciffo Yfcpi}zcs k` Ijkfkdcjz ofa Myzcfizz Oadcfcz}ockf% Lyfi =22:
X=0T AKEFCJO] Z i EICZG @% ―^cfi} ky}cz Zindifz cf Oyz}co < Caifc`scfn Zomei
Pojockf Zseiz Yzcfn Monnia Jeyzi}cfn Qijgfcqyiz—% Lky}foe k Q}opie ]izio}jg% 1?
'@im#< =7?$=3=% =22:
X=>T AKEFCJO] Z% ―O }ipci~ k` Aoo$A}cpif Do}hi Zindifockf cf Qky}czd—% Lky}foe k`
}opie & Qky}czd Do}hicfn% ?='?#% =22=
X=7T AKEFCJO] Z% Miskfa ―Jkddkfzifzi Zindifockf—< O Zszidocjz k` Zindifockf
Orr}kojgiz cf Qky}czd—% Lky}foe k Q}opie ]izio}jg% 1= '@im#< =11$=92% =221
X=3T @]KJGKQ C i DK]]CZKF OD% ―Mifi`c Zindifockf< o ]ipci~ k` Cz Orrecjockfz kQ}opie ofa Qky}czd ]izio}jg—% Lky}foe k Q}opie & Qky}czd Do}hicfn% 3'1#< =?$19% =222
X:2T NFKQG L% ―Qky}czd dkcpockf ofa iwrijockf `k}dockf—% Offoez k Qky}czd ]izio}jg%
=1'=#< =7:$:21% ?33>
X:?T GOEIS ]% ―Mifi`c zindifockf< O aijczckf$k}cifia }izio}jg kke—% Lky}foe k`
Do}hicfn% =:< :2$:9% ?307
X:=T GOEIS ]% ―Miskfa mifi`c zindifockf—% Lky}foe k Oapi}czcfn ]izio}jg% ??'1#< :$7% ?3>?
X::T GK]FIDOF E i oe% ―R}k`cecfn gi Zifck} Q}opiei} < Of Oyz}oecof Ri}zrijcpi—% Lky}foe
k Q}opie ]izio}jg% 1? 'Oynyz#< =:$:>% =22=
X:1T HODOHY]O ^O i oe% ―Caifc`cjockf ai zindifz ai poeiy}z rof$iy}krãifz ro} yf
dkaçei eknc zy} eiz }ofnz opij }in}kyridifz zyjjizzc`z―% ]ijgi}jgi i Orrecjockfz if
Do}hicfn% 7 '1#< :2‚99% ?33:
X:9T HOZQIFGKE\ I% AOPCZ A i ROYE N% ―Zindifcfn Qky}czd cf ]y}oe O}ioz< Qgi Jozi k`
Fk}g ofa Jif}oe Rk}ynoe—% Lky}foe k }opie }izio}jg% :> 'Dos#< :9:$:0:% ?333
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Mcmeckn}orgci
?22
X:0T HCD L% ^IC Z i ]YSZ G% ―Zindifcfn gi do}hi k` ~iz Oyz}oecof zifck} ky}czz
yzcfn of o}c`cjcoe fiy}oe fi~k}h—% Qky}czd dofonidif% =1< =9$:1% =22:
X:>T EKHI] EI i RI]AYI ]% ―O Mifi`c$mozia Zindifockf k` o Fkf}izcaif Zyddi}
Q}opie Do}hi—% Lky}foe k }opie }izio}jg% 'Zyddi}#< :2$:9% ?33=
X:7T DCJGIE N% orr}kjgi ro} eo gãk}ci ay fksoy jif}oe% ]ijgi}jgi i Orrecjockfz if
Do}hicfn% ?1'1#< ::$10% ?33=
X:3T KRRIACLH D% PI]GOEEIF D% ―Pojockf do}hi zindifockf ‚ O akdocf$zrijc`cj poeyi
orr}kojg—% Offoez k Qky}czd ]izio}jg% ?:< :>$97% ?370
X12T K]QG Y]% QY]IJHKPÏ L% ―Zindifcfn gi ky}czd do}hi yzcfn ri}jiryoe ofa
ocyacfoe dorrcfn—% On}cjyey}oe Ijkfkdcjz% 17 '?#< :0$17% =22=
X1?T ROEOJCK P% DJJKKE @% ―Caifc`scfn Ijkky}czz cf Miec|i Qg}kyng Mifi`c
Zindifockf< O R}iecdcfo}s Ofoeszcz—% Lky}foe k Zyzocfomei Qky}czd% 9':#< =:1$=1:%
?33>
X1=T ZGKIDOHI] Z% ―Zindifockf k` gi zifck} Reiozy}i Q}opie Do}hi—% Lky}foe k Q}opie
]izio}jg% =>'1#< ?1$=?% ?373
X1:T ZGKIDOHI] Z% ―Zindifcfn gi YZ Q}opie Do}hi Ojjk}acfn k Mifi`cz ]ioec|ia—%
Lky}foe k Q}opie ]izio}jg% :=':#< 7$=?% ?331
X11T ZC]OHOSO I% YSZOE D i SKZGCKHO J@% ―Zindifcfn gi Lorofizi Qky} Do}hi k
Qy}his—% Lky}foe k Q}opie ]izio}jg% 1?'?#< =3:$:21% =22:
X19T ZRKQQZ A D% DOGKFIS ID% ―Zindifcfn Pczck}z k o Aizcfockf ]inckf Mozia kf
gi Pkeydi k` gic} Iwrifacy}iz—% Lky}foe k Q}opie ]izio}jg% Zr}cfn '=#< =1$:?% ?33?
X10T QI] GK@ZQIAI @% ^IAIE D% ZQIIFHODR L$M% ―Caifc`cjockf ai zindifz zrocoyw rky}
aiz do}jgiz cfi}fockfoyw—% ]ijgi}jgi i orrecjockfz if do}hicfn% ?7':#< 7?$?2=% =22:
X1>T YEQZJG O% Y$Do}cw< o Qkke k Pczyoec|i Jeyzi}z cf Gcng Acdifzckfoe Aoo% Yfcpi}zcs k`
Do}my}n ‚ AooMckfcjz ]izio}jg Eom% Airo}dif k` Jkdryi} Zjcifji% =22:
X17T YEQZJG O% PIQQI] J% Zie`$K}nofc|cfn$@ioy}i$Dorz pi}zyz Zoczcjoe Jeyzi}cfn Digkaz<
O Mifjgdo}h% ]izio}jg ]irk}% Yfcpi}zcs k` Do}my}n $ @N Fiy}kcf`k}doch &
Hõfzecjgi Cfieecnif|% ?331
X13T PIEECAKO O% ECZMKOO RLN i POYNGOFM L% Fiy}oe fi~k}hz cf myzcfizz< o zy}pis k`
orrecjockfz '?33=‚?337#% Iwri} Zszidz ~cg Orrecjockfz% ?>< 9?‚>2% ?333
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Mcmeckn}orgci
?2?
X92T PIFYNKROE P% MOIQZ ^% ―Fiy}oe Fi~k}hz & Qgic} Orrecjockfz cf Do}hicfn
Dofonidif—% Lky}foe k Zszidz Dofonidif% 19% 3 'Zir#< ?0$==% ?331
X9?T PI]FIQQI I% —eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz% kyce ai z}oãnci do}hicfn —%
]ipyi @}ofîoczi ai Nizckf% Do}z$Op}ce$Doc ?373
X9=T PIZOFQK L i OEGKFCIDC I% Jeyzi}cfn k` gi Zie`$K}nofc|cfn Dor% CIII Q}ofzojckfz
kf Fiy}oe Fi~k}hz% ??':#< 970$022% =222
X9:T ^CFA S% ―Czzyiz ofa oapofjiz cf zindifockf }izio}jg—% Lky}foe k Do}hicfn ]izio}jg%
?9 'Oynyz#< :?>$::>% ?3>7
Jkeekqyiz i zãdcfoc}iz
X91T JKZQIO O i IHEYFA Q% O Q~k$Eipie Orr}kojg k Dohcfn Jeozz R}iacjckfz% R}kjiiacfnz
k` gi :0g Go~occ Cfi}fockfoe Jkf`i}ifji kf Zszid Zjcifjiz 'GCJZZ–2:#% CIII
Jkdryi} Zkjcis% =22=
X99T AKEFCJO] Z% Qgi yzi k fiy}oe fi~k}hz cf do}hicfn < do}hi zindifockf ~cg zie
k}nofczcfn `ioy}i dorz% R}izifockf ofa R}kjiiacfnz k` gi ^k}hzgkr kf Zie`$
K}nofc|cfn Dorz '^ZKD.3>#% Giezcfhc Yfcpi}zcs k` Qijgfkekns% Izrkk+@cfeofa% Lyfi1$0% ?33>
X90T IHEYFA Q i oe% Ozzizzcfn Qgi @iozcmcecs k` Zie`$K}nofc|cfn Dorz `k} Aoo Dcfcfn
@cfofjcoe Cf`k}dockf% R}kjiiacfnz k` gi Wg Iy}kriof jkf`i}ifji kf cf`k}dockf
zszidz 'IJCZ#% Naofzh% Rkeofa% Lyfi 0‚7% =22=
X9>T HO]EZZKF L i oe% Q}ofz`k}dcfn Rozzcpi Cf`k}dockf `}kd gi Cfi}fi cfk ]i cfia
Cf`k}dockf Yzcfn Zie`$K}nofczcfn Dorz% R}kjiiacfnz k` gi =1g Cf`k}dockf Zszidz
]izio}jg Zidcfo} cf Zjofacfopco% ? '2#< 91?$991% =22?
X97T EIP]OQQK F% Acpi}zcã aiz dkfaiz ai r}kayjckf i aiz pkciz a.ojjizzckf â eo }ifomcecã aiz
riciz if}ir}cziz < yfi ofoeszi ro} eiz jo}iz oyk$k}nofczo}cjiz% 0² Jkfn}çz cfi}fockfoe
`}ofjkrgkfi zy} eo RDI $ GIJ Dkf}ãoe% Kjkm}i =22=
X93T FK]PIEE G% ―Kyekkh `k} ]ic}ia+Keai} Q}opieei} Do}hi Zindifz— Cf R}kjiiacfnz
k` gi Ieipifg Offyoe Q}opie Kyekkh @k}yd% ^ozgcfnkf% AJ<YZ Q}opie Aoo
Jifi}% rr ?:9$1:% ?379
X02T RIO]JI R E i oe% Qgi Gkecaos Do}hi cf _yiifzeofa < Myceacfn of yfai}zofacfn k pczck}z
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Mcmeckn}orgci
?2=
zoscfn cf jkddi}jcoe ojjkddkaockf% Oyz}oecof Qky}czd ]izio}jg Jkf`i}ifji% Jk``z
Go}mky}% FZ^% @im}yo}s ?330
X0?T ]OL AIPOZONOSOD R% POF AIF GIYPIE AO% Dyecpo}coi jeyzi} ofoescj dkaie k`
mifi c$mozia do}hi zindifockf< o jozi zyas `}kd gi }ij}iockf ofa eiczy}i cfayz}s% DMOO
Jkf`i}ifji R}kjiiacfnz% Jgcjonk% ?333
X0=T ZOOSDOF D% ZEOMMI]Q I% Qky}czd If}ir}ifiy}z < Krrk}yfcciz ofa Qg}ioz O Zkyg
O`}cjof Ri}zrijcpi% Zoizmo Jkf`i}ifji rori}% Lyes ?7% =22=
X0:T QY]KEEO Z% ]ãro}cckf zrocoei aiz zi}pcjiz jkddi}jcoyw aofz yfi oc}i y}mocfi< ei joz ai
e–oc}i y}mocfi ai Dkfrieeci}% WCCCçdi jkf`ã}ifji cfi}fockfoei ay ]IZI] $ Zi}pcjiz i
aãpiekrridif }ãnckfoe% Dkfz% Kjkm}i =22:
Oy}iz
X01T ONIFJI LORKFOCZI AI JKKRI]OQCKF CFQI]FOQCKFOEI% ãyai ay reof ac}ijiy} ai
aãpiekrridif ay ky}czdi if }ãrymecqyi Qyfczciffi% ]orrk} a–cfã}cdoc}i% ROAIJK$
FCRRKF HKIC% Kjkm}i =222
X09T OEGKFCIDC I i oe% ZKD Qkkemkw `k} Doeom% aczrkfcmei if ecnfi zy} gr<++~~~jczgy`c+r}klijz+zkdkkemkw+% ?33>
X00T K]NOFC\OQCKF @K] IJKFKDCJ JKKRI]OQCKF OFA AIPIEKRDIFQ 'KIJA#% Rkeccqyi ay
Qky}czdi i Qky}czdi Cfi}fockfoe aofz eiz rosz ai e–KJAI ?33?$?33= Ro}cz% @}ofji<
K}nofc|ockf `k} Ijkfkdcj Jkkri}ockf ofa Aipiekrdif% ?331
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?2:
QQoommeeii aaiizz ddooccçç}}iizz
]idi}jcidifz ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† =
Zkddoc}i †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† :
Cf}kayjckf nãfã}oei ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† 1
Jgorc}i ? < Eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz †††††††† >
Cf}kayjckf ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† 7
C$ Eo zindifockf ai do}jgã aofz ei zijiy} ky}czcqyi ††††††† 3
? @kfaidif gãk}cqyi ai eo zindifockf †††††††††††††† 3
= Eiz dãgkaiz ai zindifockf ††††††††††††††††††† 3
: Eiz j}cç}iz ai zindifockf †††††††††††††††††††† ??
o# Eo zindifockf zkjck$aãdkn}orgcqyi †† ††††††††††† ?=
m# Eo zindifockf nãkn}orgcqyi †††††††††††††††††† ?=
j# Eo zindifockf jkdrk}idifoei ††††††††††††††† ?:
a# Eo zindifockf ziekf ei dkc` izcdã ay zãlky} ††††††††††† ?1
CC$ Ri}cfifji ai eo zindifockf ziekf eiz mãfã`cjiz }ijgi}jgãz †††† ?9
? Joa}i gãk}cqyi ††††††††††††††††††††††††††† ?9
= Foy}i aiz mãfã`cjiz izrã}ãz ††††††††††††††††††† ?0
: Ifliyw ai eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz ††††††††††† ?3
o# Jo}ojã}czcqyiz i opofoniz rkifciez ††††††††††††† ?3
m# Cfjkfpãfcifz i r}kmeãdocqyiz zkyeipãiz †††††††††††† ?3
Jkfjeyzckf †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† =2
Jgorc}i = < Yceczockf aiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cjciez rky} eojeozzc`cjockf aiz ky}cziz ††††††††††††††††† =?
Cf}kayjckf ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† ==
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Qom ei ai z do cç}iz
?21
C$ Eiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz ††††††††††††††††††††††† =:
? R}ãzifockf †††††††††††††††††††††††††††† =:
= O}jgcijy}i a–yf }ãzioy ai fiy}kfiz o}c`cjciez †††††††††† =:
: @kfjckffidif ay }ãzioy ai fiy}kfiz ††††††††††††††† =9
o# E–orr}ifczzoni †††††††††††††††††††††† =9
m# Eo nãfã}oeczockf †††††††††††††††††††††††† =0
1 @k}jiz i `ocmeizziz aiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz ††††††††††††† =0
CC$ Eiz jo}iz oyk$k}nofczo}cjiz ai Hkgkfif ††††††††††††† =7
? R}ãzifockf ††††††††††††††††††††† =7
= O}jgcijy}i aiz jo}iz ai Hkgkfif ††††††††††††††† =7
: Oenk}cgdi a–orr}ifczzoni ZKD †††††††††††††††††† =3
1 Jkfz}yjckf a–yfi jo}i ai Hkgkfif ††††††††††††††† :2
9 Caifc`cjockf aiz n}kyriz zy} eo jo}i ai Hkgkfif ††††††††††† :=
Jkfjeyzckf †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† :1
Jgorc}i : < Orrecjockf ai eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz }ijgi}jgãzâ eo aidofai ky}czcqyi i f Qyfczci ††††††††††† :9
C$ Dãgkakeknci ai e–ifqyìi †††††††††††††††††††††† :0
? Joa}i ai eo }ijgi}jgi †††††††††††††††† :0
= Reof ai }ijgi}jgi ††††††††††††††††††† :0
o# Iori ? < Nãfã}ockf i zãeijckf aiz opofoniz rkifciez †††††† :0
m# Iori = < Caifc`cjockf i aizj}crckf aiz zindifz ai ky}cziz †††† :3
∞ Reof a–ãjgofceekffoni †††††††††††††††††††† 12
∞ Mcocz ai fkf$}ãrkfzi i ai }ãrkfziz dofqyofiz †††††††††† 1?
∞ Ofoeszi aiz }ãrkfziz ††††††††††††††††††††† 1=
CC$ ]ãzyeoz ai e–ifqyìi †††††††††††††††††††††††† 1:
? Ofoeszi aiz opofoniz }ijgi}jgãz ro} eiz ky}cziz †††††††††† 1:
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Qom ei ai z do cç}iz
?29
o# Eiz dkcpockfz cfacpcayieeiz ††††††††††††††††††† 11
m# Mãfã`cjiz ecãz oyw o}cmyz ai eo aizcfockf ††††††††††††† 1>
= Jeozzc`cjockf aiz ky}cziz ziekf eiz opofoniz izrã}ãz †††††††† 17
o# Jgkcw aiz akffãiz ai aãro} ††††††††††††††††††† 17
m# Jgkcw aiz ro}odç}iz i jkfz}yjckf ai eo jo}i †††††††††††† 17
j# Caifc`cjockf aiz n}kyriz ai ky}cziz ††††††††††††††† 13
: R}k`cez aiz n}kyriz caifc`cãz †††††††††††††††††††† 92
o# Ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz n}kyriz ziekf eiy}z dkcpockfz †††††††† 92
m# Ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz n}kyriz ziekf eiz jo}ojã}czcqyiz cfacpcayieeiz aiz
ky}cziz †††††††††††††††††††††††††††† 9:
j# Ac``ã}ifjiz if}i eiz n}kyriz ziekf ei jkdrk}idif ai zãlky} aiz ky}cziz 91
a# Aizj}crckf aiz r}k`cez aiz qyo}i n}kyriz ††††††††††††† 99
1 Caifc`cjockf i ãpoeyockf aiz zindifz ††††††††††††††† 93
o# Dãgkakeknci ††††††††††††††††††††††††† 93
m# O}ojcpcã aiz zindifz ††††††††††††††††††††† 02
∞ Ei j}cç}i ai r}k`comcecã †††††††††††††††††††† 0?
∞ Ei j}cç}i a–ojjizzcmcecã †††††††††††††††††††† 0=
∞ Ei j}cç}i ai `oczomcecã ††††††††††††††††††††† 01
∞ Ipoeyockf nekmoei †††††††††††††††††††††† 09
Jkfjeyzckf †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† 0>
Jgorc}i 1 < Cfã}ì r}ocqyi ai e o }ijgi}jgi †††††††††††††† 07
C$ Cdrecjockfz rky} eiz r}k`izzckffiez ay ky}czdi ††††††††† 03
? Rky} eiz cfzcyckffiez ††††††††††††††††† >2
= Rky} eiz gñieci}z i eiz r}izooc}iz ai zi}pcji †††††††††† >:
CC$ Cdrecjockfz rky} eiz }ijgi}jgiz `yy}iz if do}hicfn ††††† >3
? Eiz ri}zrijcpiz a–yceczockf ai eo zindifockf ro} opofoniz izrã}ãz † >3
= Yceczockf aiz jo}iz ai Hkgkfif i aiz }ãzioyw ai fiy}kfiz ††††† >3
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Qom ei ai z do cç}iz
Jkfjeyzckf nãfã}oei †††††††††††††††††††††††††††† 7?
Offiwiz ††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† 71
Mcmeckn}orgci †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† 3>
Qomei aiz docç}iz †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††† ?2:
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