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International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Syntax of International Frame Building
Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
28 March 2014
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Theory
International Frame Building
� Contest over frames as part of international con�ict
� Parties try to in�uence media coverage in third countries
� Can we measure e�ect of mediated public diplomacy?
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Theory
Measuring framing
� Frames essentially relations between concepts
� "Hamas caused the problem by attacking civilians"� "Georgia violated the status quo by invading Ossetia"
� Dictionary approaches fail in con�ict situation
� no distinction between attacker and attacked
� Can we use syntactic information?
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Framing International Con�ict (qualitative analysis)
Determining Prefered Framing
� Actors try to push their 'prefered' framing
� What are these frames?
� Inductive / qualitative analysis of subjective messsages
� Speeches: Georgia, Russia (on Ossetia), US (on Iraq)� Internal messages: Israel (on Gaza)
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Framing International Con�ict (qualitative analysis)
Georgian vocabulary
word pos georgia russia chiGeorgia N 287 44 88.05world N 94 11 34.39government N 57 2 30.41Russians N 38 0 23.56freedom N 35 0 21.7European A 40 2 19.97society N 33 1 17.96tanks N 36 2 17.53should V 68 13 16.94democracy N 27 0 16.74free A 25 0 15.5
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Framing International Con�ict (qualitative analysis)
Russian Vocabularyword pos georgia russia chiOssetia N 28 72 48.34peacekeepers N 6 38 43.17citizens N 8 37 36.88principles N 3 26 32.46states N 5 26 27.33cooperation N 3 21 24.66SCO N 0 15 24.22case N 5 22 21.38Kosovo N 2 17 21.11recognize V 1 15 20.87agreements N 2 16 19.55genocide N 0 12 19.38
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Framing International Con�ict (qualitative analysis)
Russian Speeches
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Framing International Con�ict (qualitative analysis)
Georgian Speeches
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Framing International Con�ict (qualitative analysis)
Russian topics
cooperation Armed Ossetia course Meetingstates thank peacekeepers case courseSCO Forces citizens Kosovo ensureOrganisation achieved principles relations consequencesrelations comrades humanitarian recognize problems
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Framing International Con�ict (qualitative analysis)
Georgian topics
whole Georgia ethnic Europe police's was cleansing democracy planningget were invasion society PutinGori world Davitashvili civilized airtimes had minister free had
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Framing International Con�ict (qualitative analysis)
Gaza: Israel's framing
1 Problem de�nition:
� Hamas �res rockets and causes harm to Israeli civilians.
2 Moral justi�cation:
� Hamas is a terrorist organization.
3 Solution: goals:
� Stop the rocket attacks� Dismantle Hamas' terror infrastructure
4 Solution: means:
� Israeli military operation in Gaza
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Framing International Con�ict (qualitative analysis)
Ossetia: Russian framing1 Problem de�nition:
� There is a humanitarian crisis in South Ossetia� Citizens and peasekeepers in Ossetia are under attack� Georgia is a threat to the whole Caucasus region� Georgian leaders have de�ed agreements
2 Moral justi�cation:� Georgian is barbaric, commits genocide
3 Solution: goals:� Georgia must cease �re and withdraw� Russia will protect its citizens in Ossetia� Ossetians should decide for themselves
4 Solution: means:� Russian military operation as a solution� Russia will supply whatever help necessary
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Framing International Con�ict (qualitative analysis)
Ossetia: Georgian framing1 Problem de�nition:
� Russia invaded and is illegally annexing� Russia is a threat to all small countries in the region.
2 Moral justi�cation:� Russia's brutal actions caused a humanitarian crisis� Russia is committing ethnic cleansing in South Ossetia� Georgia is a liberal European democracy, Russia is a
dictatorship
3 Solution: goals:� Russia must withdraw immediately� Georgia's must keep territorial integrity and statehood� Georgia needs to protect all ethnic groups
4 Solution: means:� The international community must support Georgia
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Framing International Con�ict (qualitative analysis)
Iraq: American framing
1 Problem de�nition:
� Saddam is a threat to the US, its allies and the region.
2 Moral justi�cation:
� Saddam is an evil dictator who represses his own people� Saddam can't be trusted
3 Solution: goals:
� Disarming Saddam from weapons of mass destruction� Freeing the Iraqi people from Saddam's rule� Building a democratic regime in Iraq
4 Solution: means:
� International pressure to make Saddam disarm� If diplomatic e�orts fail � entering Iraq by force
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Generalizing frames as patterns on a Semantic Network
Frames as Patterns
� Text expresses a semantic network
� Who does what to whom (according to whom)?
� Frames can be generalized as patterns in semanticnetwork
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Generalizing frames as patterns on a Semantic Network
Function Semantic Role Use of Framing
Subject Predicate Object R. G. Iq. Il.
1. Problem de�nition
opp. attacks citizens x x x xopp. attacks me x x x
2. Moral justi�cation
opp. is/does evil x x x3. Solution: goals
opp. stop x x xopp. disarm x x
3. Solution: means
me attack opp. x x xint'l pressure opp. x x
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Automatic Semantic Network Analysis: pipeline
General setup
1 Parsing with Stanford CoreNLP
2 Add argument patterns from FrameNET using Semafor
3 Identify actors/concepts using dictionary (+coreference)
4 Identify semantic roles using transformation rules
5 Extract frames
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Automatic Semantic Network Analysis: pipeline
RUSSIA has promised to begin pulling its troops out ofGeorgia at midday today.
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Automatic Semantic Network Analysis: pipeline
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Automatic Semantic Network Analysis: pipeline
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Automatic Semantic Network Analysis: pipeline
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Automatic Semantic Network Analysis: pipeline
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Additional examples
Russia's Deputy Foreign Minister Grigory Karasin said morethan 2,000 people have been killed in South Ossetia sinceFriday, most of them Ossetians with Russian passports.
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Additional examples
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Additional examples
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Additional examples
Their only credible truth was that Saddam was a brutal despotwho tortured his ethnic majorities of Shiites and Kurds.
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Additional examples
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Technical Details and Validation
Technical Details
� All steps implemented as graph transformations
� O� the shelf modules
� Stanford CoreNLP parser + coreference� Semafor semantic tagger� Fuseki SPARQL engine
� 'Glue' Source code available
� http://github.com/vanatteveldt/xtas
� http://github.com/vanatteveldt/syntaxrules
� Rule �les available on request, will be published aftervalidation
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Technical Details and Validation
Validation: Israel (earlier project)
F1 Cohen Kripp.Frame Prec. Recall Score κ α
Problem def. 0.94 0.74 0.83 0.79 0.79Means 0.79 0.65 0.71 0.58 0.58Goals 0.88 0.70 0.78 0.76 0.76Evaluation 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.74
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Technical Details and Validation
Sunstantive outcome: Israel (earlier project)
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Conclusion
Conclusion
� Overlaps in prefered framing of di�erent con�icts
� Framing functions can be de�ned as patterns on semanticnetwork
� Semantic Network can be extracted automatically
� Next steps:
� Validation� Substantive analysis
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
International Frame Building Framing Con�ict Automatic SNA Conclusion
Conclusion
Thanks
� Paper/presentation available from:
� http://vanatteveldt.com/
� Source code available from:
� http://github.com/vanatteveldt/xtas
� http://github.com/vanatteveldt/syntaxrules
Syntax of International Frame Building Wouter van Atteveldt, Tamir Sheafer, Shaul Shenhav
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