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2

Surdiagnostic en pédopsychiatrie

Christian Desmarais

Louise Evans

RIV en psychiatrie

3

• Aucun conflit d’intérêt

Surdiagnostic en médecine

Surdiagnostic en pédiatrie

(Coon et al)

• ~ 17 % à 30 % des tests/interventions non nécessaires voire préjudiciables.

• 3 à 5 milliards $ /an (AMQ, 2016)

Définir le surdiagnostic

• « Sx légers ou normaux » (Paris, 2015)

• Sous-entend un nombre défini de “vrai dx”

Diagnostic en psychiatrie

• Modèle biomédical

• Facteurs socioculturels

• Jugement subjectif du clinicien (Frances, 2013)

10

Diagnostiquer

• Patient

– Besoin(s)

• Clinicien

– Fonction(s)

• Société

TDAH

• « diagnostic epidemic » Allen Frances

• «a national disaster of dangerous proportion » Keith Conners

TDAH...quelques chiffres

TDAH au Québec

(INESSS, 2017)

Québec vs Canada

(INESSS, 2017)

• Meilleure détection dx ?

• Sous-diagnostic..?

Hypothèses

• RAMQ

• dx posé trop rapidement

• suivi médical insuffisant

• influence des parents et milieux scolaires sur les médecins

(INESSS, 2017)

Facteurs confondants

• Clinicien

• Influences externes (parents, école)

• Système diagnostic

• Société

Facteurs liés au clinicien

• Culture médicale (Welch, 2011)

• Intolérance à l’incertitude (Coon, 2014)

Optimisme face au traitement

• Ex: Lithium

• Désir d’identifier une maladie à un stade précoce (Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome) (Gonçalves, 2016)

Influences externes

• Crainte de poursuites (Bastra,2012)

• Incitatif financier (cas complexe)

Subjectivité du clinicien

• Experts (“impérialisme”)

• Biais de disponibilité cognitive (Kahneman, 2011)

Parents

• Appropriation d’un vocabulaire médical • Accessibilité à l’information (DSM) • Dx → services • Biais personnels – Dépression maternelle (Najman, 2000)

– Niveau d’éducation (Weckerly, 2005)

Système scolaire

• ↑ nb élèves/classe, ↓ intervenants

• « Diagnostic upcoding » : dx → interventions

• Accent sur l’origine neurodév. > environnement → solution médicale > éducative (Meerman, 2017)

Système diagnostic

• Cause nº1 selon Allen Frances

• Élargissement des critères → ↑ dx

• TDAH: DSM IV→ V : ↑ âge max de 7 à 12 ans

Industrie pharmaceutique

• Psychiatrie vulnérable à l’influence pharma (Cosgrove, 2010)

• 30 % du financement de l’APA (18,75 M $) - 2006

DSM -V : conflit d’intérêts

(Cosgrove, 2012)

TDAH Tr. sommeil Tr. Psychot.

Humeur

Patients/Public

• Publicités (USA)

• Sites internet d’autodiagnostic

• Financement d’associations de patients

• Célébrités

Société

• « La médecine devrait pouvoir expliquer tous les problèmes de la vie. »

• Culture « better than well » (Elliott, 2003)

Conséquences du surdiagnostic?

Conséquences surdiagnostic

• Surmédicalisation

• Impacts économiques

• Stigmatisation (Frances, 2011)

• Modification des attentes scolaires (Meerman, 2017)

• Accent sur l’individu > facteurs sociaux (Thomas,

2013)

Solution?

• “Stepped diagnosis” TDAH (Thomas, 2013)

“Stepped diagnosis” TDAH

1) Recueil d’information. Si problème urgent/récurrent → 6)

2) Recherche d’explications alternatives (ex: sommeil, école, tensions familiales)

3) Observation, surveillance

(Thomas, 2013)

“Stepped diagnosis” TDAH

4) Intervention minimale (information pour outiller les parents) *Éviter le terme TDAH

5) Bref suivi (5-6 séances) pour techniques d’adaptation

6) Thérapie plus intensive, généralement en 2ème ligne (pédiatre/psychiatre)

Conclusion

• Surdiagnostic en médecine

• ↑ des dx en pédopsychiatrie

• Nature du dx Ψ vulnérable à certains biais

• Facteurs confondants

Pistes de réflexion

• Expérience personnelle • Sens du diagnostic

• Humilité face à l’état des connaissances

• Tolérance à l’incertitude

• Conscience des facteurs d’influence externes

• Risques et bénéfices du dx et tx

Merci!

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