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Contents

Preface to Second Edition ixAcknowledgments xiii

Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview 1

Soil Mechanics 2Strength of Materials 4Pipe Hydraulics 5Water Systems 6Wastewater Systems 7Design for Value 7

Chapter 2. External Loads 9

Soil Pressure 9Rigid Pipe 10Flexible Pipe 22

Longitudinal Loading 30Nonuniform Bedding Support 30Differential Settlement 32Ground Movement 32

Wheel Loading (Live Loads) 33Boussinesq Solution 33Highway and Railway Loads 35

Aircraft Loads 38Minimum Soil Cover 38Soil Subsidence 53Loads due to Temperature Rise 53Seismic Loads 54

Wave Passage 55Permanent Ground Deformation 56

Frost Loading 57Loads due to Expansive Soils 58

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Flotation 58Soil Wedge 58Liquefaction 60Soil Bearing 62

Internal Vacuum 62References 63

Chapter 3. Design of Gravity Flow Pipes 65

Soils 65Soil Classes 65Soil-Pipe Interaction 69Embedment 71Compacting Techniques 72

Trench Width 74Wheel Loads 76Water Table 76Soil Particle Migration 76Voids in the Embedment 77Heavy Equipment 77

Rigid Pipe Analysis 77Three-Edge Bearing Strength 77Bedding Factors and Classifications 78

Installation Design 79Flexible Pipe Analysis 83

Installation Design 83Spangler’s Iowa Formula 84Use of the Constrained Soil Modulus for Flexible Pipe Design 92Deflection Lag and Creep 94Watkins’s Soil-Strain Theory 102Empirical Method 105

Pipe Design Criteria 107Performance Limits 109Safety Factors 119

Parallel Pipes and Trenches 121Rigid Pipes 128Safety Factors 128Parallel Trench 128Vertical Trench Walls 129Sloped Trench Walls 132Excavation 133

Analytical Methods for Predicting Performance of Buried Flexible Pipes 136Introduction 136Flexible Pipe Design and Analysis 137Methods for Predicting Pipe Performance 138

Finite Element Methods 146Introduction 146Enhancements to the Finite Element Program SSTIPN 148Analysis Procedure 150The Computer Code PIPE 151Enhancements Included in PIPE 158Example Applications 166Summary and Conclusions 178

References 179

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Chapter 4. Design of Pressure Pipes 183

Pipe Wall Stresses and Strains 183Hydrostatic Pressure 183Surge Pressure 186External Loads 192Combined Loading 193Longitudinal Stresses 195

Design Bases 198Rigid Pipes 198Flexible Pipes 201Thrust Restraint 239Safety Factors 244

References 245

Chapter 5. Rigid Pipe Products 247

Asbestos-Cement Pipe 247Clay Pipe 257Concrete Pipe 260

Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe 260Reinforced Concrete Cylinder Pipe 262Reinforced Concrete Noncylinder Pipe 264Pretensioned Concrete Cylinder Pipe 265

AWWA Design of Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe 265Design Procedure 266Design Procedure for Rigid Pipe (AWWA C300 and C302 Types) 266Design Procedure for AWWA C303 Type of Pipe 267Lined-Cylinder Pipe 270Embedded-Cylinder Pipe 271

Indirect Methods 272Three-Edge Bearing Design Criteria 273The Direct Method 275Design Strengths for Concrete Pipes 278Soil-Pipe Interaction Design and Analysis (SPIDA) 281References 282

Chapter 6. Steel and Ductile Iron Flexible Pipe Products 285

Steel Pipe 285Corrugated Steel Pipes 285Tests on Spiral Ribbed Steel Pipe 301Tests on Low-Stiffness Ribbed Steel Pipe 307AISI Handbook 327AWWA M11, Steel Pipe—A Guide for Design and Installation 330

Ductile Iron Pipe 337Testing of Ductile Iron Pipe 341Methods of Design 365

Prequalification Testing of Pipes Used in Underground HeatingDistribution Systems 368

Introduction 368Test Protocol 369

References 385

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Chapter 7. Plastic Flexible Pipe Products 387

Thermoplastic Pipe Materials 387Polyvinyl Chloride 387Long-Term Stress Relaxation and Strain Limit Testing of PVC Pipes 397Frozen-in Stresses 415PVC Pressure Pipe 418

Polyethylene (PE) Pipes 459Handling Factor 461Long-Term Ductility of Polyethylene Materials 465The ESCR Test 467The HDB Requirement for PE 467The NCTL Test 468Structural Performance of Buried Profile-Wall HDPE Pipe 469Performance Limits and Preliminary Design Recommendations for

Profile-Wall HDPE Pipes 501Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Pipes 505Other Thermoplastic Pipes 507Thermoset Plastic Pipe 508

Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe 509References 517

Chapter 8. Pipe Installation and Trenchless Technology 521

Introduction 521Transportation 521Trenching 522Dewatering 525Pipe Installation 525Making the Joint 526Thrust Blocks 527Pipe-Zone Soil 527

Bedding and Backfill 527Embedment Density 528Safety Procedures for Construction and Related Activities 528

Introduction 528Pipe Storage 528Shoring and Bracing 529Hard Hats 530Lifting 530Safe Distance 530Ladders 530Adequate Means of Trench Exit 530Edge of Excavation 530Falling Tools 530Keep Open Traffic Lanes Clear 530Posting Barricades and Warning Signs 530Debris in Excavation 531Heavy Rains or Freezing Weather 531Cave-ins 531Overhanging Bank 531Other Utility Lines 532Protective Clothing 532

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