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Urban Environment & Waste Management(Chap 28-29)

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Urban Environment & Waste Management (Chap 28-29)

The lecture should make the following points clear:1)What is urbanization?; 2)Causes of urbanization; 3)Significance of

waste management; 4)

Nature/kind of waste; 5)

Factors related towaste production; 6)Options for waste management; 7)MotivationFactor for 4R; 8)Barriers to 4R; 9)4R strategies; 10)Waste recyclinglevel; 11)Benefits of recycling; 12) How to assess/plan waste disposal

The 2005 Revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects reportdescribed the 20th century as witnessing "the rapid urbanization of the

worlds population", as the global proportion of urban population rosedramatically from 13% (220 million) in 1900, to 29% (732 million) in1950, to 49% (3.2 billion) in 2005. The same report projected that thefigure is likely to rise to 60% (4.9 billion) by 2030.

According to the UN-HABITAT 2008 Annual Report, the majority ofpeople worldwide will be living in towns or cities. In regard to future

trends, it is estimated 93% of urban growth will occur in Asia andAfrica, and to a lesser extent in Latin America and the Caribbean. By2050 over 6 billion people, two thirds of humanity, will be living intowns and cities.

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Urban Environment & Waste Management

The 2005 Revision of the UN World UrbanizationProspects report described the 20th century as

witnessing "the rapid urbanization of the worldspopulation", as the global proportion of urban populationrose dramatically from 13% (220 million) in 1900, to 29%(732 million) in 1950, to 49% (3.2 billion) in 2005. Thesame report projected that the figure is likely to rise to

60% (4.9 billion) by 2030.

According to the UN-HABITAT 2008 Annual Report, themajority of people worldwide will be living in towns orcities. In regard to future trends, it is estimated 93% of

urban growth will occur in Asia and Africa, and to alesser extent in Latin America and the Caribbean. By2050 over 6 billion people, two thirds of humanity, will beliving in towns and cities.

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Urbanization - DEFINITIONS AND ISSUES

Urbanization: is a process of removing the rural characteristics of atown or area. It is associated with the development of civilization andtechnology. Demographically, the term denotes redistribution ofpopulations from rural to urban settlements (Remember: population

transition and population growth)An urban area (urbanized area agglomeration or urban centre) is acontinuously built up landmass of urban development. It is thegenerally the urban footprint --- the lighted area that can beobserved from an airplane at night. National census authorities in

Australia, Canada, France, the United Kingdom and the United Statesdesignate urban areas. Except in Australia, the authorities use aminimum urban density definition of 400 persons/km^2 (1,000 per sq.mile in the US). In some cases, urban areas have virtually growntogether, yet are still considered separate urban areas. This reportconfines urban areas to a single metropolitan area (below) or labor

market area. What constitutes a particular metropolitan area is amatter of (Demographia World Urban Areas & Population Projections:5th Comprehensive Edition -Revised April 2009) professional

judgment. However, there is a necessity to draw a line, especiallywhere adjacent urban areas have grown together, but remain fairlydistinct labor markets.

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Urbanization It occurs naturally from individual and corporate efforts to reduce

expense in commuting and transportation while improvingopportunities for jobs, education, housing, and transportation

Living in cities permits individuals to take advantage of the

opportunities of proximity, diversity, and marketplace competition.As agriculture, more traditional local services, & small-scale industry

give way to modern industry the urban and related commerce with thecity drawing on the resources of an ever-widening area for its ownsustenance and goods to be traded or processed into manufacture

Research in urban ecology finds that larger cities provide more specialgoods & services to the local market & surrounding areas, function asa transportation & wholesale hub for smaller places, accumulate morecapital, financial service provision, educated labor force, as well asoften concentrating administrative functions for the area in which theylie. This relation among places of different sizes is called the urban

hierarchy. Likewise the European division into a 'good' west end & a'poor' east end of large cities developed. This is likely due theprevailing south-west wind which carries coal smoke & other airbornepollutants downwind, making the western edges of towns preferable.

Urbanization usually takes place on the bank of river or accessibleplaces. Major airports built up near urban areas.

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Urbanization - Causes People move into cities from rural areas to seek opportunities.

Cities, in contrast, are known to be places where money and wealth

are centralised. Cities are - where fortunes are made and wheresocial mobility is possible. Businesses, which generate jobs andcapital, are usually located in urban areas. Whether the source istrade or tourism, it is also through the cities that foreign money flowsinto a country.

These conditions are heightened during times of change from a pre-industrial society to an industrial one. It is at this time that many newcommercial enterprises are made possible, thus creating new jobs incities. It is also a result of industrialisation that farms become moremechanised, putting many labourers out of work.

Main Points: Proximity, opportunity, security, Mobility etc.

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Suburbanization

Traditional urbanization exhibits a concentration of human activitiesand settlements around the downtown area. When the residential

area shifts outward, this is called suburbanization

Suburban areas carry the footprint, support the slum growth andsuffers from urban wastes

Often networked, poly-centric form of concentration is considered bysome emerging pattern of urbanization. It is called variously exurbiaedge city, network city, or postmodern city. Toronto, Los Angeles isthe best-known example of this type of urbanization.

New Urbanism believes in shifting design focus from the car-centricdevelopment of suburbia and the business park, to concentratedpedestrian and transit-centric, walk able, mixed-use communities

Modern city, traditional city environmental (Green) city, Brown city

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Urban Types International Urban Areas: Urban areas are confined to a single

nation, unless there is unfettered freedom (the lack of customs oridentification checking facilities) of movement (including labor)

between the adjacent nations. Currently, this condition is met onlybetween some continental nations of the European Union. Forexample, the Lille urban area is in both France and Belgium yet isconsidered a single urban area because there is freedom of labormovement without trade, immigration or customs barriers.Alternatively, Geneva (Switzerland)-Annemasse (France, Detroit-

Windsor and San Diego-Tijuana are not considered single urbanareas because there is not freedom of movement). Moreover,Shenzhen and Hong Kong, adjacent urban areas in China, areconsidered to separate urban areas, principally because there is notunfettered freedom of movement between the two.

Metropolitan Area: Contrast: An urban area is different from a

metropolitan area. A metropolitan area is a labor market andincludes substantial rural (non-urban) territory or area ofdiscontinuous urban development (beyond the developed urbanfringe). Urban areas draw employees from a much larger area thanthe area of continuous development.

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Urban - Classification Municipality (City or Commune):An urban area is different from

a municipality (also often called a city or a local governmentauthority). Municipalities have political boundaries that usually

include only a part of the urban area. For example, the city of Seoulrepresents less than one-half of the population of the Seoul-Incheon urban area, which extends well beyond the municipality.On the other hand, a municipality may be considerably larger thanan urban area and therefore, contain considerable non-urban (orrural) territory. Zaragoza, Spain is an example. A large part of themunicipality of Mumbai is rural, composed of the Rajiv GhandiNational Park and thus not included in the urban area. Many ofwhat are referred to as cities in China extend far beyond the areaof continuous urbanization and (Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai). Thecity of Chongquing, which has the largest population of any urbanarea, is called a city (municipality) in the stretches far beyond anyreasonable definition of a metropolitan area and has a land areasimilar to that of Austria.

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Types of CityAdministrative Population Nature Environmental Status

Corporation Megacity Traditional Green city International

Metropolitan Moderate city Modern Brown city Multicultural

Municipal Small city Sub-urbanized Grey city(Aberdeen)

Independent

Council Townships Conglomerate Slum city Global city(Global

admn)

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SUMMARY OF LARGEST URBAN AREAS BY GROSS

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SUMMARY OF LARGEST URBAN AREAS BY GROSSDOMESTIC PRODUCT (PPP): 2008

GDP-PPP

category 2007 in

000 per/yr

2008 in

Mill sq

km

2025 Provisional 2030

Change %change

Share of

Change %

Over 40 126.29 147.29 154.56 28.27 22.4 6.3

30-40 164.96 177.24 181.37 16.41 9.9 3.7

20-30 45.27 52.11 54.52 9.25 20.4 2.1

10-20 118.26 138.20 145.00 26.74 22.6 6.0

5-10 280.73 362.45 391.27 110.54 39.4 24.8

Under 5 341.17 523.45 595.49 254.32 74.5 57.1

total 1076.68 1400.74 1522.21 445.53 41.5 100

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Urban Growth 1970 - 2000

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Projected Urban Growth by 2015

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Problem and Prospect

Problem Prospect

Pollution Administration

Waste Education

Noise Security

Crowd Communication

Discrimination Opportunity

Disease Convenience

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Si ifi f W t M t

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Significance of Waste Management Material management, reduction/improvement of human activity, improve

(health, environment and aesthetic) Disciplined disposal, Improvement of city status. Removal of constraints to people , land for dumping, seepage or other scattering

Now most of the modern cities are adopting roles to produce minimum waste. Minimize resource consumption and conserve more natural resources and

environment. Data record/information. Waste management involves: Nature and origin of waste, surveying innovative

wastemanagement strategies, and finally problem associated with that.

Typology based on stream/origin: Municipal Waste: Mainly referred to domestic wastes and sewerages Industrial Waste: From industries Bulk Waste: ConstructionTypology based on physical state/ nature: Liquid Waste: Oil spills, Industrial, Sewerages Solid Waste: Domestic Gaseous Waste: Emissions Typology on the basis of Danger: (a) Neutral (b) Hazardous (c) Radioactive

Briefing the kinds of Waste

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Briefing the kinds of Waste Municipal Waste: it includes the waste from-Residential,

commercial, institutional sectors as well as from theconstruction, demolition, sewage sludge residue.

Hazardous Waste: can come from a number of sources but themost important one is from the industrial sector. Nonindustrialincludes households, institutions & commercial establishment.

Type: Toxic, Flammable, Oxidizing, Infectious, obnoxious Radioactive Waste: Two kinds

High Level Example spent fuel from the nuclear reactorsLow Level Uranium mining, refinery waste, contaminated

waste from nuclear rectors, institution and industry.

Solid - Mostly from the municipal source, some hazardouswaste of radioactive source could come as solid form.

Liquid- Mostly from Municipal and industrial.

Gaseous- Their strategy to manage is different. Could comefrom a variety of sources.

Importance: Typology determines how effective wastes are tohealth, organism breeding, emission, Particle pollution andhow to mana e them

Municipal Wastes

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Municipal WastesWaste generation per capita increased significantly in both

developing & developed nations. Almost 90% of municipalwastes are from the paper & plastic. The trend is up because ofthe blooming IT sector & high speed photo copier. Paper

packaging is a good contributor to wastes; with the increase inpaper plastic sources- waste from glass and steel materials isdecreased. Waste generations depends on a number of factors:

For Residential:House hold size : The more the people the more will be the waste

production. But the less will be the per capita waste productionAge Structure: Some age groups tend to eat more (teenagers).Infants disposable diapers can contribute more waste.

Annual Household Income: Household with higher incomeproduce more waste than that of lower. Higher income hashigher purchasing power.

Cultural Background: Fresh eater can produce low waste.Geographical Location: The family in an apartment building

produce less waste than the family with back yarded house.Time of the year: Gardening, leaf fall, etc. are related to the timing

of the ear which has im act on waste roductions.

Hazardous Waste and Radioactive Waste

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Hazardous Waste and Radioactive WasteHazardous Waste:

These are toxic, corrosive, flammable, explosive, reactive orpathological in nature

They can cause potential damage to human beings or to otherorganisms

Radioactive waste are hazardous but put into differentcategory because of differences in handling them.

Radioactive Waste:These are again divided into three categories:

Low Level: Does not require shielding and do not produceheat

Intermediate Level: Requires shielding and do not produce

significant amount of heat. High Level: They require both shielding and heat protection.

Special techniques are require to manage and handling them.They penetrate and damage tissues.

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Waste Management Options

Configuration: What are wastes, training needs

Collection (Assessment, Training, Sorting,legislation and sequencing time)

Transportation (Instrument or transport,legislation and sequencing time)

Disposal (Dumping, Incineration)

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Concept of Reuse and Recycle

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Concept of Reuse and Recycle

Reuse:

Waste reuse occur when materials or products can beused in their original form.

No need of physical and or chemical treatment Some minor physical treatment may be required such

as washing or minor repair.Recycle:

Waste products require significant physical or chemical

treatment. Usually differs from the original oneRegenerative Use:

Raw kitchen wastes to Bio energy palnt

Composting

Three factors motivated in participation of 4Rs, These are(1) Economics(2) Environmental(3) Social

MOTIVATING FACTORS FOR ACHIEVING 4R

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MOTIVATING FACTORS FOR ACHIEVING 4RsAt Industrial Level:

Primary motivating factor at industrial level is economicnature.

Reduce, reuse and recycling decreases the cost of productionand reduce waste disposal cost.

Industries also comply with the pollution control measure,have to follow environmental law and regulation, thus have tobe environmental and socially responsible.

At Household Level: Not a single dominating factors like Industrial or commercial

sectors.

Legal factor sometimes motivating factor because recycling ismandatory.

Economic is also important as it refund for the use of reusableitem. Sometimes it could be an environmental as householdsolve waste disposal problem at community level.

4Rs - Strategies

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4Rs - StrategiesSource Reduction Strategies:

Consumer awareness

National Committee may be suggested to monitor the source

reductionReuse Strategies:

Could be achieved profit from pollution prevention program.

Waste exchange is the waste output in one industry could be

production input in another industry. Non profit organization works on reuse by collecting cloths,

furniture, organizing yard sell.

Instituting Act. To control litter, by reusing can of beer, soft drink,fruit and vegetable can, wine can etc.

By raising awareness about the environmental problem andencouraging consumer to purchase reusable packages.

By labeling environmentalfriendly product.

Waste Recycling/Disposal Strategies

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Waste Recycling/Disposal StrategiesThere are many environmental benefits in using recycle materials- Only 5-10% of energy is needed if recycled materials used in

production.

Air emission is reduced by 95% Water effluent by 78%There are three types of recycling activity depending on the extent on

physical or chemical treatment of materials and could be arrangedhierarchically-

Primary Recycling at the top- the final product is comparable to theoriginal one as few chemical and physical changed occursSecondary Recycling at the middle- have the lower level of purity and

quality.Tertiary Recycling: Involves significant physical or chemical

decomposition of original materials. Ex. Compositing food and yardwaste into fertilizer.

Waste Disposal:

Generally two kinds of waste disposal-

Incineration and Landfill

Barrier to Instituting 4R Programs

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Barrier to Instituting 4R Programs

Information: Information is important in achieving awareness.

Physical: Associated with the building design. Most of the

cases there are no recycle bin in commercial/or residentialcampus.

Technological: Example lack of technological know how isrecycling of mixed plastic materials into a usable form.

Jurisdictional: is important at the municipal level, sometimethey do not have authority in source reduction.

Economic: This problem is related to all other barriers. In

industrial sector major capital investment is required inachieving significant reduction gains and these are verydifficult for a small company. Even larger company whohave ability to invest in reduction are reluctant as they findalternative investment program to generate revenue.

Assessing Waste Disposal Project

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g p j Assessing Current state of waste disposal

Assessing the Community needs

Assessing budget requirement

Identifying budgets and source of Budgets

Identifying existing organizational & structural situation/needs

Assessing equipments and manpower available and needs

Encouraging community participation

Accounts on amount and kinds of solid waste

Identifying policy and legislative bindings

Determining size and distribution of population

Manner of sorting and composting

Health and safety measures

Incorporating Standards

Educational programs