0004387210 849..877
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Index
AAberrant crypt foci (ACF), 29Abrasive wound model, 546Acacia nilotica, see Babool (Acacia nilotica)ACANIL, 106Accelerated stability test, 770โ772Acceptable daily intake (ADI), 802Acetaminophen, 107Acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, 78Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 139Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, 75Acetyl-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), 374AChE-inhibiting peptides, 405Acid detergent fibre (ADF), 42Actaea racemosa L., see Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.)Action potential (AP), 74Active immunity, veterinary vaccines for, 245โ246Acyl-CoA synthase, 75Adaptive immune system, 245Adenium obesum, 485, 563Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 75Adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK), 58, 75, 197Adulticides, 625Advanced periodontitis, 449Adverse events (AEs), 148Affinity, 247Aflatoxin, 95Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), 85, 760Aggression, 182Aging
characteristics, 383Drosophila melanogaster, 687external factors, 383free radical theory, 384โ385immunologic theory, 385โ386internal factors, 383in vivo model, 385โ386mitochondrial decline theory, 385nutrition effect, 383quality of life, 384scientific data, 384signs, 384โ386stochastic theory, 385ubiquitin proteasomal system decline theory, 385
Aglycone metabolites, 114โAGMARKโ standards, 358Agnus castus, 485Agricultural remedies, 846Aktivaitยฎ, 408Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 41Alcohol extraction, 38
Algaecattle health and diseases, 642โ643cultures and extracts, 503
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 143Alkali-treated neem seed cake (ATNSC), 44Alkaloids
Allium sativum, 571cancer, 607feed additive, 355gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 471plant-derived immunomodulators, 594
Allergic asthma, 16Allergic dermatitis, 566Allergic reactions, see Hypersensitivity disordersAllergy, 16โ17Allium cepa, see Onion (Allium cepa)Allium sativum, see Garlic (Allium sativum)Allium ursinum, 571, 628Aloe vera
dermatitis, 564, 565gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 468periodontal disease, 457โ458wound healing, 565
Alpha (ฮฑ)-linolenic acid (ALA), 124, 403โ404, 677ฮฑ-pinene, 139, 575Alzheimerโs disease (AD), 395, 688
berberine, 74cannabinoids, 131epigallocatechin-3-gallate, 196
Amebiasis, 239American Feed Industry Association (AFIA), 356, 358American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, 143American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC), 447American Veterinary Medical Association, 777Amino acids (AAs), 834
cancer, 613โ614equine medicine, 653โ654gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 472โ473inflammation, 590
2-Aminobutyric acid (2-AB), 428Amla, antiaging, 386Amylases, 303, 304Amyloid precursor protein (APP), 74, 196Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 688Anandamide, 125Anchovy (Coilia mystus), 394Anchovy peptides, 405Andrographis paniculata, 470Androstene, 106Anethofuran, 165Anethole, 93
# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019R. C. Gupta et al. (eds.), Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8
849
Anethum graveolens L., 165Angelica archangelica, 398Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, 429Animal feed
hemp in, 124โ125neem
leaves, 42oil, 43seed, 43
Animal modelssafety and toxicity studies, 678
cytotoxic power, 681foundations, 678โ679problems and alternatives, 679โ681
toxic actions, 677โ678unresolved issues, 681โ682
Animal productionantibacterial alternatives, in animal health and disease, 323, 325ESM for growth promotion in, 230nanoparticles
developmental consequences, 756โ759gastrointestinal function, 754โ755growth, 752โ754reproduction, 755โ756
Animal welfare, 320Anthelmintic activity, in fenugreek, 30Anthelmintics, 352Anthocyanins, 191, 469Antiaging
adaptogens, 386โ387carotenoids, 389โ390coenzyme Q10, 387polyphenols, 387โ388probiotics and prebiotics, 387vitamins, 388โ389
Antibacterial activityisothiocyanates, 115lactoferrin, 238โ239Nigella sativa, 94โ95ovotransferrin, 238โ239phytogenic feed additive, 353โ355
Antibacterial alternatives, in animal health and diseaseantibiotic use
โAlliance to Save our Antibiotics,โ 325in animal production, 323, 325antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 324EU new one health action plan, 323interventions, 324โOne Health approach,โ 323preventive disease strategies, 324reduce disease, 325reduction, 324vaccines, 325veterinarians and farmers, 324, 325
antimicrobial peptides, 334โ335bacteriophages
in broiler chicken, 337cocktail, 336endolysins, 336lysins, 336phage lytic enzymes, 335PLEs, 336preparations, 335temperate phages, 335therapy, 335virulent phages, 335
biosecurityanimal welfare, 320cleaning and disinfection, 320โ321definition, 319disease prevention, 320global efforts, 320good hygiene practices and environment, 321high level, 319immunity, 321โ322management, 322nutrition, 322in pig farming, 319risk-based weighted, 319stress, 322โ323
essential oils, 332immunomodulatory compounds, 337organic acids
antibacterial activity, 328beneficial effects, 327butyrate, 329butyric acid, 328โ329dietary acids inclusion, 327in drinking water, 327in food-producing animals, 327โ328intestinal mucosal surface, 329mechanism of action, 327medium-chain fatty acids, 327short-chain fatty acids, 327, 328toll-like receptors, 329undissociated form, 328
phasing out animal growth promoters impact, 317โ319phytobiotics
antibacterials, 334antimicrobial activity, 330, 331dietary phytochemicals, 330eucalyptus oil, 333feature, 331flavonoids, 330โ331MCFA, 333minimal inhibitory concentration, 331modes of action, 331phytochemical medicines, 330plant-based compounds, 331plant extracts, 332possible influence, 334primary components, 330principal use, 332quorum sensing, 332SCFA, 334
phytogenics, 331Antibacterial effects, fenugreek, 29โ30Antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal signs (AAGS), 297Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), 266Antibiotics, 351Antibloat compounds, feed additives, 352Antibodies, 246
classes, 246โ247monoclonal, 253โ254products, 250โ251Y-shaped molecule, 246
Antibody-antigen interactions, 247Anticaking agents, 349Anticancer
Acacia nilotica, 108Drosophila melanogaster, 686โ687isothiocyanates, 115
850 Index
Nigella sativa, 95โ96Anticholinesterase effects, Acacia nilotica, 107Anticoccidials, 352Anticonvulsant activity, Nigella sativa, 98Anti-diabetic effects, Acacia nilotica, 107Antidiabetic effects, berberine, 76Antifertility activity, Nigella sativa, 96Antifungal activity
lactoferrin, 239Nigella sativa, 95ovotransferrin, 239
Antifungal additives, 352Antifungal effects, fenugreek, 29โ30Antihyperglycemic effects, berberine, 76Antihyperlipidemic effects, berberine, 75โ76Antihypertensive activity
Acacia nilotica, 107โ108food-derived immunomodulators, 597
Anti-inflammatory activityFlavonoids, 195Nigella sativa, 96โ97phytogenic feed additive, 355polyphenols, 195
Anti-inflammatory drugs, 588โ589Anti-inflammatory effects
Acacia nilotica, 104โ106chamomile, 164glucosinolates, 115omega fatty acids, 176โ179
Antimicrobial activity, 315Acacia nilotica, 106berberine, 77โ78flavonoids, 195โ196isothiocyanates, 1152-Phenylethylisothiocyanate, 115, 116polyphenols, 195โ196sinigrin, 115, 116
Antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs), 266โ271, 303, 315Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), 334โ335, 642Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), 315โ317Antimutagenic effects, Acacia nilotica, 108Antioxidant(s), 207โ210, 348
Acacia nilotica, 104โ106biomarkers, 694โ695cardiovascular diseases, 428cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 402โ403defense mechanisms, 207โ208endocannabinoid system, 130โ131enzymes, 208flavonoids, 195of flavonoids, 193food-derived immunomodulators, 597โ598ginger as, 56โ57hepatic injury, 437hierarchy, 384, 385mastitis, 570Nigella sativa, 93โ94in non-neurodegenerative diseases, 207phytogenic feed additive, 355polyphenols, 195resveratrol, 221stability test, 769sulforaphane, 115technological additives, 833
Antioxidant response element (ARE), 115Antiparasitic activity
lactoferrin, 239ovotransferrin, 239
Antithyroid effects, of glucosinolate, 116Antitumor activity, resveratrol, 218โ221Antiviral activity
lactoferrin, 239โ241ovotransferrin, 239โ241resveratrol, 221โ222
Anxiety disorderscalming
dietary supplements, 420โ421herbal extracts, 421โ422
chamomile, 164endocannabinoids, 128โ129herbal extracts and dietary nutrients, 418hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 417, 420neurotransmitters and neuropeptides
cholecystokinin, 419dopamine, 419ฮณ-aminobutyric acid, 418norepinephrine, 419oxytocin, 419serotonin, 418โ419vasopressin, 419โ420
pathogenesis, 417Apis mellifera (honey bee), 456โ457, 573โ574Apoptosis, 221, 438Apple polyphenol, antiaging, 387Apricot, 85โ87
feed formulation, 88nutraceuticals, mechanism of therapeutic value, 87โ88phytomolecules, 85plant-based feed formulation, 88on poultry, 87
Aquaneem, 39Arachidonic acid (AA), 176, 403โ404Arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA), 1252-Arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), 125N-Arachidonoylphenolamine (AM-404), 130Arctigenin, 617Area under the curve (AUC), in homeopathy, 576Arthritis, 230, 365Arugula (Eruca sativa), 504Ascorbic acid, 403Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), 422Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 41Aspergillus ficuum, 309Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), 122, 123,
467, 649, 779โ780, 783, 787Astaxanthin, 389Atazanavir, antidiabetic drugs, 96Atherosclerosis, 181Atopic dermatitis (AD), 178, 564, 566Atopic eczema, chamomile, 164Atractylodis macrocephalae Koidz., 572Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG), 825Australia regulatory guidelines, 783, 810
complementary medicine, 825novel food, 826โ827therapeutic goods, 823โ825
Autophagy, 221Avena sativa (oats), 795Avocado (Persea americana), 504, 519Avocado and soybean unsaponifiables (ASU), 372Ayurveda, 4, 44Ayurvedic herb, 589
Index 851
Azadirachta indica, see Neem (Azadirachta indica)Azadirachta leaves, 189Azadirachtin, 39, 40, 42Azadirachtin A, chemical structure of, 626, 628
BBabool (Acacia nilotica), 454โ455
analgesic effects, 107anticancer effects, 108anticholinesterase effects, 107anti-diabetic effects, 107antihypertensive effects, 107โ108antimicrobial effects, 106antimutagenic effects, 108antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, 104โ106antiplasmodials, 106โ107antipyretic effects, 107antispasmodic effects, 107โ108chemical constituents, 103โ104extract, 104hypoglycemic effects, 107hypolipidemic effects, 107methanolic extract of, 105nutritional value, 104phytoconstituents, 105secondary metabolites, 104toxicity and safety, 108
Bacillus subtilis, 289, 292Bacopa monnieri, 398Bacopasides, 398Bacteria, 262Bacterial diseases, neem oil, 39Bacteriocins
antibiotic infusion, 578antibiotic resistance, 577, 578haptoglobin, 578โ579intramammary infusion, 578Lactococcus lactis LMG 7930 strain, 579milk amyloid A, 578โ579milk SCC, 578nisin, 579โ580non-aureus staphylococci, 577peptides, 577
Bacteriophagesin broiler chicken, 337cocktail, 336endolysins, 336lysins, 336mastitis, 580phage lytic enzymes, 335PLEs, 336preparations, 335temperate phages, 335therapy, 335virulent phages, 335
Bacteroidetes, 638Barberry (Berberis vulgaris), 454Bark extract, 39Bark powder, 39Barley (Hordeum vulgare), 795Basil oil, 163Bax, 40B cells, 246, 247Bcl-2-associated death promoter protein (Bad), 40Bees (Apis mellifera L.), 456โ457
Beeswax, 576Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 486โ487Benzodiazepine (BZD), 418Benzyl isothiocyanate, 115, 116Berberine (BBR), 505
breast cancer, 482chemical structure, 71, 72cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 401diabetes, 525, 528โ529mastitis, 573metabolites, 72, 73oral bioavailability, 72pharmacodynamics, 72โ73pharmacokinetics, 72โ73pharmacological and therapeutic potential
antihyperglycemic and antidiabetic effects, 76antihyperlipidemic effects, 75โ76antimicrobial effects, 77โ78cardiovascular effects, 74โ75hepatoprotective effects, 77neurodegenerative diseases, 73โ74osteoarthritis, 78
in rat noncompartmental model, 72safety and toxicity of, 78sulfate salt, 78vasodilatory and hypotensive actions of, 74
Berberis vulgaris (barberry), 454Berberrubine, 72ฮฒ-caryophyllene (BCP), 130, 138, 460ฮฒ-pinene, 130Beta-secretase (BACE1) enzyme, 196Beta-sitosterol, 39Bharangin, 605Bifidobacteria, 238Bifidobacterium, 262, 264, 289Bile aids, 52Bioactive peptides, food-derived immunomodulators, 596
antihypertensive activity, 597antioxidant activity, 597โ598biological activities, 597โ598cytomodulatory and anticancer activities, 598eggs, 600enzymatic hydrolysis with digestive enzymes, 596food proteins with proteolysis starter culture fermentation, 596โ597functional ingredients, 598โ600milk components, 598โ599mushrooms, 599โ600proteolysis, 597
Bioavailable trace minerals, camelids, 658โ659Biological antioxidant potential (BAP), 420Biomarkers
analgesic activity, 695anti-inflammatory activity analysis, 695antioxidant activity analysis, 694โ695dietary ingredients, 693foods
complexities, 694functional and contaminants, 695, 696plant extracts, marine organisms, and nutraceuticals, 697โ703
necessity and importance, 693of oxidative stress, 206polyphenols
absorption, 704blood/urinary metabolites, 704excretion, 704nutraceutical-gut microbiota interaction, 703
852 Index
rationale, 695, 696tissue exposure, 704total phenolic content, 696
toxicity and safety evaluation, 704โ705toxic potential, 705
Biosecurityanimal welfare, 320cleaning and disinfection, 320โ321definition, 319disease prevention, 320global efforts, 320good hygiene practices and environment, 321high level, 319immunity, 321โ322management, 322nutrition, 322in pig farming, 319risk-based weighted, 319stress, 322โ323
Bisabolol, 163Bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), 14Bitter melon (Momordica charantia), 532Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.), 712Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.), 492Black currant fruit, 188Black lentils (Vigna mungo), 517โ518Black rice anthocyanins, antiaging, 388Black seed, see Nigella sativaBlack truffles, 137Blood-brain barrier (BBB), 406Blueberry extract, antiaging, 387โ388Blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), 492Blue-green algae, 471BMLs, see Bone marrow lesions (BMLs)Bone marrow lesions (BMLs), 366Boswellia serrata
cancer, 605extract, 374
Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), 516โ517Botulinum toxin A (BoNT A), 376Bovine
cardiovascular diseases, 432โ433lactoferricin, 376
Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 598Boxer, 433Brahmi
antiaging, 386cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 398
Brain development, docosahexaenoic acid, 176Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), 653โ654Brassica spp., 113, 117โ118Brazil regulatory guidlines, 782Breast cancer, 482โ484British Journal of Pharmacology, 139Broiler chickens, 664Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells, 177Brown rice (Oryza sativus), 405Brown seaweed by-products (BS643B)Buffalo, 571Buffers, 349Bulls, 493Bunium persicum, 571Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD), 839Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 358Burmese cats, 523Butein, 594
Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA), 57Butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), 57Butyrate, 272, 329Butyric acid, 328โ329
CCachexia, fish oil treatment, 175CADES, see Canine Dementia Scale (CADES)Caenorhabditis elegans, 385Calabar bean (Physostigma venenosum), 394Calciferol, see Vitamin DCalcitriol, 614Calcium, 659Calcium-buffering proteins, 402Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), 227Calcium ions, 292Calendula Officinalis (pot marigold), 450Calendula oil, 576Calicivirus, 240Camelids
bioavailable trace minerals, 658โ659calcium, 659digestible milk proteins, 659digestive capacity, 657galactolipid natural emulsifiers, 658glutamic acid, 659methylsulfonylmethane, 659microscopic toxin binder, 659milk, 658natural buffering material, 659nucleotides, 659โ660nutraceuticals effectiveness and dosage, 658oat-derived beta glucans, 658oligosaccharides, 659omega-3 fatty acids, 659phospholipids, 658phosphorus, 659prebiotics, 659tocotrienol antioxidants, 658vitamin C, 660vitamin D3, 659yeast cultures, 659
Camellia sinensis, see Tea (Camellia sinensis)Canada regulatory guidelines, 810Cancer
characteristics, 611chemotherapy, 611curcumin, 17โ18drugs, 604endocannabinoid system, 129epigallocatechin-3-gallate, 612, 615
with arctigenin, 617with Cruciferexโข, 617with curcumin, 615โ617with genistein, 616with inositol, 616โ617with phytic acid, 616โ617with quercetin, 616, 617with resveratrol, 615, 617with sulforaphane, 616, 617with vitamin E, 617
fenugreek, 29fruits and vegetables, 611ginger, 59โ61incidence and death, 604
Index 853
Cancer (cont.)lifestyle factors, 604mouse model, 611โ612neem, 40nutraceuticals, 604
anticancer activities, 605โ607clinical potential, 606โ607
nutrient combination, 617โ618angiogenesis inhibition, 618โ619anti-inflammatory effects, 620metastasis and invasion inhibition, 618pro-apoptotic effects, 619โ620therapeutic effects, 620xenografts, 618
โ nutrient synergy โ approach, 612omega fatty acids, 182prevention, 604risk, 604scientific research, 612somatic mutation theory, 196therapy, 604treatments, 604, 611vitamin C, 612
with amino acids and plant extracts, 613โ614with calcitriol, 614with carotenoids, 614โ615with copper, 612with glutathione, 613with lysine, proline, and green tea, 614with methylsulfonylmethane, 613with quercetin, 613with retinoic acid, 613โ615with selenium, 612with vitamin E, 614, 615with vitamin K3, 614
Candida spp., 239Canine b/dยฎ, 408Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI), 142Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD), 394
See also Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS)Canine Dementia Scale (CADES), 395Canine distemper (CD), 198Canine IBD activity index (CIBDAI), 178Canine leishmaniosis, 565Cannabichromene (CBC), 134Cannabicyclol (CBL), 134Cannabidiol (CBD), 123, 127, 134โ135, 142Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), 134, 135Cannabielsoin (CBE), 134Cannabigerol (CBG), 134, 135Cannabimimetics, 137Cannabinoid, 125, 127
in cancers, 129inflammation, 129โ130
Cannabinoid and terpene potency testing, 149Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS), 127Cannabinoid receptor, 121, 128
anatomical localization in dog, 132โ133dimerization, 128
Cannabinol (CBN), 134, 135Cannabis sativa
animal studies and veterinary clinical trialsclinical efficacy for treating osteoarthritis and refractory epilepsy
in dog, 142โ143comparative pharmacokinetic study in beagle dog, 142demographics and dog owner perceptions, 140โ141
evaluation of trends in marijuana toxicosis in dogs, 142pet owner experiences with hemp products, 140pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical efficacy in osteoarthritic
dogs, 141โ142safety of high-dose long-term exposure in dogs, 141
cannabinoid, 125chemical components, 134chemistry
cannabimimetics, 137cannabis terpenes, 137โ139chemotaxonomy, 136โ137entourage/ensemble effect, 139โ140phytocannabinoids, 134โ136
Controlled Substance Act, 123current good manufacturing practices, 149โ150endocannabinoid
chemistry, 125โ127feedback loop, 126in health and disease, 128โ132non-cannabinoid receptor interactions and dimerization, 127โ
128phasic signaling, 126tonic signaling, 126veterinary, 132โ133
hemp in animal feed, 124โ125nutritional value, 124regulatory and legal considerations, 1222018 US Farm Bill, 123veterinary cannabis products in US Market
dosing considerations and strategies, 147โ149formats and delivery methods, 144โ146zero-THC hemp extracts, 146
Cannabis seed, 124Cannabitriol (CBT), 134Cannabivarins, 134Canola, 114, 117Capillary electrophoresis (CE), 427Capsaicin
cancer, 607cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, 127gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 469plant-derived immunomodulators, 596
Capsicum (Capsicum annuum), 519โ520Capsules, 144Captopril, 75Carbofuran (CF), 206Carbohydrases, 309โ310Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 740โ741
See also Nanoparticles (NPs)Carcinogenesis, 604Cardamom oil, 166Cardiac hypertrophy, captopril, 75Cardiomyopathy, 433Cardiovascular activity, Nigella sativa, 97Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
anti-inflammatory effects, 428antioxidants, 428capillary electrophoresis, 427cardiac biomarkers, 432carotenoids, 431in cats and dogs, 433coenzyme Q10, 431colostrum, 431curcumin, 430โ431epigallocatechin gallate, 431fenugreek in, 29
854 Index
flavonoids, 196โ197, 429โ430in horses and bovine, 432โ433ingredients, 428, 429lipidemia, 427minerals, 430NF-ฮบB regulatory network, 428Nrf2, 428nutraceuticals, 427omega fatty acids, 181โ182polyphenols, 196โ197, 429polyunsaturated fatty acids, 430resveratrol, 431seaweed, 431โ432soy protein, 432vitamins, 430
Cardiovascular effectsberberine, 74โ75endocannabinoid system, 130
Carnitine, 653L-Carnitine, 433ฮฒ-Carotene, 209, 389, 503Carotenoids, 503
antiaging, 389โ390cancer, 614โ615cardiovascular diseases, 431
Carprofen, osteoarthritis, 179Carvacrol, 93, 162Casein, milk components, as immunomodulators, 598Casein phosphopeptides (CPPs), 641Caspases, 40Cat(s)
cardiovascular diseases, 433periodontal diseases (see Periodontal disease)
Catalase (CAT), 56, 208, 384, 385Catalpol, diabetes, 531Cat-anionic vesicles, 742โ743Catechin(s), 104, 194, 198Cattle
anionic peptides, 642dietary lipids, 640โ641ginger products, 62โ63mastitis, 571microalgae and macroalgae, 642โ643nutraceuticals, 637โ638phytonutraceuticals, 643โ644prebiotics, 639โ640preventive medicine, 637probiotics, 638โ639proteins and peptides, 641โ642risk assessment, 637synbiotics, 640
Caulophyllum thalictroides (blue cohosh), see Blue Cohosh(Caulophyllum thalictroides)
CB2 cannabinoid receptor, 125CB1 receptor, 127CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-ฮฑ (C/EBP-ฮฑ), 75CDS, see Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS)Cedar oil, 630Celastraceae, 137Cell membrane, 223
resveratrol and, 222Centaury (Centaurium erythraea Rafn.), 506Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), 778, 786, 787Center for Veterinary Medicine of the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA-CVM), 122โ123Centralized Procedure (CP), 800
Cervical cancer, 484Chalcones, 191Chamazulene, 163Chamber of Herbal Industries of the Philippines (CHIPI), 839Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), 163โ164, 460Chelates, 349โ350Chicken
gastrointestinal function, 755growth, 753โ754immunity, 759โ760reproduction, 756
Chicken Gene Nomenclature Consortium, 236Chile regulation rules, 782Chinaberry tree (Melia azedarach L.), 628China regulatory guidelines, 783
classification, 816current version, 818โ819Epimedii folium, 817โ818Eucommia ulmoides leaves, 816โ817feed additive, 819โ829
approved, 819import, 819โ820management, 819product, 819safe uses for, 819
garlic, 816Ministry of Agriculture, 815perilla seed, 818tea polyphenols, 816World Trade Organization, 815
Chinese Club Moss (Huperzia serrata), 401Chitosan, 455Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs), 680Chlorogenic acid (CGA), 190, 195Cholecystokinin (CCK), 419Chondroitin, 368โ369, 732โ733Chondroitin sulfate (CS)
equine medicine, 651โ652stability test, 768
Chromatographic techniques, 38Chromium, 534Chromolaena odorata, in wound healing
application, 555chemical constituents, 549โ551chemical research, 554common vernacular, 549description, distribution and pharmacological uses, 548eupolin, 555flavonoids, 555fresh leaves, 554herbal medicines, 556inflammation, 556in vitro wound assay and in vivo studies, 555โ556natural cascades, 556pharmacological activities, 550โ553phenol, 555phytochemicals, 548, 549plant-derived agents, 551โ554proinflammatory cytokines, 556secondary metabolites, 549volatile oils, 547
Chronic constriction injury (CCI), 12Chronic valvular heart disease (CVHD), 433Chuanxiong rhizome (Rhizoma Chuanxiong), 572Cimicifuga racemosa, 718Cinnamaldehyde, 164, 168
Index 855
Cinnamon, 164, 530โ531Cinnamyl acetate, 164Cisplatin, 53Cis-resveratrol, 216, 217Cis-trans isomer transition, 216Citronellal, 628โ629Citronella winterianus, 628Citrus aurantium, see Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.)Citrus lemon oil, 165Citrus limon, 165c-June N-terminal kinase (JNK), 40, 366Classical type A chemical-driven hepatotoxicity, 712Classical type B hepatotoxicity, 712Classical type B idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity, 712Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD), 131โ132Clostridium difficile, 317Clostridium perfringens, 269, 272, 289, 310, 311Clove flower, 188Clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllata/Syzygium aromaticum), 165,
459โ460, 630Coacervates, 547Coccidiosis, 265Coccidiostats, 347, 835Cocoa, 188Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), 500โ501Codes of Good Labelling Practice, 799Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), 812Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)
antiaging, 387cardiovascular diseases, 431metabolic diseases, 590periodontal disease, 461
Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS)brain changes, 393cholinergic system and cognition, 394cognition impairment, 394diagnosis, 395neurodegenerative changes, 393โ394oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration,
394โ395pathological changes, 395pathophysiology, 394plant extracts, 394prevalence, 393prevention and treatment
blood-brain barrier protection, 407calcium-buffering proteins, 402invertebrates, for bioactive substances, 405โ406mitochondrial protection and activation, 407โ408monoamine oxidase B inhibitors, 402nutraceuticals with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and
neuroprotective properties, 402โ405plants extracts and ingredients, 395โ402therapeutic diets/prescription diets, 408vertebrates, for bioactive substances, 406โ407
Coilia mystus, 394Colgate herbal toothpaste, 461Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), 9College of Veterinary Medicine, 140Colombia regulatory guidelines, 783Colony collapse disorder, 279Colorants, 834Colostrum, 247โ249, 472
bovine, 249cardiovascular diseases, 431
hyperimmunized, 249IgG, IgA and IgM in, 247, 248programs, 249โ250quality, 249spray-dried, 249supplement, 249vaccination of newborn animals, 250
Commiphora myrrha, 458โ459Commission Regulation (EU) No 37/2010 (EU 2010), 794Commission Regulation (EU) No 68/2013 (EU 2013), 795Communiquรฉ, Turkey regulatory guidelines, 831Complementary Medicines Act, 847Compliance Policy Guide (CPG), 780Compound annual growth rate (CAGR), 809Coneflowers (Echinacea purpurea), 450, 454Congestive heart failure (CHF), 74Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), 641, 668Conjugates, 547Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), 78Controlled Substance Act, 123Copper, 612Coriander oil, 166Coriandrum sativum, 166Corn oil, 182Coronary heart disease, 433Corticosteroids, 179Cortisol, stress, 417Corynebacterium bovis, 577Costus igneus, 533Costus pictus, 533C-phycocyanin, 375Cranberry (Vaccinium spp.), 504โ505Creatine, 653Crisping agents, 349Critical temperature, 84Crocus sativus, see Saffron (Crocus sativus)Crofelemer, 195Crohnโs disease, 8Cruciferexโข, 617Cryogenic grinding (CG) method, 92C-telopeptide type II collagen (CTX-II), 230Cumin, 574Curcumin (Curcuma longa), 3, 4, 199, 371
allergy, 16โ17in Alzheimerโs disease, 4antiaging, 386beneficial properties, 589bioavailability, 7breast cancer, 483cancer, 17โ18, 605, 615โ617cardiovascular diseases, 430โ431chemical structure, 4, 5CNS effects, 14cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 398common cold and infections, 10diabetes, 14โ15, 529โ530dietary administration, on canine transcriptome, 7doses, 4inflammatory bowel disease, 8โ10influenza A virus, 10kidney stones, 17liposomal, 9liquid micellar formulation, 7long-term effect, 8mechanism of action, 7โ8
856 Index
metabolic disorders, 515โ516metabolic syndrome, 15โ16nanoparticle, 9oral administration, 7osteoarthritis, 10โ12pain, 12โ13pharmacokinetics, 6โ7PK/PD modeling, 6plant-derived immunomodulators, 595psoriasis, 17retinopathies, 16safety, 6sports medicine, 13โ14tetrahydrocurcumin, 7in vitro and in vivo activity, 19
Curcuminoids, 3, 4, 398, 589Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP), 149โ150Curry tree (Murraya koenigii), 517Cyclanoline, 74Cyclooxygenase (COX), 195, 199Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), 57Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 57, 164Cymbopogon citratus, 167Cymbopogon martinii var., 166Cymbopogon nardus, 628Cytochrome P450, 72Cytofluorimetric analysis, 221Cytokines, 599Cytoprotective effect, fenugreek, 30Cytosolic ฮฒ-glucosidase (CBG), 194Cytotoxicity, 740Cytotoxic power, 681
DDammarane-type saponins, 399Danielone, 216Death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), 220Decentralized Procedure (DCP), 801Decoctions, 572Defensin(s), 29Defensin-like peptide, 29Degenerative disease, 589โ590Degradative force, 228Dehydrozingerone, 52Demethoxycurcumin (DMC), 14Demethyleneberberine, 72Dendritic cells, 17Deoiled groundnut cake (DGNC), 44Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Animal Industry, 839Department of Budget and Management (DBM), 839Department of Health-Food and Drug Administration (DOH-FDA), 837Department of Science and Technology-Food and Nutrition Research
Institute (DOST-FNRI), 839Depression, 182Derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs), 420Dermatitis, 563โ564
allergic/atopic, 564, 566Aloe vera, 565antibiotics, 564โ565diet supplement, 565honey, 565infectious and noninfectious agents, 564physical agents, 564โ565plant-based nutraceuticals, 565
plant products, 565treatment, 564
Dermatological disorders, 563See also Skin disorders
6-Desacetylnimbin, 39Desmosine, 229Destabilization of medial meniscus (DMM), 11Devilโs claw (Harpagophytum procumbens), 374โ375, 718Dexamethasone, 16Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), 9Diabetes
Burmese cats, 523chamomile, 164experimental models, 524โ525fenugreek in, 27โ29monitoring, 525pancreas, 443โ444pathophysiology, 524plant extracts, 524prevention and management, 525
antidiabetic and antihyperglycemic potential, 525โ533herbo-mineral/metal nutraceuticals, 533โ534
therapeutic drugs, 523traditional management, 523
Diabetes mellitus (DM), 524ginger, 57โ58
Diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL), 125Diarrhea, 297Diarylheptanoid from C. kwangsiensis (DCK), 17Dietary flavonoids, 190Dietary lipids
cattle health and diseases, 640โ641gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 471โ472genitourinary diseases, 493โ494
fish meal and oils, 494โ495polyunsaturated fatty acids, 494vegetable oils, 495โ496
Dietary peptidesgastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 472โ473inflammation, 590
Dietary polyphenols, 194Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA), 122, 650,
676, 772, 777โ778, 783, 786โ787Dietary supplements, 809Dietary synbiotic, 291Digestible milk proteins, 659Digestive system, 467Dihydroberberine (dhBBR), 72Diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP), 206Dilinoleoylphaphatidyl choline (DLPC), 442Dill seed oil, 165Diltiazem, 97Dimethyl sulfone, see Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 16, 117Dimethyltryptamine, 1042,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), 206Diosgenin, 27โ29Diosmin (diosmetin 7-rutinoside), 532โDirect-fed microbial products (probiotics)โ, 780Direct-feed microbial (DFM), 272Directive 2001/82/EC (EC 2001), 799DISHA (Disorientation, Interaction changes, Sleep/wake cycle, House
soiling, Activity level changes), 395Dithymoquinone, 94Dithymoquinonene, 93
Index 857
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 176, 206, 403โ404Dog(s)
cardiovascular diseases, 433ginger extract, 63periodontal diseases (see Periodontal disease)retinoids, 567
Dog-appeasing pheromone (DAP), 421Dopamine, 419Doxorubicin, 77D-pinitol, 104Drosophila melanogaster, 631
aging, 687anticancer potential, 686โ687model organism, 686neurodegenerative diseases, 687โ688nutraceuticals, 685โ686safety and efficacy assessment, 690toxicity evaluation, 688โ689
Drugโdrug interactions, 712, 714โ717Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 123Drug Enforcement Agency, 123Drugs, 649Drum stick tree, see Moringa oleiferaDry cow therapy, 575โ576Dry socket (alveolar osteitis), 13Dry steam distillation (DSD), 94DSHEA, see Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)Dysbiosis, 262Dysentery, 839
EEagle 20, 149Early warning system (EWS), 359Echinacea, 137Echinacea purpurea, 450, 454ECS, see Endocannabinoid system (ECS)Ectoparasites
cedar oil, 630citronella and citronellal, 628โ629clove oil, 630D-limonene, 629enzymes inhibition, 626garlic, 628geranium oil, 630insect repellent chemicals, 625lavender oil, 629lemon eucalyptus oil, 630Melia azedarach L., 628neem extract, 626โ628onion, 628peppermint oil, 629โ630pet products, 625pine oil, 630plant extracts, 626Senna italica ssp. arachoides, 628soybean oil, 630synthetic insecticides, 625thyme oil, 631
EGCG, see Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)Eggs, 227
antibodies, 251food-derived immunomodulators, 600from hyperimmunized hens, 253as natural source of immunoregulatory factors, 251โ253spray-drying, 252
Eggshell, 227Eggshell membrane (ESM), 376
amino acid, 229collagen, 228components, 229for growth promotion in production animals, 230inner shell, 228, 229joint inflammation treatment
in animals, 229โ230in humans, 229
nutritional effects, 231outer shell, 228, 229separation methods, 228structure, 227โ228supplements on chicken performance and immunity, 231uses, 231
Egg white, proteins in, 236Egg yolk immunoglobulin IgY, 582Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 176, 403โ404Electroshock technique, 96Electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/MS/MS)
technologies, 731Elettaria cardamomum, 166Ellagic acid (EA), 104, 677Ellagitannins (ETs), 190, 677Emblica officinalis, see Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis)Emu oil, 167โ168Endo-ฮฒ-xylanase, 306Endocannabinoids (eCBs), 125โ126Endocannabinoid system (ECS)
chemistry, 125โ127feedback loop, 126in health and disease, 128โ132
antioxidants and neuroprotection, 130โ131anxiety and stress, 128โ129cancer, 129cardiovascular effects, 130clinical endocannabinoid deficiency, 131โ132inflammatory conditions, 129โ130limitations, 132memory, 131obesity and metabolic diseases, 129pulmonary effects, 130sleep, 128
invertebrate, 133non-cannabinoid receptor interactions and dimerization, 127โ128phasic signaling, 126tonic signaling, 126veterinary, 132โ133
Endocannabinoid tone, 125Endocrine pancreas, 443Endolysin gene sequence (trx-SA1), 580Endolysins, 336Endometriosis, 485Endothelial NOS (eNOS), 76, 205Endothelin-1, 76End products, 188Entameba histolytica, 239Enterococcus faecalis, 577Enterococcus faecium, 291, 294Enzymes
choice of, 350โ351feed additives, 350โ351pancreas, 443protein nature of, 304
Epidiolex, 123
858 Index
Epigallocatechin, 104Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), 196, 677
cancer, 605, 612, 615with arctigenin, 617with Cruciferexโข, 617with curcumin, 615โ617with genistein, 616with inositol, 616โ617with phytic acid, 616โ617with quercetin, 616, 617with resveratrol, 615, 617with sulforaphane, 616, 617with vitamin E, 617
cardiovascular diseases, 431Epilepsy, 98, 142โ143Epimedii folium, 817โ818Epitope, 247Epstein-Barr virus, 221Equine
dietary ingredient, 650โ651ginger extract, 63joint supplements, 651โ652nutritional supplements, 654โ655performance boosters, 652โ654polyphenols and flavonoids, 199regulations, 650
Erucic acid, 113, 117Erythematous pinnae, 141Escherichia coli, 262, 289, 294, 296, 571โ573, 640Essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), 176Essential fatty acids (EFAs), 124, 176
cardiovascular diseases, 430gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 471โ472
Essential oils (EOs)antibacterial alternatives, in animal health and disease, 332basil oil, 163cardamom oil, 166cattle health and diseases, 644chamomile oil, 163โ164chemical constituents, 158โ162cinnamon oil, 164citrus lemon oil, 165clinical applications, 158โ162clove oil, 165coriander oil, 166dill seed oil, 165emu oil, 167โ168eucalyptus oil, 165feed additive, 355geranium oil, 167hemp/CBD/cannabis oil, 166lavender oil, 165โ166lemon grass oil, 167as modifiers of rumen fermentation, immune system,
and lactation, 168Myrrh oil, 167Oregano oil, 163ozonated olive oil, 167palmarosa oil, 166peppermint oil, 166rosemary oil, 162โ163safety, 168Sage oil, 166Sideritis hirsuta oil, 167tea tree oil, 167thyme oil, 162
Ethnoveterinary medicine, 507โ509Ethyl acetate extract, 570Eucalyptus, 165, 333, 460, 576Eucalyptus citriodora, see Lemon eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora)
oilEucommia ulmoides, 816โ817Eugenia caryophyllata, see Clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllata)Eugenol, 164, 168Eupolin, 555European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 782, 798European Medicine Agency (EMA), 319โ320, 799European Union
feed additivenutritional additives, 338sensory additives, 338technological additives, 337โ338unresolved issues, 339zoo-technical additives, 338โ339
regulatory guidelines, 782, 793โ794, 810animal feed labels, 799feed additives, 794โ798feed legislation, 794โ795feed materials, 794, 795veterinary medicinal products, 794โ795food-producing or companion animals, 801โ802marketing authorization procedure, 799โ801
Ewes, 491Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), 443Exocytosis, 238Exogenous enzymes, 306, 665โ666Exons, 237Expert Advisory Committee on Veterinary Natural Health Products
(EAC-VNHP or EAC), 788Extracellular matrix (ECM), 299, 366
FFailure of passive transfer (FPT), 248Farm Feeds Act, 847โ848Fasciculins, 405โ406Fatty acid, 176Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), 125, 130, 137Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP), 127n-3 Fatty acids, see Omega-3 fatty acidsFatty acid synthase, 75FDA/CVM, see Food and Drug Administrationโs Center for Veterinary
Medicine (FDA/CVM)Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 122Feed Additive Petition (FAP), 124Feed additives
China regulatory guidelines, 819โ829approved, 819import, 819โ820management, 819product, 819safe uses for, 819
classification, 346consumers, 346costs, 345definition, 346European Commission Regulations, 345, 347European Union regulatory guidelines, 794โ798Holistic Approach
feed stability, manufacturing and properties, 347modify animal growth, feed efficiency, metabolism and
performance, 347โ348
Index 859
Feed additives (cont.)modify animal health, 348modify consumer acceptance, 348
importance, 346nutrients, 346origin and function
digestion and absorption, 349โ350enzymes, 350โ351feed intake, 348โ349growth and production, 351โ352livestock health status, 352metabolism, 352phytogenic, 352โ356quality and acceptability, 349
quality standardsassurance, 356โ357chemical evaluation, 357Indian feed industry legislations, 358ingredient specifications, 357โ358latest developments, 358โ360necessity, 357nutritive value, 356physical evaluation, 357program, 356quality control, 357
Turkey regulatory guidelinesanimal nutrition, 831โ832coccidiostats and histomonostats, 835nutritional additives, 834sensory additives, 834technological additives, 832โ834zootechnical additives, 834โ835
in USA regulation rules, 787Feed Control Officials (FCOs), 122Feed conversion ratios (FCR), 265, 269Feed enzymes
in animal, 303carbohydrases, 309โ310dietary substrates, 307โ308effectiveness, 305extraction from microorganisms, 303feed digestion by, 306ฮฒ-galactomannans, 312and gastrointestinal microbiota, 305โ306in industry, 308mode of action, 306โ307phytase, 308โ309in poultry, 303โ304proteases, 310โ311reaction conditions
concentration, 305moisture content, 304pH, 304โ305substrate concentration, 305temperature, 304
role of, 304supplementation, 304types, 307โ308unique feature of, 304variety of, 303xylanase, 311
Female reproductive disordersAdenium obesum, 485Agnus castus, 485breast cancer, 482โ484causes, 481โ482
cervical cancer, 484ovarian cancer, 485uterus, 484โ485
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)amino acids, 27in animal health
antibacterial and antifungal effects, 29โ30cancer, 29cholesterol lowering and cardiovascular protection, 29cutaneous wound healing, 30diabetes, 27โ29gastroprotection, 30toxicity amelioration, 30
diabetes, 530ethnohistorical uses, 27fish production, 31livestock production, 31metabolic disorders, 517minerals, 27phytochemicals, 25, 28phytoconstituents
leaves, 26seeds, 26, 27
poultry production, 31proteins, 27pyridine alkaloids, 26sapogenins, 26saponins, 26scientific classifications, 26toxicology and safety profile, 32vitamins, 27
Fenugreek seed meal (FSM), 31Fenugreek seeds powder (FSP), 30Fermentation, 114Ferrets (Mustela nigripes), 502Fertilisers, 846Few-layer graphene (FLG), 744Fiber, 639Firmicutes, 638Firming agents, 349Fish, 118
ginger extract, 63meal and oils, 494โ495neem, 44production, 31
F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs), 206โ208Flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS), 525Flavanols, 190โ191Flavones, 191Flavonoids, 28, 29
anthocyanins, 191antiaging, 387B ring, 190cardiovascular diseases, 429โ430chalcones, 191chemical structures, 191Chromolaena odorata, in wound healing, 555classes and subclasses, 192in common plants, 192โ193C ring, 190extraction, 193โ194flavanols, 190โ191flavones, 191flavonols, 190, 191in human medicine
cardiovascular diseases, 196โ197
860 Index
neoplasms, 196neurodegenerative disorders, 196
isoflavones, 191natural sources, 192pharmacokinetic attributes, 194โ195pharmacological attributes
anti-inflammatory activity, 195antimicrobial activity, 195โ196antioxidant activity, 195
plant-derived immunomodulators, 594โ595rich plants in animal feeding, 199โ200structural activity relationship, 193toxicity, 200in veterinary medicine
companion animals, 198โ199equine sector, 199laboratory animals, 199piggery sector, 198poultry sector, 197
Flavonols, 190, 191Flavopiridol, 607Flavoring agents, 348โ349Flax (Linum usitatissimum), 178, 492, 504, 572Fleas, 625Flos Carthami, 572F4-neuroprostanes (F4-NeuroPs), 206โ208Folic acid, 460โ461Food, 27Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 838Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 786Food and Drug Administrationโs Center for Veterinary Medicine
(FDA/CVM), 778โ779, 781, 783Food-derived immunomodulators
bioactive peptides, 596antihypertensive activity, 597antioxidant activity, 597โ598biological activities, 597โ598cytomodulatory and anticancer activities, 598eggs, 600enzymatic hydrolysis with digestive enzymes, 596food proteins with proteolysis starter culture fermentation, 596โ
597functional ingredients, 598โ600milk components, 598โ599mushrooms, 599โ600proteolysis, 597
clinical applications, 600effects, 598
Food for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU), 783Foodomics, 732โ734Food-responsive diarrhea (FRD), 178Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA), 782โ783, 812Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), 149Food security, 346FOSHU, see Food for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU)Foundation for Innovation in Medicine (FIM), 383Free radical, 205
theory, 384โ385โFrench Paradox,โ 407Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), 266, 269, 270, 288Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), see Drosophila melanogasterFruits, 611Full fat NSM (FFNSM), 44Full-thickness wound models, 546Functional foods, 785Fungal diseases, 40
Furostanol, 27Fusarium, 45
GGalactans, 266Galactogogue, 27Galactolipid natural emulsifiers, 658ฮฒ-Galactomannans, 312Galactooligosaccharides (GOS), 266, 288Galanthus nivalis (snowdrop), 394Gallic acid, 104, 190Gallotannins, 190Gallus gallus, 236ฮณ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 418ฮณ-globulin, 598ฮณ-glutamyl transpeptidase, 41Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), 124ฮณ-Oryzanol (GO), 654Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen ), 483Garlic (Allium sativum), 168, 571
china regulatory guidelines, 816ectoparasites, 628
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique, 92Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, 294Gastrointestinal (GI) conditions
chamomile, 164dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, 471โ472dietary peptides and amino acids, 472โ473medicinal plants, 468multifaceted microorganisms, 467phytochemicals
alkaloids, 471Aloe vera, 468Andrographis paniculata, 470anthocyanin, 469blue-green algae, 471capsaicin, 469flavonoids influence and regulate, 468fruits and vegetables, 469ginger, 469isoflavonoids, 469โ470L-glutamine, 471Oregano vulgare, 470โ471Pistacia lentiscus, 470plants, 468polyphenols, 470quercetin, 470tea, 470turmeric, 468โ469
prebiotics, 475probiotics, 473โ475synbiotics, 475, 476
Gastrointestinal disorders, 52โ56Gastrointestinal microbiota, 261โ266, 305โ306Gastrointestinal microflora
animal diet, 326antibiotic growth promoters, 326, 327disease-causing microorganisms, 325eubiotics, 326immune system, 325multi-phase feeding systems, 325national veterinary associations, 326โ327in pig, 326prebiotics, 326probiotics, 326
Index 861
Gastrointestinal tract (GIT), 247, 261Gastroprotection, 30Gastroprotective activity, Nigella sativa, 97Generally regarded as safe (GRAS), 787Genistein, 616Genital warts, 195Genitourinary diseases
ancillary nutraceuticals, 503black cohosh, 492blue cohosh, 492carnitine
blood, 495bovine, 497equine, 497โ498feeding hens, 496OCTN2 transporter, 495oocytes, 500porcine, 498โ499poultry, 499semen, 499โ500
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), 500โ501dairy cows, 490dietary lipids, 493โ494
fish meal and oils, 494โ495polyunsaturated fatty acids, 494vegetable oils, 495โ496
ethnoveterinary medicine, 507โ509flax, 492Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers), 493melatonin, 491nutraceutical recipes and candidate nutraceuticals, 506โ507probiotics, 507quercetin, 501raspberry, 491โ492seasonal breeders, 491vitamins and selenium, 502โ503
Geranium oil, 167, 630Geranium sylvaticum, 398Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory, 57as antioxidant, 56โ57breast cancer, 483โ484cancer, 59โ61, 607in cardiovascular disorders, 62clinical studies, 58โ59clinical trials, 54โ55in CNS disorders, 61โ62in diabetes, 57โ58in gastrointestinal disorders, 52โ56, 469in obesity, 59pharmacological effects, 56phytochemical composition of, 52safety profile, 63โ64veterinary use of, 62โ63
Gingerols, 52, 59Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
antiaging, 386anxiety and stress disorders, 421cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 399โ400
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)antiaging, 387anxiety and stress disorders, 422cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 399diabetes, 532โ533mastitis, 574โ575
Ginsenoside-Rh1has, 399
Ginsenosides, 399, 574Glioblastoma, 17Glioma, 17Glomerulosclerosis, 180Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), 294, 523โ524ฮฒ-Glucanase, 307Glucobrassicin, 114, 116Gluconasturtiin, 116Glucooligosaccharide, 266Glucoraphanin, 114Glucosamine, 229, 368โ369
equine medicine, 651โ652nutriproteomics, 732โ733stability test, 767โ768
Glucose, 404Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), 294Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), 57Glucosinolates
adverse effects, 116โ117benefits, 115โ116ฮฒ-D-glycopyranose, 113effects of, 115โ118fermentation, 114glucobrassicin, 114glucoraphanin, 114heat treatment, 114indole, 113isothiocyanates, 115metabolism of, 114metabolites, 114โ115in oil seed meals, 114progoitrin, 114โ115R-group, 113sinigrin, 115sulfonated oxime, 113
Glutamate, 131Glutamic acid, 659L-Glutamine (GLN), 471Glutathione (GSH), 208, 613Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), 56, 208Glutathione reductase, 208Glutathione S-transferases (GST), 689Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 236Glycoraphanin, 115Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), 229Glycosylated quercetin moiety, 194Glycyrrhiza glabra, 386โ387Goats, 574Goitrogen, 118Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), 457, 505Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), 149Good manufacturing practices (GMP), 772, 790GPR18, 127GPR55, 127GPR119, 127G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), 125Grain, 124Gram-negative bacteria, 95Gram-positive bacteria, 95Grape(s), 188Grape pomace, 503Grape seed extract (GSE), 458Graphene, 743Green-lipped mussel (GLM), 373Green tea, 200, 459, 614, 678Green tea extract (GTE), 677
862 Index
Green tea polyphenol (GTP) produces, 688Grit, 349Growth-promoting property, phytogenic feed additive, 355โ356Growth-stimulating hormone (GSH), 98Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), 248Gut flora stabilizers, 835Gut microbiota, 263
HHA, see Hyaluronic acid (HA)Haematococcus pluvialis, 503Hard biscuits, 145Harm-benefit analysis (HBA), 682Harpagophytum procumbens (Devilโs claw), 718Health supplement, 845Heart failure (HF), 427Heat treatment, 114Heavy metal contamination, 150Heinz body anemia, 117Helichrysum umbraculigerum, 137Helicobacter pylori, 55Hemorrhage, 117Hemp, 123
in animal feed, 124โ125seed oil, 124
Hemp/CBD/cannabis oil, 166Hemp Industries Association of Colorado, 124Hepatic injury and repair
lecithin, 442ฮฑ-lipoic acid, 442mechanisms, 437โ438N-acetylcysteine, 440response to injury, 438โ439S-adenosylmethionine, 439โ440silymarin, 440โ441ubiquinol, 442โ443ursodeoxycholic acid, 443vitamin C, 441vitamin E, 441
Hepatic lipid metabolism, 30Hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4ฮฑ), 76Hepatoprotective activity, 440Hepatoprotective effects, berberine, 77Hepatotoxicity, 711โ712Hepatotropic virus, 438Herbal, 444
extractsashwagandha, 422Ginkgo biloba, 421ginseng, 422St. Johnโs wort, 421โ422valerian, 422
products, 533Herbs, 353Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 221, 240Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), 40Hesperidin, 198Hexane extraction, 38Hexosamines, 229Hibiscus sabdariffa, 518โ519High-altitude environment
apricot, 85โ87nutraceuticals, mechanism of therapeutic value, 87โ88plant-based feed formulation, 88
diseases and clinical conditions of poultry at, 84
nonconventional sources for poultry feeding at, 84poultry production at, 84sea buckthorn, 84โ86
nutraceuticals, mechanism of therapeutic value, 87โ88plant-based feed formulation, 88
High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 197Highly water pressurized brown rice (HPBR), 405High-throughput sequencing (HTS), 265Hippocampal CA1 dendritic system, 207Hippophae rhamnoides, Sea buckthorn (SBT)Histomonostats, 347, 835Histone deacetylases (HDACs), 367Homeopathic Materia Medica, 789Homeopathic veterinary medicinal products, 802Homeopathy, 576โ577Honey, 456, 565, 573โ574Honey bee (Apis mellifera), 456โ457, 573โ574Hordeum vulgare (barley), 795Horses, 117โ118, 432โ433Human plasma proteins (HAS), 222Humectants, 349Humulene, 139Huperzia serrata, see Chinese Club Moss (Huperzia serrata)Hyaluronan, 369โ371Hyaluronic acid (HA), 179, 229, 369โ371, 461Hydra, 121Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal), 457, 505Hydrodistillation (HD), 94, 163Hydrogels, 547Hydrogen peroxide, 208Hydroxybenzoic acid, 1908-Hydroxy-2ยข-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 206ฮฒ-Hydroxy ฮฒ-Methyl Butyrate (HMB), 653โ654Hydroxycinnamic acid, 1904-Hydroxyisoleucine (4-HIL), 283-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), 75, 168, 197Hypercholesterolemia, 181Hyperglycemia, 28, 164, 523, 525Hypericum perforatum, see St. Johnโs wort (Hypericum perforatum)Hyperlipidemia, 181Hypersensitivity disorders, 590Hypertriglyceridemia, 181Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), 489Hypoglycemic effects, Acacia nilotica, 107Hypokalemic encephalopathy, 718Hypolipidemic effects, Acacia nilotica, 107Hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, 417, 420Hypothyroidism, 116
IIdioblasts, 114IFOMA, 250Immune disorders
anti-inflammatory drugs, 588โ589degenerative disease, 589โ590hypersensitivity disorders, 590metabolic diseases, 589โ590nutritional deficiencies, 588
Immune response, 245Immune system, 588Immunity
animals, 760โ761chickens, 759โ760
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), 247, 248, 251Immunoglobulin D (IgD), 247
Index 863
Immunoglobulin E (IgE), 247Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 231, 247, 248, 251Immunoglobulin M (IgM), 231, 246โ248, 251Immunoglobulin Y (IgY), 251, 252Immunohistochemistry, 132Immunologic theory, 385โ386Immunomodulators, phytogenic feed additive, 356Immunomodulatory activity
glucosinolates, 115Nigella sativa, 97
Immunosaccharides, 270Immunotherapy, 178, 582Indian Frankincense, see Boswellia serrataIndian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis)
antiaging, 386metabolic disorders, 517
India regulatory guidelines, 782, 807โ808animal feed, 811โ812benefits, 813Commitment Towards International Standards, 812current trends, 809โ810disadvantages, 813government and public sector institutes roles, 813historical background, 808livestock sector, 808โ809product evaluation, 812โ813requirements, 812
Inducible NOS (iNOS), 205Industrial hemp, 140Inflammation
endocannabinoid system, 129โ130neem, 40
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)Crohnโs disease, 8curcumin, 8โ10omega fatty acids, 177โ178turmeric, 8โ10ulcerative colitis, 8
Inflammatory diseases, 590Inflammatory disorders, 57Influenza A virus (IAV), 10Inhalation, 146Inositol, 616โ617Insulin plants, 533Insulin resistance, 523, 524Insulin sensitivity, 525Inter-Agency Coordination Group (IACG), 323โ324Interim Notification Pilot Program (INPP), 788โ789Interleukin-10 (IL-10), 17, 40Interleukin (IL), 78Interleukin-17F (IL-17F), 15International Conference on Harmonization (ICH 2003), 773International Cooperation on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements
for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products, 844International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, 274Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), 53Intestinal bacteria, 72, 262Intestinal microbiota, 262Intestinal microorganisms, 288Intracellular adhesion molecules (ICAM), 129Inulin, 266, 288, 291โipรช roxo,โ see Pau dโArco (Tabebuia impetiginosa)Isodesmosine, 229Isoflavones, 191
breast cancer, 482โ483cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 401โ402
Isoflavonoids, 469โ470Isomalto-oligosaccharide (IOS), 263, 288Isoquercetin, 198Isothiocyanates, 115, 117
antibacterial activity, 115anticancer activity, 115antimicrobial effects, 115epigenetic effects, 115
JJapan regulatory guidelines, 783, 810Jatrorrhizine, 72Joint inflammation
in animals, 229โ230in humans, 229
Joint protectants, 767Juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), 280
KKaempferol, 104
antioxidative activity, 104โ105cancer, 196
Kainic acid (KA), 206Kalonji, see Nigella sativaKennel cough, 10Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), 177Kidney stones, 17Klebsiella spp., 238
Lฮฑ-Lactalbumin (ฮฑLA), 598Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH), 194Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), 270, 288Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), 221Lactitol, 266Lactobacillus, 238, 262, 264, 275, 289, 577Lactobacillus acidophilus, 296, 297Lactobacillus casei, 294Lactobacillus paracasei, 295Lactobacillus plantarum, 296Lactococcus lactis, 272, 293, 577โ580Lactoferrin (LF), 235, 337, 598โ599, 642
antibacterial activity, 238โ239antifungal activity, 239antiparasitic activity, 239antiviral activity, 239โ241apo, 236bioavailability, 237โ238characteristics, 236C-lobe, 236functional properties, 238genes, 236โ237holo, 236milk components, as immunomodulators, 598N-lobe, 236receptors, 236structure, 237
Lactoferrin receptors (LFR), 235, 236ฮฒ-Lactoglobulin, milk components, as immunomodulators, 598Lactoperoxidase (LP), 598Lactulose, 266, 288, 296, 639Lagenaria siceraria, see Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)Larvicides, 625
864 Index
Lavender oil (Lavandula angustifolia), 165โ166, 629Lead, 77Lecithin, 442Lemon eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora) oil, 630Lemon grass oil, 167Lepidium meyenii Walpers (maca), 493Leptospermum scoparium (manuka honey), 574Leukotriene biosynthesis, 57Levisticum officinale Koch. (lovage), 506LF, see Lactoferrin (LF)Lignans, 190, 192, 470Lignins, 42Lignocellulose A, 267Limonene, 138โ139, 165, 354D-Limonene, 629Limonoids, 39Linalool, 139, 165โ166Linalool acetate, 165โ166Linoleic acid (LA), 124Linolenic acid (LA), 403โ404Linseed, 192, 572Linum usitatissimum, see Flax (Linum usitatissimum)Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), 752Lipid peroxidation, 28, 40Lipoic acid, 505โ506ฮฑ-Lipoic acid, 442Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 573Lipoprotein lipase, 75Liposaccharide (LPS), 231Liposomal curcumin, 9
See also Curcumin (Curcuma longa)Liposomes
nanoparticles, 751nanoparticles and molecular delivery system, 742
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX), 57Liquorice, 386โ387Listeria monocytogenes, 336Listerine, 162Liver, 437Liverwort (Radula marginata), 137Long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (LCPUFA), 124Longifolene, 92ฮฑ-Longipinene, 92Long-term depression (LTD), 131Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.), 506Lovastatin, 77Low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF), 525Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 197, 428Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), 62, 75Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), 755-Loxinยฎ, 374Luzon, 838Lycopene, 390, 403, 431Lymphocytes, 248Lymphoid, 248Lysine, 614Lysins, 336Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), 127Lysostaphin, 577Lysozyme, 641
MMaca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers), 493Maceration, 38Macleaya cordata, 588
Macroalgae, see SeaweedsMacro-dosages, 140Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3), 227Magnesium oxide and silicon oxide (MgO-SiO2), 760โ761Maintains balance of healthy microflora, 789Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs), 405โ406Male reproductive disorders, 486โ487Malondialdehyde (MDA), 206Manganese (Mn), 207, 430, 659Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), 483Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS), 266, 269, 288, 289Mannose, 506Manufacturing environment, 765Manuka honey (Leptospermum scoparium), 574MAPK, see Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)Marijuana toxicosis, in dogs, 142Mastitis
acute and chronic infections, 570alternative therapies
candidate and proprietary herbal remedies, 575essential oils treatment, 573ethnic phytoremedies, 570, 571ginseng root, 574โ575herbal remedies, 570holistic medicine, 570honey, 573โ574plant extracts, 570โ572traditional Chinese medicine, 572โ573
antibiotic resistance, 570antimicrobial resistance, 570bacteriocins
antibiotic infusion, 578antibiotic resistance, 577, 578haptoglobin, 578โ579intramammary infusion, 578Lactococcus lactis LMG 7930 strain, 579milk amyloid A, 578โ579milk SCC, 578nisin, 579โ580non-aureus staphylococci, 577peptides, 577
bacteriophages, 580biomarkers, 570cows with, 569dry cow therapy, 575โ576homeopathy, 576โ577human medicine experience, 580immunotherapy, 582infectious, 569Lactococcus lactis, 577โ580organic farming and economics, 570pathogenesis, 569โ570probiotics, 577teat duct, 581treatment, 569vitamin and mineral supplementation, 580โ581
Matricaria chamomilla L. (Chamomile), 460Matrix-assisted laser desorption/time-of-flight tandem mass pectrometry
(MALDI/MS/MS), 731Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), 16, 78, 230, 606Maximal electroshock (MES), 98Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque, 13โ14McConnell amendment, 123Medicago sativa, 795Medical device, 845Medicated feeding stuffs, 795
Index 865
Medicines Act, 844Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), 327, 333Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), 404Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), 207ฮฑ-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (ฮฑ-MSH), 129Melatonin, 209
cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 404โ405genitourinary diseases, 491
Melia azedarach, 628Memory
cannabis, 131Nigella sativa, 97โ98
Mentha piperita, see Peppermint (Mentha piperita)Mentha x piperita L., 571Mercury, 77Mesalamine, 8Metabolic diseases, 589โ590Metabolic disorders
avocado, 519black lentils, 517โ518bottle gourd, 516โ517capsicum, 519โ520curcumin, 515โ516curry tree, 517fenugreek, 517Hibiscus sabdariffa, 518โ519Indian gooseberry, 517rosemary, 520St. Johnโs wort, 519tea, 518
Metabolic syndrome, 15โ16Metallic nanoparticles, 750Methane, 116Methionine, 506Methotrexate, 775-Methoxydimethyltryptamine, 104Methylnitrosourea, 96N-Methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 30Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), 371โ372
camelids, 659cancer, 613stability test, 768
Mexico regulatory guidelines, 783Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), 270Microbiological contamination, 149โ150Microbiome, 261โ266Microdoses, 147Microparticles, 547MicroRNAs (miRNAs), 376Microwave steam distillation 1 (MSD1), 92Microwave steam distillation 2 (MSD2), 92Milk somatic cell counts (SCC), 573Mindanao, 838Minerals
cardiovascular diseases, 430stability test, 769
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 94, 95Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), 815Mink, 503Mitochondrial decline theory, 385Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), 127, 196, 366Mitophagy, 8Momordica charantia, see Bitter melon (Momordica charantia)Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), 125, 137Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors, 402
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 253โ254Monoterpene hydrocarbons, 92Monoterpenoids, 52Monsonia angustifolia, 400โ401Moringa oleifera, 189, 199, 200, 532Morphine tolerance, 12Mosquitoes, 625Mother Nature, 685MSM, see Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)Mucin 2 (MUC-2), 273Mucin 3 (MUC-3), 273Multidrug resistance protein (MRP), 194Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, 10Murraya koenigii, see Curry tree (Murraya koenigii)Musculoskeletal pain, 13Mushroom
factors influencing bioactivity, 599polysaccharides, 588, 600
Mustela nigripes (ferrets), 502Mutual Recognition Procedure (MRP), 800Myeloid cells, 248Myrcene, 138ฮฑ-Myrcene, 130, 138Myrosinase, 114Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha), 167, 458โ459
NNabilone, 125N-acetylcysteine (NAC), 78, 440N-acylethanolamines (NAE), 137Nanocapsules, 751Nanocrystals, 752Nanoemulsions, 751โ752Nanoparticles (NPs), 547
advanced therapeutic strategies, 741โ742animal production
developmental consequences, 756โ759gastrointestinal function, 754โ755growth, 752โ754reproduction, 755โ756
anti-inflammatory activity, 759carbon nanotubes, 740โ741cat-anionic vesicles, 742โ743classification, 749โ750complexity, 737drug vehiculation, 738โ739embryonic and developmental effects, 757โ758immunity
animals, 760โ761chickens, 759โ760
lipid, 752liposomes, 742, 751metallic, 750nanocapsules, 751nanocrystals, 752nanoemulsions, 751โ752nanosupplement delivery, 750nanotubes, 743โ744natural, 750oocyte function, 759polymeric, 751polymeric micelles, 750โ751properties, 749risks and challenges, 761
866 Index
sperm function, 758โ759transport into reproductive tissues, 756โ757vesicles and related aggregates, 739โ740
N-arachidonoylglycine (NAGly), 127N-arachidonyl phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), 125NASC Adverse Event Reporting System (NAERST), 123National Animal Supplement Council (NASC), 122, 123, 149, 650, 781National Codex Contact Point (NCCP), 812National Procedure (NP), 800National Research Council (NRC), 787, 788Natural nanoparticles, 750Natural plant products, 587Necrotic enteritis, 265Neem (Azadirachta indica)
alcohol extraction, 38as animal feed
leaves, 42oil, 43seed, 43
chromatographic techniques, 38ectoparasites, 626โ628extracts of, 38as fish feed, 44hexane extraction, 38kernels, 39maceration, 38medicinal uses
bacterial diseases, 39cancer, 40fungal diseases, 40inflammation, 40oxidative stress, 40reproductive health and fertility, 40โ41ulcer, 40viral diseases, 39โ40
as nutraceutical, 44โ45oil, 41, 43phytoconstituents, 39as poultry feed, 43safety, 45โ46seed cake, 44toxicity, 46โ47water extraction, 38
Neem kernel cake (NKC), 38Neem leaf meal (NLM), 45Neem seed cake (NSC), 43, 44Neem seed meal (NSM), 44Nelfinavir, 96NEMยฎ, 376Neonatal nutrition, 317Nerium oleander, 565Neurodegeneration
cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 394โ395oxidative stress and, 206โ207
Neurodegenerative diseasesberberine, 73โ74Drosophila melanogaster, 687โ688
Neuronal NOS (nNOS), 205Neutral detergent fibre (NDF), 42Neutralizers, 349Neutricksยฎ, 408Neutrophils, 235New animal drug application (NADA), 650New Zealand
green-lipped mussel, 373regulatory guidelines
novel food, 826โ827therapeutic product, 825โ826
Next amino acid, 310Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), 205Nigella sativa
antibacterial activity, 94โ95anticancer activity, 95โ96anticonvulsant activity, 98antidiabetic properties, 96antifertility activity, 96antifungal activity, 95anti-inflammatory activity, 96โ97antioxidant activity, 93โ94cardiovascular activity, 97chemical constituents, 92โ94essential oil from, 92flowers, 91โ92gastroprotective properties, 97geographical location, 92immunomodulatory activities, 97memory and learning activities, 97โ98seed of, 91โ93taxonomical classification, 92toxicological properties, 98volatile constituents, 95
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), 280Nimbidin, 39, 40Nimbidiol, 45Nimbin, 39Nimbinin, 39Nimbolide, 40N-isobutylamide, 137Nitric oxide (NO), 430โ431Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), 205Nitriles, 116, 117Nitrogen dioxide, 116N-methyl stepholidine, 74N-methyltryptamine, 104NOD-like receptors (NLRs), 263Nonadaptive immune system, 245Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 77Non-cannabinoid receptor interactions, 127Non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL), 75Non-neurodegenerative diseases, 207Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), 263, 266, 306
anti-nutritive effects, 306dietary enzymes, 306hydrolysis, 310negative effects, 306
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 10, 130, 365โ366Nonvolatile pungent components, 52No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), 679Norepinephrine, 419Norovirus, 239North American Veterinary Nutraceutical Council (NAVNC), 122, 649,
657, 780Novifitยฎ, 408Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 factor (NFE2L2), 115Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins, 273Nutraceutical Research Laboratory (NRL), 840Nutraceuticals, 587
categories, 587classification, 193defined, 188
Nutramindยฎ, 408Nutrient combination (NM), cancer, 617โ618
Index 867
Nutrient combination (NM) (cont.)angiogenesis inhibition, 618โ619anti-inflammatory effects, 620metastasis and invasion inhibition, 618pro-apoptotic effects, 619โ620therapeutic effects, 620xenografts, 618
Nutrients, 649Nutriproteomics, 732
glucosamine and chondroitin, 732โ733omega-3 fatty acids, 733S-Adenosylmethionine, 732
Nutritional additives, 338, 347, 834Nutritional interventions, 593Nyctanthes arbortristis, 200
OOA, see Osteoarthritis (OA)OA synovial fibroblasts (OASFs), 78Oat-derived beta glucans, 658Oats (Avena sativa), 795Obesity, 467
endocannabinoids, 129ginger, 59See also Metabolic disorders
Ocimum basilicum L., 163Oligofructose, 266Oligosaccharides, 267, 268, 659Olive oil, 576Omega-3, 124Omega-6, 124Omega fatty acids
adverse effects, in dogs and cats, 183aggression and depression, treatment of, 182anti-inflammatory effects, 176โ179beneficial effects, 176brain and retina, development of, 176in cardiovascular diseases, 181โ182cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 403โ404in hyperlipidemia, 181osteoarthritis treatment, 179โ180preterm labor, prevention of, 182โ183renoprotective effects, 180โ181therapeutic role against cancer, 182
Omega-3 fatty acids, 175, 176, 373โ374camelids, 659nutriproteomics, 733
Omics-based methodologies, 682Onion (Allium cepa), 574, 628Open-chain flavonoids, 191Opiate-cannabinoid receptor dimerization, 128Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), 13Oral health, in dogs and cats, 467Oregano oil (Origanum vulgare), 163, 572Oregano vulgare, 470โ471Organic acids
antibacterial activity, 328beneficial effects, 327butyrate, 329butyric acid, 328โ329dietary acids inclusion, 327in drinking water, 327in food-producing animals, 327โ328intestinal mucosal surface, 329mechanism of action, 327
medium-chain fatty acids, 327poultry, 666โ667short-chain fatty acids, 327, 328toll-like receptors, 329undissociated form, 328
Organic chelates, of mineral elements, 349Organosulfur compounds (OSC), 677Origanum majorana, 571, 572Origanum vulgare, 163, 457, 571Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), 16Ortolani Maneuver, 367Oryza sativa, 571Oryza sativus, see Brown rice (Oryza sativus)Osteoarthritis (OA)
berberine, 78botulinum toxin A, 376bovine lactoferricin, 376characteristics, 365clinical efficacy of CBD, 142โ143C-phycocyanin, 375curcumin, 10โ12diagnosis
biochemical biomarkers, 368Ortolani and cranial tibial drawer examination, 367pain measurement, 367, 368
in dogs, 10โ11eggshell membrane, 376etiology, 365IL-1ฮฒ, 78management
avocado and soybean unsaponifiables, 372Boswellia serrata extract, 374chondroitin, 368โ369collagen, 372curcumin, 371Devilโs claw, 374โ375glucosamine, 368โ369green-lipped mussel, 373hyaluronan, 369โ371methylsulfonylmethane, 371โ372Naturally Preferred Holistic Frozen Dog Treats, 373omega-3 fatty acids, 373โ374sauchinone, 375shilajit, 374
microRNAs, 376omega fatty acids, 179โ180pathogenesis, 11pathophysiology, 366โ367pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical efficacy of CBD treatment,
141โ12resveratrol, 375โ376signs and symptoms, 365spermidine, 376โ377
Otitis externa, 564Ovalbumin (OVA), 16, 641Ovarian cancer, 485Ovicides, 625Ovomucin, 641Ovomucoid, 641Ovotransferrin (OVTF), 229, 235, 641
antibacterial activity, 238โ239antifungal activity, 239antiparasitic activity, 239antiviral activity, 239โ241bioavailability, 237โ238characteristics, 236
868 Index
C-terminal lobe, 236functional properties, 238genes, 236โ237iron bound, 236iron-free, 236N-terminal lobe, 236receptors, 236structure, 237
Ovum, 492Oxidative damage, 206Oxidative stress, 28, 56, 83
anxiety and stress disorders, 420biomarkers, 206cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 394โ395dairy cows, 490neem, 40and neurodegeneration, 206โ207in non-neurodegenerative diseases, 207
Oxytocin (OT), 419Ozoderm, 167Ozonated olive oil, 167
Pp53, 40Packing constraint (PC) theory, 739Paclitaxel, 138Paclobutrazol, 149Pain, curcumin, 12โ13Palatability influence, phytogenic feed additive, 356Palmarosa oil, 166Palmitic acid, 124Panax ginseng, see Ginseng (Panax ginseng)Pancreatic dysfunction, 443Paradols, 52Parkinsonโs disease (PD), 688Parodontaxยฎ, 461Partial thickness wound models, 546Particular Nutritional Uses (PARNUTs), 676Passive immunity, 245, 246
colostrum and, 247โ249by egg antibodies, 251
Passive immunization, 246Pasteurella multocida, 311Pattern recognition receptors (PRR), 270Pau dโArco (Tabebuia impetiginosa), 450p-cymene, 93Pears (Pyrus spp.), 504โ505Pecans, 188Pelargonium graveolens L., 167Pellets, 145Peltogynoids, 106Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), 98Peppermint (Mentha piperita), 166, 458, 629โ630Peptides, 231, 641โ642Performance-enhancing nutraceuticals, 593โ600Perilla seed (Perilla frutescens L.), 818Perillyl alcohol, 139Periodontal disease
Aloe vera, 457โ458babool, 454โ455barberry, 454Calendula Officinalis, 450ฮฒ-caryophyllene, 460chamomile, 460chitosan, 455
cinnamon powder, 457clove, 459โ460coenzyme Q10, 461colgate herbal toothpaste, 461diagnostic markers, 448dogs and cats, 447Echinacea purpurea, 450, 454Eucalyptus, 460folic acid, 460โ461grape seed extract, 458green tea, 459hyaluronic acid, 461Hydrastis canadensis, 457myrrh, 458โ459nutraceuticals, 450โ453oregano, 457Parodontaxยฎ, 461pathophysiology, 448โ449Pau dโArco, 450peppermint, 458plant extracts and products, 447probiotics, 461โ462propolis, 456โ457rosemary, 454royal jelly, 456sage, 457sodium Hexametaphosphate, 461stages, 448โ449thyme, 460treatment, 447
Periodontitis, 448Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), 7Peripheral neuropathy (PN), 12Peroxidases, 384, 385Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g (PRAR-g), 75Peroxynitrite (ONOO-), 205Persea americana (avocado), see Avocado (Persea americana)Peyerโs patches, 248P54FP, 11P-glycoprotein (P-gp), 72, 194Phage lytic enzymes (PLEs), 336Phage therapy, 335, 337, 339Phellandrene, 165Phenolic acids, 190Phenols, 5552-Phenylethylisothiocyanate, 115, 116Phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), 209Pheromones, 421Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care
(PITAHC), 839Philippine Natural Health Products Industry (PNHPI), 839Philippines regulatory guidelines
bureaus and research agencies, 838Chamber of Herbal Industries of the Philippines, 839Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Animal Industry, 839dysentery, 839Food and Agriculture Organization, 838gastrointestinal disorders, 837Luzon, 838medicinal plant species, 837โ838Mindanao, 838Nutraceutical Research Laboratory, 840Philippine Natural Health Products Industry, 839Philippine Statistics Authority, 838PITAHC, 839product information and requirements, 839
Index 869
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), 838Phlorizin, see FlavonoidsPhlorotannins, 643Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), 606Phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (pTEN), 40Phosphatidylserine, 404Phospholipase C (PLC), 125Phospholipids, 658Phosphorus, 308โ309, 659Photoisomerization, 216Physostigma venenosum (calabar bean), 394Phytase, 308โ309Phytic acid, 309, 616โ617Phytoalexins, 215โ217Phytobiotics
antibacterials, 334antimicrobial activity, 330, 331dietary phytochemicals, 330eucalyptus oil, 333feature, 331flavonoids, 330โ331MCFA, 333minimal inhibitory concentration, 331modes of action, 331phytochemical medicines, 330plant-based compounds, 331plant extracts, 332possible influence, 334poultry, 668โ669primary components, 330principal use, 332quorum sensing, 332SCFA, 334
Phytocannabinoids, 134โ136Phytochemicals (PCs), 188โ189, 809
fenugreek, 25, 28ginger, 52, 53
Phytoconstituents, neem, 39Phytoestrogens, 200Phytogenic feed additive
in animal feeding, 352โ353antibiotic restrictions, 353awareness, 353classification
antibacterial activity, 353โ355anti-inflammatory action, 355antioxidant activity, 355growth-promoting property, 355โ356gut function, 356immunomodulators, 356palatability influence, 356
compounds, 353plant secondary metabolites, 353reasons for use of, 354research studies, 353
Phyto-Mast15, 575Phytonutraceuticals, 643โ644Phytopharmaceutical, in traditional Oriental traditional medicine, 574Pichia pastoris, 272, 310Pig farming, in proteases, 311Piggery sector
flavonoids, 198polyphenols, 198
Pigs, 752โ753PI3K/AKT pathway, 524PI3-kinase signaling pathways, 196
Pinene, 93Pine oil (Pinus longifolia), 630Piperine, 7Piper methysticum, 137Piper species, 398Pistacia lentiscus, 470Plant antioxidants, 131Plant-derived immunomodulators
alkaloids, 594capsaicin, 596chemical structures, 595compounds, 594curcumin, 595flavonoids, 594โ595medicinal plants uses, 594quercetin, 595โ596resveratrol, 595terpenoids, 595
Plant extracts, 355cancer, 613โ614cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 394ectoparasites, 626mastitis, 570โ572
Plant food supplements (PFS), 680Plant secondary metabolites (PSM), 353PLGAcurcumin nano-formulation, 13Polyclonal antibody, 253Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC), 442Polygonum cuspidatum, 220Polygonum hydropiper, 395, 398Polymeric micelles, 750โ751Polymeric nanoparticles, 751Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), 235Polyphenols, 83
antiaging, 387โ388bacterial enzymatic degradation, 194biomarkers
absorption, 704blood/urinary metabolites, 704excretion, 704nutraceutical-gut microbiota interaction, 703rationale, 695, 696tissue exposure, 704total phenolic content, 696
cardiovascular diseases, 429classification, 190in common plants, 191โ192conjugation pathways, 194extraction, 193โ194flavonoids, 190โ192in flora and fauna and human health, 193โ196gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 470in human medicine
cardiovascular diseases, 196โ197neoplasms, 196neurodegenerative disorders, 196
inflammation, 589lignans, 192pharmacokinetic attributes, 194โ195pharmacological attributes
anti-inflammatory activity, 195antimicrobial activity, 195โ196antioxidant activity, 195
phenolic acids, 190rich plants in animal feeding, 199โ200stilbenes, 192
870 Index
structural activity relationship, 193toxicity, 200in veterinary medicine
companion animals, 198โ199equine sector, 199laboratory animals, 199piggery sector, 198poultry sector, 197
Polyphenon E, 195Polysaccharopeptide (PSP), 599Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans, 179Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 167, 179, 206, 373
cardiovascular diseases, 430cattle health and diseases, 640cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 403โ404gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 471โ472genitourinary diseases, 494poultry, 667โ668stability test, 770
Pomegranate, 486Poria cocos, 505Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 131Potassium bromide (KBR), 143Pot marigold (Calendula Officinalis), 450Poultry, 117
dynamic balance, 661exogenous enzymes, 665โ666farming, 661feed, 43, 303, 350ginger extract, 63intestinal mucosa functions, 661organic acids, 666โ667parenteral applications, 662phytobiotics, 668โ669polyunsaturated fatty acids, 667โ668prebiotics, 663โ664probiotics, 662โ663production, 31synbiotics, 664โ665
Powders, 145Prebiotic index, 266Prebiotics, 266โ271, 287
antiaging, 387broiler chickens, 664camelids, 659cattle health and diseases, 639โ640defined, 266dogs and cats, 271farmed aquatic species, 271feed additives, 351, 352fermentation, 267gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 475gut flora stabilizers, 835horses, 270โ271as immunostimulants in aquaculture, 271in livestock nutrition, 288pigs, 270poultry, 269โ270, 663โ664ruminants, 270sources, 288
Primary idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia, 181Pristine carbon nanotubes, 741Proanthocyanidins, 194, 504Probiotics, 271โ279, 287, 489, 809
antiaging, 387aquaculture, 278โ279cattle health and diseases, 638โ639classification, 273competitive exclusion, 273defined, 272dietary supplementation, 273dogs and cats, 278feed additives, 351โ352foodomics, 733โ734gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 473โ475genitourinary diseases, 507honey bee, 279horses, 277โ278immunoregulatory, 273immunostimulatory, 273livestock, 272MAMPs, 273mastitis, 577mechanisms of action, 272โ273microorganisms, 288periodontal disease, 461โ462pigs, 275โ276poultry, 274โ275, 662โ663rabbits, 278ruminants, 276โ277
Progoitrin, 114โ115Programmed cell death, see ApoptosisProgrammed electrical stimulation (PES), 74Proinflammatory cytokines, 556Pro-inflammatory cytokines, 366Prolactin, 599Proline, 614Prophylactic antibiotics, 323Propolis, 456โ457Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), 139Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 176Prostaglandins (PGs), 206Prostate gland disease, 486โ487Proteases, 304, 310โ311Protein(s), 231
cattle health and diseases, 641โ642hydrolysates, 421stability test, 769
Protein kinase C (PKC), 76Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), 367Proteolysis, 597Proteomics
foodomics, 733โ734mass spectrometers, 731measurable changes, 731nutriproteomics
glucosamine and chondroitin, 732โ733omega-3 fatty acids, 733S-adenosylmethionine, 732
Proteus spp., 238Prototheca zopfii, 571Prunus armeniaca, see ApricotPruritus, 178Psoriasis, 17Pueraria flower, 485Pulverized turmeric root, 3Pumpkin seed, 486Purina Pro Plan Bright Mindยฎ, 408
Index 871
โPurple lapacho,โ see Pau dโArco (Tabebuia impetiginosa)Pyridine alkaloids, 26Pyrodextrins, 263, 288Pyrophosphate index, 680Pyrus spp., see Pears (Pyrus spp.)
QQuality by design (QbD), 773Quality control (QC) testing, 149Quality standards, of feed additives
assurance, 356โ357chemical evaluation, 357Indian feed industry legislations, 358ingredient specifications, 357โ358latest developments, 358โ360necessity, 357nutritive value, 356physical evaluation, 357program, 356quality control, 357
Quercetin, 195, 594antioxidant activity, 199antiviral activity, 198cancer, 613, 616, 617cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 408gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 470genitourinary diseases, 501in hyperglycaemic pigs, 198in meat quality of broiler chickens, 197plant-derived immunomodulators, 595โ596procarcinogenic effect, 200
Quil A, 644
RRabbits, 118Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (red sage root), 572Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO), 293Rams, 491Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), 491โ492Ratio dosing, 148RDP-modified liposome (RCL), 17Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), 56, 195, 205Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 56, 83, 195, 205
mitochondrial cellular respiration, 438periodontal pathogens, 448physiological functions, 489
Real-time stability test, 770โ772Red sage root (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae), 572Red yeast rice (RYR), 677โ678Reference concentration (RfC), 679Reference dose (RfD), 679Reference Member State (RMS), 801Refined functional carbohydrates (RFCs), 270Regional Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia andthe
Pacific (APHCA), 838Regulation (EC) 767/2009 (EC 2009a), 799Regulation (EC) No 429/2008 (EC 2008b), 796Regulation (EC) No 767/2009 (EC 2009b), 795Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (2003a), 798Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (EC 2003a), 798Regulatory guidelines
AFFCO, 779โ780, 783in Australia, 810
complementary medicine, 825
novel food, 826โ827therapeutic goods, 823โ825
in Canada, 810adverse effects report, 790compliance and enforcement, 790Expert Advisory Committee on Veterinary Natural Health
Products, 788health guidelines, 789โ790included and excluded products, 789Interim Notification Pilot Program, 788โ789manufacturing requirements, 790Veterinary Drugs Directorate, 788veterinary health products, 788
in Chinaclassification, 816current version, 818โ819Epimedii folium, 817โ818Eucommia ulmoides Leaves, 816โ817feed additive, 819โ829garlic (Allium sativum L.), 816Ministry of Agriculture, 815perilla seed, 818tea polyphenols, 816World Trade Organization, 815
DSHEA, 777โ778, 783European Union, 793โ794
animal feed labels, 799feed additives, 794โ798feed legislation, 794โ795feed materials, 794, 795veterinary medicinal products, 794โ795, 799โ802
in European Union, 810FDA/CVM, 778โ779, 783in India, 807โ808
animal feed, 811โ812benefits, 813Commitment Towards International Standards, 812current trends, 809โ810disadvantages, 813government and public sector institutes roles, 813historical background, 808livestock sector, 808โ809product evaluation, 812โ813requirements, 812
in Japan, 810legally marketed for animals, 781โ782manufacturers face, 783in New Zealand
novel food, 826โ827therapeutic product, 825โ826
in Philippinesbureaus and research agencies, 838Chamber of Herbal Industries of the Philippines, 839Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Animal Industry, 839dysentery, 839Food and Agriculture Organization, 838gastrointestinal disorders, 837Luzon, 838medicinal plant species, 837โ838Mindanao, 838Nutraceutical Research Laboratory, 840Philippine Natural Health Products Industry, 839Philippine Statistics Authority, 838PITAHC, 839product information and requirements, 839
probiotics claims, 780
872 Index
rules in different countries, 782โ783in South Africa, 843
legislative framework, 843โ846veterinary nutraceuticals control, 846โ848
trade organizations related, 780โ781in Turkey
animal-breeding targets, 829Communiquรฉ, 831feed, 829feed additives, 831โ835feed and food official control, 831feed hygiene regulation, 830โ831legislation, 830livestock production, 829market and feed use, 831
in USA, 785DSHEA, 786โ787FDA, 786feed additives, 787pets, 787โ788safety concerns, 788
Renal pelvis, 504Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, 180Reproductive disorders
femaleAdenium obesum, 485Agnus castus, 485breast cancer, 482โ484causes, 481โ482cervical cancer, 484ovarian cancer, 485uterus, 484โ485
male, 486โ487Resveratrol, 192, 375โ376
administration, 223adverse effects, 224antiaging, 387aromatic rings, 216biological actions
antioxidant activity, 221antitumor activity in mammals, 218โ221antiviral activity, 221โ222cell death, 221and cell membrane, 222
breast cancer, 482cancer, 605, 607, 615, 617cardiovascular diseases, 431as chelator of copper in blood of pigs, 198cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 407commercially available commodities, 219in cosmetic industry as anti-ageing substance, 198molecular weight, 216occurrence in nature, 218pharmacodynamics, 222โ223pharmacokinetics, 222โ223phytoalexins, 215โ217plant-derived immunomodulators, 595synthesis, 216โ219
Resveratrol synthase, 216Retina, 16Retinoic acid, 613โ615Retinoids, 567Retinol, 390Retinopathies, 16Reverse pharmacology, 193Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 365
Rhizoma Chuanxiong (chuanxiong rhizome), 572Rhizome (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati), 572Rhododendron, 137Rimonabant, 132Rojelexinโข, 456Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), 162โ163, 454, 520Rosmarinic acid (RosA), 162โ163, 405Rosmarinus officinalis, see Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)Rotavirus, 239Royal jelly (RJ)
cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 405โ406periodontal disease, 456
Rubus idaeus, see Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)Rumen, 276Ruminants, 118
gastrointestinal function, 754โ755growth, 753reproduction, 755โ756See also Cattle
Rutin, 104, 198
SSaccharomyces cerevisiae, 289S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe)
cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 404hepatic injury and repair, 439โ440nutriproteomics, 732
Safflower (Flos Carthami), 572Saffron (Crocus sativus), 400Sage (Salvia officinalis), 166, 457, 573St. Johnโs wort (Hypericum perforatum), 421โ422, 519Sakuranetin, 216Salannin, 39Salmonella enteritidis, 312Salmonella spp., 264, 274Salvia officinalis, 166, 457Sanguinarine, 605Sapogenins, 26Saponins, 26, 27, 29, 644Sauchinone, 375Scaffold, 547SCFAs, see Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)Schizophyllan (SPG), 599Sea buckthorn (SBT), 84โ86, 189, 199
feed formulation, 88nutraceuticals, mechanism of therapeutic value, 87โ88phytomolecules, 84plant-based feed formulation, 88on poultry, 85, 86
Seaweeds, 431โ432, 643Secondary lipid disorders (SLDs), 181Seizure-induced cerebral oxidative damage, 207Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), 419Selenium (Se)
bioavailability, 659cancer, 612genitourinary diseases, 502โ503immune disorders, 588nanoparticles, 756
Senilifeยฎ, 408Senna italica ssp. arachoides, 628Sensory additives, 338, 347, 834Sequestrants, 349Serotonergic system, 128Serotonin (5-HT), 418โ419
Index 873
Serratia spp., 576Serum amyloid A (SAA), 588Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 92Sesquiterpenoids, 52Sheep, 574Shilajit
diabetes, 533โ534osteoarthritis, 374
Shock-wave lithotripsy (SWL), 17Shogaols, 52Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), 261, 263, 269, 279, 288, 327, 328Short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS), 271Sialic acid, 229Sideritis hirsuta oil, 167Silage additives, 833โ834Silymarin, 440โ441Single-walled concentric CNTs (SWCNTs), 743Sinigrin, 115SIRT-1 gene, 220Skin (cutaneous) cancer, 566โ567Skin disorders, 563โ564
allergic/atopic, 564, 566Aloe vera, 565antibiotics, 564โ565diet supplement, 565honey, 565infectious and noninfectious agents, 564otitis externa, 564physical agents, 564โ565plant-based nutraceuticals, 565plant products, 565treatment, 564
Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis), 394Sodium butyrate, 667Sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1), 194Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), 461Sodium nimbidinate, 41Soft-chews, 145Soluble dietary fiber (SDF), 27Solvent extraction (SE), 94Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) method, 163South Africa regulatory guidelines, 843
legislative framework, 843โ844Medicines Act, 844โ846Stock Remedies Act, 846
veterinary nutraceuticals control, 846โ848Soy, 432Soya-oligosaccharide, 266Soybean oil, 630Soybean oligosaccharides, 266Soybean peptides, 401โ402, 641Soy-genistein, 198Soy oligosaccharides (SOS), 288Spermidine, 376โ377Spices, 353Spirulina platensis, 503Spleen, 246Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), 130Sports medicine, 13โ14Spray-drying eggs, 252Stability test
accelerated, 770โ772categories, 767โ770factors affect, 765โ767nutraceutical products, 765
real-time, 770โ772reasons for, 765regulatory guideline aspects, 772โ773in USA, 765
Stallions, 493Standardized turmeric (ST), 4
doses, 4efficacy and safety of, 5traumatic muscular injuries, 13
Statins, 29Steam distillation (SD), 94Steam-distilled neem oil, 41Stearic acid, 124Stearidonic acid (SDA), 124Stepharanine, 74Steroid-sparing effect, 178Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), 75Stevia rebaudiana, 531Stilbenes, 190, 192, 216
See also ResveratrolStochastic theory, 385Stock Remedies Act, 846Streptococcus faecium, 294Streptozotocin (STZ), 524โ525Stress
endocannabinoids, 128โ129in endoplasmic reticulum, 490See also Anxiety disorders
Stressful public speaking test (SPST), 129Structural activity relationship (SAR), 193Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), 277Sulfasalazine, 8Sulforaphane, 115
antioxidant activity, 115cancer, 616, 617in vitro bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal activity, 116
SUMOylation, 394Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE-SD), 94Superoxide, 205Superoxide dismutase (SOD), 56, 77, 208Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), 687Superoxide radical, 208Sweeteners, 349Swine, 117
feed, 303Synbiotics
aquaculture, 280cattle health and diseases, 640for companion animals, 296โ297dogs and cats, 280gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 475, 476for pigs, 295โ296poultry, 279, 289โ294, 664โ665for ruminants, 294โ295
Syzygium aromaticum (Clove), 459โ460
TTabebuia impetiginosa (Pau dโArco), 450Tablets, 769Taiwan regulatory guidelines, 782Tannic acid, 107, 355Tannins, 107, 643โ644โTape stripping,โ 546Tea (Camellia sinensis), 459, 470
874 Index
catechins, 388leaves, 188metabolic disorders, 518
Tea polyphenols (TPs), 816Teat duct, 581Tea tree oil, 167, 576Technological additives, 337โ338, 347, 832โ834Terminalia chebula, 570โ572Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), 269Terpenes, 133, 137โ139Terpenoids, 139, 5954-Terpineol, 93Terpinolene, 139Testicles, 494Tetrahydrocannabinol, 134โ136Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), 135โ136Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), 7, 9, 123, 144Thalifendine, 72Theaflavins, 388Therapeutic Goods Act 1989, 824, 825Therapeutic Goods Administration, 825Thermodynamics, 738Thiamine, 408Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 206Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 355Thiocyanates, 118Thiouracil, 117, 118Th2-mediated allergic responses, 16Three-dimensional (3D) tissue models, 681Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris), 162, 460, 571, 631Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), 16Thymol, 94, 97, 162Thymoquinone (TQ)
anticancer activity, 95antifungal activity, 95anti-inflammatory activity, 96antioxidant activity, 93gastroprotective activity, 97neuroprotective properties, 98seizures, 98
Thymus vulgaris, see Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris)Thyroid hypertrophy, 117Thyroxine, 46Ticks, 625Tincture, 141, 144Tinospora cordifolia, 575ฮฑ-Tocopherol, 208D-ฮฑ-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), 72Tocotrienol antioxidants, 658Toll-like receptor (TLR), 263, 273Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9, 475Topical administration, of cannabinoids, 146Total cholesterol (TC), 75Touchi extract, 533Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs), 680Toxicity
babool (Acacia nilotica), 108berberine, 78flavonoids, 200neem, 46Nigella sativa, 98polyphenols, 200
Toxicity amelioration, 30Toxicology and drug interactions
adverse effects
central nervous system, 718coagulation system, 717โ718
allergic and skin effects, 712โ713, 717cardiovascular effects, 712drugโdrug interactions, 712, 714โ717endocrine and reproductive system effects, 718hepatotoxicity, 711โ712musculoskeletal system effects, 718
Trace element compounds, 834Trachyspermum ammi, 199, 200Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA) of 1997, 839Traditional Chinese Medicine, 572โ573, 789Transcytosis, 238Transdermal applications, of cannabinoids, 146Transferrin, 238Transforming growth factor (TGF)-ฮฒ, 40Transgalactooligosaccharide (TGOS), 293Transgalactosylated-oligosaccharides (TOS), 266, 288Transgenic Drosophila, 689Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1), 12Transmucosal routes, 145โ146Traumatic muscular injuries, 13Triatoma infestans, 628Triglyceride (TG), 75Trigonella foenum-graecum, see Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-
graecum)Trigonelline, 27, 29Triiodothyronine, 46Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), 482Triterpene, 106Triticum aestivum L., 571Trypanosoma brucei, 628Trypanosoma cruzi, 628Tulbaghia violacea, 628Turkey regulatory guidelines
animal-breeding targets, 829Communiquรฉ, 831feed, 829feed additives
animal nutrition, 831โ832coccidiostats and histomonostats, 835nutritional additives, 834sensory additives, 834technological additives, 832โ834zootechnical additives, 834โ835
feed and food official control, 831feed hygiene regulation, 830โ831legislation, 830livestock production, 829market and feed use, 831
Turkish Statistical Instituteโs, 829Turmeric (Curcuma longa), 3
antiarthritic effects, 8chemical constituents, 6cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 398common cold and infections, 10composition, 3, 4consumption, 6diabetes, 14โ15doses, 5gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, 468โ469inflammatory bowel disease, 8โ10ingredients, 3long-term effect, 8mechanism of action, 7โ8
Index 875
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) (cont.)osteoarthritis, 10โ12pain, 12โ13pharmacokinetics, 6โ7phytochemicals, 18PK/PD modeling, 6polar extract of, 11safety, 6translation, 18uses, 4
Type A hepatotoxicity, 712, 713Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 76, 523, 524Type II collagen, 372
UUbiquinol, 442โ443Ubiquitin proteasomal system decline theory, 385Udder, 569Ulcer, 40Ulcerative colitis, 8Umbelliferone, 104โ105Undenatured type II collagen (UC-II), 652Unsaturated fatty acids, 176Upstream activating sequence (UAS), 689Urea, 834Urea ammoniated neem seed meal (UANSM), 44Urea-treated neem seed cake (UANSC), 44Urinary bladder, 504Urinary diseases, 503โ504
antimicrobial pharmaceuticals, 504Cranberry (Vaccinium spp.), 504โ505herbal remedies, 505lipoic acid, 505โ506mannose and methionine, 506See also Genitourinary diseases
Urine drug screening test (UDST), 142Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), 443USA regulatory guidelines, 782โ783USFDA, 432US Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 650US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine
(FDA-CVM), 650Uterus, 484โ485
VVaccination
of calves, 250for specific antibodies and processing egg yolk strategies, 252
Vaccinium spp., see Cranberry (Vaccinium spp.)Valerian (Valeriana officinalis), 422Valproate, 98Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 115Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), 74Vasopressin (AVP), 419โ420Vaso-relaxation, 130Vegetables, 483, 495โ496, 611Venereal tumours, 198Ventricular arrhythmia, 433Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), 199Veterinary cannabis products, in US market
dosing considerations and strategies for veterinary species, 147โ148adverse events and dosage, 148drug interactions with cannabis, 148โ149ratio dosing, 148
inhalation, 146oral route of administration, 144โ146topical administration, 146zero-THC hemp extracts, 146
Veterinary Drugs Directorate (VDD), 788Veterinary Feed Directive, 230Veterinary health products (VHPs), 788Veterinary medicinal products (VMPs), 794โ795
food-producing or companion animals, 801โ802marketing authorization procedure, 799โ801
Veterinary medicine, 845Vigna mungo (black lentils), see Black lentils (Vigna mungo)Viral diseases, 39โ40Visceromotor responses (VMRs), 12Vitamin A, 209Vitamin C, 209
antiaging, 388camelids, 660cancer, 612
with amino acids and plant extracts, 613โ614with calcitriol, 614with carotenoids, 614โ615with copper, 612with glutathione, 613with lysine, proline, and green tea, 614with methylsulfonylmethane, 613with quercetin, 613with retinoic acid, 613โ615with selenium, 612with vitamin E, 614, 615with vitamin K3, 614
hepatic injury and repair, 441Vitamin D, 388โ389, 430Vitamin D3, 659Vitamin E, 208
antiaging, 388cancer, 614, 615cognitive dysfunction syndrome, 403genitourinary diseases, 502โ503hepatic injury and repair, 441mastitis, 580โ581
Vitamin K3, 614Vitis, 503Vitis vinifera, resveratrol chemical biosynthesis of, 216, 219Volatile fatty acid (VFA), 168, 263, 267, 292, 306Volatile oils, 547
WWalnut (Persea americana), 504Water extraction, 38Water-soluble cannabinoids, 145Weaning, 275Wear and tear theory, 385Western diet, 124Wheat-based diets, 304Withania somnifera, see Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)Wnt-induced signaling protein 1 (WISP-1), 367World Trade Organization (WTO), 815Wound healing
acute wound, 541animal models, 545Chromolaena odorata
application, 555chemical constituents, 549โ551chemical research, 554
876 Index
common vernacular, 549description, distribution and pharmacological uses, 548eupolin, 555flavonoids, 555fresh leaves, 554herbal medicines, 556inflammation, 556in vitro wound assay and in vivo studies, 555โ556natural cascades, 556pharmacological activities, 550โ553phenol, 555phytochemicals, 548, 549plant-derived agents, 551โ554proinflammatory cytokines, 556secondary metabolites, 549volatile oils, 547
chronic wounds, 541โ542folk medicine, 543herbal plants, 543human models, 545โ546in vitro assays, 543โ545in vivo models, 545nutraceuticals formulation and delivery systems, 546โ547
pathophysiology, 542โ543plants, 543, 544therapeutic approaches, 543
XXenografts, 618Xylanase, 304, 311, 666Xylitol, 443Xylo-oligosaccharide, 266
YYiShenJianPi recipe, 503
ZZero-THC hemp extracts, 146Z-ฮณ-bisabolene, 92Zingerone, 52, 53Zingiber officinale, see Ginger (Zingiber officinale)Zingiberol, 52Zootechnical additives, 338โ339, 347, 834โ835, 846
Index 877