the pottery-incised serekh-signs of dynasties 0-1...

Archeo-NiI n011 - 2001

The Pottery-Incised Serekh-Signs of Dynasties 0-1 Part 11: Fragments and Additional Complete Vessels

Edwin C.M. van den Brink Fii}' Werner Kaiser

Resume

Cc second volet d'une etude tripartite sur les premiers signes incises de screkh se concentre sur les inscriptions/ins ignes royaux conserves sur des ceramiques fragmentees contemporaines du contextc de la dynastie 0 et du debut de la Icre dynastie, en Egypte, au Levant-Sud et en Basse-Nubie. En plus, neuf jarres completes ont ete ajoutees, cn complement aux 24 presentees dans le prcmier volct.

Cette etude decrit egalement la transformation graduelIe des serekh incises, depuis les exemples sim pies, non distincts et anonymes jusqu'aux dix groupes distingues de serekh personnalises, chacun etant associe a un souverain specifiqlle. On sllggere egalement une nouvelIe lecture pour un serekh provcnant de la tombe 160 de Minshat Abu Omar et I'existence d'un sonverainjusqu'alors incom1U, identifie sur ce serekh, " Horns, Celui qui appartient a Neith ".

Une suggestion est egalement proposee avec prudencc dans la distinction entre un souveraiu Nar et un monarque plus tardif, Horus Nanner, premier rai de la 1 ere dynastic et occupant de la tombe B 17/18 du cimetiere royal d'Abydos.

Abstract

This second instalhnent of a tripartite study on early incised serekh-signs focuses on royal insignia/inscriptions preserved on fi'agmented pottelY vessels found in Dynasty 0 and early First Dynasty contemporaty contexts in Egypt, the southern Levant and Lower Nubia. In addition, another nine complete jars, a complement to 24 intact jars with incised serekh-signs presented in the first part of this study, are included in this installment. This study also dcscribes the gradual transmogrification of incised pottClY serekh-signs from non-distinct plain and anonymous examples to ten distinct groups of personalized serekhs, each associated with a specific ruler. It also suggests a new reading for a serekh from Minshat Abu Omar Tomb 160 and the existence of a previously unknown ruler Ijr Nj Nj.1 "Horus He-who-belongs-to-Neith", identified from his serekh. In addition, a suggestion is cautiously submitted for distinguishing between a ruler Nar and a later monarch, Horus Narmer, the first king of Dynasty I and occupant of Tomb B17/18 in the royal cemetelY B at Abydos.

Archeo-NiI n'11 - 2001 EDWIN C.M. VAN DEN BRINK 23


The Pottery-Incised Serekh-Signs of Dynasties 0-1 Part 11: Fragments and Additional Complete Vessels

Edwin C.M. van den Brink

IN THE FIRST PART OF THIS STUDY (van den Brink 1996), I discussed the chronological sequence of incised sel'ekh-signs found on tall, pottelY storage jars dating from Dynasty 0 through early First Dynasty (Nagada III,,_o')' by focussing on a tentative typology of 24 complete ceramic

vessels on which such sel'ekhs-signs had been found incised prior to firing.' This study discusses the incised sel'ekh-signs preserved on quite small potsherds that with few exceptions lack diagnostic features that can be directly related to one of the four vessel types (I-IV) identified in Part 1.4

-=

lflrJ

U • AbosirC:!.Mcleq 1021

1.2. Abu5ir cl Mcicq II.H (Ik.lin 19.1:10) (Ucrho ")JI) U .-'Raliah' 'Rafiah' (after !kburr 1916, (fm.:1 Mus. 69. 31.361) pI. 11.00. 28)

(--"---~+')

(;.::')

1101

IIR.!' T:utban 1701 (()CI6084)

"'~ k'~ I

~ I I Wfl nUl MAO 1210.21

-"--~:::--:1

,-r-r\ n't i

I I i I I

! 111.12 MAOS:XU

lIa.5 EJ·llcda (hOlailia Mus. 1928) Thrah 16.g.9.

(KIIM.Wicn 6808)

II1.U MAOlti(U

Hun MAO H.) 111.11

Fas{em Nile o..:ll~ (MMA.til. 122)

1 The added specification Upottery( -incised)" recognizes the existence of carly serekh-signs incised not only on ceramic vessels, but incised/scratched/carved and impressed into other media and objects, only indirectly referred to in this work. They included, for example, Egyptian, S. Levalltil1e and Nubian cylinder seals/seal impressions, rock tableaus, stclac, gramti, stone vessels, incense burncrs, ceremonial stone palette(s), ceremonial mace-hcads, wooden, iVOlY, bone and faience objects such as labels and combs, a flint knife from Minshat Ezzat and the monumental Koptos stone statualY. Accordingly, the term 'incised' in this work implicitly stands for 'pottery-incised', unless stated othenvise.

2 That is the time span slightly prior to the reign of king Double Falcon until and including the reign of Horus Nalll1er.

3 The numerous incised "domain marks" will be dealt with in a third and final instaIIment of this study. 4 These exceptions include two serekh-incised fragments (sce below, nO. 1O.b.2.S3 and 10.c.56) belonging to (Hams) Ka that do have featlll'es suftlcicntly diagnostic for conclusive attribution to Type III jars (van den Brink 1996 : 141, 16a-b). For an additional amrmed fragment ofa Type IiI jar, possibly incised with the name ofIry-Hor, see below, nO. 9.a.2.44. For five additional fragments, diagnostic of Type IV jars, incised with serekh-signs, sce below, nO. 8.b.2.27, Il.c.61, 12.81, 12.84 and 14.119.

24 The Pottery-Incised Serekh-Signs of Dynasties 0-1 - Part 1/: Fragments and Additional Complete Vessels

HI.l5 Helwan 1627.H.2 (after Saad 1947)

HI.l6 Helwan 1651.H.2 (after Saad 1947)

Ezbet el-Tell lII.l4 (Zagzig Univ. Abydos B I Mus.182) (after Lec1ant and Clerc 1986)

IVa.22 Abydos B I (UC 16089)

IVa.23 Tarkhan 414 (UC 16083)

Of course an inability to type these fragments hampers chronological attribution. However, they represent the bulk of the incised corpus of serekhs (118 fragments as comparcd to 24 complete vessels until 1996)5 and their study enables us to focus on the progressive development of stylistic characteristics with a view to applying this information to serekhs on complete vessels.

This study discusses the fragments tentatively arranged (inasmuch as was possible) in chronological order into 11 separate groups according to their inscriptions (cf. Table 1). Three groups dealing with miscellcneous examples follow them. In addition, there are t\VO appendices containing primary refercnces for serek1zs preserved both on intact pottery jars and on fr·agments.

The first group (l.a-b) deals with plain (l.a) and anonymous (l.b) serekh-signs that by their very nature can not be attributed to specific rulers6 . The remaining ten groups (2-11) deal with names (some readable, some not) of individual rulers. The final burial places of at least three of these mlers, Iq-Hor, Homs Ka and Horus Narmer, have been positively identified in Cemetery Bat Umm cl-Ga'ab, Abydos. They are tombs BO/1I2, B7/9 and B17/18 respectively (Kaiser and Dreyer 1982). The importance of this royal necropolis is indirectly reflected in the fact that almost half of the incised serekhsigns preserved on ceramic fragments derive from this very site (see Tablc 2). They are mainly of kings Iry-Hor7 and Horus Ka (sce Table 3).8

Pottery-incised serekh-signs dating to Dynasty 0 to early First Dynasty have been found in settlement and cemetery sites in both Lower and Upper Egypt, at various late Early Bronze Age rb (EB Ib) settlement sites in the southern Levant and in a mortuary context in Lower Nubia (cf. Appendices A and B). Twenty-five fragments and 27 complete jars derive from Lower Egypt, while 50 fragments and fOUl· intact jars come from Upper Egypt, almost all of these last from the Royal CemetelY B at Abydos. Six fragments and three complete jars were found in north Sinai, while thirty-six fragments were recovered in the southern Levant. Only a single fragment comes from Lower Nubia (cf. Table 2). All but four of the serekh-signs cited in this study were incised into the wet clay prior to the firing of the jars; the remaining examples were scratched into their surfaces after firing.'

5 Since then only nine additional complete jars with incised serekh-signs have come to my attention (sce e.g. Appendix B). 6 Kaiser in his 1982 treatment of pottery-incised serekhs listed both groups under a single heading Einfache serekh. He assumed the general anonymity of these serekhs reflects the vessels and their contents were intended for the royal COUlt (Kaiser 1982 : 265, sub 2). 7 This nallle has never been found in (association with) a serekh (but see below, note 52). The arrangement of a falcon perching on the 'mouth'-sign actually is more reminiscent of still earlier representations of a falcon perching on a variety of signs (a rectangle, a triangle, a sickle) carved into small bone and ivory tags found in Tomb U-j, CemetClY U, Umm el-Ga'ab, Abydos (Orcyer 1998 : Fig. 79 ; and see below, Iry-Hor). 8 Whether some or all of these early mlers belonged to the same Abydcne line of kings or whether some stood in opposition to them is beyond the scope of this paper (for onc possible scenario sce Dreyer 1992). Suftiec it to note, for the present, they are identified here by their incised serekh-signs. 9 The only examples of serekh-signs scratched into the exterior of a jar after firing are: nos. 9.a.2.46 (Qustul), 12.80 (En Besor), 12.101 (Tell el-Farkha) aud 14.[[9 (Wadi Umm Balad).

Archeo-NiI n011 - 2001 EDWIN C.M. VAN DEN BRINK 25

A progressive, though not quiet unilinear development of the serekh-signs is noted. The earliest pottery-incised serekhs IO are plain ones and not associated with a falcon. From them there is a development into a more distinct type of serekh-signs with a ruler's name/phonogram perching atop the plain serekh-sign ll . Eventually that type develops into one with 'personalized' serekh-signs, starting with Horus Ka 12. This type either has a royal name designation/phonogram within the lower part of the serekh frame; later the name appears inside the upper part or so-called 'name compartment' of the serekh frame. They appear with or without association to a falcon. Some examples are 'anonymous', i.e. the upper 'name compartment' was not inscribed13.

Incised marks that frequently accompany serekh-signs are from a rather restricted group. The earliest of thcse 14 are not unlike those found in still earlier inked signs accompanying the name of Scorpion I (and some of his prcdecessors) from Tomb V-j, Vmm el-Ga'ab, Abydos. Dreyer (1998) argues for interpreting these 'secondary' plant or trec-like signs as indications of provenance. Thus, the serekh would refer to the name of an individual ruler and the secondmy signs would literally signify a "plantation" or (fllnerary) "estate" of the same ruler. Accordingly, such inscriptions should be read thus: "[produce] of the estate of king NN".

Plain and Anonymous Serekhs (Group la-b)

Twenty- four incised serekhs belong to this group. Ten are preserved on complete vessels, 14 as fragments only. They are of two basically different types:

l.a Plain serekhs (n ~ 15). They consist of a nearly-square or rectangular, undivided frame containing three to six vertical strokes running from the top to bottom of the serekh-sign. They are believed to be a schematic depiction of a niched or paneled palace fa9ade and appear on jars of all four rccognized types (I-IV). Therefore, they number in both the earliest (those appearing on Type I jars) as well as the latest (those appearing on Typc IV jars) incised serekh-signs I5 • The upper horizontal border line of the serekh frame can be either straight (n ~ 13) or concave (n ~ 2). For an interpretation of the origin ofthe extreme concave plain serekh, no. l.a.1.5 appearing on a Type Ilajar, see below: Double Falcon and Dreycr 1999 : 6. None of the serekh-signs belonging to Group l.a.l (complete jars) is associated with a (superimposed or juxtaposed) falcon. And, as far as can be ascertained from the fragmentary state of the remaining plain serekh fragments, neither are those of group l.a.2 (fragments), with the possible exception ofthe rclatively late specimen of no. l.a.2.5 16 (see also Kiihler and van den Brink 2002).

Out of the 15 serekh-signs, ten have an additional incised mark or marks either in right (n ~ 5) or left (n ~ 5) juxtapostion. There are only two certified cases (nos. l.a.1.5 and l.a.2.4) where a plain serekh is not 'supported' by a secondalY mark. The two remaining specimens of this subgroup are too fragmcntmy to say anything for certain in this respect. It is perhaps not without significance that, with the exception of three (relatively late) fragments from CcmctelY B, Abydos, all intact jars and remaining fragments come from mortuary and settlement contexts in north Sinai and Lower Egypt.

10 This refers to those sereklts of Group La that appear on Type I jars. They are mainly, although not exclusively, found in north Sinai and Lower Egypt.

11 [t concerns Donble Falcon (no. 2.a.15, 2.b.l.l1 and 2.b.2.16-17), Nar[mer] (no. 1I.a.30) and MAO T.520.3 (no. 6.18). They appear on Types Ha and III jars. 12 They are incised into Types Ilr and IVajars (cf. Table 4). 13 For different views on the origin and development of the serekh-signs, see Jimenez-Serrano 2000; 2001 ; Hendrickx, 2001; van den Brink, 2001. 14 They are oftell plant or tree-like signs. See e.g. Abusir el-Meleq (no. l.a.1.4) and Helwan (no. l.a.l.6). 15 The plain serekhs incised on complete jars have been presented in typo-chronologic order. No serious attempt has been made to do the same for the plain serekhs preserved as fragments, since the majority of them is insutliciently diagnostic to allow them to be typed, Based on their contexts it would only.be possible to make vc!)' general statements concerning their chronology. For instance, the various c1-Beda fragments, because oflheir indirect association with Type IIajars from the same site, probably are earlier; the Abydos fragments from Cemetery B are later examples. 16 I would like to thank O. Dreyer for his kind permission to include this and several other unpublished serekh fragments found by him and his team in Abydos.


Group 1.a.l Plain serekh-signs (intact ceramic jars)

NO.I SITE REG.NO. JAR /TYPE FALCON ADDITIONAL SIGN(S)

I.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. 7.

8.

Wadi el-Arish 20

Helwan, T. 1371. H2 21

Abusir el-Meleq, T. 1021

Abusir el-Meleq, T. 1144

Wadi el-Arishl5

Helwan

Millshat Abu Omar, T. 1210

Abu Roash, T. 402

Fig. I l.a.1.1 Gar type I) Wadi el-Arish

IM 69.31.367 3* / I -/ I -

Berlin 19330 1* / I -

Berlin 19331 2* / I -

- 4* / lIa -EMOO-92 25** / lie" -MAO 1210.21 11* / III -

24* / IVa -

Group 1.a.l Plain serekh-signs (intact ceramic jars)

Fig. 3

Israel Museum 69.31.367

l.a.l.3 Gar type J) Abusir el-Meleq T.I021 Berlin 19330

+

+ + -

+ + (2)

+

Fig. 4 l.a.I.4 Gal' type J) Abusir el-Meleq T. 1144 Berlin 19331

17 As an extra, visual aid, numbers 1-33 appearing in italics throughout Tables/Groups 1-11 refer to complete jars; plain numbers refer to fragments. The consecutive numbers alloted to complete vessels (nos. 1-33) and fragments (nos. 1-119) alike, have been retained throughout Appendices A and B. Also note that these very same numbers have been retained as Fig.lPI. numbers referring to the very same jars/fragments. For instance, Fig. 17 refers to the intact jar (no. 5.a. 1.)17. 18 Numbers 1-24 suftixed with an asterisk (*) in Tables/Groups 1-11 and Appendix B refer to those used throughout Part I of this study for the complete jars (van den Brink 1996). Numbers 25-33 suftixed with ** refer to additional complete jars not treated in Patt I, but presented here.

19 In this column + stands for 'additional incised sign(s) in association with the serekh is/are present'; - stands for 'absence of additional incised signs\ and? stands for' sherd is too fragmentalY to be slIre whether additional sign(s) existed or not'. 21 Originally believed to have derived from Rafiah. Cf. van den Brink 1996: 156, n. 10

15 I would like to thank Dr. E. Christiana K6hler for drawing my attention to this jar. 22 In addition to van den Brink's 1996 Types Ha and b, Type lie is introduced here to describe three non-continous, pushedup, vestigial wavy ledge handles (cf. K5hler and van den Brink, in press.)


NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

28

Fig. 5 La. 1.5 Gar type Ua) Wadi el-Arish

SITE el-Beda Tell Ibrahim Awad Zawiyet el-Aryan, T. Z 401 Tarkhan Abydos Abydos 815 Abydos 0 (Dj er)

REG.NO.

Fig. 7 l.a.1.7 Gar type IJI) Minshat Abu Omar T. 1210.21

FALCON -

82001150/186 -

--

MI12 ? -

Fig. 8

Fig. 6 La. 1.6 Gar type lIe) Heluan EMOO-92 -

l.a.l.8 Gar type IVa) Abu Roash T. 402

ADDITIONAL SIGN(S) + + + -+ (falcon?) + ?

The Pottery-Incised Serekh-Signs of Dynasties 0-1 - Part 1/: Fragments and Additional Complete Vessels

Fig. I l.a.2.1 el-Beda

lit

ArcheD-Nil n011 - 2001

Group 1,a,2 Plain serekh-signs (pottery fragments)

Fig. 2 l.a.2.2 Tell Ibrahim Awad B200/1501186

Fig. 6 l.a.2.6 Abydos Tomb BI5

Fig. 3 l.a.2.3

Fig. 4 \.a.2.4 Tarkhan

Zawiye! el-Alyan T. Z. 401

5_

Fig. 5 l.a.2.5 Abydos M112

Fig. 7 l.a.2.7 Abydos Tomb 0

EDWIN C,M, VAN DEN BRINK 29

l.b Anonymous serekhs (n = 9). They consist of a rectangular frame divided in its upper portion by a horizontal strokc into two compartments: a smail, but otherwise empty upper compartment,23 and a larger, lower compartment containing a vmying numher of vertical strokes, believed to he a schematic represcntation of a pane led palacc fa,ade (as those noted above: sub l.a).24 The top of the upper compartmcnt can be eithcr straight (n = 3) or concave (n = 6). This type thus far has been attested to for certain only on (intact) jars of Typc Ill" and thus might be conceived of as a furthcr developmcnt of the plain serekh-signs appearing on the slightly carlier Types I and TT jars. In two cascs a falcon surmounts an anonymous serekh26 , while in four cases an additional sign accompanies the anonymous serekh. Thcre is an equal number of ccrtified cases where the serekh

stands alone.

NO. 9.

10.

NO. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Group 1.b.1 Anonymous serekhs with empty Ilame compartment (coIllplete jars; 11=2)

SITE REG.NO. JAR / TYPE FALCON ADDITIONAL SIGN(S) Minshat Abu Omar, T. 1800 MAO 1800.7 26**/ III + Minshat Abu Omar, T. 1640 MAO 1640.13 27**/ III +

Group 1.b.2 Anonymous sere/(fls with [empty] name compartment (fragments; n=7)

SITE REG. NO. FALCON ADDITIONAL SIGN(S) Ezbet el-Tell - -Ezbet el-Tell - + Ezbet el-Tell ? ? Abvdos BI5 Ashm. E.3986 - + (2) Abydos Z (sic!) - -

Abydos U-vy M473 - + Abydos B - +

23 For a refutation of Kaplony's notion in Vr Ill, Sp. 59 (HonIsnahme) that this would represent an open (palace) court, see Drcyer 1999: 6. 24 Excluded from this group are two incised serekhs (no. 8.b.1.21 and 8.b.1.22) from Turah. Although technically the upper (Le. 'name') compartment is empty, on these examples the name of the mlcr is written in the 100ve1' part of the serekh (much in the same manner as 80me of the sel'ekh-siglls of [Homs] Ka), usually reserved for vertical strokes indicating a niched palace fayade. For a rejection of considering the Turah serekhs as 'personalized' see Hendrickx, 200 I : 94. 25 Slightly predating the first occurrences of incised 'anonymous' serekhs on Type III jars (Nagada IIIb2-d ; see van den Brink 1996 : Table 5), are similar, ink-inscribed signs on the exterior of net-painted cylindrical jars deriving from CemetelY U, graves U-s (Nagada lII,2_bl ; sce figs. A-B) and U-t [?] (Nagada Illbl(_2j; see fig. C) ; cf.

Dreyer 1990: 57-58, figs. 3a-b; idem 1993: fig. 9; idem 1998: 89, fig. 69g; 1999: 6, fig. 4a-b. 26 For a similar, rock-cut arrangement at site H-18 in the Wadi Qash, in the Eastern Desert, see \Vinkler 1938 : 10,25, pI. XI.I (= Emery 1961: 47, fig. 6).

30 The Pottery-Incised Serekh-Signs of Dynasties 0-1 - Part 11: Fragments and Additional Complete Vessels

Group 1.b.! Anonymous sel'eklt-signs (intact ceramic jars)

Fig. 9 l.h.1.9 Uar type Ill) Minshat Abu Omar T. 1800-7

Fig. IQ l.h.l.lO Uar type Ill) Minshat Abu Omar T. 1640.13

Groull 1.b.2 Anonymous serekh-signs (pottery fragments)

-.-~ ---.

Fig. 8 l.h.2.8 Ezbet el-Tell

Archea-NiI n011 - 2001

Fig. 9 l.b.2.9 Ezbet el-Tell

EDWIN C.M. VAN DEN BRINK 31

32

Fig. 11 l.b.2.11 Abydos

Fig. 10 l.b.2.1O Ezbet el-Tell \ \ Ashmolean Museum E 3986

Fig. 12 l.b.2.12 Abydos Tomb Z

\1lITl 11 --'

Fig. A


Anonymous sel'eklz ; ink-inscribed cyI. jar fl'agm. Tomb U-s, Cemetery U, UmJll el-Ga'ab, Abydos



(,~, /1,,~;,,-"'-~ __ ,

,cj.

Fig. C

Fig, B Anonymous serekh ; ink-inscribed cyl. jar fragm, Tomb U-s, Cemetery U, Umm el-Ga'ab, Abydos

Anonymous serekh ; ink-inscribed cyI. jar fragm. Tomb U-t (?), CemetelY U, Umm el-Ga'ab, Abydos

Double Falcon (Group 2a-c)

The Double Falcon serekhs27 can be considered as more distinct and elaborate than the plain serekh (Group l.a). Such an interpretation is in full agreement with the observation that the sharply concave and punctured (mountain?) sign surmounted by a pair of equally punctured, opposing falcons, was originally not integral to the serekh sign,28 but was supplementary to it (Dreyer 1999 : 5-6).This progression from pairs of falcons facing either in the same direction or facing each other, perching atop a plain serekh, to pairs of (opposing) falcons perching on a concave sign set atop a plain serekh, is further corroborated by recognition that the earliest OCCUl1'ence of plain incised serekhs is on Type 1 jars. By contrast Double Falcon serekhs and few other serekh-signs following the same scheme are preserved on the slightly later Types IT and IIIjars (cf. van den Brink 1996: 142, Table 1).29

The nine incised serekhs ascribed to Double Falcon (two preserved on completc vessels, seven as fragments only) fall into tIn'ee separate groups that may have chronological significance.

27 For a different reading (Nbw), "The Two Lords") and interpretation of the Double Falcon serekhs, see Jimenez-SclTano 2000 : 123-124 .

. 28 See, however, the plain serekh nO. l.a.l.5 deriving from \Vadi cl-Arish, which appears, like the Double Falcon serekh from c1-Beda nO. 2.c.I.ll 011 a Type 11 jar and with which it moreover shares the extreme concave/curved top. Yet in the fanner the concave top is clearly part afthe serekh frame itself, and not, like the latter, part of an additional 'mountain' sign on top of the serekh. 29 These concel11 Nar (n°. l1.a.30) and MAO 520.3 (no. 6.18).


2.a. This group is noted for a pair of non-antithetical falcons surmounting a plain serekh. Only a single example is known so far. Both (non-punctured) falcons face to the right on top of a plain serekh. To thc right of the serekh-sign is an additional incised mark.30 Similar pairs of falcons, perched on so-called "name standards", appear e.g. on several ceremonial slate palettes dating from Nagada Ill.

SITE Abydos

Group 2.a (Non-punctured) pail' of falcons facing both to the right, on top of a plain sereklt (fragment n ~ 1)

ADDITIONAL SIGN S +

2.b. A pair of opposing falcons characterizes this type, either punctured or left plain, with or without legs, on top of, or above a plain serekh (n ~ 4). The serekh frame can contain one to three vertical strokes, indicating the paneled palace-fa9ade,l1 Although incompletely preserved, I assume that the two opposing falcons on fragment nO. 2.b.2.IS originally were resting also directly atop a plain serekh, since the falcons were left plain. The plain serekh on iiagment n°. 2.b.2.1? is more trapezoidal than rectangular in form. At least three Double Falcon serekh-signs of subgroup 2.b are accompanied by an additional incised mark. Notably, all examples of this subgroup derive fro111 north Sinai and Lower Egypt.

Group 2.b.1 (Punctured) Donble Falcon ou top of plain sel'eklt (complele jars; n ~ 1)

W. SITE REG. W. JAR I TYPE ADDITIONAL SIGN S I!. Turah SS (Ezbet Liithy) 6* I IIa +

N°. 16. 17.

18.

Group 2.b.1 (punctured) pail' of opposing falcons (intact ceramic jar)

Fig. II 2.b.l.l1 Uar type lIa) Turah SS (Ezbet Liithy)

Group 2.b.2 (NoIl-punctured) Double Falcon on top of plain sel'eklt (/i'agmelll jars; n ~ 1)

SITE REG. N°. ADDITIONAL SIGN(S) el-Beda + Sinai AlI37 LI. 5779 + Tell Ibrahim Awad B2001l50/97 ?

Group 2.h.2 (Non-punctnred) pail' of opposing falcons (pottery fl'agments)

Fig. 16 2.b.2.16 el-Beda

( Fig. 17 2.b.2.17 Sinai A1l37, '" 5779

30 This infonnation is based on a pers. cOlTIm. by Eva M. Engel (2001), whom I wish to thank for her kindness in sharing this infonnation and allowing me to note it here.

31 Serekh-sign nO, 2.h.2.16 as such, divided into two parts by a single vel1ical stroke, is closely paralleled by Nar's serekh nO, ll.a.30 (sce below).


Fig. 18 2.b.2.1S Tell Ibrahim Awad B200llS0197

2. This group is identified by a pair of opposing and punctured falcons over a punctured mountain-sign on top of a plain serekh (n = 4). The serekh frame contains three to four horizontal strokes indicating the paneied palace fa~ade. Exceptionally, in the case of nO. 2.c.2.20 these three vertical strokes areplaced one above the other. The fragmentmy serekh from Pahnahim Quarry, Str. 2 (no. 2.c.2.19) presumably related to this group, has already been dealt with elsewhere (Braun and van den Brink 1998). Here I would only like to add that this serekh framc is slightly trapezoidal, reminiscent of the north Sinai fragment nO. 2.b.2.17. Bccause of the very fragmentaty state of the spccimen from Adalma nO. 2.c.2.21, it is of course impossible to tell whether in fact it belongs to group 2.c, or perhaps to group 2.b.32. In at least two cases the serekhs are accompanied by additional marks. The serekhs of this subgroup have been identified in the southem Levant, north Sinai and Lower Egypt as well as in Upper Egypt.

Group 2.c.1 (punctured) Double Falcon oyer (punctured) mountain on top of plain sel'eklt (complete jars; 11 = 1)

REG. W. JAR I TYPE ADDITIONAL SIGN S L----'-'--' __ -'-.c:I"-s'_"a __ i_li.:...a "-M __ ' __ 's.:.... __ 19..::2=-::8---,-,-5"_: ___ I_--=II:ca_-,-_+ (2)

Group 2.c.1 (punctured) pail' of opposing falcons over (punctured) mountains

on top of plain sel'e"" (intact ceramic jar)

>------>-1 () IQcrn

Fig. 12 2.c.1.12 (iar type IIa) cl-Beda Ismailia Museum 1928

32 Only the upper part of what I presume to be the left [punctured] falcon [thus facing right] is preserved. I thank B. MidantReynes for kindly providing me with this unpublished data from her excavations at Ada'ima, Upper Egypt and for permission to represent it here.

ArcMo-NiI n011 - 2001 EDWIN C.M. VAN DEN BRINK 35

N°. 19. 20. 21.

SITE

Group 2.c.2 (punctured) Double Falcon over (punctured) mouutain on top of plain serek" (ji'tlglllellts ; 11 ~ 3)

REG. N°. ADDITIONAL SIGN(S) Palmahim, str. 2 1617/504; 1617/522.1 +33 cl-Beda + Adall11a, 1060/175 AD 981178 ?

Group 2.c.2 (Punctured) pair of opposing falcons over (punctured) mountains

on top of plain serek" (pottery fragments)

Fig. 20 2.c.2.20 el-Beda

Fig. 21 2.c.2.21

Fig. 19 2.c.2.19 Palmahim Stratum 2

IOem

el-Ada'ima, AD981l78

33 For a slightly similar serekh-sign deriving from Hierakonpolis, Loc. HK. 64, cf. Jimenez-Serrano 2000 : ch. 4, p. 167, tipo 2F35a.


N.j(-IJI~ (Group 3a-b)

Seven incised serekhs belong to this group. Three are preserved on complete vessels, four as fragments only. They arc arc of two different types: 3.a One type consists of serekhs composed of a rectangular frame divided into a narrow upper com

partment and a more spacious lower compartment containing two to seven vertical strokes, rendering a pane1ed palace fa,ade (n = 5). In this respect they are stylistically related to the anonymous serekhs of Group I.b. By contrast with the latter, however, the present all have a single sign (a straight, horizontal stroke) in the upper (Le. "name") compartment. A reading for this (cursive) sign

as NJ(-IJI~ has been suggested by Kaiser (1982: 264),34 but Hendrickx (200 I) offers an altogether different interpretation.

13. 14. 15.

As in the case of the serekhs of Group l.b, the top of the upper compartment can be either straight (n = 3) or concave (n = 2). This type thus far has been attcsted for ccrtain on jars of Types IIb and IlL Only in one case does the falcon surmonnt a serekh, thus vindicating the reading of N JifI' as suggested by Kaiser. 35 Note that this specimen (no. 3.a.1.15) is read by others as Horus Nar(mer).36 However, since the sign preserved in n°. 3.a.1.15 is identical with all the others inchlded in Group 3.a., there is no compelling reason to separate the former from the rest. 37 Either they

are all to be read as N.j(-IJI~ or the like, or, in case one opts for a reading of (HolUs) N ar(mer) for specimen no. 3.a.1.15, they all should be read (Horus) Nar(mer). 38

SITE Turah, T. 6 .. 9 Turah, T. 9 .. 1 Ezbet el-Tell

Group 3.a.l NJ-Ifl' (Complete jars; u = 3)

JAR / TYPE KHMAS 6808 7* / lIb

8* / lIb 182 21* / III

Group 3 .•. 1 Nj-Efl' (iutact ceramic jars)

ADDITIONAL SIGN S + + +

Fig. 13 3.a.1.13 Gar type lIb) Turah T. 6.g.9 KHMAs 6808

34 Aserekh-sign, very similar in particular to no. 3.3.13 (even to the extent oran equal number of seven vertical lines making up the paneling) was uncovered in the temple at Ahydos (Petric 1903: 27, PI. Ill, 216). It is given, however, by Jimencz-Serrano (2000: 170, (ipo 41'323) a post-Narmcr date.

35 The direct association of a perzonalized serekh with a (single) falcon on top is attested for the first time on Type III jars with the names of Nj-(r (no. 3.a.I.15), Horns Nj Nj.t [1] (no. S.a.UT), Horus (Crocodile) the Subduer (1) (no. 7.19), Horns 1 (no. S.a.20), Horus Ka (nos. lO.a.U8, 1O.a.2.49, lO.b.1.29, lO.b.2.51 11]) and Horns Namler (nos. 1Lb.1.31-32, 1l.b.2.61-62, 11.d.2.73 [1]). Also attested for the tirst time on Type III jars are anonymous sereklzs associated with a (single) falcon (nos. l.b.l.9-lO). For the only possible association of a plain serekh and a falcon, see no. l.a.2.S. For another possible association of a Horus (perching a bark or boomerang) with the Nj-sign, cr. Quibell 1900: PI. 34; Quibell and Green 1902: PI. 48a. Jimenez-Semlllo, however, considers the straight line to represent water (below the bark; Jimcncz-Scrrano (2000: 115, Tipo 3B35b]; peTS.comm. 2000).

36See, for instance, Ledant and Clerc, 19S6: Tab. XI, 6; Jimenez-Semlllo 2000: 133, Tipo 4D12a.

37Thc only diflerence between the vertical stroke in the "name compartment" of no. 3.a.1.I5 and others belonging to this group is that in the romler the line is somewhat more extended and fills thc inside space ofthe 'name compartment' to its full cxtent. In the latter instances these strokes are slightly shorter, leaving space between the extremes of the horizontal stroke and the borders oflhe name compartment.

38 An additional argument against reading no. 3.a.L15 as Nar(mer) is the observation that even though the incised name of (Horus) Nar(mer) can be rendered in a variety of (abbreviated) ways (see below, Group IIa-d), none is written with a singJe., horizontal stroke. Even the most cursive writing ofNanner's name (no. 11.d.3.77, deriving from Hierakonpolis) is still a wedge-shape sign, in no way approaching a single, horizontal line. The horizontal stroke appearing in Horns (Nar)mer's serekh no. ll.h.1.31 is considered here not as the first part of Narmer's name, yiz. JJ'r, but as a space diyider constituting the base line of an (otherwise empty) 'name compartment'.


N°. 22. 23.

38

Fig. 15 Fig. 14 p., 3.a.1.14 Gar type Ilb)

3.a.1.15 Gar type Ill) Ezbet el-Tell

Turah T. 9.g.1 . ' V 182 I 'tf I I tli\o I

Iml~ \ I , I

[D'Y I

I I \ I

I I

\ I

\ I ... ~-'

Group 3.a.2 NJ(-l;1I1 (Fragments; n=2)

SITE REO. N°. ADDITIONAL SION(s) Small Tel Malhata ? Buto, Str. IVe TEF 87 T IX 56 27 ?

~ ... ,

...... "\.\: ,,-.. ;., ......•

. -~ ..... --'le

I;}r~ -·--f·~~~tf:>f.'~

~ ,,},,,,,,,y ~,::>

Group 3.a.2 Nj-If/" (pottery fragments)

10 cm

Fig. 22 3.a.2.22 Small Tel Malllata

Fig. 23 3.a.2.23 Buto, Stratum IV, TeF87 T IX5627

The Pottery-Incised Serekh-Signs of Dynasties 0-1 - Part 11: Fragments and Additional Complete Vessels

3.bThe ~~erekh'-signs, provided that that is what we are dealing with here in this sub-group, consist only of narrow, rectangular name compartments (incised either horizontally or vertically) containing the

NJ(-Ifr) sign (n = 2). They lack the lower renditions of a paneled palace fa9ade, typical of the serekh-signs of group 3.a.

N°. SITE 24. Tel Erani 25. Tell Ibrahim Awad

Group 3.b N.j-l;lr (Fragmellts; n = 2)

REG.N". Gat D60/403130 39

B200/150/186

Group3.b Nj-Ifr (pottery fragments)

Fig. 24 3.b.24 Te1 Erani Gat D60/403/30

I!J~_

ADDITIONAL SIGN(s) + ?

Fig. 25 3.b.25 Tell Ibrahim Awad

In four cases the serekhs of group 3.a-b are accompanied by an additional sign, each different from the other. The remaining three serekhs in this group are too fragmentary for me to be certain whether

or not they were accompagnied by an additional sign. Examples of Nj-Ifr serekh-signs were uncovered in a late Early Bronze Age I settlement in the southern Levant (Han, 2002) and in both settlement and cemetelY contexts in Lower Egypt. They have not been identified in Upper Egypt.

If3.t-Ifr (Group 4)

Thus far only a single incised serekh attested to this ruler, and read by Kaiser (1982: 264) as l;l3.t-l;lr, has been identified. It appcars on a Type IIb jar from the cemetelY at Tarkhan. The serekh is juxtaposed to the left with a lld-like sign.40

Group 4. If3.t-IfI' (Complete jar; n = 1)

SITE REG.N°. JAR 1 TYPE ADDITIONAL SIGN S Tarkhan, T. 1702 V.C.16084 9* 1 IIb +

39 Contrary to what is stated ill Yeivill's original publication of this 'ostracon' (Yeivin 1963: 205), the correct reg. nO, of this fragment is Gat D60/403130 and not Gat D60/403/60. I am thankful to Baruch Bral1(ll (IAA, lemsalem) for pointing this out to mc. 40 At least four other personalized serekhs, each belonging to a different mIer, but with similar juxtaposed signs (all to the right of the serekh-signs) are known (cf. n°. 7.19, 8.a.20, 1O.a.l.28, and l1.b.1.31). In three other cases hd -like signs arc written within the lower serekh framc's compartment (er. nO. S.b.I.2/. S.b.I.22 and l1.b.I.32).


(~)--"?

Group 4. lf3.t-lfl' (intact jar)

Horus N.) Nj.t [?] (Group 5)

Fig. 16 4.16 (Type lIb) Tarkhan, T. 1702

V.C.16084

A single sel'ekh, appearing on a Type III jm41 and consisting of a niched fa~ade with a straight-roofed "name compartment" contains the name of a hitherto unrecorded Horus Nj Nj.t (see below). It is unique in that it is not sllrmounted by a falcon, but rather juxtaposed with one facing it to the right. The only other two possible examples of an incised falcon juxtaposed with a serekh-sign known to me are on an unpublished fragment from Cemetery Bat Un1111 el-Ga'ab, Abydos (no. l.a.2.5) and on a sherd found by Petrie (1900: pI. XLIV. 1), co-joining a fragment uncovered by G. Dreycr from the very same cemeteIY (no. l1.d.2.73).

The falcon is velY similar to another, still unpublished fragment of an incised falcon uncovered at Cemetery B, Tomb B I 0 at Un1111 el-Ga'ab, Abydos (no. 5.a.2.26). Comparable details are in the shape of the tails, bent legs, and the indication of the eyes of both falcons. This is one of only velY few cases in which I feel confident enough to state that both specimens are most likely incised by one and the same person for one and the same ruler.

The name sign, consisting of two crossed lines with a small horizontal stroke above it appears to be a cursive form, either of the hieroglyph of a pintail duck (Gm'diner's [1978] Sign list G39 or, less likely, G33) or that of the emblem ofNeith, the two crossed arrows (Kahl's 1994 Sign list, r 3) with a short horizontal stroke above it, most likely the n (Gm'diner's Sign list N35).42

If the former interpretation is correct, Jochem Kahl proposes to read the name as Hams

S3 (Z3) or ljip.w (ljp).43 While real cursive serekh-inscriptions do occur, they are quite rare.44 Since, on the other hand, references to Ncith are attested in early First Dynasty royal (female) theophorous names like Neith-hotep, Her-Neitl1 and Mer-Neith, I personally would opt for the second reading proposed by Jochem Kahl, viz. Horus N.j Nj.t "He who belongs to Neith".

41 This vessel, uncovered by the late Z. Y. Saad during his excavations at HcIwan, was among four jars recently retrieved from the stores of the Cairo Museum by E. Ch. K6hler. I would like to thank her for her pennission to discuss this jar here as well as for her kind suggestion to publish this and three other jars from Helwan in ajoint paper (see K6hler and van den Brink 2002). 42 I am VCIY thankful to Jochem Kahl who provided the information in two pers. comm. (dd. September 2000 and July 2001) that allows me to make this statement.

43 Cf. Kahl 1994: 529-530. For, admittedly later, parallels of the cursive fonn ofthis sign, cf. Goedicke 1988 : 16: Hchvan ; Abusir 35C, 4.f, 458 ; see also James 1962: XII.6 for the stroke above the crossed lines. Based on the typology of the jar, it slightly predates the thus far earliest occurrence of this sign [s3/bp] during the reign of Hams Aim. 44 See e.g. Junker 1912: 46f, 64-65 ; cf. Kaiser-Dreyer 1982 : 263-267.


The Neith emblem (on a standard) appears even earlier (Nagada I1Ia2) on a cylinder seal impression found in tomb U-j (sce Dreyer 1998: 109-110, Abb. ne). Since the principal shrine ofNeith was located in Sais in the northwest Delta, this ruler's name perhaps expresses a Lower Egyptian affiliation, notwithstanding the apparent association of his serekh-sign with a falconlHorus in juxtaposition.

Group 5.a.1 Horus N.j Nj.t I?) sere"" juxtaposed by a falcon (complete jar; 11 = 1)

N°. SITE 17. Helwan, T 257.H.8

20""


JAR / TYPE 28* / III

Group S.a.1 IfI' l\~j Nj.t [?] (intact ceramic jar)

5cm

ADDITIONAL SIGN S

Fig. 17 5.a.1.17 Ual' type Ill) Helwan T. 257.H.S EMOO-87


N°. SITE 26. Abydos BIO

- ....

Group 5.a.2 Horus N.j Nj.f [?[ (fragment; n ~ 1)

REO. N°. MI13

ADDITIONAL SIGN(S)

Group 5.a.2 fIr (NJ Nj.t) [?[ (pottery fragment)

" . ..... .... ;.

Serekh of King? (Group 6)

?

Fig. 26 5.a.2.26 Abydos. BIO Ml13

A single instance of this mler's name is written as an apparently cursive sign on top of a plain serekh. To the right of the serekh is an additional incised sign. So far no suggestions for reading this phonogram have been put forward. It is one of only few incised serekh-signs with a ruler's name/phonogram perching atop a plain serekh-sign. The others are of Double Falcon (no. 2.a.15, 2.b.l.11 and 2.b.2.16-17) and Nar (no. 1I.a.30). While the former appear, as far as can be ascertained, on Type I1ajars, the present serekh is incised into a Type IIIjar, albeit a small one (height of the vessel ca. 50 em), and, therefore, must be dated slightly later than those appearing on Type TIa jars.

Group 6. Unreadable serek" names (complefe jar; n ~ 1)

JAR / TYPE ADDITIONAL SIGN S 18. Minshat Abu Omar, T. 520 MAO 520.3 12* / 1II +

Group 6 King? (intact ceramic jar)

Fig. 18 6.18 Uar type 1II) Minshat Abu 011131; T.520.3

\1IDT

42 The Pottery-Incised Serekh·Signs of Dynasties 0-1 - Part//: Fragments and Additional Complete Vessels

Horus (Crocodile) the Subduer (?) (Group 7)

Once more only a single instance of this ruler's name is attested. The personalized serekh has a cursive sign written in the 'name compartment'. For the proposed reading of this name I recall an article by G. Dreyer (1992). Contrary to the prevailing opinion that the Homs name contained in two almost identical ink inscriptions on cylindrical jars uncovered in the cemetery of Tarkhan45

consisted of a single sign, read as Scorpion,46 Dreyer convincingly demonstrated that the Homs names in these serekhs in fact consist of two, separate cursive signs, one above the other (Dreyer 1992: figs. Ib, 2b). He based himself on new infra-red photographs of the inscriptions on the jars (Dreyer 1992: figs. la, 2a). The top-most sign of these two ink inscriptions would read Sbk or Ijmz "Crocodile"; the bottom one, he suggests, most likely represents a coil of rope (Gat'diner 1978, sign list VI), possible read slIj(w) "the Subduer", an attribute of the name ofHOlUS Crocodile, in the same manner as the name of Homs Narmer is composed of a noun (11'1') and an adjective (mr).

In light of the above mentioned readings I briefly discuss serekh nO. 7.19 found on a Type III winejar from the cemetelY at Minshat Abu Omar Gal' MAO 160.1; Kroeper and Wildung 1994: 159, 160/1), in the past also ascribed to Horus Scorpion, although not without reservations.47 Incised before firing into the wet clay on the shoulder of this relatively tall and nanow jar, it is surmounted by a falcon facing left, accompanied at the right side by a single sign reminiscent ofGardiner (1978)'s Sign list T3 (izifJ. Within the upper, 'name compartment' of the serekh is the sign interpreted in the past as Scorpion. I argue here for the possibility ofreading this serekh as Ijr (Sbk) sl/j(w) "Homs (Crocodile) the Subduer". This interpretation is based on a certain similarity4' between the MAO 160.1 phonogram and the second name component identified by Dreyer as sl1j( 11') in the two ink inscriptions from TarkImn noted above. This observation is corroborated with another, much closer parallel of this sign found on a cylinder seal of Early Dynastic date read by Kaplony (1963, Ill: pI. 108, fig. 552) as SI/j.49

A second part of my argument is based on an analogous, although admittedly exceptional case of writing of (Horus Nar)mer's name, also incised in the wet clay of a similar Type III jar uncovered in the same cemetelY (MAO 44.3 ; see below n°. Il.b.1.31). Similarly, in this instance the noun (n'r) was omitted and the ruler can be identified only by its attribute/adjective (mr) appearing within a serekh with empty 'name compartment'. Like MAO 160.1 (n°. 7.19), the (Nar)mer serekh (no. Il.b.1.31) is surmounted by a falcon facing left.

The MAO 160.1 jar is dated by Kaiser (1990 : 291, Anm. 23) not earlier than Iry-Hor and not later than Hams Aha50 The two ink inscriptions of Horus Crocodile the Subduer are dated to the reigns of Dynasty 0 rulers lly-Hor andlor Horus Ka (Dreyer 1992: 260, Datiemng) on the basis of their paleography, the type of cylindrical jars 51 on which they appear as well as on further typo-chronological considerations conceming additional ceramic grave goods found together with the two inkinscribed jars.

46 Kaplony (1963: 1090) called it "SkOlpione mU Stachelnach Ill/ten" C'scorpion with sting downwards"), a view accepted by Kaiser (1964: 103; see also Kaiser and Dreyer 1982: 103ft'.), albeit ,vith reservation. For a different opinion see Helck 1985: 437; 1987: 93ff. 47 See for example Kroeper and Wildung 1985 : 75: uBeide Horusnamen sind lIichi volkommen klal' geschrieben, so dass die Lesungen IIHorus Narmer und HoJ'l{S Skorpion ullsicher bleibeJ/'; see also Kaiser and Dreyer 1982: Abb. 15, Anm. U: "Del' Bezug von Grab 160 in Minshat Abu Omar at(fSkOJpioll ist alldererseitz nicht giinzlich sicher". 48 This similarity, admittedly seemingly remote, becomes stronger if onc keeps in mind that the MAO 160.1 incised inscription is applied mirror-like (from left to right) in comparison with the two Turah ink inscriptions (written from right to left). This, however, doesn't explain away the "upside-downness"of the MAO 160.1 sign in comparison to the lowermost signs in the two above mentioned examples from Turah. 49 It conccms a cylinder seal of?nj-k3-Inpw, with i3h-title (ef. Kaplony op. eit.); the direction of writing is the same in both examples. 50 1!Dari.iber hinaus sagt del' Keramikbestand des Grabes nicht mehr aus, als dass er nicht vor ilj-Hor und nicht nach Aha /iegeJ/ sollte1! (Kaiser 1990: 291,Anm. 23). 51 llDie Geflisse weiseJl beide eine einJache, gerade Zierrille l/lIterhalb des Randes auJ( ... Y' (Dreyer 1992 : 260).


Horus (Crocodile) the Subduer (?) Group 7 (complefe jar; n = 1)

W. SITE REG.W. JAR / TYPE 19. Minshat Abu Omar, T. 160 MAO 160.1 13* / III

Group 7 Horus (Crocodile) the Subduer [?] (intact ceramic jar)

c_ Fig. 19 I~~-\ 7.19 Uar Type 1II)

Minshat Abu Omar T. 160.1

t{\ '" r i',

~) 'fb-J

HorllS ? (Group 8a-b)

8a. In this grollp the main component of this mler's name are three vertical, id-like signs appearing in the upper, i.e. "name compartment" of the serekh, surmounted by a falcon, facing to the left. To the right of the serekh is an additional, incised, M-like sign. 52

HorllS ? Group 8.a (complete jar; n = 1)

N°. SITE REG.W. JAR / TYPE ADDITIONAL SIGN S 20. East Delta MMA61.122 17* / III +

Group 8.a Horlls ? (intact ceramic jar)

Fig. 20 , ~

8.a.20 Uar type Ill) Eastern Nile delta MMA 61.122

~\ li~

U

52 It concerns a mIer labeled - for want of better- as 'King N by Wilkinson (1999 : 56). Jimenez-Serrano (2000 : 138) connects this name with grain and agriculture.

44 The Pottery-Incised Serekh-Signs of Dynasties 0-1 - Partll: Fragments and Additional Complete Vessels

8b.In this group the three vertical, ild-like signs appear in the lower compartment of the sel'ekh, much in the same way as sometimes the names of (Horus) Ka (n°,l O.b.1.29, IO.b.2.SI, 1O.b.2.53-5S) and (Horus) Nar(mer) (nO. I I.b.1.31-32, cf. also nO.ll.b.2.60) are written in the space that is usually reserved for the palace-favade. Whether the only incompletely preserved sel'ekh no. 8.b.2.28 really belongs to this group is not certain at all; although it seems to share the presence of (originally three?)M-like signs in the lower compartment, another sign (a horizontal stroke?) seems to be written in the upper, 'name compartment', in contrast to nos. 8.b.I.20-21.

N°. 21. 22.

These serekh-signs appear only on Type III (11 = 3) jars. In all tln'ee cases additional incised signs accompany the serekhs. The complete jars both derive from Lower Egypt, while the fragment derive from Abydos, Upper Egypt.

SITE Turah, T. 5.g.2 Turah, T. 17.7.l.a

~ QOQ

N°. SITE 27. # not used! 28. Abydos Tomb U

Group S.b.1 (Horus) ? (complete jars; n = 2)

REG.W. JAR / TYPE KHM As 6805 18' / III

19* / III

Group S.b.l Horns? (intact ceramic jars)

Fig. 21 8.b.1.21 Uar type Ill) Turah T. 5.g.2 KHMAs 6805

ADDITIONAL SIGN(S) + +

Fig. 22 8.b.1.22 Uar type Ill) Turah T. 17.7.l.a

Group 8.h.2 (Horus?) ? (fragment; n = 1)

REG. N°. JAR / TYPE ADDITIONAL SIGN(S)

Group 8.b.2 Horus ? (pottery fragments)

+

Fig. 28 8.b.2.28 Abydos Tomb U


Iry-Hor (Group 9)

The most characteristic feature of this group is the invariable presence ofa falcon and the equallyunvarying absence of a serekh-sign.53 Twenty-two pottelY inscriptions rcfcr to this Abydene ruler.54 Four are preserved on complete jars, 55 18 on fragments. 56

They all share the same characteristics: A falcon, with two legs usually straight, but occasionally also bent, facing cither to the right (n ~ 16) or left (n ~ 5), surmounting or hovering over a single sign. The shape of this sign varies from oval to circular, from elliptic to triangular 57 and, in one case (exccptionally applied post-firing) is rectangular-squarish. 58 The arrangement as such actually is more in line with the earlier representations of falcons perching on a i-sign or on a 'Krumlwlz', attested for in CcmetelY U, Tomb j, Abydos (e.g. Dreyer 1998 : Abb. 79), than with thc incised .\·erekh-signs proper. This sign combination is frequently (n ~ 8) accompanied by an additional incised mark. Twice the name ofIry-Hor is certified on Type III jars, twice on Type IVa jars and once on a Type IVc jar. But for two, all specimens (n ~ II ; cf. Kaiser and Dreyer 1982) derive either from hy-Hor's very burial place Tomb BOIlI2 or from its immediate environs (n ~ 9) at Abydos. As for the remaining two specimens, one derives from a cemetery site in Lower Egypt that also yielded a cylinder seal impression with the name of hy-Hor, the other comes from an elite cemetery site in Lower Nubia.

Group 9.a.l Try-Hor (complete jars; n = 4)

N°. SITE REG. N°. JAR I TYPE ADDITIONAL SIGN(S) 23. Abvdos, BI 14" I III + 24. Abvdos, BI u.e. 16089 22" I IVa + 25. Abvdos, BI Ashmolean E.847 I lVa 59 + 26. Abydos, BI Ashmolean EA078 I IVe 60 +

53 There is only one case in which an Iry~Hor like incised falcon, equipped with all the trappings of\\'hat would have made it an otherwise regular Il)'-Hor sign (in this case a falcon surmounting a circle) is indeed associated directly with a serekhsign, incised underneath it. Since this serekh-sign. however, contains the name ofNar(mer), it is impossible to attribute it to hy-Hor. It therefore has been grouped under the Narmer serekh-signs (see below, nO. l1.c.62). The only other two inte'llretalions possible for this particular piece are a. that the sign contained in the upper compartment of the serekh itself does not refer 10 Nar(mer), but, somehow, to hy-Hor or b. -a perhaps more attractive cxplanation but at this point impossible to proof- is that an amliation is indicated between by-Hor and Nar(mer), even though thc reigns oflly-Hor and Nar(mer) are separated by at least that of one other king, Hams Ka. This would be not unlike the assumption madc by some scholars that the juxtaposed names of .11111 and Aha found incised on a small iVOIY tablet expresses a relationship bctween l\1nlMenes and Aim.

54 Wilkinson (1993) initially cxpressed some doubts about the royal status ofIry-Hor, which he later on slightly reappraised (Wilkinson 1999 : 55).

55 Four complete jars with incised hy-Har's name should be considered a minimum numbcr. It is well possible that Petrie 1900: PI. XLIV, 3, 6 and 8 (here nO. 9.a.2.33-34, 9.a.2.37) are preserved on illtaetjars as well, since no 'breakage lines' have been indicated by Petrie in these figures; however, since the present location of these specimens is unknown to me, I could not verify this. They have been listed, therefore, under 'fragments'. 56 For another possible, although very fragmentarily preserved incised name ofIry[ -Hor], deriving from Tel Lod in Israel, see below, Group 14. 114. In addition to the pottely-ineised names ofIry-Hor, his name is attested on at least five ink-inscribed cylindrical jar fragments, deriving from Abydos, as well as on three cylinder seal impressions uncovered in Zawaiyet cl-Aryan (Dunham 1978 ; ef. fig. 106) and Abydos (Petrie 190 I : pI. 13, nO. 96; Dreyer et al. 1996 : pI. 9c [deriving from Tomb 8-0]). 57 The name ofIry-Hor as written in nO. 9.a.2.34 is reminiscent of similar reprcscntations (but apparcntly with different connotations) of a falcon above a triangle depicted on small bone/ivory tags found in Tomb U-j, CcmetelY U, Umm el-Ga'ab, Abydos dating possibly as much as a century earlier than the hy-Hor example hcre at issue (cf. Dreyer 1998 : ilg. 79: 111-120). 58 An incised falcon above a near-square rectangle (no. 9.a.2A6) appearing on the upper part of a storage jar has been rcad by B. WiIliams in the primaty publication of this fl'agment as Pe-Har (Williams 1986 : 149, pIs. 76-77). However, in view of the rather angular execution of both the falcon and rectangle -1110St likely due to the fact that exceptionally these signs werc scratched into the vessel's exterior aftcr firing of the vessel - I believe this to be just another 'writing variant' of fry-Hor's name. For a velY difterent interpretation of this rcpresentation, see Jimenez-Serrano 1999. Stan Hendrickx kindly drew my attcntion to the existence of a rock graftlto in Nubia, also displaying a falcon above a square: see Vahala and Cervicek 1999 : Taf. 40, fig. 149.

59 Dr. H. \Vhitehollse kindly provided me with the following information concclllingjar Ashmolean E.847 from Abydos B 1: rcpaired, ht. 1.05 m, diam. 37.8 cm; pinky-brown ware with bands offingcr-imprcsscd dccoration above and below shoulder and above base, incised potmarkPetrie 1900: pi. XLIV.2 60 Dr. H. Whitehouse kindly providcd mc with the following infonnation concerning jar Ashmolean EA078 from Abydos B 1: repaired but missing top, hI. 99.5 cm, diam 44.2; drab ware with bands of finger-impressed decoration above and below shoulder, incised pot~mark Petrie 1900: pI.XUV.5


Group 9.a.1 Iry-Hor (iutact ceramic jars)

~ c-=-::,

Fig. 23 Fig. 24 ~~~

9.a.1.23 Uar type III) c;:t -'" 9.a.1.24 Uar type IVa)

Abydos Tomb Bl c::;.£ U.C.16089

''''i;'1 ~1

Fig. 25 Fig. 26

V 9.a.1.25 Uar type IVa)

I)~ 9.a.1.26 Uar type IVe)

Abydos Tomb B 1 Abydos

0 AshmoIcan E. 847 Ashmolean E. 4078

'-......~

Group 9 .•. 2 Iry-Hor (ji'uglllellts; n ~ 18)

N°. SITE REG. N°. JAR / TYPE ADDITIONAL SIGN(S) 29. Zawiyet el-Alyan, T. Z 486 MFA 1l.2323 7 30. Abydos BI M102 7 3l. Abydos BI MI03 7 32. Abydos BI M104 7 33. Abydos BI -34. Abydos BI + 35. Abydos BI + 36. Abydos BI -37. Abydos B + 38. Abydos B + 39. Abydos, 10m east ofU-s M304 7 40. Abydos (B 1 7) ROM 90l.8.171 7 4l. Abydos (Bl?) ROM 901.8.172 + (7) 42. Abydos (B I ?) ROM 901.8.192 7 43. Abydos (B I?) ROM 901.8.193 + 44. Abydos M164 III 7 45. Abydos M410 7 46. Qustul, tomb L2 24268 +(4)

61 I wish to thank Th. D. Gilroy for kindly providing me \vith the data concerning the unpublished nO. 42 and 43 and for permission to represent it here, in addition to nO. 40-41, 51 and 74 appearing in GiIroy 2001.

Archeo-NiI ne 11 - 2001 EDWIN C.M. VAN DEN BRINK 47

48

.- "'.

....

"-

-,- - - "-.

Group 9.a.2 b'y-HOl' (pottery fragments)

Fig. 29 9.a.2.29 Zawiyct cl-Aryan, T. Z 486 MFA 11.2323

w.

"

o

Fig. 30 9.a.2.30 Abydos, BI M102

Fig. 31 9.a.2.31 Abydos, BI MI03

i:~~:C~~J!i> Fig. 32 9.a.2.32 Abydos, BI M104

/-- '.::-'-.-'

/"-/ ... /

5



Fig. 37 9.a.2.37

Fig. 33 9.a.2.33

Group 9.a.2 hy-Hor (pottery fragmeuts)

Abydos Tomb B 1

Fig. 35 9.a.2.35 Abydos Tomb B 1

Abydos Tomb B

Fig. 34 9.a.2.34 Abydos Tomb B I

Fig. 36 9.a.2.36 Abydos Tomb BI

Fig. 39 9.a.2.39

Fig. 38 9.a.2.38 Abydos Tomb B

Abydos, 10m east of Tomb U M304

Fig. 40 9.a.2.40 Abydos (Tomb B 1 ?) ROM 901.8.171


/

<

50

10 cm

Fig. 44

Fig. 41 9.a.2.41 Abydos (Tomb B I?) ROM 901.8.172

Fig. 42 9.a.2.42 Abydos (Tomb B 1 ?) ROM 901.8.192

Fig. 43 9.a.2.43 Abydos (Tomb B I?) ROM 901.8.193

9.a.2.44 Gar type 1lI) Abydos


Fig. 45 9.a.2.45 Abydos M410

,----/f '---l (J

I..

r+-,

(Horus) Ka (Group lOa-c)

.'X

Fig. 46 9.a.2.47 Qustul, T. 12

J ....

:.f; '/

'"

Sixteen incised serekhs belong to this grotlP (lOa-c). Three are preserved on complete vessels, 13 as fragments only. They are certified so far on Type III jars only. The serekh-signs are basically of three different types:

I 0.a.I-2.1n this group the name of Homs Ka62 is written in the upper compartment of the bipartite serekh (IF6). The top of the serekh can be either straight (n = 4) or concave (n = 2). Two specimens arc surmounted by a falcon, both facing to the left. Three other specimens of this subgroup are certainly not surmounted by a falcon, while a sixth specimen is too fragmentary to say anything for certain. Only in one case (n°.10.a.1.28) do the two hands point downwards (towards the palace fa9ade), in all others cases they point upwards (in four cases away from the palace fa9ade, in two cases towards it). Three specimens do have an additional incised sign; one certainly doesn't, and two spccimens are too fragmentary to say anything for sure in this respect. The rather fragmentarily preserved serekhs nO. 1O.a.2.49 and 1O.a.2.50 are somewhat problematic in as far as it is not clear whether the former serekh does or does not lack a horizontal stroke below the actual Ka phonogram that would scparate the upper part from the lower part (no longer preserved). As for the latter it should be noted that apparently the two hand, but not the arms, are written in the upper compartment. The later is also distinguished from the remaining four fragmcnts because of the presence of "fringes" on top ofthe serekh. Some have suggested that these "fringed" serekh-frames represent the later 'h' -palace hieroglyph (cf. Dreyer 1998). They are also met with in subgroups 10.b-e (see below).

62 For a discussion on the reading and writing of the name, see e.g. Kaiser 1964: 93; Kah11994: 38-40. Kaplony (1958: 54-57) suggests to read this phonogram as Sekhen.


N°. 27. 28.

SITE

Group 10.a.1 Hol'lls Ka. Phonogram in upper part (name compartment) of the serekh (complete jars; n = 2)

REG. N°. JAR I TYPE ADDITIONAL SIGN(S) Kafr Hassan Daoud, T.1 008 63 1 05/20/1 0/KH0070 1 III + He1wan, T. 1627.H2 EMOO-89 16* 64 1 Il1 + (/Id sign)

Group 10.a.1 Rol'lls Ka (phonogram in upper part of the sel'ekh; intact ceramic jars)

~'-1"'~~,~) --.?'---~

(ir I

. , .

. .

Fig. 27 10.a.1.27 (jar type Ill) Kafr Hassan Daoud, T.

Fig. 28 10.a.1.28 (jar type Ill) HeIwan, T. 1627. H2 EMOO-89 (Cairo)

63 An incised serekh of (Horus) Ka was recently uncovered in Grave 1008, Kfar Hassan Daoud, in the Wadi Tumilat. The (Type Ill) jar, with "scalloped decoration arollnd the shoulder C .•. ) is comparable to a similar onc found at Helwan ( ... )"(Hassan 2000: 38-39). The Jlame sign is written in the upper part oftheserekh \vhile the lower part of the serekh is divided by three vertical strokes in a nichcd panelling. It is accompanied by an additional incised sign, a plain circle, about half the size of the serekh itself (G.V. Tassic, pers. comm. 2001). Cf. also Jimenez-Serrano 2000: 139, n. 189. 64 In van den Brink 1996: 141 erroneously identified as deriving from T. 1651 H.2; see also below, note 67.


NO 47. 48. 49. 50.

SITE Tel Lad

Fig. D Ada'ima, 1040/17.9 AD 981456

GroupI0.a.2 (Horus) Ka. Phonogram in upper part (name compartment) of the sere"" (fragmellts; IF4)

REG.NO. ADDITIONAL SIGN(s) 7175170603 ?

Tell Ibrahim Awad B2001l60164 + Abydos + Abydas BI5 ?

Group 10.a.2 Horus Ka (phonogram in upper part of the sel'e""; pottery fragments)

'- l'~ ..... , . .- ~ ":"T:.."". ::- __ .-_____ .-- -.--;-~...,..,...--.:........_-'.-..:.....:. ".".-'

Fig. 48 1O.a.2.48 Tell Ibrahim Awad B2001l60164

IOcm

Fig. 47 o 10.a.2.47

Tel Lad 7175170603

5


.~ ;:..,---

111 c

Fig. 49 10.a.2.49 Abydos

/ri-I~,--l r~' '£.'f"--"

'-l .' , .

Fig. 50 lO.a.2.50 Abydos Tomb BI5

10.b.I-2. Here the Ka sign is written in the lower compartment of the serekh (n ~ 6), which in anonymous serekhs [Group l.b 1 and other, personalized serekh-signs is usually reserved for a varying number of vertical strokes, indicating a paneled palace-fa~ade. They are probably slightly earlier than those belonging to Group lOa. 1-2. In four of the six cases this paneling is found in the upper compartment that in personalized serekhs is usually reserved for the phonogram or name sign. In the case of nO. lO.b.2.52 there is no formal separation between the upper and lower part of the frame; the horizontal divider stroke is absent. 65 In two cases the upper compartment has been left blank. Probably two times (one certified, the other velY likely) the serekh (with panelecVniched upper compartment) is surmounted by a falcon. 66 In two other cases the falcons are certifiably absent. A fifth specimen in this subgroup is too fragmentmy to state anything more specific. In three cases the pair of hands are pointing upwards, in the remaining two they are pointing down. Additional sign(s) are certifiably present only in one case, and absent in two other cases. Two specimens are too fragmentmy to

say anything more specific. N°.lO.b.2.55 is topped with "fringes" (perhaps indicating the 'h'palace), much in the same way as nO. 10.a.2.50 and lO.c.56. N°. lO.b.2.53 is problematic in so far as the two arms and hands of the Ka sign are very close to each other and possibly they are part of a totally different sign. N°. 10.b.2.54 is exceptional in the sense that two additional vertical strokes accompany the Ka sign within the lower part of the serekh. Also the high number (13) of short, vertical stokes in the upper compartment is rare. With the exception of the Helwan jar (no.l0.bJ.28) and fragment nO.lO.b.2.53, all other specimens derive from Tomb B7/9 (Hol11s Ka's final resting place; see Kaiser and Dreyer 1982) and its immediate environs in CemetelY B, Abydos.

N°. SITE

Grollpl0.b.l HorllS Ka. Phonogram in lower part (below the name compartment) of the serekfl (complefe jal'; n ~ 1)

JAR / TYPE ADDlTlONAL SIGN S 29. Helwan, T. 1651.H.2 15*67 I III

65 A similar arrangement of a Ka sign and pane1il1g together inside a serekh (surmounted by a falcon facing to the right) without [annal horizontal division into a upper and lower compat1ment is seen on an othelwise unique fragment of carboninscribed storage jar fragment uncovered in Adai'ma (Fig. D). I am indebted to B. Midant-Reyncs for her kind pcnnission to represent the fragment here. 66 These two specimens are closest to ink-inscribed serekhs ofHonls Ka appearing on cylindrical jars. Twenty-five, mainly fragmented, examples have been found, all in Abydos (Petrie 1902: pI. I-Ill; Dreyer 1998: fig. 98,247; cf. Jimenez-Serrano 2000: Appendix IV), 17 of which show a falcon (invariably facing to the right) surmounting the serekh (11 of which with the sm' sign, four with nb-bmw [cf. Kahl1994: IOlft~] sign), while the remaining eight are too fragmented to be surc whether the serekhs were surmounted by a falcon. 67 In van den Brink 1996 : 141 erroneously identified as deriving from T. 1627 H.2; sec also above, notc 63.

54 The Pottery-Incised Serekh-Signs of Dynasties 0-1 - Part 11: Fragments. and Additional Complete Vessels

N°. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.

GrollplO.b.l Horns Ka (phonogram in lower part of the .\'ere""; intact ceramic jar)

.,

/ ' . /

/

I; I(

/ , , ,

I , , ,

20 om

, , ,

Fig. 29 10.b.1.29 Uar type Ill) He1wan T. 1651.H2 EMOO-88 (Cairo)

GrollplO.b.2 (Horlls) Ka. Phonogram in lower part (below the nallle compartment) of the serek" (/i'agmellts; n ~ 5)

SITE REG. N°. JAR / TYPE ADDITIONAL SIGN(s) Abydos B7 (?) ROM 901.8.169 ? Abydos B7 MI08 + Abydos B19 Mll8 16b* / 1II + Abydos B7 ? Abydos B7 -

GrollplO.b,2 Horlls Ka (phonogram inlower part of the serek"; pottery fragments)

\ Fig. 51 1O.b.2.51 Abydos ROM 901.8.169

Archeo-NiI n011 - 2001 EDWIN C.M. VAN DEN BRINK

._.

55

-......... - ........

Fig. 53 IO.b.2.53 (jar type 1II) Abydos Tomb B 19 M1l8

~-Fig. 55 IO.b.2.55

Fig. 52 IO.b.2.52 Abydos Tomb B 7 M108

Fig. 54 IO.b.2.54 Abydos Tomb B7

Abydos Tomb B7

lO.c In this group the Ka sign is written in a rectangular frame, either the top or bottom of which is outwardly fringed (n = 4; see also Kaiser 1982: n. I 94a). It thus resemble the later hieroglyph for 'iI' "palace". The only fragment ofthis subgroup typologically certifiable is on a Type III jar. At least two fragments have additional incised signs. All specimens derive from Cemetery B, Abydos.

N°. SITE REO. N°. 56. Abydos B7/9 MIlO 57. Abydos Bll 58. Abydos (B?) 59. Abydos (B?)

56

Gl'ollJlIO.c (Horus) Ka in (fringed) rectangular frame (fragmellts ; n = 4)

JAR / TYPE ADDITIONAL SION(s) 16a* / III ?

? + +

-


Group 10.e (Horus) Ka (phonogram in fringed rectangular frame; pottery fragments)

I---~ Fig. 56

, Fig. 57 10.c.56 (jar type Ill) rt;rl' , 10.c.57

I. ;;.,c c .. j Abydos Tomb B7/9 Abydos Tomb B 11 )/Ili: / M110 "1 \ ........

Fig. 58 ,

~ 0Y ,./ Fig. 59

lO.e.58 / ,

Abydos /; lO.e.59

" ~ 11 J Abydos

Horus Nar(l11er) (Group lla-d)

Twenty-two incised serekhs are attributed to (Horus) Nar(mer). The majority of them come from Lower Egypt and the southern Levant, with only very few fragments deriving from Upper Egypt. This stands in sharp contrast with the distribution of serekh-signs attributed to Nanner's predecessors Ka and by-Hor, the majority of which derive from their final resting places and immediatc environs in Cemetery B, Abydos.

Four of the serekhs belonging to Narmer are preserved on complete vessels and 18 as fragments only. They have been divided into four groups (Group 11 a-d)68 that occur on jars of Types 11, III and IV, spanning Nagada Illbl through Nagada Ill". This is a VClY considerable period of time for which a considerable number of "pre-Narmerite" rulers is recorded, (here represented by Groups 2-10; see also van den Brink 1996: Table 5). Notably, by-Hor (whose name has been found incised on Type 1II and IV jars) and Horus Ka (whose serekhs has been found incised on Type III jars only) are both buried in Cemetery B, Abydos, and are both 'certified' predecessors of (Horus) Nar(mer). Their names, however, are not found on the rather early Type Iljars as is the name of Horus Nar(mer). That (Horus) Nar(mer)'s name is attested in the form of incised serekh-signs at both extremes of this time span represented by jars of Types H, III and IV cannot simply be explained in terms of an assumed exceptional long reign of between 30 and 60 years (cf. e.g. Emery 1961).

Assuming that the chrono-typology of the jars as described in van den Brink 1996 is a valid one,69 only two satisfactory, but admittedly also totally hypothetical, solutions present themselves. They are not necessarily mutual exclusive.

One intriguing hypothesis assumes the existence of two rulers who went by the name, Nar(mer),1o Since the earliest pottely-incised serekh of Nar(mer) is found on a Type TIa jar, where his name is given only as 1/'1' (atop a plain serekh; see n°. 11.a.30), without the attribute 1111' "the fierce one" and sans association with a fa\con/Horus, perhaps we should refer to this ruler as king Nar.

68 A possible, fifth variation of a falcon~sl1nnounted serekh, with paneled upper compartment, and a single sign (n'r) in the lower compmiment - an alTangcmcnt attested for on an ink-inscribed cylindrical jar belonging to Horus Nar(mcr) (with addi

tional signs nb-bmwn ; Dreyer 1998 : 140, fig. 30), is not attested among the known pottery-incised serekhs attributable to (Horus) Nar(mer).

69 Onc should bear in mind, though, that in a single instance a serekh-incised jar 11 has indeed been found together with a Typ'c III jar in a single tomb (Tmalt T. 19.9.1 ; ef, van dcn Brink 1996 : 153). If the fonner jar is not a hcirloom, this would indicate a possible, slight ovcrlap of Types II with III jars. 70 This would parallel the somewhat earlier homonym of (king?) Scorpion I (buried in CcmctcIY U, Tomb j, Unlln cI-Ga'ab, Abydos) and King Scorpion 11 (attested for mainly by his cercmonial mace head uncovered in secondmy context in Hierakonpolis).


Accordingly, the mler indicated on later records (Type III and IV jars) as n'l' 1111', and frequently associated with a falcon, should be designated as (Horus) Nar{mer), much in the same vein as e.g. medieval homonymous king names like Charles the Great, Charles the Bold etc. (Homs) Nar{mer) can be identified with the king who is buried in Cemetery B, Tomb BI7118 in Abydos.

An alternate way to partially explain the dichotomy indicated above would be to assume that at least some of these pre-Narmerite rulers ruled in tandelll over different and perhaps competing polities, especially in Lower Egypt. One such scenario has been surmised e.g. for the ruler HOnIS Crocodile in the Fayum region (Group 7 ; Dreyer 1992), and perhaps could apply also to Horus Ni-Neith (Group 5), based on the assumption that the latter's name could imply a northern Lower Egyptian affiliation.

However, for the present we cannot give a definite answer to the question of whether there were onc or two kings of that name. Accordingly, the group of pottery-incised sel'ekhs attributable to Nar, Horns Nar, Nanner, HOnIS Narmer will all be treated here as belonging to a single ruler (Horus) Nar{mer), the first king of thc First Dynasty.

Il.a In this group Nanner's name is represented only by its first name component 1/'1' written atop a plain serekh, incised into a Type ITa jar. A similar arrangement can be seen in Double Falcon n°. 2.a.15, 2.b.1.l J and 2.b.2.16-17 (all on Type IT jars) and nO. 6.18 (on a Type III jar). Furthermore, with nO. 2.b.2.16 it shares the vertical division of the plain sel'ekh frame into two equal compartments.

SITE eastern Delta

Group 11.a Nar written on top of plain sereklt (1 complete vessel)

JAR / TYPE ADDITIONAL SIGN S Collection A.M. May 29*' / IIa +

Group l1.a Nar (intact ceramic jar)

I~~-~~~-I

Fig. 30 Il.a.30 (Type Ha) Eastern Nile delta Collection A.M. May

Il.b The name in this group is written with two phonograms (n'l' and 1111') within a sel'ekh surmoun ted by a falcon (cf. note 35 for thc association of personalized sel'ekhs with a falcon). Only three examples belong to this group71 and all offer somewhat problcmatic readings. Sel'ekh nO. I Lb. 1.3 J is problematic because the horizontal stroke above the sign of the chisel (1II1') is a very schematic, abstract rendition of thc 1/'1' sign. Notwithstanding the high degree of abstractness of some of the 1/ 'I' signs, none approaches a single, horizontal stroke.

71 This combination is also attested for on Narmer's ceremonial macehead uncovered in the temple at Hierakonpolis (ef. Quibell 1900: 8, pI. XXV[ = JinH::nez-Serrano 2000 : tipo 4D35a)


I consider the horizontal stroke at issue to be the lower delineation of an otherwise (empty) "name compartment", while the lower compartment of the serekh (usually preserved for a schematic rendition of a palace fayade) contains the second element of Horus (Nar)mer's name, the chisel, mr. Thus, Horus (Nar)mer would be referred to here only by his attribute "the fierce onc".

The second example, nO. I Lb. 1.32 is problematic in as far as the sign below the /I'r-fish actually more closely resembles a (Id-sign than a chisel (mr). The (Id sign is attested at least five times in direct association with incised serekhs (cf. note 40). In the present case though this would represent the only example where the M sign is written within the serekh frame itself (with the exception of the three-fold repeated (Id sign ofserekhs nO. 8.b.1.21-22 and, perhaps, nO. 8.b.2.28), and not outside of it.

The third, fragmented specimen (no. Il.b.2.60) unambiguously shows both signs separated from each other by a horizontal divider. Unfortunately, the fragmcnt is broken off near the top of the serekh-sign (which has an additional incised sign to the left) and it is impossible to tell whether or not it was originally surmounted by a falcon. The arrangement of a vertical stroke flanking each side of the chisel sign in the lower part of the serekh, indicating a palace fayade, is strongly reminiscent of the rendition of Nanner's serekh appearing at the top of the Nanner palette in betwcen the two Hathor heads (e.g. in particular the one appearing on the recto) 72.

N°.

31. 32.

SITE

Group n.b.l Hol'us (Nar)mer; name written in full; sere"" surmounted by a falcon (complete jars; n ~ 2)

REG.W. JAR I TYPE ADDITIONAL SIGN(S)

Minshat Abu Omar, T. 44 MAO 44.3 20* I III + (bd?) Tarkhan, T. 414 D.C.16083 23* I IVa +

Group H.b.l Horns Narmer (intact ceramic jars)

R Fig. 31 11.b.1.31 (jar type 1Il)

1'-, 5fq Minshat Abu Omar T. 44.3

1;]1

'""--'

) \

-w I j \

Fig. 32 l1.b.1.32 (jar type IVa) Tarkhan T. 414 D.C. 16083

72 \Vith the dilTerence that a horizontal divider between the two signs is missing, it is in this respect also similar to a serekhsign incised on a small faience plaque, deriving from the Hclwan cemetery (Saad 1947 : 165, fig. 13 = Jimencz-Sen"allO 2000 tipo 4E25a). The plaque is complete (7) and doesn't show a falcon surmounting the serekh, possibly due to the diminutive size of the faience piece (or due to the velY design of the faience piece; cf. Jimenez-SelTano 2000: l40, note 194).

Archeo-Nil n011 - 2001 EDWIN C.M. VAN DEN BRINK 59

W. SITE 60. Ezbet el-Tell

Group 1l.b.2 (Hol'Us?) Narmer name \'Titten in full (fragmellt; 11 = 1)

ADDITIONAL SIGN s +

Group 11.b.2 (Horus?) Narmer (pottery fragment)

Fig. 60 1l.b.2.60 Ezbet el-Tell

11.c Serekhs belonging to this group (n = 2) are surmounted by a falcon with Nanner's name reprc scnted by a single sign in the upper compartment. For the somewhat problematic 11.c.62, see above, Ity-Hor, note 53.

N°. 61. 62.

60

Group 11.e Horus Nar sereklt surmounted by a falcon (fragmellts; Il = 2)

SITE Arad Zawiyct el-Aryan, T. Z 401

REG. N°. JAR / TYPE ADDITIONAL SIGN(s) IV ?

MFA 11.2342 +

Group l1.c Hol'Us Nar[mer] (pottery fragments)

Fig. 61 11.c.61 Uar type IV) Arad


Sy \ 001···· . "- I , I '----', lli /

L -_ I

Fig. 62 ll.c.62 Zawiyet el-Aryan T. Z 401 MFA 11.2342

lI.d. In this group the name ofNanner is represented by a single sign in the upper compartment of the sel'ekh not surmounted or juxtaposed with a falcon (n~ 16). Based on the writing of the name sign (11'1'), this group has three subdivisions:

lI.d.I. Three specimens belong to this subgroup, all of which have concave tops. At least one sel'ekh is accompanied by an additional sign, which also appears incised below the (Horus) Nar(mer) sel'ekhs nos. lI.b.1.32, lI.d.l.l.33 and lI.d.2.74 (cf. Gilroy 200 I: 68-69). Although in the past I have been reluctant, for typo-chronological reasons, to accept the reading of no. lI.d.I.1.33 on a Type IIb jar as belonging to Nar(mer; van den Brink 1996: 149, discussion), I am revel' sing my opinion here. I base my new ideas on the recent publication of another Nar sel'ekh appearing on a Type TIa jar (no. II.a.30), as well as a similarly executed, still rather 'natural is tic' 11 'I' sign incised in the upper compartment of a slightly top-curved sel'ekh from Tel Lod73

(n°. Il.d.1.2.63).

Group 11.d.1.1 Nar. Single phonogram. No falcon (complete jar; Il ~ 1)

W. SITE 33. Tarkhan, T. 1100

JAR / TYPE ADDITIONAL SIGN S 10* / lIb

Group 11.d.1.1 Nar[mer] (intact ceramic jar)

+

Fig. 33 1I.d.I.1.33 Uar type lib) Tal'khan T. 11 00

73 This is one of six serekh fragments unambiguously attributable to Nanncr found in lale Early Bronze Age I contexts at Tcl Lod (scc also van den Brink and Bralln 2002). I \YQuld like to thank my colleagues Eli Yannai, Of er Marder and Eliot BraWl for their kind permission to discuss and represent these fragments here.


N°. SITE 63. TeI Lad 64. Tel Lad

62

Group Il.d.1.2 Nar. Single phonogram. No falcon (ft'agmelll n = 2)

REO. N°. 2149120663 2162120770

ADDITIONAL SIGN(s) ? ?

Group 11.d.1.2 Nar[mer] (pottery fragments)

Fig. 63 Il.d.1.2.63 Tel Lad 2149/20663

Fig. 64 Il.d.1.2.64 Tel Lad 2162/20770


!I.d.2 This group is noted for the n'r sign written as an oblong 01' near rectangular sign with three to foul' whiskers at one of its extremes. Ten fragmented sereklz-signs belong to this sub-group. Six of them are prescrved too incompletely to indicate whether the serekh-signs were originally surmounted by a falcon. No. II.d.2.73 perhaps has a falcon juxtaposed to thc right of the sereklz-sign. In the remaining three cases thc presence of a surmounting falcon can be positi vcly excluded. Two sereklzs have accompanying signs, one of which (no. II.d.2.74) is virtual ly identical to no. I I.d.I. !.33; the same sign is found below both serekhs and the n'r fish is writ ten in both cases in the opposite direction from the additional sign. One sereklz is almost cer tainly without an accompanying sign, while the remaining seven of this sub-group are too frag mentmy to say anything for certain.

N°. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74.

Grollp 11.d.2 (Hol'lls?) Nar(mer?), written as a rectangle with 3-4 whisl(ers (fhlglllellls ; n ~ 10)

SITE Tel Lad Tel Lad Tel Lad Tcl Lod Tell es-Sakan Tel HalifTerrace Tel Halif Terrace Tell Ibrahim Awad Abydos Bl!2 Abydos

,

REG.W. FALCON ADDITIONAL SIGN(s) 6205/60821 ? ? 9603196036 ? ? 4506/45093 ? ? 2256129078 ? ?

I (surface find) ? ? G49-94, L. 14/B. 259 - -G67-95, L. 58/8.1028 ? ? 8200/150/192; B200/150/165 - ? MIOl(left); Petrie 1900: PI. XLIV: I (right) ? jnxtaposed falcon? ROM 901.8.167 - +

Gronp l1.d,2 [Horlls?] Nar[mer?] (pottery fragments)

o Fig. 65, 1I.d.2.65 TeI Lad, 6205/60821

3

"

Fig. 66, 1I.d.2.66 TeI Lad, 9603/96036

Archeo-NiI ne 11 - 2001 EDWIN C,M, VAN DEN BRINK 63

-- --

64

Gronp 11.<1.2 [Horns?] Nar[mer?] (pottery fragments)

I /

Fig. 69 Il.d.2.69 Tell es-Sakan

Fig. 67, Il.d.2.67 Tel Lad, 4506/45043

o

5

o

5

10

Fig. 68, Il.d.2.68 Tel Lad, 2256129078



Group 11.<1.2 [Hol'lls?] Nar[mer?] (pottery fragments)

I . ,

Fig. 72 Il.d.2.72

3cm

10 cm

Fig. 70 Il.d.2.70 TeI HalifTcrrace G49-94, L. 141 B. 259

Fig. 71 Il.d.2.71 Tel HalifTerrace G67-95, L. 581 B. 1028

Tell Ibrahim Awad, B200fl50f165, 192

EDW]N C.M. VAN DEN BRINK 65

---~-- ~--

, • -"""'-'-'---=---~-"'-- --

Fig. 73 1 Ld.2.73 Abydos Tomb B 112 MIOI(left) Petrie 1900: PI. XLIV, 1 (right)

Fig. 74 1 Ld.2.74 Abydos ROM 901.8.167

11 d.3 Here the 11 'I' sign is written as a wedge-shaped sign with or without whiskers at one of its extre mes. Three sel'ekh-signs belong to this sub-group, at least two of which have an additional incised sign.

N°. 75. 76. 77.

66

SITE

Groupll.d.3 (Homs?) Nar(mer?), written as a wedge-shaped sign with or withont whiskers (/i'agmellts ; I1 = 3)

REG. N" ADDITIONAL SIGN(s) Tel Erani, SIr. V* + Buto, Str. Hierakonpolis

TEF 85 SV 134 School of Archaeology, Livelpool University E5248

Group!!.d.3 [HOl'us?] Nar[mer?] (pottery fragments)

Fig. 75 Il.d.3.75

? +

Tel Erani Stratum V


Grollp 11.<1.3 [Horlls?] Nar[mer?] (pottery fragments)

.-

,-

Pro memori

Fig. 76 Il.d.3.76 Buto, TEF 85 SV? 134

Fig. 77 Il.d.3.77 Hierakonpolis Liverpool Univ. E5248

In 1991 an apparently complete jar incised with the sel'ekh ofNarmcr was uncovered by EAO/SeA inspector M.S. el-Hangary in Tomb 913 of the Early Dynastic cemetelY at Kafr Hassan Daoud (cf. Bakr et al. 1996: 278; Hassan 2000: 39). Unfortunately no information at the time is available concerning e.g. the type of pottery vessel nor details of the sel'ekh-sign.

Pro memori. Narmer (intact ceramic jar; n = 1)

SITE EXCAVATED BY TYPE SEREKH REFERENCES Kafr Hassan Daoud, Tomb 913 M. Salim el-Hangary ? Nanner Bakr et al. 1996: 278; Hassan

2000: 39

Archeo-NiI n011 - 2001 EDWIN C_M. VAN DEN BRINK 67

Unidentifiable personalized sel'ekh fragments (Group 12)

This group includes seven velY fragmentmy incised sel'ekh-signs that do have part of a phonogram preserved in the upper (i.e. 'name') compartment. However, the preserved signs are velY incomplete and it is not possible to state with certainty which phonograms were intended.

Two such fragments were recently uncovered during a first season of excavations by a Palestinian-French mission in the late Early Bronze Age I layers at Tell es-Sakan,74 Area A, the same site where during a preliminary site survey in 1999 a fragmented sel'ek" from (Homs) Nar(mer) was picked up from the tell's surface (here no.11.d.2.69; see de Miroschedji 2000: 30; de Miroschedji and Sadek 2000a: 137, Fig. 9).

Dina Faltings' description of the sel'ekhs (pers. comm., 2001) are of interest: [one sel'ekh l ... "shows the right end of a sign which is none of the known ones. It looks a little bit like a hand or a clumsy !lip sign, but oblique ( ... ) "the other one is again only the right half of the upper part, composed of a clear and a faint part. The only clear thing is a horizontal stroke with a little vertical line at its left 'end', where the sherd is broken off."75

A minute sel'ekh-sign, scratched into a vessel after firing, was recovered by Ram Gophna at 'En Besor (cf. van den Brink 1995). Another fragment from Tell HalifTerrace was found in 1975 by the late David Alon who kindly provided me with a drawing of the sherd, indicating it to be a fragment of a wine jar of Type IV. Preserved on it is the upper left corner of the sel'ekh/name compartment with traces inside of a horizontal stroke that perhaps is all that is left of the original phonogram, n'l".

y. Yekutieli (1998: 204, Fig. 20) recently identified another fragment from north Sinai. It is apparently the upper part of a badly preserved sel'ek" surmounted by a falcon facing to the right. The state of preservation of this rim fragment is so poor that it is impossible to tell whether the sign was applied before or after firing of the vessel. The sel'eklz-sign was applied not to a 'wine jar', but to a small globularjuglet of Egyptian origin (cf. Yekutieli 1998: 286, PI. 20.21).

Only a small part of the left side of a serek" fragment from Buto has been preserved. It shows part of both the schematic palace fa,ade and, above it, the name compartment in which one can see an incompletely preserved vertical stroke, indicating the left end of the original sign or phonogram. Theoretically it could fit a rectangular 1/'1' sign of group II.d, but not enough has been preserved to make this reading certain.

The upper right corner of a serekhlname compartment found at Abydos is preserved on a wine jar of Type IV. A single, curving stroke is all that is left of the name. Possibly it belonged to the sign of the arms with two hands, the phonogram k3.

Group 12. Uuidentifiable, personalize,l sel'ekh-namefi'agmellts (n=7)

NO. SITE REO. NO. ADDITIONAL SIGN(S) 78. Tell es-Sakhan 79. Tell cs-Sakhan 80. 'En Besor ? 81. Tel HalifTerrace 75-504-25311 ? 82. North Sinai, site C-64 31262 ? 83. Buto, Stratum VII TEF 87 T IXB 21114 ? 84. Abydos M388 ?

" -

74 The site was recently discovered under massive sand dunes, in a newly developing area near the Wady Ghazzeh, just south of Gaza city. See de Miroschedji and Sadek 2000b-d. 75 This infonnation is a personal communication of D. Faltings (2001), who supervises the excavations in Area A. I am indebted to her for sharing it with me and allowing it to be noted here.


" , , ' ,,, \ . , , \ , ,

Fig. 83 12.83 Buto StratulU VII

Group 12 Unidentifiable serekh-Ilame fragments

Fig. 80 12.80 'En Besor

Fig. 82 12.82

Fig. 81 12.81 (jar type IV) Te1 Ralif Terrace 75-504-253/l

Northern Sinai. site C-64 31262

Fig. 84 12.84 (jar type IV) Abydos

TEF 87 TIXB 21!l4 21325 M388

Nondiagnostic serekh fragments (Group 13)

This rather large group includes 32 sherds, inciscd fj'agments that apparently belong to serekhs. It is usually possible to identify from which part of the serekh they derive, but no signs/phonograms are preserved within the serekh-frames that would make positive identification with one ruler or another possible. The list is origanized by site with a brief description of the object:

Tel Lad No. 13.85. No. 13.86.

No. 13.87.

The lower left corner of a serekh-sign. The upper left corner of a possible serekh-sign, with an additional sign above to the left. A very small part of the right side of a serekh-sign, showing the right end of the lower (horizontal) delineation of the 'name compartment' cutting the (vertical) right border line of the serekh frame.


Khorvat Illill TaMit No. 13.88. A rim and shoulder fragment of a locally made jar of Egyptian morphology, showing

the upper left corner of a serekh with apparent name compartment with a concave top. No. 13.89 A body sherd of an Egyptian vessel, showing the left lower corner of a serekh-sign.

Te! Ma'ahaz No. 13.90.

No. 13.91.

Lower left corner of a serekh-sign, with only a fragmentarily preserved additional sign to the right of it. Lower right corner ofa serekh-sign, with below it two harpoon-like signs.

Small TeI Malhata No. 13.92. Lower left corner of a serekh-sign, upper part not preselved. No. 13.93. Lower left corner of a serekh-sign, upper part not preserved.

Tell es-Sakhc/1/ (first season, 2000). Nos. 13.94-97. Dina. Faltings (pers. conun. 2001) describes these fragments:

North Sinai No. 13.98.

Buto No. 13.99.

No. 13.100.

Tell el-Farkha76

No. 13.101.

Ezbet el-Tell No. 13.102. No. 13.103.

"Ollly ol/e ofthelll is datable because of its cOllcave top (end ofNaqada 111), the others show either only the base 01' a lower comer of the palacejar;ade."

Lower left corner of serekh-sign.

Incomplete, lower part of a serekh-sign (?), with remains of two additional signs below it. Incomplete, lower part of a serekh-sign (?).

Upper right corner of a serekh-sign (?), applied post-firing.

Complete lower part of serekh-sign, upper part not preserved. Upper part (?) of a plain (?) serekh-sign.

Zawaiyet el-AI)'ml No. 13.104. Upper part (?) of a small, plain (?) serekh-sign. No. 13.105. Part of a plain (?) serekh-sign. No. 13.106. NB. not a serekh-sign, but the upper part of an incised ntr sign (cf. van den Brink

1992c: 289, Group XI)

Abydos No. 13.107. No. 13.108. No. 13. 109.

No. 13.1l0.

No. 13.111.

No. 13.1l2.

No. 13.113.

Lower left corner of serekh-sign. Lower right comeI' of serekh-sign, with additional mark to the right Lower left comer of serekh-sign (?), with additional mark, incompletely preserved, left of it. Lower part of serekh-sign (?) with additional mark, incompletely preserved, to the right. Lower left corner of serekh-sign, with two incompletely preserved additional signs (one perhaps k3?) to its left. Upper left part of a rectangular frame with fringes (perhaps fl'Om the time of Horus Ka). Upper right corner of serekh-sign, possibly surmounted by a falcon (1 leg preselved). The serekh's upper compartment, usually preselved for a name/phonogram, here repre sents a niched palace fa9ade (possibly from the time of Horus Ka).

76 This infonnation is based on a personal communication afM. lucha (2001),who is working on the pottery of Tell cl-Farkha. I am indebted to him for sharing it with me and allowing it to be noted here. I am thankful to K. Cia60wicz and M. Ch6odnicki for their kind pennission to represent the fragment here,


Group 13. Unidentifiable sere"" ji'agmellts (n = 29)

W. SITE 85. Tel Lod, Stratum IV 86. Tel Lod 87. Tel Lod 88. Khorvat Illin Tahtit, Stratum IV 89. Khorvat JIIin Tahtit, Stratum IV 90. Tel Ma'ahaz 91. Tel Ma'ahaz 92. Small Tel Malhata 93. Small Tel Malhata 94. Tell es-Sakhan 95. Tell es-Sakhan 96. Tell es-Sakhan 97. Tell es-Sakhan 98. North Sinai, site C-I 03 99. Buto, Stratum IIId

100. Buto, Stratum V 101. Tell el-Farkha, phase 5 102. Ezbet el-Tell 103. Ezbet el-Tell 104. Zawiyet el-Aryan 105. Zawiyet cl-Aryan 106. Zawiyet el-Aryan 107. Abydos B 108. Ab)'dos 109. Abydos, Den Halde SW 110. Abydos, B16-3a Ill. Ab)'dos, near B7/9 112. Abydos 113. Abydos, B 50 Halde N


REG. N°. ADDITIONAL SIGN(S) L.154/B. 3169 2022/20149

17791L. 2201 B. 894.1 17791L. 3031 B.1595.1 IAA81129 JAA 943328

21290 TEF 87 T IX 58/45 TEF 88 U III 6/16 W56e

MFA I1.2325a-e MFA 1I.2325a-c MFA 11.2325a-e ROM 901.8.195 M369 M216 MI36

M398 M 257

Group 13 Unidentifiable serekh-sign fragments

5

?

Fig.85 13.85 Tel Lod, L. 1541 B. 3169 Jerusalem

Fig.86 13.86 Tel Lod, L. 20221 B. 20149


72

Fig.87 13.87 Tol Lod, Jerusalem

Fig.88 13.88

.I

Khorvat lllill Tahtit, stl'. IV 1779/220/89411 Jerusalem

Fig. 89 13.89 Khol'vat IIIill Tahtit IV Stratum (?), 1779/303/1595/1 Jemsalem



Fig .90 13.90 Tel Ma'ahaz IAA 81129

Fig. 91 13.91 Tel Ma'ahaz IAA943328

Fig. 92 13.92 Small Tel Malhata

EDWIN C.M. VAN DEN BRINK

Fig. 93 13.93 Small Tel Malhata

73

74

Fig. 98 13.98 North Sinai

Fig.l00 13.100 Buta Stratum V TEF 88 U III 6/16 21305

Fig.102 13.102 Ezbet el-Tell

Fig.99 13.99 Buto Stratum Illd TEF 87 T IX 58/45 22305

Fig.l0l 13.101 Tell el-Farkha phase 5 pitW56e

The Pottery-Incised Serekh-Signs of Dynasties 0-1 - Palt 1/: Fragments and Additional Complete Vessels

c-----

\ trV/ Fig.103 13.103 Ezbet el-Tell

Fig.105 13.105 Zawiyet el-Aryan MFA 11.2325 (a, b, or c)

Fig.104 13.104 Zawiyet el-Alyan MFA 11.2325 (a, b, or c)


76

Fig.107 13.107 Abydos Tomb B ROM 901.8.195

Fig.106 13.106 Zawiyet el-Aryan MFA 11.2325 (a, b, or c)

Fig.108 13.108 Abydos M369

Fig.109 13.109 Abydos, southwest of Tomb of Den M216


,41J1

Fig.111 13.111 Abydos near Tomb B7/9

Archeo-NiI n'11 - 2001

Fig.112 13.112 Abydos M398

o

5

10

Fig.l13 13.113

Fig.IID 13.110 Abydos, BIG·3a MI36

Abydos north of Tomb B50 M257


Miscellaneous (Group 14)

This group includes six fragments whose status as possible serekh-signs is somewhat in doubt.

No. 14.114.

No. 14.115.

No. 14.116.

Since all inciscd signs recovered from Tel Lod (and presented above) clearly belong to personalized serekh-signs, I tend to see in the fragment a mouthsign (1') with a single leg of a falcon above it, thus I read Iry-[Hor]. In support of this reading I note that although the mouth sign does appear as a common (i.e. 'non-roya!') potter's mark in Egypt throughout the First Dynasty from the reign of Nar(mer)'s predecessor Horus Aha until that of Horus Qa'a (van den Brink 1992c), the combination of the mouthsign(r) with another sign is rare, occurring with only two other signs (cf. van den Brink 1992e: 287, Group IV; 289, Group XI.l8 ). Although the majority of the identifiable incised serekh-signs at Tel Lod and other sites in the southern Levant belong to (Horus) Nar(mer), earlier rulers have been identified here as well, e.g. (Horus) Ka (see above, no.10.a.2.47; Braun and van den Brink, 2002) and possibly Double Falcon (no. 2.c.2.19; see Braun and van den Brink 1998: 76, Fig. 3.A2-3, PI. lA-B). Although incised into a locally produced, EB Ib vessel, the sherd is included here because the sign is reminisccnt of 1/'r sign no. 1I.d.1.2.64, even though it appears without a serekh. Based on the published drawing and photograph of this fragment it is hard to tell whe ther it actually concerns a fragment of a serekh-sign. If affirmed, it would represent the lower left corner of a serekll, with below it an additional, but incompletely preserved sign.

No. 14.117. What is represented here is possibly the right lower part of an incised sign, explained by some as a Neith standard on a boat, exemplified e.g. in the sign to the right of a plain serekll from el-Beda, no. l.a.2.1.

No. 114.118-119. Both fragments seem to represent 1111'.1 signs, rather than serekh-signs.

N°. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119.

78

SITE Tcl Lod Tel Lod Tel Erani Tcl Erani

Both were applied post-firing. No. 118 was scratched into a jar possibly of Type III (M. Iueha, pers. eon1111. 2001), no. 119 exceptionally into a small ovoid jar (Kohl er 1998b: 71). As for the latter E. Ch. Kohler suggest a reading of fjr-fj1l'.1, thus referring to a pre viously umecorded Early Dynastic ruler. However, in view of the find context of this sherd in a mining site, her second suggestion, to read the graffito as fj1l'.1-fjr, as a refe

rence to Hathor, seems more plausible.

Group 14. Miscellaneous incised fragments (n = 6)

REG. W. TYPE ADDITIONAL SIGN(S) 2129120527

Gat D60/296127

Tell eI-Farkha, phase 4 W76a III (?) Unnn el-Balad small ovoid jar

Group 14 Miscellaneous

Fig. 114 14.114 Tel Lod 2129120527 Jerusalem

The Pottery-Incised Serekh-Sig1/s of Dynasties 0-1 - Part 11: Fragments and Additional Complete Vessels

Fig. 116 14.116 Tel Erani

Fig. 115 14.115 Tel Lod Jerusalem

Fig. 117 14.117 Tcl Erani

Gat D601296127

i V;;;

........ --0- _ L.

Fig. liS 14.IIS Tell el-Farkha phase 4


Fig. 119 14.119 Uar type IV) Umm el-Balad


Aclmowledgements

I am indebted to thc following people and institutions for providing me with information, drawings andlor photographs of various incised serekhs, some of which still remain unpublished: Barbara Adams (University Collcge, London), Ruth Amiran (The Isracl Museum), Baruch Brandl (Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem), Osnat Brandl (The Israel Museum), Eliot Braun (Israel Antiquities Authority, Jel1lsalem), Marek Chlodnicki (Poznan Archaeological Museum, Poznan), Krzysztof M. Cialowicz (Center of Mcditerannean Archaeology of the Polish Acadcmy of Science, Krakow), Giinter Dreyer (German Archaeological Institute, Cairo), E.M. Engel (German Archaeological Institute, Cairo), D. Falting (German Archaeological Institutc, Cairo), Bella Gershovich (The Israel Museum, Jerusalem), Thomas D. Gilroy (University of Toronto), Ram Goplma (Tcl Aviv University), Kl'Zys A. Grzymski (Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto), Fekhri A. I-Iassan (University College, London), Omit. Han (The Isracl Museum, Jerusalem), Alejandro Jimenez-Serrano (University of Jaen, Spain), Mariusz Jucha, Joehem Kahl (Institute for Egyptology and Coptology, Munster), Eric Kansa (Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridgc, MA), E. Christiana Kiihler, (Department of Ancient History, Macquarie University, Sydney), Karla Kroeper (Agyptisches Museum und PapYl1lssammlung, Berlin), Thomas E. Levy (Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego), Of er Marder (Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem), Bcatrix Midant-Reynes (Centrc d'Anthropologie, Universite Paul Sabaticr, Toulouse), Pierre de Miroschedji (Institute for Archaeology and Erthnology, Nanterre), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Eliezer D. Oren (Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva), Frauke Pumpenmeier (German Archaeological Institute, Cairo), Helmut Satzinger (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Agyptisch-Orientalische Sammlung, Wien), Steven R. Snape (School of Archaeology, University of Liverpool), George V. Tassie (University College, London), Luc Watrin (University of Paris I-Sorbonne, Paris), Thomas von del' Way (German Archaeological Institute, Cairo), Dietrich Wildung (Agyptisches Museum und Papyrussanlllllung, Berlin), Eli Yal1llai (Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem) and Yuval Yekutieli (Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva).

My dear colleague Eliot Braun kindly and critically perused the final draft version of this paper.

Fig. 6, 17, 28, 29

Figs. 7, 9, 10

Fig. 13 Fig. 27

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHS

IlItact Jars

Courtesy, E. Christiana Kiihler, Department of Ancient HistOly, Macquarie University, Sydney. Courtesy, Dietrich Wildung ancl Karla Kroeper, Agyptisches Museum unci Papyrussammlung, Bcrlin. Courtesy, Helmut Satzinger, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien. Courtesy, Fekhri Hassan (with thanks to GeOl'ge V. Tassic, London), University College, London.

Fragments

Figs. 3, 29, 62,104-106 Courtesy, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Figs. A, B, 5, 26, 30-32, 39, 45, 52, 84, 108, 110, 112-113 Courtesy, Giinter Dreyer (with thanks to Fraukc Pumpenmeier), German Archaeological Institutc, Cairo. Figs. 18,48,72 Photographs by the author.

80 The Pot/ery-Incised Serekh-Signs of Dynasties 0-1 - Part 11: Fragments and Additional Complete Vessels

Figs. 19, 89 Photographs by Ts. Sagiv. Courtesy, Eliot Braun IIsrael Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem.

Figs. C, 21 Courtesy, Beatrix Midant-Reynes, Centre d'Anthropologie, Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse.

Figs. 22, 61,91-93 Courtesy, Ruth Amiran, Ornit Illan, Osnat BrandV the Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Figs. 23, 76, Courtesy, Thomas von del' Way, German Archaeological Institute, Cairo. Figs. 40-43, SI, 74, 107 Courtesy, KrzysA. Grzymski, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto and TomD.

Gilroy, University of Toronto. Figs. D, 47, 63-68, 85-88,114-115 Photographs by Ts. Sagiv. Courtesy, Eli Yannai, Of er Marder

and Eliot Braunl Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem.

Figs. 70, 71 Courtesy, Thomas E. Levy, Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego (UCSD).

Fig. 77Courlesy, Sleven R. Snape, School of Archaeology, University of Liverpool (with thanks to Barbara Adams, University College, London).

Fig. 80, 90 Courtesy, Osnat Brandl, the Israel Museum, Jerusalem and Ram Gophna, Tel Aviv University

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF DRAWINGS

Complete vessels

A-C Figs. 1,3-5, 8, 13, 16, 18, 20, 23-24, 32, 33 Fig. 6, 17, 28, 29

Figs. 7, 12, 31 Fig. 19 Fig. 11, 14, 21-22, 25-26 Fig. 15 Fig. 30

After van den Brink 1996 After van den Brink 1996 Courtesy, E. CIll'istiana Kohler, Department of Ancient History, Macquarie University, Sydney K. Kroeper 1988 Kroeper and Wildung 1994 Kaiser 1982 After Bakr 1988 Dreyer 1999

Fragments

Fig. 1,3,6,7,11,14,16,20,33-35,37-38, 49-50,54-55,57-59,75,107 Figs. 2, 18,25,48,72 Fig. 4 Figs. 5,26,30-32,52-53,56,73,109-110,113

Kaiser 1982

By the author Petrie 1914: PI. 21,78 Courtesy, Glinter Dreyer (with thanks to Frauke Pumpenmeier), German Archaeological Institute, Cairo.


Figs. 9, 10 Figs. 8-10, 60, 102, 103 Fig. 12 Figs. 13,39,44, 111 Figs A-B Fig. C Fig. 17 Figs. 19,88 Fig. 22, 92-93 Figs. 23, 83, 99, 100 Fig. 24 Fig. 28 Fig. 36 Figs. 40-41, 51, 74 Figs. 42-43 Fig. 46 Figs. 47, 63-68, 85-86, 114 Fig. 61 Fig. 62 Fig. 69 Figs. 70-71 Fig. 76 Fig. 77 Fig. 80 Fig. 81 Figs. 82, 98 Fig. 89 Fig. 90 Fig. 91 Figs. 101, 118 Fig. 116 Fig. 117 Fig. 119

82

Kl'oeper 2000 After Bakr 1988 Petrie 1900: PI. LVI, 1159 After unpublished pencil drawings; courtesy, Giinter Dreyer Dreyer 1990: 59, Abb. 3a-b Dreyer 1993 Oren 1989: fig. 6,1 Braun and van den Brink 1998 Allliran et al. 1983; courtesy, O. man K5hler 1998 Yeivin 1963: Fig. 2; PI. XXXIX, 2 Petrie 1901: PI. LV, 12 Petrie 1900: PI. LIl, 731 Gilroy 2001 Courtesy, Th. D. Gill'OY WilIiallls 1986 Courtesy, E.Braun/lsrael Antiquities Authority Amiran 1974: Fig. 1; Pl.1 Dunham 1978: 26; PI. XVI a de Mil'Oschedji and Sadek 2000a : 137, Fig. 9 Levy et al. 1997 von del' Way 1993 Gm'stang 1907 Schulman 1976: 25, Fig. 2, PI. 1,7 Courtesy; David Alon Yekutieli 1998 Braun et al. 200 I after Amiran and van den Brink, 200 I Allliran and van den Brink, 2001 : PI. 3,12 (left) Courtesy, K. Cialowicz, M. Chlodnicki and M. Iucha Yeivin 1963 : Fig. 3, PI. XXXIX, 3 Yeivin 1968: PI. la, Figs. 2-3 K5hler 1998


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red)

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top

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ekh

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of t

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Hor

ns K

a in

low

er p

art

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he n

ame

com

part

men

t)

of t

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h 10

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tUs)

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frin

eed)

box

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in s

erek

h Il

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Hor

ns N

anne

r; n

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wri

tten

in

full;

ser

ekh

sunn

ount

ed

bv a

fal

con

l1.c

H

orns

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mer

): s

erek

h su

rmou

nted

bv

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l1

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er)

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le w

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hisk

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us?)

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?).

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tten

as

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edge

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ped

sign

wit

h or

wit

hout

whi

sker

s

77 C

sta

nd

s fo

r 'c

om

ple

te jar'

, F

for

'fra

gm

ent'

.

7SJa

r ty

pes

ref

er t

o i

ar T

yp

es I

-IV

as

def

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in

van

den

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nk

199

6.

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BL

ES

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r ty

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ai

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Tab

le 2

. O

verv

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of s

ites

yiel

ding

ser

ekh-

sign

s ac

cord

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ns

SITE

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tfIr

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4

47

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33 (

+ 1

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118

~

Tab

le 3

a. D

istr

ibu

tio

n o

f in

div

idu

al s

erek

h-si

gns

(Gro

up

s 1-

11)

acco

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g t

o s

ite,

in

th

e so

uth

ern

Lev

ant

and

no

rth

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ai

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Cl m

z DJ

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Sit

e S

ER

EK

HT

YP

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lOU

S se

rekh

s 'D

oubl

e F

alco

n'

N,i

-Jjr

Jj

3.t-

Jjr

Hor

us N

.i N

i-t

(?)

Unr

eada

ble

sere

kh n

ame

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us (

Cro

codi

le)

the

Sub

duer

(?)

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orus

) ?

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Hor

(H

orus

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a (H

omus

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ar(m

er)

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(+I?

)

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mab

im

T.E

rani

T.

Hal

if

Ara

d s.

T.

Mal

hata

T

es-

Sak

an

el-B

eda

Sina

i

1

1 (?

) 3

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(?)

1

1 1

(+2

?)

1 1

W.

el-A

rish

2

00

0

)

"11;

l Cl co

'"

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'"

(D

(;)~

Tab

le 3

b. D

istr

ibut

ion

of i

ndiv

idua

l ser

ekh-

sign

s (G

roup

s 1-

11)

acco

rdin

g to

sit

e in

Low

er E

gypt

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e B

uto

MA

O

E.

Del

ta

TIA

K

HD

E

z e1

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sh

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lain

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i N

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?)

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kh n

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orns

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ah

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uan

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1

2

2

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Dis

trib

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gypt

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ubia

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orns

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omus

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--

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:t>

2 ".

(D,

o ~ '" o ~ ~ g ~ m ~ z ("

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z tXJ

;;c

Z '" ex>

-.j

Tab

le 4

. D

istr

ibu

tio

n o

f se

rekh

-sig

n G

rou

ps

1-11

acc

ord

ing

to

jar

typ

es

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TY

PE

S

GR

OU

P

SE

RE

KH

TY

PE

I

II

III

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la.

Pla

in s

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+

+

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J:lr

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+

4.

J:

l3.t-

Hr

+

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H

orns

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Ni.

t (?

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6.

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nrea

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e se

rekh

nam

e +

7.

H

orns

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roco

dile

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e S

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er (

?)

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(Hor

ns)

? +

9.

!r

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or

+

+

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ns)

Ka

+

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us)

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+

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smal

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93.

smal

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Mal

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. T

el M

a'ah

az

91.

Tel

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ahaz

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ts

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G.N

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RE

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ner

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2000

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78

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ner

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nk a

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raun

200

2 L.

154

1 B

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69

fra=

en

t va

n de

n B

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pre

ss:

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6 20

22/2

0149

va

n de

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002

van

den

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nk a

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raun

200

2 Ir

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or]

? va

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n B

rink

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un 2

00?

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(mer

)?

van

den

Bri

nk a

nd B

raun

200

2 16

17/5

0416

17/5

22.1

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oubl

e F

alco

n(?)

B

raun

and

van

den

Bri

nk 1

998:

PI.

la·b

, Fi

g. 3

, AI·

2;

van

den

Bri

nk 1

998:

Fig

. 2a

; PI

. 2a

17

79/2

20/8

9411

fr

a=

en

t B

raun

and

van

den

Bri

nk 1

998:

PI.

2, F

ig.

3, B

I·2

; va

n de

n B

rink

199

8: F

iG.

3a;

PI.

3a

1779

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/159

5/1

fra=

en

t B

raun

et a

l.,

2001

: Fi

G. 4

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G

at D

60/4

03/3

030

N

.j·H

r Y

eivi

n 19

63:

Fig

. 2;

PI.

XX

XIX

, 2

Nan

ner

Yei

vin

1960

: 19

5, F

iG.

2, P

I. 24

a; N

EO

HL

: 41

9 G

at D

60/2

96/2

7 se

rekh

? Y

eivi

n 19

63:

FiG

. 3;

PI.

XX

XIX

, 3

NO

T a

ser

ekh

Yei

vin

1968

: PI

. la

, Fi

GS.

2·3

7

5·5

04

253

/1

Nan

ner

? F

ound

by

D. A

lon;

cf.

Seg

er e

t a!.

1990

; ke

pt i

n lo

an A

lon

Cen

ter

G49

-94,

L.1

41 B

.259

N

arm

er

Lev

y et

a!.

19

95

; L

evy

et a

!. 19

97:

FiG

. 6;

van

den

Bri

nk 1

998:

Fig

. la

, PI

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G

67·9

5, L

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va

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n B

rink

199

8: F

ig.

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Hor

ns N

ar(m

er)

Am

iran

197

4: F

ig.

I; P

I. 1.

N

.j·!

jr

Am

iran

et

al.

1983

: 81

, Fi

g. 7

c; H

an 2

002:

Fig

. 20

.3.1

fr

a=

en

t A

mir

an e

t a!.

1983

: 81

, Fi

G.

7a;

Ilan

?00

2: F

ig.

20.3

.2

frag

men

t A

mir

an e

t a!.

1983

: 81

, Fig

. 7b

; H

an 2

002:

Fig

. 20

.3.3

IA

A 8

1129

fr

agm

ent

Sch

ulm

an a

nd G

ophn

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81:

Fig.

1

IAA

9433

28

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men

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an d

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rink

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80

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S

chul

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197

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ig.

2, P

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f. S

chul

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198

3 69

T

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ind

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200

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0; d

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iros

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9

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2001

79

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ell

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com

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2001

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2001

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per

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omm

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Tel

l es

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s, p

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I ._

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inai

NO

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ITE

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EG

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RE

KH

R

EF

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EN

CE

S

20.

el-B

eda

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ble

falc

on

CIM

at 1

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Fig

. 4;

see

als

o V

albe

lle a

nd L

e S

aout

199

9: 7

5 an

d no

te 2

8.

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en

t B

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a=

en

t B

akr

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rie

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rie

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ns (

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us)

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ser

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arks

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I th

ank

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ahl

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ring

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my

atte

ntio

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FE

RE

NC

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publ

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roy

2001

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01

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Bri

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III

Pet

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