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The Getty Conservation Institute Field Trip Report By F. LeBlanc, Head, Field Projects PORTLAND, RHODES AND ANTALYA Sept. 17- Oct. 7 2003

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What is APT? The Association for Preservation Technology International (APT) is the premier cross-disciplinary organization dedicated to promoting the best technology for conserving historic structures and their settings. With 1500 members in 28 countries, APT connects a network of architects, conservators, trades people, consultants, planners, curators, landscape architects, engineers, developers, educators, engineers, historians, apprentices and students.

What does APT offer?

• Peer Reviewed Journal: APT Bulletin: The Journal of Preservation Technology

• Quarterly Newsletter: Communiqué • Conferences: held annually in cities across North America • Training Conferences: held in association with the Annual

Conference • APT Chapters offering local networking and information • Award Program: recognizing individuals and publications • Access to a network of preservation practitioners • Student Scholarships

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The 2003 APT Conference offered a wide-ranging and thought-provoking program to the 400 registered delegates. The conference theme, 21st Century Preservation – Conservation and Craftsmanship was addressed in three separate tracks:

1. Maritime Preservation 2. Traditional Buildings 3. Landscape Preservation.

The historic Portland, Maine venue certainly served these themes well.

APT Logo

21st Century Preservation – Conservation and Craftsmanship

The Eastland Hotel in Portland where the APT Conference was held

Several working sessions were held in the Immanuel Baptist Church located just across the street from the Eastland Hotel

Eastland Hotel, location of APT Conference

More than 400 delegates were registered at the conference; they were mostly Canadians and Americans, but there was a good delegation from Europe and Asia

Delegates getting ready to board the ships that would take them to Peaks Island for an evening dinner

Jacques Dalibard, founding member and former President of APT

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Speakers brought their unique perspectives from far and wide, including preservation professionals from Asia, Europe and North America. Topics ranged from preservation of a Russian Gulag to characterization of the porosity of lime mortars, conservation of heritage submarines (who knew there were so many?) and understanding cultural landscapes using GIS and GPS technologies. Representatives from Save Venice and Historic Scotland shared their views of Conservation and Craftsmanship. There were four separate two-day technical workshops planned, including Wood Preservation, Masonry Restoration, Assessing Historic Structures and a new professional development program in Structural Engineering for Older Buildings. These programs were developed with a host of “partners”, including the International Masonry Institute, U.S. Heritage, The National Center for Preservation Technology and Training, Heritage Preservation and the Maine Maritime Museum. Earle G. Shettleworth, Jr., Director of the Maine Historic Preservation Commission opened the APT Conference. A native of Portland, he was appointed by Governor Curtis to serve on the first board of the Maine Historic Preservation Commission, for which he became architectural historian in 1973 and director in 1976. He told the delegates that one of the reasons why there are so few colonial architecture buildings left in Portland is due to the fact that the city burned down 4 times, the last fire devastating the city in 1866. Maine Preservation of bridges is now an important issue in Maine. Mr. Shettleworth explained that bridges were one of the main reasons why Maine developed rapidly during the 19th century. He discussed a few cases of bridge restoration especially the Waldo Hancock Bridge, a suspended bridge built in 1931. It was recognized as the most beautiful steel bridge in America for that year. It is now in dire need of restoration. During the structural investigations this year, it was found that there was a massive breakdown of the support cables and that the bridge would need to be completely dismantled to be restored. This would stop traffic for two years and the cost of restoration was estimated at $50M. This is more that it would cost to build a new bridge beside the existing one. The new bridge could be built and traffic transferred to it when completed. It would not be necessary to stop traffic for two years. This case illustrated some of the challenges facing bridge preservation in Maine. He also showed the successful restoration of a historic bridge, the Ripefield Bridge built in 1912. The ministry Of Transport restored it after it was put on the State List for Historic Bridges. This list ensures that the

David Woodcock, former APT President

Michael Lynch, former APT President

Ilene R. Tyler, member of the College of Fellows, Board of Directors (1994-1998)

Norman R. Weiss was an early voice of science in APT

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state will make a long-term commitment for the maintenance and repair of the bridge. Save Venice Michael John Dagon, Executive Director of Save Venice said that the efforts to save Venice began in 1966 under the aegis of UNESCO after disastrous floods hit Venice. Save Venice became an American not-for-profit organization in 1971. The organization raises funds for the restoration of monuments and sites in Venice and manages several restoration projects. It has an office in Venice and one in New York. It is currently supporting sixty restoration projects. Its most important project was the restoration of the church of Santa Maria dei miracoli. The monument had been badly damaged by water and salts. The marble covering the church had to be dismantled, cleaned and put back into place using the medieval hook technique instead of cement that had been used in earlier restorations. The brick walls were desalinated by heating them on one side while wetting the other. Mr. Dagon also explained the “Mose” (Italian for Mosus) project. It is a multi billion dollar project to build 79 massive steel gates that would rise from the bottom of the lagoon when high tides would threaten Venice. Piazza San Marco in Venice stands at 28” above sea level. Normal tides rise the sea level by 26” and high tides, that happen more than one hundred times per year rise the sea level by 32” or more. All issues will not be solved by this project, but everyone hopes that it will be a step in the right direction to ensure that Venice will still be there for future generations to experience. Lime Mortar Porosity Margaret Thompson gave an interesting paper on Characterization Of Lime-Based Historic Mortar Porosity. Porosity is defined as “the volume that is not composed of solids”. She explained that the study of porosity in historic mortars is important because moisture moves between interconnected pores; it moves from coarse pores to fine ones; when the mortar is dry, there is no movement; when it is all wet, there is no movement; but when it is 80% to 90% wet, then moisture begins to travel; it moves from the warm surface to the cold one or the wet to the dry. Margaret showed an interesting slide to illustrate this point; it was of a brick wall where a section of a downspout had been removed. The water had wet and saturated the brick where the mission section used to be but there was no visible damage there. The moisture traveled horizontally through the mortar towards the dry areas right and left for a distance of about a foot and there it did a lot of damage as it quickly evaporated, breaking the brick surface in the process. She went on explaining various tests that are used to measure porosity. She said that the state of the art on measuring porosity is quite impressive but that using it as a predictive tool is still very uncertain. She said that a book on this subject would be published by RILEM shortly.

Jan C. K. Anderson Founder and Exec. Dir. of RESTORE, a not-for-profit educational corporation that offers a range of services related to the technology of building conservation

Hugh C. Miller, long-time Board member and supporter of APT

Margaret Thompson gave an interesting paper on lime mortar porosity

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Window Repair Two specialized craftsmen, Duffy Hoffman and David Gibney, gave a demonstration of techniques for windows restoration. The following images show some of the information they shared with the delegates.

In 17th century, the glass dimensions dictated the size of the sashes

Removing the window trims by first scoring the paint makes the job easier

Removing hard putty without breaking the glass with a special heater

Numbering the glass panes makes reassembly easier

Epoxy glue is mixed on a plastic sheet because it does not stick to it

Epoxy glue being applied over damaged portion of sash

David Gibney demonstrating typical sash assembly with wooden peg

Making sure the sash is held perfectly square while restoring it

Demonstrating Dutchman repair (new wood to replace rotted one)

David Gibney demonstrating other type of Dutchman repairs

Special tool used for Dutchman repairs

In the late XIXth century, counter weights were added to sash windows

Space to insert counter weights

How to properly apply new putty

Modern weather strips helps fight air infiltration

Contemporary aluminum storm windows improve efficiency

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Many other interesting technical subjects were discussed during presentations and will be published in the next APT Bulletin. NNeeww MMeemmbbeerrss IInndduucctteedd IInn TToo TThhee CCoolllleeggee OOff FFeelllloowwss The Association For Preservation Technology’s College Of Fellows (COF) elected seven new members for the Class of 2003. Jacques Dalibard of Canada first proposed the COF in 1988 during the APT Boston conference and it was established in 1992 with the induction of the Founders of the Association as the inaugural class. There are currently 23 members of the College of Fellows. The purpose of the College is to recognize members who have made significant contributions to the field of preservation technology and to APT International. The election to the APT College of Fellows is the highest honor bestowed by APT upon a member of the organization. The new members for the Class of 2003 are: John Allen Burns, FAIA, Principle Architect and acting Chief of the HABS, HAER, and HALS programs. In his over thirty years with the National Park Service John has been Editor-in-Chief of Recording Historic Structures and has managed the Charles E. Peterson Prize since its inception in 1983. Elliott Carroll, FAIA, served as the Executive Assistant Architect of the U.S. Capitol from 1972 to 1988,during his tenure he directed many of the preservation actives of the Capitol most notability the award wining 1981 master plan. Also active in the AIA he leaded the effort to publish the Eight Edition of the Graphic Standards, served on the Octagon Restoration Committee and was an active member of the Committee for Historic Resources. He was the president of APT from 1980 to 1983. David M. Hart, AIA, a leading Boston Massachusetts private practitioner in the field of Historic Preservation he is an early pioneer in the field of non-destructive investigation of historic structures with the development and application of X-ray technology. He has assisted in the planning and organizing APT conferences and served as Treasurer from 1995 to 2000. Walker C. Johnson, FAIA, is a nationally recognized leader in the preservation and adaptive use of Chicago’s late 19th and early 20th century landmarks most notability the Marquette Building. Through his involvement and leadership positions in local, regional and national organizations he has promoted high standards of documentation and conservation, a mentor to many practicing architects and a professional of impeccable integrity. While serving as a Board member he established APT’s Endowment Fund. François LeBlanc, is currently Head of Field Projects at the Getty Conservation Institute in Los Angeles. He was Chief Architect of the

John AllenBurns

David M. Hart

Walker C. Johnson

Francois LeBlanc

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National Capital Commission in Ottawa, Vice-President of the Heritage Canada Foundation, Director of ICOMOS Secretariat in Paris, and President of ICOMOS Canada. He has played important roles in APT in its formative years in the early 1970’s and defined new direction in the late 1980’s especially in making the Bulletin a professionally edited publication. He last served on the Board as Secretary-Treasurer from 1986 to 1990. John G. Waite, FAIA, is the founding principal John G. Waite Associates, Architects one of the leading preservation firms in the United States. During the past four decades he has emerged as a leader in the field of architecture conservation. During this time, he has been instrumental in helping to establish historic preservation as not just an esoteric endeavor relegated only to historic monuments, but as a viable, effective and long term way to care for all aspects of our architectural heritage. In addition to being a past Board member Jack has been the recipient of APT’s Harley J. McKee Award in 1995 and the Anne M. De-Fort-Menares Award in 1997. Martin E. Weaver, has an international conservation consultant practice based in Canada. He is a professor in Columbia University’s Historic Preservation Program and past Director of the University’s Center for Preservation Research. With over 40 years of experience in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Arctic, North and South America, the Caribbean, Australia and New Zealand, Martin is a prolific lecturer and writer on conservation, and the author of the standard textbook Conserving Buildings: A Manual of Techniques and Materials. Martin has most notability served APT last as president from1976 to 1980. The induction of new members was followed by the College of Fellow’s Fifth Annual Lecture by Dr. Zeynep Ahunbay, a professor in the Faculty of Architecture at Istanbul Technical University. Being a conservation architect, Dr. Ahunbay has worked extensively on world heritage monuments in Turkey, most of them done on a voluntary basis. Projects of note include the Zeyrek Camii (Monastery of Christ Pantokrator) an important Byzantine monument in the city of Istanbul.. The Zevrek Camii consists of three adjoining churches built by Eirene and john II Komnenos ca. 1118-1136. The monastery was converted to Islamic use under Faith Mehmet at the end of the 15th century. Professor Ahunbay and her husband, Metin, an architect and archaeologist of note have also worked on Hasankeyf, a medieval site that is under risk of being inundated by Ilisu Dam. Hasankeyf is a spectacular site on the Tigris River and embodies cave dwelling, a rock church, mosques with beautifully carved stone minarets and a fortified city. PPoorrttllaanndd,, MMaaiinnee

BBrriieeff HHiissttoorryy Portland is a city of 70,000 people on Maine’s southern coast that has been shaped by local craftsmanship and the influence of international trade.

Martin E. Weaver

John G. Waite

Ahunbay Zeynep, guest speaker from Turkey

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In the beginning of the year 1603, there was not one European family on the whole coast of America, from Florida to Greenland. There had been made, previous to this time, three attempts to settle Virginia, and one in 1602 by Gosnold, to plant a colony on the southern shores of Massachusetts; all of which failed. The whole coast of North America was now open to European enterprise, and although discouragements had hitherto attended the efforts of commercial speculation, yet it was not disheartened. In 1603, new exertions were made, which resulted in bringing the coast of Maine more into notice, and preparing the way for future settlements upon it. Portland, Maine was originally called Machigonne (Great Neck) by the Native Americans who first lived there. It was settled by the British in 1632 as fishing and trading settlement and renamed Casco. In 1658 its name was changed again, this time to Falmouth. In 1675 the city was completely destroyed by Indians during King Philips War. The city was rebuilt, to be destroyed by the same Indians again several years later. In 1775 the city was destroyed yet again, this time by bombardment by the Royal Navy during the American Revolutionary War. Following the war, Falmouth developed as a commercial port and began to grow rapidly as a shipping center. In 1786 the citizens of Falmouth changed the name to Portland. Portland's economy was greatly stressed by the Embargo Act of 1807 (prohibition of trade with the British) and the War of 1812. In 1820 Maine became a state and Portland was selected as its capital. By this time both the Embargo Act and the war had ended, and Portland's economy began to recover. In 1832 the capital was moved to Augusta. On July 4th, 1866 a fire was ignited during the 4th of July celebration which destroyed most of the commercial buildings in the city, half the churches and hundreds of homes. More then 10,000 people were left homeless. After this fire, Portland was rebuilt with brick and took on a Victorian appearance. Citizens began building huge Victorian mansions along Portland's (now famous) western promenade. The high quality of architecture in Portland is in large part due to the succession of talented architects, which worked here. Charles A. Alexander (1822-1882) provided many of the designs for Portland's Victorian mansions. Henry Rowe (1810-1870) specialized in Gothic cottages. George M. Harding (1827-1910) designed many of the commercial buildings in Portland's Old Port as well as many of Portland's ornate residential buildings. Around the turn of the century Frederick A. Tompson (1857-1906) designed many of Portland's residential buildings. But by far the most influential and prolific architects of the Western Promenade area were Francis Fassett (1823-1906) and John Calvin Stevens (1855-1940). In the 1870s Fassett was the undisputed leader in

Congress St. in Portland

John Bundy Brown Memorial Block, 529-543 Congres St. – Queen Anne arch. 1882-83

Portland Public Library – 619 Congress St. – Romanesque Revival, 1888; gift to the City from philanthropist James Baxter

Portland Museum of Art – The Charles Shipman Payson Wing, Post-Modern, 1979-83; Henry N. Cobb of I.M. Pei, Architect

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his profession. The architect is best known for his pioneering efforts in the Shingle and Colonial Revival styles, examples of which abound in this area. The Victorian style architecture, which was popular during Portland's rebuilding, has been preserved very well by the city's strong emphasis on preservation. Most cities have only small traces of architecture from this era. In 1982 the area was entered on the National Register of Historic Places.

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The Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC) was celebrating its tenth anniversary this year in Rhodes, Greece, former home of The Colossus of Rhodes, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, with a height of 32 meters. The OWHC now has 203 city-members in good standing that all together represent more than 125 million people. The International Symposium very superbly organized by the staff of the international secretariat headed by its Director General Denis Ricard and by the local organization committee. It gathered more than 1,000 participants coming from all parts of the world. The delegates worked in three separate tracks for three days, coming together at the end to share their conclusions and suggestions.

Greek flag

Entrance to the port of Rhodes

Official reception event

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The three tracks were: 1. Mayors and Decision-Makers’ Forum 2. Scientific Congress 3. Youth Forum

The Symposium’s 127 papers were made available to all delegates on a CD along with a publication listing the titles and authors.

On behalf of the Getty Grant Program and the Getty Conservation Institute I had the privilege to welcome the delegates and say a few words about our programs and activities. The Youth Forum gathered 20 young persons, from as many different countries, aged between 18 and 20. The Marc de Montalembert Foundation sponsored them. They had a very lively exchange on projects they had undertaken in their countries and offered the following suggestions to the Board of the OWHC:

1. Make town halls more accessible to youth by having a specific reception area for them in the main lobby

2. Adopt specific budgets for youth heritage projects 3. Create hands-on projects for youth 4. Create and support local and international networks for youth and

heritage 5. Create Youth City Councils

The suggestions were enthusiastically received by the delegates and especially by the mayors. Due to time constraints, the Scientific Symposium suggestions could not be tabled at this time. Herb Stovel from ICCROM chaired the conclusion’s session and said that the suggestions made by the delegates will be pulled together later and published on the OWHC web site. Nevertheless, the delegates agreed that this symposium confirmed the importance of social life for the conservation of historic cities and for sustainable development. Unfortunately, they thought that the symposium did not give enough space to discussions on this subject and future symposiums should remedy this situation.

Denis Ricard, OWHC Secretary General

International music concert offered to delegates in the ancient moat

Rhodes Medieval fortress walls

Herb Stovel from ICCROM

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Here are a few brief reports to give you an idea of the information that was presented by the delegates. Conservation Science: Teaching Graduate-level Art Conservation Students in a Unique Museum/University Collaborative Program. Jennifer L. Mass and Janice H. Carlson of the Winterthur Museum in Delaware, USA The Winterthur/University of Delaware Program in Art Conservation (WUDPAC) is a 3-year post-baccalaureate program leading to a Master of Science degree in Art Conservation. It is one of three art conservation graduate programs in the United States. Conservation science has been an essential part of WUDPAC’s curriculum since its inception in 1974. While the science curriculum has evolved as the role of conservation science in the Program and the field has changed, over the last quarter-century two primary objectives have emerged. The first is to impart an understanding of the materials used to make and conserve objects of art; the second is to impart an understanding of how these materials can be characterized. Following an overview of WUDPAC, the speakers said that the program trains ten students every year in the field of conservation of art objects and that they don’t have any difficulty for finding jobs in their field. The speakers raised the following issues: • It is important that the trainees have hands-on training • There is a lack of good textbooks to teach science to conservators • Case studies are a good approach to teach science to conservators

and should be considered by trainers • The goal is not to make scientists out of conservators, but to give

then sufficient knowledge to enable them to have productive discussions and interaction with scientists when they are analyzing art objects in their care

The Importance Of Education In The Preservation Of Cultural Heritage In Turkey. Asist.Prof. Dr.Aysun ÖZKÖSE of Turkey Since “The Year of Architectural Heritage of Europe-1975’’, there is an increasing consciousness about the preservation of the cultural heritage of the past. Turkey, having one of the richest cultural heritage in the world, is aware of its responsibilities to preserve, protect and transfer this heritage to next generations. But, this heritage is eroded day by day because of interventions, done in the name of “Preservation and Restoration”. There are both governmental and private institution that are directly or indirectly working on preservation and restoration. When the educational status of the staff in these agencies is examined, the result shows that both the managers and staff working in restoration and preservation have

Vesna Vujicic-Lugassy, representing UNESCO’s World Heritage Center

George Giannopoulos, Mayor of Rhodes

Rhodes – Piazza and tourist boutiques

Rhodes – Arch. detail

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no education in this field. This situation negatively impacts the restoration work in Turkey. So the cultural heritage in Turkey loses its value by restorations done by those untrained people. The purpose of a proposed study is to carry out a comprehensive survey of “Education in Preservation” in Turkey, especially in Safranbolu and to make a proposal for an appropriate curriculum. The speaker raised the following issues: • There are not enough graduate level training courses in conservation

available in Turkey • Current two-year training courses are too short. They do not offer the

trainees the opportunity to test their knowledge in the field before they apply it to precious and irreplaceable properties

Strategies For The Seismic Preservation Of Historical Centers. By: Paolo Clemente, Giovanni Bongiovanni, Giacomo Buffarini, Dario Rinaldis, ENEA, Roma, Italy The preservation of historical centres must pass through the characterization of the seismic profile, by means of micro zones, and the analysis of the seismic performance of the structures, that can be suitably performed by means of the experimental analysis. In the last decades new technologies have been developed in order to improve the seismic resistance of structure, such as base seismic isolation systems, energy dissipation systems, shape memory alloy devices and semi-active and active control systems of vibrations. This paper reviewed the above-mentioned approaches and presented some results of the study carried out for the site of Cerreto di Spoleto in Central Italy, where a complex

historic building was chosen for the seismic analysis. Using sensors in various ways, the study concluded that the structural behaviour of this building was typical of historical constructions in which several

changes, repairs and additions have been made during the centuries. The experimental analysis allowed to analyse some aspect of the structural behaviour, not observable by means of other kinds of analysis, such as: the presence of resonance frequencies in small intervals, and the dynamic coupling between two frequencies very close one to the other. An intervention to improve the seismic behaviour of the building should obtain the separation of the two modes, for example by increasing one of them by means of suitable structural stiffening or by increasing the damping.

Filerimos monastery, near Rhodes – Structures are mostly reconstructions by the Italians in 1928

Typical black and white pebble mosaic; the technique goes back to the roman times

Rhodes – Amboise Gate buit in 1512 by the Grand Master Aimeri d’Amboise

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Interdisciplinary Cooperation Between Conservation Authorities And Research Institutes In The Interests Of An Archaeometry Of The Man-Made Environment: Mud-Based Construction Systems And Their Conservation. By: M.L. Conforto, S. D’Agostino, Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II – Centro Interdipartimentale di Ingegneria per i Beni Culturali The study of constructions made from crude earth, erected using the most basic building techniques, gives us an insight into the sequence of discoveries that brought into being a whole range of historical buildings and important monuments. Complex structural problems were solved by means of geometry; the load-bearing structures were overlaid with seamless waterproof cladding, ensuring constant protection and maintenance for the buildings. As a result humankind has known an architecture using crude earth that over the millennia produced structures ranging from rural villages to grandiose monuments. The various configurations that emerge from the disintegration of the original modules (erected without the aid of any calculations of mass or equilibrium and often without supporting structures) suggest some hypotheses about crude earth structures which, when confronted with the brick-built counterparts we are more accustomed to dealing with, can provide useful indications for conservation. Towers, chimneys and columbaria Circular structures with a hollow core served a variety of purposes. They

varied widely in size and cross-section but shared a common construction process, with wooden poles inserted in the brickwork at intervals of a metre to permit repairs to be carried out on the exterior. In the case of tall slender structures, these poles may reach across the core to form an internal framework. The circular base, inscribed in a square measuring about 4x4 m, can thus support a tower rising to a height of 18/20 m. If wooden poles are not used, regularly spaced holes are made round the outside which allow the wind to pass through and provide holds for climbing. A whole range of expedients were used

in laying the bricks to form the innumerable joints between rectilinear and curvilinear shells, the tapering towards the top and the domed roofing structures. It is up to historians and archaeologists to date events and account for habitation patterns in the light of these dates, but equally the technical experts involved in conservation are charged with identifying the processes which brought into being monuments, including seismic events, neglect and sudden disasters. A correct evaluation of the causes leading to situations of decay in fragile materials exposed to all kinds of damage can make it easier to adopt the most suitable measures for

Kamiros, 33 Km from Rhodes was one of the three great cities of Rhdes which occupied a beautiful site on a hill set back from the seashore

Kamiros was at the heart of a fertile region covered with fig and olive groves

Kamiros was founded by Althaimenes, Minos’ grandson; it was destroyed by an earthquake in the 2nd CBC and rediscovered in 1859. Excavations have brought to light traces of Hellenistic and Roman buildings.

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contrasting the natural processes which tend to reduce a ruin to inert material and to understand the fundamental processes of material history. This is now in the forefront of scientific research based on the interdisciplinary approach. Bioremediation for Building Restoration of the Urban Stone Heritage in European States (BIOBRUSH – Using bacteria to restore monuments?) By: E. May (UK); A. Webster (UK); C, Sorlini (Italy); L. Krage (Latvia); A. Vgenopoulos (Greece); E. Mello (Italy); C. Rudolph (Germany). BIOBRUSH is a consortium of scientists, industrialists and conservators funded by the EU Fifth Framework Program that will investigate how bioremediation can be used for conservation of stone and brick in heritage buildings, stonework and frescoes affected by air pollution. The project will identify appropriate non-pathogenic microorganisms to destroy mineral salt crusts as well as organic compounds, and other bacteria that can produce bio-calcite that helps to consolidate stone materials. Treatment combinations will be tested in laboratory and in situ under different climatic conditions as well as in urban and industrialized areas of Northern and Southern Europe. This innovative method is expected to be reversible, easily controllable and possibly cheaper compared to current practice. This paper reviewed current research findings and explored possible practical conservation strategies and their implications for preservation of cultural heritage. The conventional physico-chemical cleaning methods are often disadvantageous, because they can cause color changes in the rocks or excessively remove the original rock material; several treatments can act also on the unaltered substrates inducing an acceleration of degradation phenomena. In addition, the range of techniques to restore materials altered by the presence of organic residues pose another set of risks and dangers that limit their application so that the use of inappropriate treatment methodologies can often induce more final damage compared with the original. There is growing evidence that microorganisms could be used to reverse the deterioration processes through bioremediation. In particular, the ability and potential of microorganisms to utilize sulphate, nitrate or organic residues respectively to form sacrificial layers of calcite on mineral surfaces has been impressively demonstrated. Microorganisms have also been shown to reverse the deterioration processes on historical objects of art. On a laboratory scale selected bacterial strains were not only able to denitrify and desulfuricate harmful masonry salts such as nitrate and sulphate but also mineralize organic residues or pollutants like carbohydrates, waxes or hydrocarbons that commonly occur in crusts on stonework. Other microorganisms, including Bacillus cereus, have been shown to protect the exposed mineral surfaces, by the formation of sacrificial layers of calcite. These may be dissolved in a polluted environment but they can be renewed when necessary. To date there has been no systematic approach to incorporate these new

Lindos is located 15 km from Rhodes; the blue sea, the white houses and the forbidding walls of the medieval fortress combine to make Lindos a spectacular site

Lindos is a simple resort; specialities: hand-woven cloth and ceramics

Three civilizations, ancient, Byzantine and medieval Greek, have left their mark

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methodologies based on bioremediation processes into the conservation practice. The BIOBRUSH project aims to sequentially link mineralization processes of desulfurication, denitrification and organic removal to the consolidation phenomenon of biocalcification. To this end the project brings together microbiologists, material scientists, conservators and industrial consultants. The BIOBRUSH consortium BIOBRUSH, a 6-partner research consortium of experienced scientists, industrialists and end-user conservators has been formed to study the feasibility of using bioremediation to restore buildings in cities. While aiming to link mineralisation and biocalcification processes and it will also investigate different heritage materials under different climatic situations and integrate the findings into conservation policies in practice. Its purpose is to supplement, not replace, existing conservation technologies, which can often be ineffective or toxic to end-users or the environment, and establish the limitations of bioremediation in conservation practice. • The University of Portsmouth (Coordinator): heritage microbiology

research • Institute for Material Science IWT/MPA: industrial end-user • University of Milan: heritage microbiology research • Technical University of Riga: conservation science • National Technical University of Athens: conservation science • Syremont: industrial end-user Salt Weathering Research: Present State And Future Directions. By: F. Delalieux, R. Van Grieken and A. Moropoulou Salt weathering of building stones is recognized as one of the primary agents in the loss of historic architecture all over the world. Salt weathering can therefore be considered as an important hazard with significant cultural and economic implications. The growth of salt crystals within the pores of a stone can generate stresses that are sufficient to overcome the stone's compressive strength and disintegrate the stone into a powder or flakes. Natural and artificial porous media become contaminated with salts in different ways. Salt accumulations found in historic buildings can be attributed to a variety of sources, e.g., air pollution, rising saline groundwater, marine spray, unsuitable cleaning material, incompatible building materials, microbiological activity and de-icing salts. Advances in our understanding of salt decay mechanisms would significantly reduce maintenance and restoration costs.

BBrriieeff HHiissttoorryy ooff RRhhooddeess

Homer tells in the Iliad that Rhodes took part in the Trojan War, sending 9 ships under the leadership of Tlepolemus. Finds from excavations show that the island was inhabited in the Neolithic period. In the 16th century BC the Minoans came to Rhodes, to be followed in the 15th century by the Achaeans. It was, however, in the

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Rhodes – Panoramic

Rhodes - Clock Tower

Rhodes – The Grand Masters’ residence, built in the 14th C in the northwest corner of the ramparts

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11th century that the island started to flourish, with the coming of the Dorians. It was the Dorians who later built the three important cities of Lindos, Ialysos and Kamiros, which together with Kos, Cnidus and Halicarnassus made up the so-called Dorian Hexapolis. At the time of the Peloponnesian War, it wavered in its decisions; later it welcomed Alexander the Great. The struggle between Alexander’s successors had its effect on Rhodes, which because of its commercial ties with Egypt allied itself with Ptolemy. This brought it into conflict with Antigonus, who attempted to seize the island, sending Demetrius Poliorcetes with a large army. Demetrius, in spite of his famous siege engines, did not finally succeed in taking the city of Rhodes and after a year’s siege signed an armistice. In memory of this historic victory, the Rhodians dedicated to God “Helios” (the Sun) a very large statue, the “Colossus of Rhodes”. The Colossus of Rhodes, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, with a height of 32 meters, was the work of the Lindian sculptor Haris, and was placed at one of the harbors of the city, according to one version, with legs apart, to allow ships to pass under it. Its construction took 12 years to complete (292-380 BC). The strong walls that the Knights had built withstood the attacks of the Sultan of Egypt (1444) and of Mohamed II (1480). Finally, however, Rhodes yielded before the large army of Suleiman the Magnificent (1522) and the very few remaining Knights capitulated and fled to Malta. In 1912, Rhodes was seized by the Italians, and in 1948, together with the other islands of the Dodecanese was united with Greece. In the Persian Wars Rhodes was forced to fight on the side of the Persians, but later in 478 BC joined the Athenian League. A new era began for the island in 408 BC when its three major cities united and decided to build a new city at the north end of the island, on the site, that is, of the present-day city of Rhodes. This new city was one of the finest in antiquity and enjoyed great prosperity in the 4th, 3rd and part of the 2nd century BC. Its schools of philosophy, literature and rhetoric - at which a number of distinguished Romans studied - were famous. The city developed into a maritime, commercial and cultural center and its coins were in circulation almost everywhere in the Mediterranean. In 164 BC, Rhodes signed a treaty with Rome, thus acquiring many privileges, which it later lost because of the complexities of Roman policies. It was finally laid waste by Cassius. In the 1st century AD, the Apostle Paul brought Christianity to the island. In 297, the long Byzantine period began for Rhodes, in the course of which there were many attacks upon it by Arabs and Crusaders. A new period of greatness opened up for the island when in 1309 the rule of the Knights of the Order of St. John began. Drawn from eight states (France, Provence, Auvergne, Castelle, Aragon, England,

Rhodes – Amboise Gate buit in 1512 by the Grand Master Aimeri d’Amboise

Rhodes – Street corner in the walled city

Rhodes - Architectural detail in the walled city

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Germany and Italy), the Order’s original purpose was the defense of the Holy Land and later the assistance of Pilgrims. Under the rule of the Knights of Rhodes, the medieval city with its famous monuments, including the Palace of the Grand Master, today the Castello, was built. Antalya – Turkey

CCIIPPAA HHeerriittaaggee DDooccuummeennttaattiioonn ((TThhee IICCOOMMOOSS && IISSPPRRSS IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall CCoommmmiitttteeee oonn DDooccuummeennttaattiioonn ooff CCuullttuurraall HHeerriittaaggee)) aanndd tthhee RReeccoorrDDIIMM IInniittiiaattiivvee mmeeeettiinnggss

CIPA Heritage Documentation is the platform where “users” of documentation from ICOMOS meet “providers” of documentation from ISPRS. This year, the meeting was held in Antalya, Turkey. More than 200 delegates participated. Ninety papers and sixty posters were presented during the four-day scientific symposium. The next CIPA Heritage Documentation meeting will be held in Torino, Italy in 2005. Claudia Cancino presented a poster on the work that she did at Penn University with Frank Matero and the poster was selected as one of the 10 best ones by a selection committee. It was followed by two days of meetings for the RecorDIM Initiative. This Initiative five-year Initiative was launched by ICOMOS, CIPA and the GCI in 2002. For this year’s meetings, the GCI supported the participation of delegates from developing countries. Dr. John C. Trinder, President of ISPRS, welcomed delegates. Karl Kraus (ISPRS) was first to speak. He gave a few examples of the services that ISPRS provides to the conservation community to record precious objects, buildings or sites. He was followed by Giora Solar, Treasurer General of ICOMOS who gave the background for the creation of CIPA Heritage Documentation.

Turkish flag

Antalya - CIPA Symposium – Opening Speeches

John C. Trinder, President of ISPRS

Giora Solar, ICOMOS Treasurer General and Liaison Officer for the RecorDIM initiative

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He argued that the ICOMOS Scientific committees do not have enough interaction amongst themselves to share knowledge and information and that CIPA Heritage Documentation and the RecorDIM Initiative could very well be a unique opportunity for all of them to begin a fruitful exchange since each one of them must deal with the issue of project records. To this effect, he was glad to see that several representatives of ICOMOS Scientific committees were participating to the meetings in Antalya. Petros Patias, President of CIPA Heritage Documentation, presented a classification of the type of services and products that documentation specialists can provide. The RecorDIM Initiative was given much exposure during a three and a half hour session in plenary. Robin Letellier chaired the session. He is a consultant hired by the GCI to coordinate the international activities of this initiative. He is also a Vice-president of CIPA. He presented the initiative and its accomplishments during the past year and concluded by saying that the goal of this Initiative is to raise the level of conservation practice in this field. He then introduced three speakers who spoke on behalf of the “users”. Cliff Ogleby, representing ICOMOS Australia, introduced the participants to the notion of intangible heritage, which incorporates things such as traditions, customs, languages, music, dance rituals, oral traditions etc. Through examples of his work in Uluru, Australia in partnership with the Anangu people, he explained that recording rock art drawings, even with the most sophisticated 3D lasers would not provide an accurate and useful record of this heritage. The story concerning the rock art itself is more important than the drawings for the local people. Therefore, unless the story is recorded and passed on from one generation to the next, the record of the drawings would be pretty much useless. He challenged his colleagues to find ways and techniques for integrating the oral tradition into the heritage records of these types of sites. He said that the Anangu people define intangible heritage as “the story of who we are”. Andrew Powter, member of the ICOMOS international Wood Committee, gave a presentation of how records are created and used in a Canadian government agency responsible for property management but not officially mandated per se to take on responsibilities in conservation. He discussed the seven point approach that his organization uses in conservation of historic buildings which is: 1) Initial Studies 2) Project Development 3) Preliminary Design 4) Design 5) Tender 6) Construction 7) Commissioning and explained that documentation was part of each one of the phases. He explained that the project record could be used for many purposes such as: archival, project development and construction, modeling and public presentations, inventories etc. and that producing good project records help property managers to save money and time.

Petros Patias from Greece, CIPA President

Robin Letellier, Coordinator of international activities of the RecorDIM Initiative

Clif Ogleby, Australia

Andrew Powter, Canada

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He then discussed the following “gaps” between users and providers.

1. Inadequately defined client requirements 2. Accuracy or precision (what does it mean? How does it relate to

end-use?) 3. Use of appropriate technology, levels of information, kinds of

records (resolution, paper, film, 2D, 3D, digital, low cost & low tech, time schedule)

4. Lack of consistent integration of record-making into property and project management (benefits to user, management of records is expensive, need to integrate documentation providers into multi-disciplinary team, liability and responsibilities)

He concluded by saying that it should be acknowledged that everyone on the team is a record maker, not only the “providers”. Marc André Bernier, representative of the ICOMOS International Committee on Underwater Cultural Heritage, said that the first official occurrence of an underwater archaeological excavation was near Antalya in 1960. UNESCO has recently officially adopted an International Convention for the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage. It concerns properties such as shipwrecks, aircrafts, bridges, and pre-historic sites. He shared with the audience some of the challenges or gaps faced by professionals in his field. Environment is the number one challenge for technology because underwater archaeology is typically done in deep and cold water, where there are strong currents and access and visibility are limited. They need:

1. Adaptable tools (current standard tools in the profession are not easily adaptable to underwater conditions)

2. Appropriate tools (simple, user friendly) 3. Tools that can be set-up quickly (diving sessions typically last 45

mi.) 4. Tools to manage large volumes of data 5. Tools and technology that can be transferred to developing

countries Giora Solar, ICOMOS Treasurer General, and liaison officer for the RecorDIM Initiative, concluded the session by sharing his thoughts about gaps and needs between users and providers of information. First he pointed out that very often we are in both the position of user provider. Following earlier presentations, it is obvious that the Anangu in Uluru are as much providers of information as they are users because without them, there is no story about their past. He argued that one of the urgent needs in this field is the development of a glossary to ensure that we all speak a common language. Then there is the need to develop a common knowledge of what is needed and what is available in terms of technology to meet documentation requirements. Finally he commented

Marc-André Bernier, member of the ICOMOS International Underwater Cultural Heritage Committee

Symposium Proceedings were printed and also made available on CD to all the delegates

Ray Bondin from Malta, ICOMOS deputy Secretary General and President of the ICOMOS International Committee on Historic Towns discussing gaps in this area of expertise

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that technical drawings produced in the past century had a certain aesthetic quality to them that seems to have disappeared from contemporary ones that now look very technical. He felt that “the human touch” should be reintroduced somehow back into documentation.

RReeccoorrDDIIMM ((RReeccoorrddiinngg,, DDooccuummeennttaattiioonn aanndd IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn MMaannaaggeemmeenntt)) SSeessssiioonn

A RecorDIM one and a half day working session was held following the official CIPA Symposium in the Suna & Inan Kiraç Kaleici Museum. It is a registered building restored in 1995 by the family foundation. The rooms of the museum are arranged as an ethnographical museum where life in Kaleiçi during the second half of the 19th century is displayed. 47 delegates from 27 countries participated. The sessions were facilitated by Robin Letellier, a recording and documentation specialist hired by the GCI to coordinate the international aspects of this Initiative. The meetings were very successful. Many participants expressed their gratitude to the GCI for supporting the Initiative and for making it possible for many of them to participate. They said that this meeting had been a great opportunity to confront needs and means, to understand better the various points of view and to initiate action leading to bridging some of the gaps that exist between users and providers. Orhan Althan, member of the Board of ISPRS and principal organizer of the CIPA Heritage Documentation conference in Antalya, but also responsible for the organization of the ISPRS conference to be held in Istanbul next July, congratulated the group for the quality of the sessions and the exchange. He confirmed that he had communicated with the organizing board for the ISPRS conference and that he would set aside a full day for RecorDIM discussions during the next ISPRS conference in Istanbul. This conference is expected to draw more than 2,000 delegates. During the first session, fourteen “user” specialists from many parts of the world shared with the delegates some of their needs and what they considered were gaps between users and providers. Here are a few of these:

• Integrate the recording and documentation activities within the management process

• Develop new ways of informing users of the latest developments in recording technology so that users may understand what these tools can do for them

• Develop more adaptable and flexible tools • Develop low-cost and low-tech tools especially for developing

countries where labor is not expensive and creating jobs is more important than doing the job quickly

• Exchange knowledge between developed and developing countries

• We are collecting great amounts of data; develop better information management tools for the users

Kaleci Museum, where the RecorDIM working sessions were held

Recordim Session in the auditorium of the Kaleci Museum

Orhan Althan, organizer of the CIPA Heritage Documentation Symposium in Antalya

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• How should we go about recording the intangible dimension of heritage?

• Develop standards, for CAD drawings, hand drawings, pictures, inventories etc.

• Develop e-learning tools • Develop methodologies, standards and tools for recording and

documenting historic monuments and sites that can be used to quickly evaluate damage in case of disasters

• Existing information systems are incompatible amongst each other; standards should be developed by CIPA to resolve this problem

• There is a very limited amount of professionals in every country of the world that can do adequate recording and documentation in relation to the number of monuments and sites that require it; there is a great need for training professionals in this field

• Develop a common language; for instance, the word “recording” is not used in India, only the word “documentation”; therefore the concept associated with “recording” does not mean anything to them unless it is recognized internationally as part of a common language

• Do something about the long-term conservation of records produced by specialists; it is irresponsible to produce expensive records that no one will be able to use ten years from now; even NASA has records from the 1960s that it can not read anymore

• For long-term conservation, help create national or central archives for records; for instance, there is no national archive in Iran

The discussion concerning these needs and gaps was most lively and interesting both for users and providers. During the second session, several institutions or organizations came forth to explain what gaps they were going to tackle during the remainder of the five-year period of the RecorDIM Initiative (2002-07). On behalf of the GCI, I explained that we were going to take on the publication of Principles and Guidelines and also publish one or several handbooks in this field. Also that the GCI has agreed to support the web presence for the RecorDIM Initiative and that the web site had been designed and was now on line at: http://extranet.getty.edu/gci/recordim. I also said that we were interested in working in cooperation with whomever will take the lead of a task group on training and that we would support the international coordination of the Initiative during the five-year period (2002-2007) to the degree that our resources would permit. Andrew Powter of Public Works and Government Services of Canada said that his organization was committing to tackle two gaps. The first Task Group will work on the creation of a RecorDIM Information Warehouse on the web site. This Warehouse will provide knowledge of

Alaa el Habashi from Egypt describing gaps and needs

Manuel Ollanta Apparacio Flores from Peru describing gaps and needs

Divay Gupta from the National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage of India describing gaps and needs in RecorDIM

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existing documents and web pages that are relevant to RecorDIM principles, practices, tools and technologies. Support for this Task Group activity has been approved by his agency and will begin in the next few weeks. The second Task Group concerns Integrating Heritage Recording into Property Management and Project Delivery Practices. The goal of this Task Group is to compare and contrast how various organizations collect, record, manage and use information about properties, and to identify the differences, and similarities, in information that is produced and used to manage “non-heritage” properties as compared to “heritage” or “cultural” properties. The focus is on public sector organizations, but it is expected that the results will be of interest to private sector owners as well. English Heritage, represented by Sarah Lunnon, confirmed that it agreed to lead a Task Group on “Training: Metric Survey Skills in Conservation”. This Task Group, although largely designed to address a training gap within the UK, was perceived as a needed initiative that should be implemented. This training material will provide conservation specialists (or information users) from the UK and perhaps from outside the country, with a better understanding pertaining to RecorDIM practices and related benefits. Organizations such as ICCROM and universities involved in conservation related training were invited to enter into joint ventures to share, complement and integrate RecorDIM knowledge and skills. English Heritage will be calling a Task Group meeting in York during 2004 to launch activities. Petros Patias, President of CIPA Heritage Documentation, informed the participants that his Board had agreed to create several Task Groups within CIPA Heritage Documentation and that as soon as members have signed up to contribute actively that specific proposals for activities would be presented to the RecorDIM partners. Joseph Connataci, from the recently created Malta Center for Restoration, offered to take responsibility for a Task Group on training in RecorDIM. It will be based on the work that this new Center is doing for the creation of a four-year training course leading to a BDoc (Bachelor degree in documentation) that will be recognized by the university of Malta. The curriculum has already been developed and the course should begin shortly.

Sarah Lunnon from English Heritage giving details concerning the Task Group EH will lead on developing training material for RecorDIM

Joseph Connataci, Head of the Malta Center for Restoration discussing the creation of a BDoc (Bachelor in Doc. degree) in Malta; see:

http://www.mcr.edu.mt/

Claudia Cancino of GCI taking notes during the working sessions

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The Malta Center for Restoration is a national agency founded as a partnership between the University of Malta and the Malta Ministry of Education. Several other Task Groups were proposed and discussed and will be detailed in the report to be prepared by R. Letellier. The last session focused on RecorDIM activities planned for the next 18 months and a calendar was developed. The next meeting of the partners will be held in early 2004. It will be hosted by the Raymond Lemaire Center in Belgium. Round Table 4 will be held during the next ISPRS meeting in Istanbul, also in 2004 and an invitation was extended to the partners to meet in Malta for their meeting in 2005.

IISSPPRRSS

What is ISPRS? ISPRS is an international non-governmental organization devoted to the development of international cooperation for the advancement of knowledge, research, development and education in the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Remote Sensing Of Our environment Remotely sensed observations of the earth from air and space-borne sensors provide the basis for global mapping of human and natural activities; for monitoring change; for assessing and mitigating disasters; for identifying and assessing non-renewable resources; for monitoring temporal changes in weather, land and sea cover; and for many other applications essential to the well-being of humanity and sustainability of the environment. Measurement and visualization Photogrammetry is used for measurement of objects for applications in industrial design and manufacturing, engineering surveys, archaeology, architecture and monument preservation, law enforcement, and medical diagnosis. It provides precise 3D coordinates for creation of dense networks of points that are used to create virtual 3-D scenes with real-life textured models that can be portrayed dynamically, known as virtual reality. ISPRS Commissions ISPRS has seven technical commissions:

1. Sensors, Platforms and Imagery 2. Systems for Data Processing, Analysis, Representation 3. Theory and Algorithms 4. Spatial Information Systems and Digital Mapping 5. Close-Range Vision Techniques 6. Education and Communication 7. Resource and Environmental Monitoring

The next ISPRS Congress will be held in July 2004 in Istanbul

Panoramic view of Antalya historic city

Old Antalya - Harbor

Old Antalya – Hadrian’s Gate, 2nd century A.D.

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The XXth ISPRS Congress - Geo-Imagery Bridging Continents – will be held in Istanbul in 12-23 July 2004.

BBrriieeff HHiissttoorryy ooff AAnnttaallyyaa

Antalya - Ancient Greek Attalia - city and Mediterranean port, lies in southwestern Turkey. The city is located in the west of the Mediterranean region. In ancient times it covered all Pamphylia that means "the land of all tribes". The land really deserves the name since it has witnessed many successive civilizations throughout history.

The Hittites, who are believed to have come to Antalya from the Caucasus and Mesopotamia, exercised sovereignty over Antalya during the years 2500-1400 B.C. Historical maps of the region during those years show that the Kingdom of the Hittites encompassed Antalya.

The tribes that came from Trakya during the 8th and 7th centuries B.C. put an end to the Hittite Civilization, and the city-states of Pamphylia, Lycia and Cicilia were founded. Today's province of Antalya entirely covers Pamphylia, while parts overlap into southern Pisidya, western Cicilia and eastern Lycia.

Attalia, the ancient name of Antalya, is derived from that of the Pergamon king Attalos II Philadelphus, who founded the city on the Pamphylian seacoast around 150 BC. The settlement of Antalya and its environs stretches back to the dawn of humanity however as attested to by Paleolithic finds discovered in the near by Karain and Beldibi caves and Early Bronze Age finds discovered at Semahöyük. Today it is part on Turkey's "Gold Coast", an exquisite land of sun, sea, and history.

It is known that it was visited by St. Paul by way of Perge in 46 A.D., that it was an important trading center in the 2nd century A.D. and that Emperor Hadrian's visit in 130 A.D. was commemorated with new monuments. After Antalya was annexed to Turkish held lands by the Seljuk Sultan Giyaseddin Keyhusrev in 1207, the area witnessed another great period of development and was adorned with works of Seljuk architecture, some of which can still be seen today.

Although Ottoman sultan Bayezid I occupied it first in 1391, its incorporation into the Ottoman Empire was delayed until the late 15th

century because of the disruption caused by the invasion of Timur (Tamerlane). In the tripartite agreement of 1917 for the post war division of the Ottoman Empire among Italy, France, and the United Kingdom, Italy claimed Antalya and its hinterland. Italian troops occupied the district in 1919 but were driven out in July 1921 by Turkish nationalist forces.

Today the tourists have taken over the attractive Mediterranean location. Easily accessible via an international airport, the town is also the economic center of a rich, agricultural Region. The most significant cinematic event in Turkey, the "Golden Orange Film Festival", has established itself in Antalya.

Claudia Cancino helping with minutes of the RecorDIM sessions

Antalya Harbor

Antalya Yivli Minaret

Hadrian’s Gate in Antalya

Old Antalya - Street

Istanbul, Blue Mosque 1606-1616 AD

Istanbul, Theodosius Obelisk 1500 BC brought to Constantinople in 390 AD

AspendosRomanTheatre