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SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE Prof. Jayson M. Barlan, MPA

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Page 1: SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE · 2020-03-21 · Types of Social Interaction ! Non-verbal (body language or kinesics) ! Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each

SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE � Prof. Jayson M. Barlan, MPA

Page 2: SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE · 2020-03-21 · Types of Social Interaction ! Non-verbal (body language or kinesics) ! Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each

What is social interaction? � A process by which people act and react

in relation to others.

� A process whereby people accomplish some aim and is always directed toward specific people.

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Distinctive characteristics �  Human beings interpret or define each other’s

action.

�  Reality is shaped by our perceptions, evaluation, and definition of such reality.

�  Physical proximity is not always needed in social interaction.

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The process of social interaction ranges from the most superficial contacts to deep, lasting, and complex relationships.

Page 5: SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE · 2020-03-21 · Types of Social Interaction ! Non-verbal (body language or kinesics) ! Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each

Social Interaction Frameworks

� Defining the situation � The presentation of the self � Negotiated order

Page 6: SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE · 2020-03-21 · Types of Social Interaction ! Non-verbal (body language or kinesics) ! Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each

Defining the situation � The process by which people interpret

and evaluate the social context to select appropriate attitudes and behavior

Page 7: SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE · 2020-03-21 · Types of Social Interaction ! Non-verbal (body language or kinesics) ! Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each

The presentation of the self � All of us have an image of how we want

to be seen by others.

�  Erving Goffman

Page 8: SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE · 2020-03-21 · Types of Social Interaction ! Non-verbal (body language or kinesics) ! Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each

Negotiated order �  It refers to a social structure that derives its

existence from the social interactions through which people define and redefine its characters.

� This is sometimes referred to as bargaining, compromising, trading off, mediating, exchanging, “wheeling and dealing” and collusion.

Page 9: SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE · 2020-03-21 · Types of Social Interaction ! Non-verbal (body language or kinesics) ! Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each

Types of social interaction � Cooperation � Conflict � Competition � Negotiation � Coercion

Page 10: SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE · 2020-03-21 · Types of Social Interaction ! Non-verbal (body language or kinesics) ! Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each

1. Cooperation � Collaborative efforts between people to

achieve a common goal.

� A group effort is needed.

Page 11: SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE · 2020-03-21 · Types of Social Interaction ! Non-verbal (body language or kinesics) ! Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each

2. Conflict �  It involves direct struggle between

individuals or groups over commonly valued resources or goals.

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3. Competition � A form of conflict but more rules and limits

are imposed on the interaction.

� Rules are followed by participants.

Page 13: SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE · 2020-03-21 · Types of Social Interaction ! Non-verbal (body language or kinesics) ! Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each

4. Negotiation � Where parties agree to social exchange,

social cooperation, or competition.

Page 14: SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE · 2020-03-21 · Types of Social Interaction ! Non-verbal (body language or kinesics) ! Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each

5. Coercion � This is imposing an action or behavior on

another with the use of physical force.

Page 15: SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE · 2020-03-21 · Types of Social Interaction ! Non-verbal (body language or kinesics) ! Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each

Elements of Social Interaction � Statuses � Roles � Group �  Institutions and Social Organizations

Page 16: SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE · 2020-03-21 · Types of Social Interaction ! Non-verbal (body language or kinesics) ! Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each

I. Statuses �  It is a position in the social structure

�  Status Set – Set of statuses of a person

�  Ascribed Status - involuntary

�  Achieved Status – voluntary

�  Master status – A status that dominates other statuses

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II. Roles �  It refers to a patterns of expected

behavior attached to a particular status.

� Refers to the collection of cultural defined rights, obligations, and expectations that accompany a status in the social system.

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� People learn how to play their roles by observing and interacting with other people called socialization.

� Role set – different roles as determined by a certain status

� Role expectation – the expected behavior of a person as determined by its status

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� Role Strain – difficulty of a person to perform the expected role

� Role Conflict – carrying out of a role of one status conflicts with the role expected of another status

� Role Exit – disengagement in a known role of one status

� Role Ambiguity – unclear expectation

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Symbolic Interaction

� According to George Herbert Mead

�  People act toward everything they encounter on the basis of what those people, activities, and situations mean to them.

Page 21: SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE · 2020-03-21 · Types of Social Interaction ! Non-verbal (body language or kinesics) ! Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each

Symbolic Interaction

� According to George Herbert Mead

�  People learn what things mean by observing how other people respond to them through social interaction.

Page 22: SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE · 2020-03-21 · Types of Social Interaction ! Non-verbal (body language or kinesics) ! Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each

Symbolic Interaction

� According to George Herbert Mead

�  As a result of on-going interaction, sounds, gestures, facial expressions, and body postures acquire symbolic meaning shared by people who belong to the same culture.

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� According to Mead, human interaction is ruled by cultural meaning and most of these are symbolic.

� Human interaction, therefore, is a process of acting on the basis of meaningful symbols.

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The Dramaturgical Approach (Erving Goffman)

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Social Construction of Reality � This refers to the process by which

individuals creatively shape reality through social interaction

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Ethnomethodology � A specialized approach within the

symbolic interaction paradigm. � Study of everyday common-sense

understandings that people have of the world around them

�  Ethno – understanding of cultural surroundings that people share

�  Methodology – system of methods and principles

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Networks

�  It is a web of relationships that connects an individual to many other people, directly or indirectly.

�  Clique (Completely Connected) �  Orbit (Radially Connected) �  Chain (Chain Connected) �  Ring (Rim Connected)

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Influences of Social Interaction � Goals – the state of affairs one wishes to

achieve � Motivations – person’s wish or intention to

achieve a goal � Situation or context – conditions under

which an action takes place � Norms or rules – rules of behavior

Page 29: SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE · 2020-03-21 · Types of Social Interaction ! Non-verbal (body language or kinesics) ! Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each

Types of Social Interaction

� Non-verbal (body language or kinesics)

� Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each other’s presence

� Focused Interaction – purposeful interaction between individuals

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III. Group

� Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who regularly and consciously interact.

�  Dyad – group composed of two individuals �  Triad – composed of three persons

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Characteristics of group

�  A defined membership

�  A set of interrelated statuses and roles

�  Common values and norms

�  An identity

�  Repeated interaction and communication

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Institutions and Social Organizations � Social Institutions – organized patterns of

beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.

� Social Organization – relatively stable patterns of social relationships among individuals and groups in society.