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A
1.W A R U M W I R N I G H T A U C H ?
Rolonlen ftlr Jiuden,
elne Forderung , die ^ u r Entlaatung und Ent- pannung beltragen aoil.
Von
) D. r ; !T.
Dezember 193V.
Alèe Rechte beBonders auûh das der Uebereetzung In andere Sprachen, vom Ver* faeaer vorbehalten#Buenos Aires, Dez. 193/,
1IIII
Wle a She vvofcl die weltpolltlsche Lage aua, wenn die
11 Ub-?rvSlkF ten Italiens b<i_l den Verhandlun- 85®” ln Senugender Welse berilckalchtlgt wordenwàren» Slcher hStte die KBnlL lloh Itallenleohe R e f l e m S
"*r'anderU?Sen der letzten Jahre auf elgenes achlHtVonîîn , ,,n? 50 elnen vlohtl5en Punkt dee fa-
^ohen Programme llluaorlacli machen kSnnen. Alalsen Polltlk der daraala massgebenden
aSf K o l ^ l e r 3 .Porderuns’ 30welt sle AnaorUohedie F o l £ ^ L v V m i J V " 5 1 ?®’ nloht berUokslohtlgt, und
fS Savon blldeten elne Baals des Faaohlsous und des ™ abes®lals=hen Krlogea (1935/36 ). »as man Italien
nlcht am g^rdnen Tleche gab, nahm es alch mit ITaffensev/alt
Knrz e “ zt^lt!Ee™ Kostenaufwand.absr In verhaltnlamHsalg ’
l n t » ^ n t 1maniKrlS se notS8drungen ala Mlttel zur Austrapun* fe ??nfllkte anerkennt, bezw. aus dem V e r l a ^sloh K « ï e n herl®lten zu KSnnen glaubt, so ntomwas es n V h f i aieser BegrUndung elnfaoh das Recht, dae,
I n i t i a t i v e zU ve^=haffeny81ker 6 rh le lt* Bl0h durch ^Sene
„en A U l L , ? ^ 6^ handelte Nippon <1935), daa slch von sel- delt yK laubte2 E uAbreohnung sehr stlefmiltterllch behan- t t o . Ï Ï r ' , B nahm sloh die Mandschurel, welche nrak-
Beïde Mal Colonie zu betrachten let . Phart an } . elte es sloh Geblete, welche z war ten dla ^ ter9!s2 ? der '«hrenden KolonlalmSchte>renz-
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n g l l s d l n s ra asW . ( d ç \ ç ç ç i ) e g ^ e l i } ! n e d o a l u l a a e c f a - r i o a l m B i t £ l A w e s n e t l £ 7r d l rn r t o l s a o md.cn t cfBE a i i o a lT n e n l iT U S ma J d o l n
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9n 9 3 l g d o i u b r f o l a , d l 9 l d i 9 193ÎIS V *ieb e d s f l ral d d o l n 3 9 a ew•ngttsdoeiev us evl_.d£ldlnl
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I
benaoht^n111gten ŒroBemKchte wlrd eret wieder herbesfcellt# wonn die unreohtmëLBle genommenen Kolonlen an dae Reich zuirUokgegeben worden Blnd«‘
Au-ûh hier wlrd v/leder olnmal Krleg und seine Polgen aie "Reoht hezTï. Unrecht anerkanntî Ba Anelgnung dee Qutee Drltfcer nach Internatlonalem Recht nlcht atatthaft 1st, ao echelnt - da, wenn elne solehe Anelguiung îflmà erfolgt, der
/Blfouentum deBchSdl^te nlcht elnfach seln/SaibmazurUcknehmen kann, sonder n d-en Eleentumanachvzels erbrlngen rauee - der Antragetel- lei^bereohtlgte Aueelchten auf Eeln Recht zu haben (Eng- llschfifranzoslBche Aussprache 1937),
wWas aber dem elneu recht 1st, 1st dem ânderen bllllg»Und wenn nlcht nur die allllerten Allllerten, aondern auch die degner der Allllerten elner wohlwollenden Prüfung lhres Pallea slcher aeln kQnnen, v/arum n lc h t auch eln aeeoolerter Allllerter - Polen, dae Emigrationslan d , welches JKhrllch Tausende seiner Landeaklnder In aile Welttelle aohloken muss, um lhnen die MSg llchkelt elnea Brotwrwerbs z^u gebenî
Bel der Anerkennung des polnlachen Staates durchd en Vertrag von Versailles hatte man dlesea wlchtlge Moment un- ber üoks lchtlgt gelassen; die frledllebenden Natlonen der al- t^n Welt Bchelnen aber auch hier elne wohlwollende Prüfung n lc h t abzulehnen (Franzoslsch-polnlsche Verhandlungen, In- de 1957).
II.
îfach £eret8rung des leraelltlschen KÎSnlgrelche eetzte die Judenwanderung elnerselts von Palëstlna über Nordaslen, deun Kaukasus, Russland und Polen nach Mltteleuropa eln, an- dereraelts von Palâst»JLna aus nach Westen, um Uber Nordafrl* ka nach Spanlen und Portugal zu g^elangen» Nach lhren Rl- t<-en und Q-ebrSuchen slnd die ersteren ale Aschkenaslm, die letujteren als Sephardlm zu bezelchnen#
Mlnderhelten glelch SUndenbücke 1st elne Œlelchung, die immer wieder In der Besch/lchte der Menechhelt ln Erschel- nung trltt» BeaonderB oft stlmmt dlese Q-lelohung für Olau- bensmlnderhelten, welche die gesuchten Prtlg»j9lJungen und bllllg^sten Luatknaben abnormaler Herrsoher waren»
Selt Uber 'tfàusend Jahren lm europSlschen Exil lebend, blldeten die Juden dlese Objekte und wurden durch Verfolgun-
en zur ewlgen Wanderung g^szwungen. Beglnnen wlr hier mit dem Aug^nl^lick, ln dem vor oa. fUnfhundert Jahren die eman- z^plerten und ln dem spanlschen Volke aufgeçangenen Juden slch nur nooh rellglonsgemà'ss von lhrem Gastvoïk unterschledeûe Zwancptaufen - Marrannenzelt 1) (l492 bis 16e Jahrhundert).
Qehen wlr über 7^1 den Pog romen und Judenverfolgungen ln Rueelanâ (16 48), den Spezlalvovsohrlften 2) für die StSdte
1) Marran/nen (apanlsch Schwelne) Bind Juden, welche unter dem Zwan^e der Iniuleltlon kathollaohen Glauben Ubergetreten waren und, fihnllch wle die Urchrlsten ln Rom, helmlleh lhre dotteadlenat—e und Q-ebrËuche ab- bezw. elnhlelten,
2) Juden durf^en dlese StSdte nuly mit ape^leller Genehml- gung und dann nur wâihrend der Tagesst unden und durch gewlsae Tore betreten* "aren ferner von allen akademlschen und hand- wwrlllohen Berufen ausgesohloBBen»
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3 .
nn und
Pefcersb u^rs, Moekau, und Warechau, den Vorfolgungen in O rv - e a e p o l e n .
Den Judenvertrelbungen in England z>-u Ende des 13. Jahr- hunderts und denjenlgen in Frankrelch zji/ÎJnde de a l4, Jahr- hunderte 3 )• Die grosse antleeunltlsche Welle zu Ende des 19. *ahrhundarrtQ la Zuaamraenhang mit der Drejffueaffaire ( 1 8 9 4 / 1906 7 in Frankreioh.
Die JudenschlachtevJL in der Ukraine (1919/20), die Be- drSngniaee in den verschledenen Bar-anlëndern und nicht l®tzttin den oesterreichischen Eronlîîndern*
Ueberall gefcreten, gepeinigt und verfolgt, wanderten aie wie auf elnem Ruramelplatz innerhalb Europae hin und her, und nur verhSltnismSselg klein vraren die AbapMtterungen nach Uebereee»
Unter den frühesten Auswanderern nach den Vereinigten Staafcen von Nordamerika finden wir ein besonders grosses Kon- ting^ent russischer, polnischer, rumKnischer und ukrainischer Juden, wShrend die Auswanderung deutscher Juden erst viel spëter einsefczte. Me rkwürd ige rwe is e, Jeu^enfalls bedingt durch die Hand e lsbe z^J-ehunge n, v/anderte ein viel grosserer Prozent- satz Juden aus den russischo^P Handstaaten nicht nach Nordamerika, sondern nach SUdafrika (selt l890) aus. Bine Anzahl der- se^J-ben 1st auch bel den Buren ln lhrem Preiheitskamnf z u finden. ^
Die Auswanderung nach SUdamerika lgsst deutlich zwei ffan- derungswellen untersçheiden. wShrend die erste zur Zelt der Inquisition (um 1 5 0 0) in die spanlechen Kolonlen stattfand, v/urden bel der spSteren Pogromvfelle Juden auf sSmfcllche slid- und mlfctelamerlkanlsche LSnder verbelit. 4)
Abwer auch hier - ln Uebersee - finden slch Zelchen ak- t-J-vsts-^n Antlsemltlsmus, besonders in den ehemals soanlschen Kolonlen 5 ) / und noch ln JUngerer Zelt finden wir Ânzeichen 'Iber die unheilvollen BlnflUsse des Antlsemltlsmus in Nordamerika 6 /, de_ssen offiz-ieller TrSger die Oehelmgesellschaft Ku!cux2clan 1st (gegrdndet 1 8 6 ),
Xn neuest^pr Zelt aber hat die ant^lsemltlsche Pronaganda, von Deutschland aus gefilhrt, nicht nur elne antisemitische Bewegung in Eurooa g^pschaffen, sondern aktive Arbeit vmrde auch ln Nord- und SUdafrika, ln SUdamerika (ParaK uaV '() und Brasilien 8 ), Chile 9 ) und Kolûmblen 10)) geleletefc.
Teils geboren aus den Geschehnissen bis zur Wende des 19*
3) Im Jahre I8 0 6 Einberufun^ des Sanliedrlns auf Veranlassung Napoléons und damlt ers te europaische off lzielle Anerkennun^-der Juden durch einen Staat.
4) ln den Jahre n 1830-70 ca. 50 0 0 0 nach Amerika ausgev/andert.
5) 1492 die ersten JUdlschen Auswanderer auf die v.estindischen Inseln.
6 ) Anz^eichen ers ter JUdlscher Siedler ln Nordamerika um i65q.
7J Ausweisungen von Juden aus der Hauptctadt ,\sunci<5n undSperrun^ der Einwanderung von Juden.
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4 .
JahrhunderfcG, telle in weleer Voraueelcht war eB Theodor Herzl (189Ï, 1. Easier xCon^rese), derklle Forderun^ nach einem Judonataat aufseabellt hat. Die Zahl seiner Seiner war pro- Zfi_jitual In den Krelsen der ao^enannten eraanzlplerten Juden vlel r} roaeer ale in der nichb JUdlcc.hen Welt. Sein Eûâzlel, der Judenataat, blieb 2wit celnea Lebene elne Utopie für ihn, und ee war Hun nur moglioh, elne Bewesung, d le zlonlatische Bewegun^ zu echaffen; doch dieoer SSugling v/ar zum echwachen, sarten Knaben herahgev/achsen, als die Weltgeachlchte eloh wleder elnmal der Juden erinnerte, und ihnen dae veroprach, wae Herzl ala Zlel erafcrebte.
/(1917) Die Balfour-Deklaratlon/wurde in den LSndern der VerbUn-â3fcen< vonden dort emanzljiierte~ua Juden ale Verrat nlcht nur hln- gestellfc, aondern abgelehnt. Der Schleler der Emanzlpatlon war ao dlehfc, daas er kelne Sioht aelbst a.uf kürzeste Ent- fernung erlaubte. Das kleine KnSbleln der Zx_Aonlsblechen Be- we@ung büsete bel den JUdisohen BUrgern der VerbUndeten fast ebenso vlel AnhSnger eln, wle es bel den Allilerfcen gev/ann.In fur die Geschichfce der modernen Zelt kürzeater Zeibapanne aollten dieae Schleler g^elufbeb werden und slch die Zahlen- verhalbnlase aue aem Zwange der Zeib um drehen. Die beehnlBchan PorbBchu?lbbe der Q-egenwarb beachleunigben daa Tempo, und zwanz^ia Jahre nach der Proklamabion elner Jlidiachen HelmabKb- b^£ (1937) aprachdle Welb berufi-lba von der Q-rUndung eines Judenstaabs. ^ur vlerzlg Jahre selb der HerzlBchen Ubople wa- ren vergang-sn, und aua dem Judenabaab lab grelfbarea Geeche- hen ge\7orden.
BeaL-lrunb die grQaabe JudenmaBeenwanderung fand in unse- rer Zeib nach dem Anbrlbb des nationaleoa^iallsblâchen Regl- mea DCatt1. vle dîe îaubén nach èlneni Blitzachlr^ , bo sboben die Juden im ers ben Augenbllck nach allen Grenzlàindern des deutechen Relchea auaelnander, bevor lhre Gasbgeber und Ble aelbab erkennen muas ben, daaa lhnen Europa kelnen Daueraufenb- halb bleben konnbe, und die Organlsierung elner Emlgrabion nach überseeischen LSndern elnaebzbe. ^ieae lief parallel eo- wohl für die ln Deubachland Verbliebenen, als auch fUr diejenl- gen, d le aich nach den Grenzlândern geflüchbeb habben.Hier zelgbe slch daa erabe Mal der ganzen Welb in der Pralls die ITobwendisJcelb und ’.Veibsichblgkeib dea Zlonlsmus, und b o -
wohl dlejenlgen, welche der Bewegung kâmpferlsch enbgegengebre- ben waren, ala auch dlejenlgen, welche ohne innere Anbellnah- me der Bewegung Beib Jahrzehnben gegenübergeabanden habben, allés dachbe lm Anfang nlchb an dae 771e und Weshalb, sondern nahm willkommen die Tataache auf, dass es eine HeimstSbbe gëbe, PalSstina#
WShrend Palasbina in den eraben Wochen und Konaten die g»»p» grbsate Anzahl von Emlgraten ohne grosse Reatrlktionen auf- nahm, Snderbe aich bald daa Blld, und es muaaben neue KanSle
8)Au£_usb 193 .4 epeO-elle Vorachrlfben für Jüdlsche Einwan- derer. Versch'Srfung durch Dlkbabur 1937,
9) 1935 lnofflz,J.elle Verwelgerung von Vlsen, spSber Quotlsle- rung von ÇO Pamlllen jtthrllch.
10) Starke wlrtachaftllche Lilerung mib Deubachland, Inoffl- zlelle Vlsenvei'welgerung,
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o-efunden warden, um die ITanderung nach lhnen abzulelten.Hier L e w i e s slch der Vortell ftir dlejenlgen, welche In frU- heren Jahrzehnten a le Tauben die Arche der Tamllle verlassen hatten, gegenUber denjenlgen, die glmubten, In Hatlonalla mua lhrea daatlandes roll aufsegangen zu aeln.
III.
PalSBt_lna, die Oeburtaatatte dre 1er groaaer Rellglonen, die Sit eate Wlege des Judenfcuma, erlebte, wenn man hlerbel von elnar RUokwan-’erung apreohen karrn, elne aolche zu Ende ^nn in. Anfanp: des 20» Jahrhunderts.il)
Die RUokwanderer ajsbzten clch aus z-jTel Elementargruppen zuaammen, nSmlloh eretene aolohen, welche aua rellgldaen Oründen naoh dort zurüokkehrten, um auf dem BodenJ^a Helll K_en Landea ltiren Lebenaabend z_y vetbrlngen und In demeelben beerdlgt zu werden, zw»lte_ns der klelnen Oruppe von Ideall sten die nach PalSat_lna auewanderten, um dort zu leben, und elch dem Urberuf lhrer VHter, der Landwlrtschaft,zu wldmen.In belden Fallen handelte es slch hauptaHohllch um das °at- europSlsche JUdlsche Element, durch-.veg Aschkenaelm IS), welche mit den Jemenlt en 13 ), den wHhehnd des Exils In PalSstlna verbllebenen Ju.jSen (als UrbevBlkerung zu bezelchnen) nur In ausseret lockerem Zusammenhang lebten Oder besser, nebenelnan
der UngefShr zur glelchen Zelt, ale von der zlonlstlsohen Be- w eeuna der JUdlsche Natlonalfonds geschaffen vmrde (1901 auf dem b. . Baa 1er Kongress), zur $-lelohen Zelt, als die ver- schledenen nafc lonalen Faiaetlnageaellachaften daran glngen,In den Oeden d£s Helllgen Landes Oelbaumhalne und WeXnD?rS® anzulegen, zur glelohen Zelt war eB Baron Edmond de Rothschild, welcher Lfinderelen und Landetrlche aufkaufte, um auf dies en den Opfern ostueuropSlecher Pogjrome elne neue Helms tatte 4J1 achaffen. Dleae Besledlung glng lelder nleht frledllch vor slch. wenn man d le Tagebitcher dleeer ersten Sledler durch- llest, so sleht man, dass dleselben, Shnllch wle die ersten amerlkanlschen Elnwanderer gegen die Elngeborenen, mit den an- aSsslKen Arabern und Bedulnen zu kBmpfen hatten.
Die zu Ende das 19. Jahrhunderts Uber Europa gehende antleemlL-lsohe Welle hatte ale Folge nlcht nur die oben er- vrtihnten SledlungsansHtze, aondern war auch eln Wegwelser dee Zlonlsmus. Ausserdem waren die filhrenden jtidlachen Manner Euro- paB da von ilberzeugt, dass sle dem Ant 18 emit Is mua mit der Schar- fung Jlldlscher BauernBledlungen w.lrkaam entgegentreten konn- ten. So grlindete Baron 51. von Hlrsoh sçhon lm Jahre 1591 die "ICA" (Jewish Colonisation association), welche die JUdlschen
11) Alljah: heorHlach glelch Hlnaufzlehen. FUnf Elnwanderungs- epochen In den letzten Jahrzehnten.1. lljah 1880-1905,2. Alljah 1905 -191*, 3. Alljah 1919-198*. *. Alljah 1984- 1927, 5 . Alljah von 1989 ab.
12) In der rebblnlechen Llteratur des Mlttelalters als Unter- schledsbezelchnung fUr dlejenlgen Juden, die nlcht portuglale- scher Herkunft Bind (ca. 90 % aller Juden).
13) Arabische Juden.
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f e & S 6 alch das Interesse dee Weltjudentuma wled.r eInmal
dleaem Problem a j u ’ OBteuropHlBchen Judenwanflerung zurRelchte aber aer ae , durchdle Reatrllctlonen der
Ve fUgunç steheftde Raum, ^ 8°“ ^ urte ale La6e kataetrophal
^ o h adennIm5raïlo^zuBÎroi aua Deuteehland, welcher mit
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sa ffls-usjr HSf Sassss sî a-den Xlnderachuhen herau • ,rosben der hlerzu notwendlgen
Kapltalbesohaffuns lleaaen das Project nloht aber dae 3tadlum
d e s Prob lem s hinauBjJoinmeru , a - p i e i t e t . a o n d e r n a u c h
JESStlSOh? l f u S e ^ ^ Z a S f d t f v o n S r ^ r e i r ^ - l n gastfreund-
und daa Studlum, ob man dleae Emlgratlonawelle nloht In
^ S o n l ï S ^ a S ' ^ r ^ e f B e ^ / ^ f ^ J r e ^ e r aif den Plan,
0?Unden kelnen Tu b s tacsen konnten. Die Stlmraungfdr eln Analedlung von Juden ln Hadagaakar wurde 1936 lebhafter,fern Lenus vom Sohauplatz der europàlsohen »eachlohte 1st dleae Inael trotz lhres Relchtume eln Btlefmdtterlloh be handeltea Kind In der IColonlalfamllle Fra nkre lone.
IV.
Um die naohetehenden Tabellen rlchtlg zu lesen, müsaen
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7 .
w lrd ile V iilker in d re l Kategorlen e ln te lle n :
A) solohe, a le an e lner Emigration 3er jUdlsohen BevSllcerung aue lhrem (Jeblet d lre k t ln te re a e le r t elnd, a te r kelne Kolonlen t)0Bltz_pn, nlohtadestowenlger KolonlalanwSrter alndi
B) eo lche , d ie Kolonlen beslta^pn, aber n lch t d lre k t an der Emigration lh re r JUdlschen Bevülkerung ln te re a e le r t Bind ï
G) eolche, d le heute d ie Mandatsmacht ilbei^en zu gründenden Jii_denat^aat Oder seine 0-aranten d a rs te lle n .
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9 5000000 5 030 0001 000 000
560 000 30 OQO
8,95 X
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DER HUMERUS GLAUS US AN.YENDUN& FINDET,
DeutschlandSolenOesterrelohRumânlenDanzigLettlandLltau en•iemellandUn^arn
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A a
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VOEIiCERUNG
Frankreloh 225 000I ta l ie n 50 000Belglen 60 000Spanlen 6 000Portugal 2 5ooB rit is h Common Wealth 1 115 065
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EnglandU.S.A.
0) DIE JUEDISCHE BEVÏLK3RUNG IN DER 4ANDATSMAQHT UMD IHKES ŒBRAST3N.
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.Oehq^p wir von der Tataache aus, dasa PalSatina als Oan- z*j3S,aelb8t aollte slchdaa Problem elner Elnverlelbung TransJordaniens verwlrkllchen, flHohen- und wlrtaehaf taettealg nleunals dae g_eaaete WeltJudentum aufnehmen kann, woso we- rÿSf, "lra BJe aer auf CJrund der KSnlgllchen Kommlsslon V eçtl-Be^rloht, Junl 1937/ vorg eschlag ene Judena taat er- raaaen kSnnen. Bleaer Judsnotalt wlrd aber aruf Jahezehnte hlnaua unt_er Anorkennung der alten arablschen Reohte nlcht vergroaaeEjingafHhlg sein, wohl aber für die Ideologic und den OeeamVau_fbau unerlSaallch sein.
Mit den lmmer wlefler von Zelt au Zelt auftauchenden Sledlungaprojekten ln aller Welt 1st und kann uns nlcht gehol- r^n werden. Çase wlr nlohts geschenlct haben wollen, sondern aueh den kHuflloh erworbenen Boden zu kultlvleren und nutz bar zji maohen veratehen, bewelst unsere Aufbauarbelt ln wsnlgSn Jahrzelinlien und besondera ln den letzten fünf Jahren ln Pa-,, . B v,lr braü°Sl2* lat,eln Stuck Land, g_ros6 genùg,^ elner Anzahl von 9 529 000 (dleae Zahl errechnet slch « den dieekt emlgrleren llUssenaen (labelle A) plue 85 % aus Ser Weltjudenhelt) Aufnahme-, Arbelts- und damlt Lebenemogllolikelt4-.U g ô D ô tl»
JSgtÆhïï».- "=m ”"->™hah »nlr bit en’ aa wlr kelne Krlegamaachlnet^le hlnter uns
i î le ïorderungen ln der-ln uneeremjï” f Obllchen Welse unterstUtzen kann. WaB wlr fordern,'
be£ dî ! , ^ mr ^ r k°lt îer Welt> uns elnnal elne Ohanoelu g^4 Den, zelgen zu kSnnen, daes wir weder Parasiten noch Aueeau» ger slnd, sondern eln al tes Kulturvolk, dem man selnen Platza M ? ? L 22 EtreltlS mac ht und deseen Boden vonanderen mit RechtsansprOchen belegt wlrd, die wlr lhnen man- g fils elner Armee nlcht strelOg machen künnen, und die irlr fhî f unseren Idealen heraus mit Uachtmltteln nlcht strel- letfcht nnnh » ^ Snt *ae he«te ln den Krelaen der Juden vlel-
morgen der elnzlg m§gllcheZAusweg seln^* ïlelleloht 8=hon
S iïW Î SWelse hehandelt anatu und berUckslchtlgt werden. Der Aus- V°f ?e?.au0 Deutschland alnd Ja vom Standpunkt
-??hr:°nalSMîîall?mus keln6rlel Hlndernlase ln den t a lu Sr 2’ es.™Lir?e vlelmehr durch e lne Veralnderung der deut-
schyi aesamtjevolkerung um die Anzahl der lm lïïenblîok ln De utschland beflndllchen Juden von 385 000 g_lelch 0 5° Prn- zent elne weaentllche Brlelchterung un5 E n t a f ^ n ^ giaohS-
»v ïn P°len der Prozentsatz der Vermlnderuna «ecen-Uber der Qeeamtbevdlkerung eln v/elt grSsserer sein, da die ln Polen ansàsalgen 3 300 000 Juflttn 9 7 t 5« 5ausmaohen. Hlermlt slnd die belden HauptstaatL® wlloh^în elner JudenemlgratIon lnteresslert slnd, benannt, wffhrenddAm elne Anzahl anderer europSlscher Lfinder flip n,,,v f
Bewohner1 ^ 0 el?en v,elt 6-rlngeren’prozentsatz JOdlscherBewohner haben, ln glelchem Masse beneflzlersn ktinnten.
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DieJenlgen europHlaohen KolonlallSnder, welohe tells durch den nladrlgen Prozentaatz lhrer JUdlsohen Bevollcerung, aucenbllclclloh an elner Judanemlgratlon nloht lntereaelert Bind, mUceten slch abar befelfc erlclSren, unter angemeeaenen Bedlngungen (gedacht let an Warenauetauach, Vorzugazdlle, LlaferunsBabechlUase auf lange Sloht, Delegatlonen) Mnderelen a°3t_iJCe ien» welahe dann unter elnander wlederum ausgetauacht werden muasten, um elnen elnzlgen Jddlechen Kolonlalataat zu bllaen*
Hier wlrd aloh JedenfallB eln vlelst-lmmlges PUr wle »egan In bezuc auf die Konzentratlon elnee jUdlsohen Kolonlalataatea ergeben, und nur elne Sophiaterel blelbt ale Antwort. »lbt as elnen elnzlgen jUdleohen Kolonlalstaat, so wlrd derselbe autoniat_lsoh In Verwaltung, Production und Import autnahme- und lebensfahlg. Und die von den d-egnarn aufgebraohte These
0e^ahr elner Judenkonzentratlon let famlt z u ent- Krnrt_en, dass konzentrlert lmmer beaaer zu iibervraohen 1st ais vertellt. Danjenlgen aber, die den Vorschlag In Form einer Anzahl Itlelner Kolonlen gelten lassen wollen, 1st zu "»rht'?r^ nî1d°'B,6=.aleee L11llputataa.ten aloh nloht nur nlcht selbst erhaltenJcSnnen, aondern auch lm Slnne der TrSger des Antlaemltlaimis Itelmzellen der Allherrechaft Judas bllden Iconnten.
, BJb JMlsohen Analedler dleser zu grtindenden Kolonle sowle das Terrltorlum als solches mOsaten die glelohen Pflloh- J-en, bezw. Reohte haben, wle die lm V i t t e r l a n d " , d a s helsat lm palistlnenalaohtn Jugent,ta^t, ansasslgen Juden. Hlerbelmues es jedem In anderen Tellan der Welt lebenden Juden für elne generation vorbehalten blelben, entweder aim fur seine
?5er=5ea Juâenstaats 5_u adoptleren, odar als Lerter BUrger celnes Gaatlandec zu gelten. ^leder
warden ^.lon tie ctlamen der In lhren OastlSndern als voll
znu T r V o y , ^ CerJ ^ leC^ n 01aubenB Lebenden erheben und TÏÏ ° cer 711686• SaB£J Ele francslsoher PUh-i®" Pran4_osen, dass ele engllacher fuhlan ale die
I.Ï anJereE mehr. Wlchtc hlndert sle da ran, diesauch welternln zu tun, donh die Mogllchkelt muaa lhnen re^eben H M ? e,n’v,*rr ^ taetr?Phen, wle ale Uber die deutache Juden- = !3ra? ePi elntreten, elnen legalen lnternatlonalenSohutz durch eln hlnter lhnen stehendea Staatsgebllde z_u er-langen. Sle mussen die HSgllohkelt haben, wenn schon rrum-begrenzt nlcht frel nach lhrem Land, so wenlgatana frel 'nach
-plonle vvandern zu konnen. Ohne dlese rSumllche yus^- ntnS?6 f i1*! ?Sml?-ch der Judenstaat elne karrlkaturlstlsche
m?n sîe f °h elnen Schweden vor, der mit selnem schwedlachen ?ass nlcht nach Schweden kSnnte). Diejenlren Lander aber, die elneatells durch die Balfourdekllratlm ami, anderntella durch die HandatsverfUgungen ( 1983) sozSsaren a U Soh/utiUierrn Uber den Zlonlamua uHd den zu gründenden Juden- -taat elngesetzt Burden, haben die doppelte Sorallsche Ver-
ih ft aue lhrer! XolonlsatlonelSndern lm Prozentsatz der Verf«r,nnLhnaer? f?0S8SlS?n Bürger JOdlscher Raaae S S S zur
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THE JEWISH PEOPLE’S SERVICE ^The Jewish People'» Service desires te propagate the establishing of extensive Jewish settlements,
with religious - national autonomy, on sparsely populated or entirely unpopulated territories, without detriment to Palestine. Hence the Jewish People's Service will, in the first place, render
eccessible to individual» and Institutions, governing bodies and governments as well as to the Pre»», spoken or written material, having a bearing on thi« theme. October, 1936.
LETTERS Founder.: The Dutch Committee: Nathan Birnbaum, H. B. van Leeuwen, F.Weinreb.
HASSELTSCHESTRAAT 70 " • THE H A G U E .THE HAGUE - SCHEVENINGEN + SCHEVENINGEN
1 I 2 7 t h J a n u a r y 19 38
I M IH is E x c e l l e n c yThe P r e s i d e n t o f ,t h e , J S o u n e l l o f t h e L e ag u e o f N a t i o n s _______G e n è v e
E x c e l l e n c y ,
we have t h e h o n o u r t o c o n f i r m t h e f o l l o w i n g t e l e g r a m , w hic h we s e n t t o you l a s t n i g h t :
« D i s a s t r o u s s i t u a t i o n o f J ew s In s e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s maires « b i g s c a l e e m i g r a t i o n n e c e s s i t y . P a l e s t i n e a l t h o u g h « I n d i s p e n s a b l e and u n r e p l a c e a b l e I n s u f f i c i e n t . O r g a n i s e d « i n d i v i d u a l e m i g r a t i o n m e e t s u n s u r m o u n t a b l e d i f f i c u l t i e s . «Only s o l u t i o n o r g a n i s e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l a c t i o n b a s e d on « s t r o n g mor a l and p o l i t i c a l a u t h o r i t y . T h e r e f o r e Le ag u e « o f N a t i o n s p r o p e r bod y t o t a k e i n a v o i d a b l e i n i t i a t i v e . " Le ag ue can s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a c h i e v e immense h u m a n i t a r i a n « a c t i o n and remove o ne o f mos t p a i n f u l p ro b le ms o f E u r o p e . « J ew is h P e o p l e ’ s S e r v i c e founded by l a t e N a t h a n Bi rnba um « p o i n t s t o o n l y way o u t f i n d i n g t e r r i t o r i e s p o l i t i c a l l y «and e c o n o m i c a l l y s u i t a b l e f o r J e w i s h s e t t l e m e n t s on « r e l i g i o u s n a t i o n a l b a s e . H . v a n Leeu wen .The H a g t e - « S c h e v e n i n g e n .«
We re m ai n
Your E x c e l l e n c y ’ s r e s p e c t f u l l y
The J ewijrtj, P e o p l e ’ s S e r v i c e
[• CHUKHY JACIRtf.XT Avenue ^rekelinden
BruxellesfN
ProvisoirementBerlin le 27 Janvier 19.38
Monsieur le President
La grave situation créee en "paTestirie
par 1*immigration Juive et les récents événements de Roumanie
sont venus renforcer notre conviction que dans l’intérêt du
monde et par esprit humanitaire, une solution, totale et non
partielle, du problème Juif dôit être trouvée et appliquée.
former que nous fondons actuellement une n Ligue Internatio
nale pour la Solution du Problème Juif ". Ci-après nous nous
permettons de vous exposer les motifs qui nous ont poussés à
créer cette Ligue et la solution que nous envisageons.
ce pour communiquer notre lettre aux Honorables membres du Con
seil, espérant qu’ils voudront bien, avec vous, Monsieur le
Président, étudier notre projet et nous accorder le bienveillant
concours qui nous est nécessaire.
Veuillez agréer, Monsieur le Président,
l’assurance de notre plus haute considération.
Pour "LIGUE INTERNATIONALE POUR LA SOLUTION DU PROBLEM JUIF»
(En Foi " '
aussi, nous avons l’honneur de vous in-
Nous comptons sur votre haute bienveillan-
L I G U E I N T E R N A T I O N A L E
POUR LA
S O L U T I O N D U P R O B L E M E J U I F
Le problème Juif est un des problèmes internationaux les
épineux. La plupart des pays s'en occupent et, dans certains, il
suscite une perturbation intérieure qui ne manque pas d'avoir sa
répercussion fâcheuse sur la politique exterieure de ces pays.
Pour la tranquillité de ces pays, pour la tranquillité
des Juifs eux-mêmes et pour l'ordre international, une solution de
ce problème doit être cherchée et trouvée. En effet, quoi qu'on en
dise, la question Juive constitue un facteur de mésentente et de
desordre dans plusieurs pays. Ces mésententes et ces désordres, par
leur recrudescence et par prolongement, risquent de provoquer des
conflits sérieux. Par conséquent, pour éviter ces conflits, il faut
rechercher une solution susceptible de donner satisfaction à ceux
qui refusent de tolérer les Juifs chez eux et aux Juifs eux-mêmes,
en tenant compte des désirs de ces derniers et de leurs réclamation
formulées par leurs chefs les plus qualifiés.
Il est implicitement reconnu par les Autorités Britan
niques ainsi que par les Juifs eux-mêmes, que la Palestine, même si
elle devenait entièrement juive, ne peut contenir, non seulement
les Juifs disséminés dans le monde, mais même pas la moitié des
Juifs qui se trouvent dans les pays qui veulent s'en débarrasser.
Le nombre de ces Juifs persécutés dépasse CINQ millions d'âmes.
La Palestine, par son étendue restreinte, ne saurait ni contenir ni
nourrir, en plus de sa propre population, ni même un million de
Juifs. Ajoutez à cela que les Arabes et les musulmans du monde en-
tier s’opposent et s’opposeront toujours, même par la plus grande
violence, à la transformation de leur pays en '*patrie juive'*. Par
conséquent ils s’opposeront à l’immigration des Juifs chez eux. ON
s’en rend compte depuis une vingtaine d ’années et les événements
sanglants actuels de Palestine le démontrent amplement.
Nous faisons remarquer que l’opinion mondiale et en par
ticulier l’opinion publique Britannique, se sont fortement émus des
troubles de Palestine et ont été très impressionnés de la solidari
té que tous les pays Arabes et tous les Musulmans du monde ont ma
nifestée, surtout à la Tribune de la Société des Nations. Ceci nous
autorise à croire que le Gouvernement Britannique, malgré son grand
désir de suivre sa politique traditionnelle favorable aux Juifs et
de remplir les engagements pris dans la Déclaration Balfour, ne
peut poursuivre sa politique Pro-Juive en Palestine sans courir le
risque grave et certain de compromettre ses intérêts vitaux dans le
Proche-Orient et dans tous les pays Musulmans et sans provoquer le
mécontentement de son opinion publique
DONC LA PALESTINE NE CONSTITUE PAS UNE SOLUTION DU PRO
BLEME JUIF.
Les éfforts tentés par plusieurs pays pour faire octroyer
l’égalité des droits aux Juifs, éfforts qui ont à leur base princi
palement la Révolution Française de 1889, qui a proclamé l’affran
chissement des Juifs, n ’ont abouti à aucun résultat serieux et tan
gible, même dans les pays les plus démoctratiques comme la France,
la Grande Bretagne, les Etats Unis d’Amérique et la Suisse.
Notons que ces pays qui semblent avoir à coeur de trouver
une solution au Problème Juif et de secourir les Juifs persécutés,
FERMENT leurs frontières aux Juifs qui voudraient échapper aux per
sécutions. Nous nous en rendons compte depuis les derniers événe
ments de Roumanie.
- 3 -
La politique actuelle des milieux dirigeants Juifs et
principalement des milieux Sionistes, augmente l'anti-sémitisme
partout, complique davantage le problème Juif qui est déjà assez
compliqué par lui-même et crée chez les Arabes et les Musulmans
en général un anti-sémitisme que nous n'hésitons pas de qualifier
de farouche.
Les Sionistes en poursuivant la création d'un Etat Juif
en Palestine, tout en sachant et tout en reconnaissant que la créa
tion de cet Etat ne résout pas le Problème Juif, fournissent aux
anti-sémites qui affirment, à tort ou à raison, que les "Protocoles
des Sages de Sion" sont authentiques, la preuve de l'authenticité
de ces "Protocoles". Cela ne fait qu'augmenter considérablement
le trouble qui s'est déjà emparé d'une grande partie de l'opinion
mondiale et n'aboutira qu'à rendre anti-sémites ceux-là mêmes qui,
jusqu'à présent, refusaient leur sympathie aux pays et aux grou
pements anti-sémites.
Prenant en considération ce qui précède et :
1° tenant compte de l'impossibilité de faire admettre les Juifs
comme citoyens jouissant de tous les droits au même titre que
les autres citoyens, dans plusieurs pays ;
3° tenant compte de l'impossibilité d'admettre plus longtemps
que des êtres humains soient, à tort ou à raison, continuel
lement persécutés ;
3° tenant compte du désir légitime des Juifs de trouver un ter
ritoire où ils pourraient, en toute liberté et en toute sécu
rité, exercer leurs activités sous toutes les formes ;
4° tenant compte de l'obligation morale pour tout le monde de
- 4 -
trouver un remède à la situation des Juifs chassés de presque
partout et devant lesquels toutes les frontières se ferment
les unes après les autres ;
5° tenant compte du fait que jusqu'à présent aucune des solutions
proposées et tentées n ’a abouti au moindre résultat réél;
6° tenant compte, enfin, des efforts appréciables déployés par
les Juifs, principalement par Léon Pinsker et Théodore Herzl,
à la fin du siècle dernier et au commencement du siècle présent;
pour aboutir à la création d ’une "NATION JUIVE" ayant son ter
ritoire à lui , n ’IMPORTE OU, selon les propres termes de ces
chefs Juifs et de bien d’autres, nous avons décidé la fondation
"LIGUE INTERNATIONALE POUR LA SOLUTION DU PROBLEME JUIF."
Cette ligue s’assigne pour tâche de chercher cette
solution et de déployer tous les efforts nécessaires, dans tous
les pays du monde, pour aboutir à son application pratique.
D’ores et déjà, la "LIGUE INTERNATIONALE POUR LA
SOLUTION DU PROBLEME JUIF" propose de revenir à la solution qui
a été_sollicltée par les Juifs eux-mêmes et qui a été acceptée
par le Gouvernement Britannique et que nous appellerons ;
"SOLUTION CHAMBERLAIN - HERZL"
Jusqu’à preuve du contraire, nous nous permettons d ’affirmer que
c’est la seule solution pratique, susceptible de donner la paix
aux Juifs eux-mêmes et à ceux qui repoussent leur voisinage.
Il reste bien entendu que les pays qui désirent
garder leurs Juifs sont entièrement libres de le faire .
- 5 -
Pour la réalisation de cette tâche dont nous ne nous
dissimulons pas les grandes difficultés, nous faisons appel à
tous ceux qui ont à coeur de résoudre l'un des problèmes les
plus angoissants de l'histoire j à tous ceux qui, par pitié ou par
sensibilité, voudraient trouver le moyen de soustraire les Juifs
aux persécutions ; à tous ceux qui, par intérêt national consi
dèrent la présence des Juifs chez eux comme indésirable ; à tous
ceux des pays qui considèrent les Juifs comme un danger national
pour eux ; à tous ceux qui par haine religieuse ou raciale ne veu
lent plus tolérer les Juifs parmi eux ; nous faisons appel, enfin,
à tous les Juifs sincères, qui désirent sincèrement et loyalement
trouver un refuge pour y vivre en toute liberté et en paix.
Ainsi, les amis des Juifs auraient rempli une tâche
qu’ils considèrent comme un devoir humain ; les anti-sémites au
raient la satisfaction de ne plus avoir le voisinage des Juifs ;
les pays qui craignent les Juifs pour leur vie nationale se ver
raient débarrassés de leurs adversaires et les Juifs trouveraient,,
enfin, la tranquillité à laquelle ils assirent .
D'autre part, les Juifs qui collaboreront avec nous dé
montreraient qu'ils n'approuvent pas les "Protocoles des Sages
de Sion" et donneraient la preuve que ceux-ci ne sont pas authen
tiques. Ils démontreraient, en même temps, qu'ils désirent réél-
lement la solution de leur problème.
S O L U T I O N
C H A M B E R L A I N - H E R Z L
"1Herzl avait parcouru plusieurs pays et sollicité de plu
sieurs Gouvernements l’octroi d ’un refuge aux Juifs persécutés.
Abdul-Hamid et Guillaume II n ’ont pu répondre à son appel malgré
leur grand désir de lui donner satisfaction.
En Angleterre, il est entré en négociation avec Joseph
Chamberlain, alors ministre des Affaires Etrangères, auquel il a
exposé ses demandes et les aspirations des Juifs.
Le 13 Juillet 1903, Herzl présenta un programme au Gouver
nement Britannique, au nom de la Banque Coloniale Juive. Ce Gou
vernement, par lettre officielle, en date du 17 Août 1903, signée
par Sir Clement Hili., Chef du Département Colonial, et par ordre
de Joseph Chamberlain et du Marquis de Lansdowne, adressée à L.J.
Greenberg, signifiait l’accord de la Grande Bretagne d’accéder aux
désirs des Juifs.
Voici les principaux passages de ce document :
Ministère des Affaires Etrangères
le 17 Août 1903
Sir Clement HillChef du Département Colonial,
à M. L.J. Greenberg.
Sir,
M. Chamberlain a communiqué au Marquis de Lansdowne la lettre que vous lui avez adressée le 13 du mois dernier, contenant le projet d’un traité proposé par le Dr. Herzl, pour être conclu entre le Gouvernement de Sa Majesté et la Banque Coloniale Juive Ltd; dans le but de l’établissement d’une colonie Juive dans l’Afrique Orientale.
Son Excellence avait également pris en considération les remarques faites par vous le 6 de ce mois, dans ce ministère, à l ’occasion de votre entrevue avec Sir E. Barrington et M. Hurst.
- 7 -
Je suis actuellement chargé par Son Excellence de dire qu'il a étudié la question avec l ’intérêt que le Gouvernement de Sa Majesté doit toujours prendre à tout projet serieux pour l'amélioration de la situation de la race Juive.
Lord Lansdowne sera disposé à accepter favorablementdes propositions pour la fondation d'une colonie, ou d'un établissement Juif, à des conditions qui permettraient aux membres de conserver leurs coutumes nationales. Dans ce but, il serait disposé à discuter les détails d'un plan, dont les traits principaux seront : la concession d'une étendue considérable de territoire, la nomination d'un fonctionnaire, Juif comme chef de l'Administration locale, et la permission à la colonie de conserver toute liberté concernant la législation municipale et les affaires d'administration religieuse et purement Intérieures. Une telle autonomie locale serait accordée à la condition que le Gouvernement de Sa Majesté ait le droit d'exercer un contrôle général.
Il est inutile de considérer,pour le moment, le détail des termes de la convention auxquels le pays serait accordé. Si c'est sous la forme d'une vente ou d'un bail; mais Son Excellence déclare qu'aucune partie des dépenses, faites pour la colonisation, ne devrait tomber à la charge du Gouvernement de Sa Majesté, et que ce dernier se réserverait la faculté de reprendre le pays, si l'établissement n'avait pas fait preuve de succès.
(Signé) : Clement Hill
C'est cette solution que tous les hommes de bonne volonté
et de bonne foi, devront reprendre et tout tenter pour l'appliquer,
car elle est la seule solution capable de donner la paix à tout le
monde et de délivrer les Juifs de leur angoissante situation qui
ne saurait se prolonger sans provoquer des désordres serieux dans
la situation internationale et sans jeter la perturbation dans la
vie de plusieurs peuples.
Nous osons espérer que le Gouvernement Britannique, que
le Problème Juif interesse et préoccupe au plus haut point, vou
dra bien réconsidérer l'offre de ses prédécesseurs de 1903. Nous
aimons aussi à croire que Neville Chamberlain aura à coeur d'ap
pliquer la seule solution de ce pénible problème, solution que
Joseph Chamberlain a trouvée et soutenue.
Bruxelles le 25 Janvier 1938
CxAA '
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(3 x ^
20A/32539/686
Le Secrétariat de la Société des Nations
a l’honneur d’aocuser réception à M. Chukry Jaoir
de sa communication du 27 janvier 1938, adressée au
Président du Conseil et concernant la fondation d ’une
"Ligue internationale pour la solution du problème
Juif".
Genève, le 3 février 1938.
Monsieur Chukry Jaoir, 151, Avenue Prékelinden,
Bruxelles.
20A/32539/68$ " t'; : '
\ \ ■ '•\ V - • • ' i
^Ife'me demande s'il n'aurait pas été indiqué
4.ajouter dans l'accusé de réception une phrase disant
qu'aucune suite n'a pu être donnée à la demande exprimée
au dernier alinéa de la lettre de M. Jacir.
7 février 1938. j
1
Prière de communiquer ce dossier pour information
à la Section des M a U t s et à la Section des Minorités.
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\ A S S I ST A NC E POUR LES REFUGI ES
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P A L E S T I N E EVEN BY MOST L I B E R A L EX TENSI ON OF I MM IG RA T ION RI G HT S
FOR JEWS W I L L BE UNABLE TO OFFER A HOME TÔ MORE THAN A PART OF " ,
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' SC HEVENI NGEN+4
20A/32539/686. /?
Oenëve, le 19 février 1938.
Monsieur,
J 'al l'honneur d'accuser réception de votre télégramme en date du 7 février 1938 adressé à ln Conférence Intergouvemementale pour l'p.doptlon d'une Convention relative nu Statut des Réfugiée provenant d'Allemagne.
Comme J'ai déjà, eu l'honneur de voue en Informer de vive voix, ln question soulevée par votre communication n'étnlt pas de ln compétence de la Conférence à laquelle voue l'avez adressée. Toutefois, Je n'ai pas manqué de porter le contenu de votre télégramme à la connaissance du Haut Commissaire pour les Réfugiés provenant d'Allemagne.
Veuillez agréer, Monsieur, l'assurance de ma considération distinguée.
Monsieur H. van Leeuwen Hasneltsohe Straat, 16
Schevenlngue (Pays-Bas)
.*< •66
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466 SGRAVENHAG gv3 0 t> l r’ 6 / 1 ' n 1541
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" ORT " - U N I O NDES SOCIÉTÉS DE P R O P A G A T I O N DU T R A V A I L
I ND US T RI E L ET A G R I C O L E PARMI LES JUIFS
D i r e c t i o n C e n t r a l e
ORGANISATIONS AFFILIÉES
American ORT Federation 220, Fifth Avenue NEW-YORK-CITY
l 'O19, Av. Victor Hugo (XVI•) Téléphone: PASSY 60-15
"ORT” Society for the Promotion of Trades and Agriculture among the Jews
133, High Holborn LONDON
Société "ORT" en France 12, Rue des Saules
PARIS (XVIII )
"ORT” Gesellschaft zur Fcerderung von Handwerk, Industrie und Landwirtschaft
unter den Juden e. V. Siemensstr. I 5 BERLIN NW 87
Représentation de la Direction Centrale de I- "ORT en U.R.S.S. (ORT-SOJUS)
Kusnietzky Most 20 MOSCOU
ROUMANIE LITHUANIE LETTONIE DANTZIG BULGARIE
UNION SUD-AFRICAINE CANADA MEXIQUE
Société ties Nations
Genève
\fy
Nous vous envoyons sous pli séparé un ^a port anslais de
l'activité de not^e organisation pour les années 1930-1936,
Vous pspërons que ce rapport retiendra votr-e attention
et voue fer*a connaître les buts que nour ou"SL-ivons et les
■"éFultats que nous avons atteints flans le domaine de la recon
struction des masses juives. «
Veuillez agréer,Messieurs,l'expression de nos sentiments
tfès distinjrués.
CPT-UTION
Direction ^entfale
TY-'sJ
JEW ISH
RECONSTRUCTION
W O R K
F IG U R E S A N D FA C T S
1 9 3 0 - 1 9 3 6
O R T -U N IO N19. A V E N U E V IC T O R - H U G O , P A R IS (1 6 *)
19 3 8
19, A V E N U E V IC T O R - H U G O . P A R I S (16'
R E P O R T
Centra l Execut ive of the O R T - U N I O N
s u b m i t t e d to t h e 4 t h C o n f e r e n c e
held in Paris in Aug. 2 4 - 2 6 1937
Prepared
by I . KORALNIK, General Secretary
As a matter of routine the Central Executive of the O r t Union are submitting Annual Reports (financial and general) to the Plenary Sessions of the Central Board of the Union. In addition to that they are issuing from time to time, notably at the occasion of General O rt Conventions, summarised reports covering a certain specific period of the Union's activity. The last of these reports covered the period of 1926 to 1930.
In the present report, submitted to the Fourth General O r t Convention held in Paris on the 24th to the 26th of August, 1937, the Central Executive are dealing with the years 1930 to 1936. The Financial Report and the Report of the Auditing Committee submitted to the Convention embrace the same period.
All essential facts and figures pertaining to the work of the O rt during the last seven years will be found in the following pages.
Everybody knows that these years were by no means “seven years of plenty."
For the Jewish populations of most countries of Eastern and Central Europe they were years of growing economic degradation, political discrimination and moral oppression.
Those, however, who want to know Jewish life in its entirety, will certainly care to learn not only of its woes and sorrows, but also of the efforts of the Jewish populations to stand their ground under the most onerous conditions.
They will want to have an idea of Jewish constructive work in the countries where the Jewish position is at its worst, and they will peruse this report with considerable interest. It will tell them of important and by no means easy achievements which we owe to the self-denying exertions of a large number of devoted servants of Jewish Reconstruction in hundreds of towns and villages.
It narrates the mobilisation of Jewish social energy which the O r t , helped by its long and ample experience, was able to enlist for a well-planned effort in the service of its great task.
ORGANISATION
I____
"1
T he w ork o f the O r t d u r in g the yea rs fo r which the C en tra l E xecu tive has to re n d er account to the U nion Convention passed th ro u g h two stages :
T he y ea rs 1930-1933 w ere a period o f f inancial cr isis w hich necessitated a conside rable re duction o f the a p p a ra tu s
o f the U nion both in the Centre and loca lly and which b a d ly
affected one o r ano ther b ra n ch o f the w ork o f the Union .T he y ea rs 1 9 3 4-1936 , w ere, how ever, a per iod o f rise , o f
m ak in g good the deficiencies which had m ad e themselves fe l t
in the y ea rs o f crisis , o f consolidation and reconstruction o f the organ isa tions o f the Union . I t was also a per iod o f im provem ents an d new achievements.
T he totals given in this R eport f o r the several countr ies a n d the
branches o f w ork show that in the Jew ish reconstructive work done d u r in g
the last 7 y e a rs the O r t U nion p layed a conside rab le p a r t a n d tha t the
U nion rep resen ts a g re a t accum ulation o f institutions, under tak ings, o rg a
nisations, experience and d riv ing force in which the suffering Jew s find at present m ore support than they h ad had in fo rm e r years.
T he road fro m crisis to a revival was traversed by the Executive
u n d e r the h eavy b u rd e n o f m ak ing secure the financial basis o f the Union, o f he lp ing to b u ild up the local organ isa tions in various coun tr ie s ; o f aw aken ing loca l in itia tive and o f finding new ways and m ethods f o r its reconstructive work.
D ur ing the y ea rs 1930-1933 the C entra l Executive devoted the whole
o f its ene rgy to m eeting the requ irem en ts o f the cu rren t work o f its In sti
tutions in the dom ain o f vocational tra in in g and ag r icu ltu re . In this connection jou rne ys to A m erica were und er tak en by D r. L. B r a m s o n in 1 9 30 , by D r . D. L v o v i t c h in 1931 and D r. A. S y n g a l o w s k i in 1932.
U pon the m em bers o f the Executive, m ore close ly associa ted with
d ire c ting the w ork o f the Union had fa lle n the task o f c a rry in g out the reso lu tions o f the E x tra o rd in a ry C onference o f the C entra l B o ard o f the Union held on A ugust 18 th-19th 1931 re g ard in g a large-scale financial
ca m paign in the countr ies o f E a ste rn E u ro p e ; this cam paign was to com
pensate the institutions fo r the decrease in the subsidies fro m the E xe cu
tive. T he cam paigns in R oum an ia , L ithuania , Latvia and P o la n d were
— 10 —
conducted in 1930-1931 with the active co-operation o f D r . A. S y n g a -
l o w s k i , a m em ber o f the Executive.
A very h a rd struggle fo r the existence o f its institutions was waged
by the Executive in 1933. U p to O ctober o f that y ea r the Executive remained in B erlin and was u nab le to m ain tain fr e e com m unica tion with
its organisa tions ab ro ad . In spite o f that no effort was sp a red to avoid
neglecting the reconstructive work in Eastern Europe. On the eve of
t ransferr ing its sea t to P a r is the Executive commissioned its C h a irm an to
proceed to South A frica w here he was to organise a financial cam paign
on b eha lf o f the U nited Committee “ ORT-OzE-Emigdirect
The extent o f the work o f the Executive in its endeavours to collect
the m eans fo r its w ork in W estern E urope and countr ies overseas d u r in g
the la te r yea rs and up to the end o f 1936, and its p a r t in the efforts fo r
increasing the revenues o f the O u t organisa tions is shown in the special
chap ter concerning the finances o f the Union.
T he influence and the w ork o f the Executive very m ark ed ly affected
also the internal l i fe o f the several O r t -Organisations.
P rob lem s o f organisa tion and guidance in the prac tica l reconstruc
tive efforts necessitated frequen t visits by the m em bers o f the Executive
to the countr ies o f W estern and E astern E urope and to A m erica . T he prolonged stay o f D r . A. S y n g a l o w s k i in Po land in 1934, o f D r . L.
B r a m s o n in 1 935 and o l Dr. D. L v o v i t c h in 193 5 and 1 9 3 6 (also in
Poland) were a l l connected with the practica l o rganisa tion o f the work
o f reorganisa tion on the spot.As regards the w ork in Po land the Executive directed the attention
o f the workers o f the Polish O r t to problem s o f suburba n ag r icu ltu re and
influenced the Centra l Committee o f the Polish O r t to concentra te inten
sively on this new and prom ising branch o f activity. W hen discussing the program m e o f the Polish O r t fo r 193 6 and especially f o r 193 7 the
Executive was endeavouring to encourage the initiative o f the Polish
O rganisation in taking up new sections o f industrialisation work and m ade an effort to crea te the m ate r ia l basis fo r the realisation o f the new plans.
A new im pulse has also been given to the work o f vocational tra in ing .
T hanks to the visits o f Eng. L. F r e n k e l , the O r t expert in m atters of vocational tra in ing , to Po land , L ithuan ia , Latvia , R ou m an ia and G erm any and with his active co-operation steps were taken fo r the in troduction o f
new trades in the program m e o f tra ining.
The Executive kept on ceaselessly rem inding the O r t Committees in
L ithuania, Latvia and R oum ania o f tak ing app ro p ria te and timely
— 11 —
m easures fo r the protection o f the Jew ish a r t isans m ad e necessary by governm ent regulations concern ing the a r t isan classes o f those countries.
T he resu lts o f these efforts h ad becom e c learly d isce rn ib le by the end
o f 193 6 and the beginning o f 1937.
D ur ing the consultations concern ing the work o f the O r t in the
Soviet Union , which took p lace a t a n d a f te r its P le n ary Sessions in 1934- 1936, the Executive em phasized its des ire that m ore attention should be
given to reconstructive w ork am ong the Jew ish popu la tion o f the sm al le r
cities. T he Executive also supported the efforts o f its representative
in the Sovie t Union to crea te such conditions in the colonies o f the Odessa
d is tric t as might attrac t new g roups o f Jew ish settlers .
T he Executive also had on its h ands a considerable, port ion o f the
organisa tiona l w ork fo r assisting G e rm an Jew s in G erm any itself and
outs ide G e rm an y ’s frontie rs .
Active attention was p a id by the Executive to the prob lem of finding
openings fo r Jew ish sk il led ar tisans. In th is connection the O r t con
c luded in M arch 1936 an agreem ent with the Comzet (the Governm ent Com mittee in charge o f Jew ish resettlem ent work) re gard ing the t ra n sfe r to
B irob id ja n o f 2 0 0 ind iv idua ls and fam ilies , m ain ly g ra dua tes fro m the O r t Vocational Schools ; the O r t a lso ca r r ie d on negotiations with the
Council fo r G erm an Jew ry re gard ing a scheme o f settling, with the help
o f the O r t , l a rg e r g roups o f G erm an-Jew ish skilled a r t isans in various
countr ies o f E a ste rn E u ro p e , South A frica and Argentina. All these
questions necessitated thorough p re p a ra to ry work and special investigation in the respective places o f settlement. W e wish to mention here the
tour o f investigation to B irobid jan u nder taken in 193 4 by J . Ze g e l - n it z k y , the ch ie f R epresentative o f the O r t in the U. S. S. R ., and by A. W e in s t e in - ano the r O r t R epresentative. In 1 9 3 6 a s im ila r jou rney
was m ade by A do lf H e l d , a m em ber o f the Executive o f the A m erican O r t ; in 193 5 Dr. D. Lv o vitch pa id a visit to Moscow and M r. L. Bo udin, the A cting-Chairm an o f the A m erican O r t , visited the U. S. S. R.
In 1 9 3 6 the U .S .R .R. was aga in visited by B. C. V l a d e c k , the C h a irm an o f
the A m erican O r t F edera tion and du rin g the sam e y e a r Lord M a rl e y and Eng. S. Lo u rie , V ice-Chairm an o f the British O r t went to Moscow an d the
Crim ea.
T he Executive had endeavoured to develop the O r t O rgan isa tions and
to increase the n um ber o f O r t Committees within the f ram ew ork o f the
national ORT-Organisations o f every country. In accordance with the
decis ions o f the P le n ary Sessions o f 1 9 3 4-1936 the E xecutive devoted
— 12 —
much attention to the estab lishm ent o f Central O rganisations in R oum an ia
and Latvia. T he Executive had also done everything that was requ ired
fo r strengthening the organisa tion o f the O r t in K aunas and fo r enabling it to establish in a la rgest possible n um ber o f L ithuanian cities perm anen t
centres o f O r t w ork in tha t country.
By the end o f 1 9 3 6 the Executive w as ab le to find to its satisfaction
that a m arked increase in the n um ber o f central and local O r t o rgan isa
tions had taken p lace. In Po land alone the Centra l Committee, w orking
u n d er the gu idance o f Dr. M . M a y z n e r and Eng. J . J a s z u n s k y , succeeded d u rin g 193 5 and 1 9 3 6 in increasing the n um ber o f O r t Committees by
m ore than 20.
T H E M E M B E R S H I P O F T H E C E N T R A L B O A R D
A N D O F T H E E X E C U T I V E
T h e t h i r d C o n v e n t io n o f t h e U n i o n w h ic h to o k p l a c e in B e r l i n on
A u g u s t 8 t h - l l t h , 1 9 2 6 e le c te d f o r th e m a n a g e m e n t o f i t s w o r k a C e n t r a l
B o a r d w h ic h c o n s i s t e d o f th e fo l l o w in g : J . B l u m ( P a r i s ) , D r . L .
B r a m s o n ( B e r l i n ) , C h a i r m a n , J u s t i z r a t J u l i u s B r o d n i t z ( B e r l i n ) , K u r t
B l u m e n f e l d ( B e r l i n ) , D r . M . Z y l b e r f a r b ( W a r s a w ) , D r . D . L v o v i t c h
(Be r l i n ) , D r . N. S o l o w e i t c h i k ( B e r l i n ) , D r . A . S y n g a l o w s k i ( B e r l i n ) ,
P r o f . S . F r a n k f u r t ( B e r l i n ) , A g r . J . Z e g e l n i t z k y (M o sc o w ) a n d S e n a
t o r M . K o e r n e r ( W a r s a w ) .
In 1932, accord ing to a resolution o f the P le n ary Session of the
C en tra l B oard held in B erlin on F eb ru a ry 18th-20th, the personnel o f the
C entra l B oard was supplem ented by the leaders o f the O r t C en tra l Com
m ittees in several countr ies and by the C hairm en o f the m ore im portan t C ommittees in the countr ies o f W estern Europe. T hus the a dd it ions w ere:
G E R M A N Y : W ilhelm G ra e t z - C hairm an o f the ORT-Society in
G erm any.Dr. W ilhelm K l e e m a n n - C hairm an o f the Jew ish R e
construction Fund in Germany.
A dvocate H e in r ich S t e r n - M em ber o f the P res id iu m o f
the G erm an O r t .
Otto H i r s c h - C hairm an o f the O r t Committee in S tutt
gart.
E N G L A N D : A lexander J. H a l p e r n - C hairm an o f the London O r t .
Leon R e e s - M em ber o f the Board of the Jew ish R e
construction Fund , Ltd.
— 13 —
F R A N C E : A . A l p e r i n e - C h a irm an o f the O r t in Paris .S enato r S c h r a m e k - V ice-D irector o f the Jew ish R e
construction F und in France.
P O L A N D : Dr. M . M a y z n e r - A cting C hairm an o f the O r t in
W arsaw .
Dr. S. W y s z e w i a n s k i - C h a irm an o f the O r t Committee
in Lodz.
R O U M A N IA : A dvocate W ilhe lm F i l d e r m a n - C h a irm an o f the O r t in
Bucharest.Dr. A. Y a k i r - C h a irm an o f the Centra l C om mittee o f
the O r t in Bessarabia .A. R i c h t e r - C hairm an o f the O r t Committee in Cer-
1.1THUANIA : Dr. M. S o l o w e i t s c h i k - C h a irm an o f the O r t in
K a unas .
L A T V I A: S. L e v i t a s - C h a irm an o f the O r t in R iga.
Not being ab le to call a C onference o f the U nion , the Centra l B oard had sought in this w ay to s trengthen its ties with the local organisa tions an d enhance the au tho r ity a n d the influence o f its C en tra l L eadersh ip .
The en la rged C en tra l B o ard elected as its Executive the fo llow ing persons :
Dr. L . B r a m s o n - C h a irm an , Jus tiz ra t Dr. J . B r o d n i t z , W ilhe lm G r a e t z ,
Dr. D. L v o v i t c h , Dr. W ilhe lm K l e e m a n n , Dr. A. S y n g a l o w s k i , D ir. N.
S o l o w e i t c h i k , Advocate H e in r ich S t e r n and P ro f . S . F r a n k f u r t .
A fu r th e r change in the m em bersh ip o f the C en tra l Board and the
Executive took place in 1934, a f te r the Centra l M anagem en t o f the U nion had been t ra n sfe r red to P ar is . A t the p len a ry session held in J a n u a ry 193 4 the following new m em bers were elected to the C en tra l B o ard : H enri
B o d e n h e i m e r (C hairm an o f the C entra l B o a rd ) , P ro fe sso r W i l l ia m O u a l i d ,
Professo r Sylva in L e v y , Leonard R o s e n t h a l , D r. Z a d o k - K a h n and
M. E dm ond F l e g .
In accordance with the, elections which took p lace at the p len a ry ses
sions o f the Centra l B oard in N ovem ber 1 935 and S ep tem ber 1 9 3 6 the
direc ting o rgans o f the Union consist o f the fo llow ing persons :—
C E N T R A L BO A RD :
Henri B o d e n h e i m e r - C hairm an.
P ro fe sso r W il l iam O u a l i d ( .{ Vice-Chairmen.
D r . Z a d o k -K a h n (
14
A . A l p e r i n e .
A d v . L. B e r n h e i m .
L . B o u d i n .
Dr. L. B ramson.
D r . M. D i a m a n t .
Adv. W . F i l d e r m a n .
E dm ond F L E G .
P r o f . S. F r a n k f u r t .
W ilhelm G r a e t z .
Adv. Alex. H a l p e r n .
J . J a s z u n s k i .
I . J e f r o y k i n .
D r . W . K l e e m a n n .
A . L e k i c h .
C o l . J . H. L e v e v .
S . L e v [t a s .
S . L o u r i e .
Dr. D. L v o v i t c h .
Dr. M . M a y z n e r .
Eng. M e y e r o w i t c h .
Dr. H enry M o s c o w i t z .
N. R a b i n o w i t c h .
K a r o l S a c h s .
Dir. N. SO L O W E IT C H IK .
Dr. M. S u d a r s k i .
Dr. A. S y n g a l o w s k i .
B . C . V l a d e c k .
A. W e i n k r a n z .
Dr. S . W y s z e w i a n s k i .
Dr. A. Y a k i r .
J . Z e g e l n i t z k y .
T he E X E C U T IV E M E M B E RS a re as follows :
Dr. L . B r a m s o n - C hairm an.
Dr. D. L v o v i t c h ( y
Dr. A . S y n g a l o w s k i \
A . A l p e r i n e .
L . B e r n h e i m .
J . B l u m .
H enri B o d e n h e i m e r .
C hairm en. Edm ond F l e g .
T. J e f r o y k i n .
J . M e y e r o w i t c h .
P ro f . W . O u a l i d .
Dr. ! . . Z a d o k - K a h n .
D uring the las t few years the Central B oard and the Executive
sustained the loss through dea th o f the following mem bers : Jus tiz ra t Ju l iu s B r o d n i t z (G ermany)
Dr. M . Z y l b e r f a r b (Poland)
B. K a h a n - V i r g u i l i (Poland)P ro f . Sylvain L e v y (France)
Dr. H e nry M o s c o w i t z (U.S.A.)Dr. M . S o l o w e i t s c h i k (Lithuania)
— six outs tanding personali ties who through their devotion to o u r movem ent, th rough the ir experience and unflagging energy helped
to build up a n d to s trengthen the ORT-Union.
DEPENSES DE L'ORT POUR LA PERIODE 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 3 6
EXPENDITURE OF THE ORT IN THE PERIOD 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 3 6
Credits ei instruc linns techniques aux agriculteur. Agricultural rmllls and agronomie instruction
4 8 . 9 7 5 .3 0 8 :E nseignem ent p ro fe s s io n n e l V ocational tr a in in g
4 1 . 9 4 1 . 0 6 8 -Machines el outillage pour des u s in e s el ateliers coopératifs, ainsi que pour artisans Machinery and tools for cooperative factories anil workshops and indlvidunl artU nns
4 0 . 7 8 3 . 7 5 8 -F ra is g è n iM ’a u x G en era l e x p e n d itu re
8 . 26 3 . 9 1 1 -
T O T A L
139.9 6 4 0 4 5 :imè par te .American Joint Distribution Committee"
THE FINANCES OF THE ORT UNION
I_____
The y e a r 1929, (the las t covered by a very deta iled p rin ted R eport
o f the C en tra l B oard) brough t in fo r the reconstructive activities o f the O r t U nion the sum o f $ 556,183. T he revenue o f the C en tra l B oard itself was $ 4 75 ,119 o f which A m erica contr ibuted $288,175.
T he A m erican cr isis o f 1930, the subsequent f inancial co llapse in that country (1932), and the econom ic cr isis and the upheaval in G e rm any h ad
g ra d u a l ly brought down the financial resources o f the C en tra l B oard This situation las ted t ill 1934. In 1930 the contr ibu tion fro m A m erica
am ounted to $ 158,941 f a l l in g in 1933 to $ 9,763. W estern E urope an
and overseas countr ies (except A m erica) which in 1929 contr ibuted $ 43,672 contr ibu ted in 1930 $ 63,054 and in 1932 only $ 9,926. The
contr ibu tions f ro m East-E uropean countr ies fe l l f ro m $ 8 5 ,710 in 1930 to $6 0 ,3 4 0 in 1932. O ther sources o f revenue o f which the p rin c ip a l one was the supp ly o f m ac h ine ry and ra w m ate r ia ls to var ious Jew ish
in dus tr ia l o rganisa tions in Sovie t R ussia sank f rom $ 174,515 in 1930 to $ 3,000 in 1933 and d rie d up altogethe r in 1934/35.
In 1934 the revenue of the Union begins to grow again and in 1936 the amounts which had arrived from overseas (including the U.S.A.) and from Western Europe almost equalled those received in 1930 ($ 189 000 as compared with $ 195,000). The revenue in Eastern Europe rose by 40 % ($ 119,000 compared with $ 8 5 ,7 0 0 in 1930). The steady and strong efforts made by the Executive of the Central Board to revitalize the American Organisation, the journeys undertaken to the United States by the Vice-Chairman of the Executive Dr. D. L v o v i t c h , the work of the Executives’ Delegate Mr. A issurow itch , the private visits to America of Dr. Wilhelm K leem ann, member of the Central Board and of Henri B odenheim er, Chairman of the Central Board, the American tour of Lord M a r le y , the Chairman of the O r t Parliamentary Committee in England, awakened the interest of American Jewry in the requirements of the O r t work and increased the inflow of financial means from that country.
W ith the encouragem ent o f the C en tra l E xecutive the A m erican O r t
f e d e ra t io n resolved in 1935 to in itia te a d rive f o r $ 500,000. T his drive
was headed by M r. D avid B r o w n , who h a d on var ious prev ious occasions
e a r n e d through the g reates t d rives o f the Jo in t D is tr ibu tion Committee. H ie subsequent negotiations with the E xecutive o f the A m erican Jo in t
D is tribu tion Committee, which a t the t im e dec ided on a new cam paign ,
resulted, thanks to the efforts of B . C. V l a d e c k , Dr. H. M o s c o w i t z , L .
B o u d i n , and Dr. D. L v o v i t c i i , in an agreement which, whilst preventing an independent O r t drive in America, guaranteed for the O r t work in Europe the sum of $ 115,000 out of the proceeds of the Joint.
The rise of the O r t revenue was also due to the South African campaigns of 1933-34 and 1936 which were effected by Dr. L. B r a m s o n , Chairman of the Executive, and Dr. A. S y n g a l o w s k i , Vice-Chairman.
The collections of the O r t - O z e in South Africa appear already in the revenue of the Union for 1931.
In the contributions which the O r t Union had received during the period 1930-1936 from the campaigns of the United Committee O r t - O z e
a certain part was played, besides the collections in South Africa, also by those in Australia directed by M. R a w i t c i i (1935) and Dr. M. L a s e r s o n
(1936), Argentina conducted by J. T r o t z k Jy (1936). Northern Africa (especially in Egypt) conducted by Dr. L . B r a m s o n and Dr. M. L a s e r s o n
and in the Far East, conducted by M. R a w i t s c h . A s regards the Western- European countries contributions had been sent from Holland (Society Israe l) , Switzerland (Swiss Union of Israelite Communities), Czecho-Slo- vakia, Sweden, mainly Stockholm (collections and contributions from Congregations), Norway, Denmark (Collections and contributions from the Jewish Community of Copenhagen) and several others.
Combined collection campaigns with the O z e were since 1930 also conducted in England; up to 1934 the proceeds were used for the general work of the O r t and from that year mainly for work in aid of German Jews or Polish Communities.
The fund-collecting campaigns of the Joint Committee demanded a sustained effort, concentrated attention and active assistance from the Executive of the Central Board. This refers especially to the years 1933-1936 when the catastrophe affecting the German Jews had almost everywhere obliterated all interest in reconstructive work in Eastern Europe and when every step in support of this branch of work had to be fought for very stubbornly.
Because of the catastrophe which befell German Jewry, the Organisations of the O r t in Germany and France disappeared since 1933 from the
revenue accounts of the Central Board. These Organisations were compelled to commence their own constructive work and have since been in need of assistance from the Centre.
Among the revenue sources of the Central Board during the last few years the one of special interest is the bequest of B. R a i c h i n s t e i n
(Switzerland) amounting to German marks 180,000. The interest on this sum is used for the promotion of vocational institutions in Eastern Europe.
The grand total of the revenue of the Central Board during the years 1930-1936 amounted to $ 1,104,352.
As regards the means of the national O r t organisations in Eastern Europe, (the so called local resources), they represented during the last period a sum of $ 669,184 ($ 308,588 during the year 1930-1933, and $ 360,596 during 1933-1936). It should be noted that the various subsidies received from Governments, municipal administrations and Jewish Communal authorities had been reduced during the last three years to a minimum and in some cases ceased altogether. The only exception was the Lithuanian Government which in 1936 increased its subsidy for the O r t school in Kaunas.
The growth of the local revenues is partly due to the active participation of the Centre in the organisation of the local collections. Such collections in which the members of the Executive of the Central Board participated during the period under review were carried out in the following countries:—
In 1932.— In old Roumania (mainly Bucharest).In Lithuania and Latvia under the direction of Dr. A. S y n g a
l o w s k i . The collections in Roumania created greater means for O r t work- in Bucharest, Bukowina, Yassy, and helped in the establishment of a permanent O r t organisation in Bucharest. The negotiations of Dr. S y n g a l o w s k i with the Lithuanian Government opened for the school in Kaunas a source of assured assistance which covers 20% to 2 5 % of the school budget. — The negotiations with the Latvian Premier and Minister of Finance have assured for the school in Daugavpils the future assistance of the Government. This subsidy was cancelled only after the revolution in the country.
— 20 —
In 1934.— In L ithuania . In this cam paign Dr. B r a m s o n took an active
par t . T he resu lt o f this collection stimulated the b u ild ing
o f the “ H ouse o f Jew ish W ork ” in K aunas fina lly com pleted
in 1936. Thanks to the efforts of Dr. B r a m s o n an d the O r t
Com mittee in K aunas the Lithuanian Government contr ibu ted to the build ing fund o f the H ouse a long term cred it to the
am oun t o f Lit. 40 ,000 .
In P oland. T h is cam paign too was directed by D r. B r a m s o n
and covered the cities o f W arsaw, Lodz, Bialystok, W ilno , K alisz , Bendin and several others having helped conside rab ly
tow ards p lac ing the local organisations in a hea lth ie r finan
c ia l condition. F o r the purposes o f this cam paign a special Com mittee was established with the pa rtic ipa tion o f some
ot fhe lead ing mem bers o f Polish Jew ry and with the
well-known industrialist K aro l Sachs at its head . D ur ing
the cam paign new valuable connections were es tab lished by the O r t and new ways were indicated fo r extended w ork in the sphere o f industrialisation and agriculture.
T he Centra l B oard commissioned the D irector o f the G erm an
O r t Eng. D. K l e m e n t i n o w s k y to proceed to L ithuan ia f o r o r ganis ing a fund-collecting cam paign in K la ipeda and several o ther places in support o f the “ H ouse o f Jew ish W o rk ” .
In 1936. In P oland. T he cam paign was organised with the p a r t ic ip a
tion o f M r. B. A i s s u r o w i t c h . T his fund collecting w ork has now been given a m ore o r less perm anent organisa tion and by
193 7 had covered Lodz, Bialystok, Brest and a n u m b er o f
sm alle r cities. One o f the achievements o f this cam paign is the b u ild ing o f new prem ises fo r the O r t vocational schools in B ialystok and Brest.
Ill 1 9 36 .— T ow a rds the end o f the y ea r a la rge scale cam paign was pre-
pared fo r W arsaw , b u t the cam paign began ea rly in 1937 a f te r the ar r iv a l there o f Dr. B r a m s o n .
T he follow ing tab le gives an analysis o f the revenue (in dol-
s) o f the ORT-Umon according to years and countries.
^ -----
In 1 9 35 .—
In 1935.—
YearREVENUE o r THE CENTRAL BOARD
Means Totals.America.
American Ort Federation and Joint.
West. Europe * Countries
outside America.
Oilier sources of Revenue. Total.
1930193119321933193419351936
158.941,4956.102,8214.975,009.763,48
22.986,8837.537,60134.440,05
36.054,8136.279,949.926,80
17.342,3636.416,5927.124,0754.620,23
174.515,64174.563,4084.951,05
3.000,8876,99
14.731,80
369.511,94266.946,16109.852,85
30.106,7259.480,4664.661,67
203.792,08
85.710,0176.741,1060.340,6085.796,09
128.566,01112.791,25119.238,71
455.221,95343.687,26170.193,45115.902,81188.046,47177.452,92323.030,79
Total: 434.747,32 217.764,80 451.839,76 1.104.351,88 669.183,7711.773.535,65
Inclusive o f the m eans o f the Jew ish Reconstruction F u n d Ltd . the O r t -Union h ad a t its d isposal du rin g the y ea rs 1930-1936 a sum o f ap p ro
xim ate ly $ 2 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0 which however does not include the local resourcesof the Representatives o f the C entra l B oard in the Soviet Union.
O f the total revenue f o r this per iod the follow ing a re the p rin c ip a l items o f expend itu re :—
Direct work o f the U nion (V ocational Education , A gr i
cu lture , Industria lisa tion . P ub lica tions a n d P ro p a ganda) ............................................................................................ 8 7 %
O rganisation o f c o l l e c t io n s ................................................ 8 %
A dm inis trative expend itu re .................................................... 5 °/0
Almost h a l f o f the total sums used was spent on vocational tra in ing as shown below:—
1930 ................................................................................... $ 2 06 ,434
1931 ................................................................................... $ 124 ,366
1932 ................................................................................... $ 1 07 ,2181933 ................................................................................... $ 9 2 ,634
1934 ................................................................................... $ 1 53 ,557
1935 ................................................................................... $ 1 46 ,596
1936 ................................................................................... S 1 78 ,445
T o t a l ...............................$ 1 ,009 ,250
The expenditure on agr icu ltu re in Soviet R ussia , P o land , B essarabia and F rance amounted to D ollars 345 ,000 .
T he work o f industrialisation dem anded the investment o f $ 3 8 5 ,0 0 0
(and this without including the local sources fo r this work in the U .S .S .R .) .
I
IIIII_____
— 22 —
The financial cr isis most gravely affected the p ropaganda and the p u b li
ca tions o f the Union, the sum spent on these branches o f work am ounting
only to $ 2 4 ,0 0 0 i.e. 1 % o f the total o f the Union expenditure fo r the last
7 years.
T he organisa tion o f collections cost the Union $ 105 ,000 o f which
total not less than $ 8 4 ,0 0 0 was spent in the years 1930-1931. The g rea ter par t o f these 8 4 ,0 0 0 do llars was used fo r paying the debts contracted in the
Am erican collections befo re 1930.
T he adm in is tra tive expenses o f the Centra l Board and the several organisa tions in W estern a n d E aste rn E urope amounted to $ 165 ,712 i.e.
5 % o f the total as ind ica ted above.
T he fo llow ing tab le shows the deta ils o f this expenditure y ea r by
1930 ..................................................................... $ 40,0981931 .................................................................................. $ 32,2011932 ..................................................................... $ 19,8891933 .................................................................................. $ 18,2621934 ..................................................................... $ 15,066193 5 . . . ....................................................................... $ 18,992
1 93 6 .................................................................................. $ 21 ,204
Total....................... $ 165,712
As soon as the cr isis in Am erica becam e c learly m arked the Executive effected extensive cuts in its w orking appa ra tus reducing it to a m inim um ; alm ost a t th is level has this ap p a ra tu s been kept to the present day . On the
o ther han d , however, the Executive all through the yea rs 193 5 and 193 6
endeavoured to strengthen the m ach inery o f the local organisa tions so as to enab le them to b e re ad y fo r the likely possibilities o f an extended activity.
VO CATIONAL EDUCA TIO N
ASSISTANCE TO ARTISANS
I
I. - VOCATIONAL EDUCATION,
By the end o f 193 6 the V ocational w ork o f the ORT-Union has sp read over 6 countr ies (Po land , R oum an ia , L ithuan ia , L atv ia , F ran c e and Bui- »
ga r ia ) with a total o f 137 schools and t ra in ing courses fo r ad u l ts an d an
attendance o f 7 ,660 . In tabu la ted fo rm the da ta are as follows:
COUNTRY
Sections
schools and Tech-
TrainingInstltu- Repetition
courses
ArtisansVarious Totals
Poland: 28 21 671,824
141,386
10
1,341 4,551
Roumania: 1 4 29390 14 232 1.638
Lithuania: 3 7 3 13222 239 93 554
Latvia: 5 5 1 11A ttendance.......... 288 136 28 — 452
France: 12 1 13368 12 380
Bulgaria: 3 1 _ 470 15 85
Total: 43 63 27 4 1373,406 2,534 1,488 232 7,660
S ta tistica l da ta fo r 5 countr ies (Poland , R ou m an ia , L i thuan ia , Latvia and G erm any) fo r 1 929 show 6 9 school and t ra in ing centres with an
a ttendance o f 5 ,945 . F rom this it follows that the n u m b er o f Institutions
has been doubled and the at tendance increased by 3 0 % . A ccord ing to
the countr ies the developments w ere as fo llow s:—
I n s t i t u t i o n s
Poland . . . R oum ania.
L ithuania.
F r a n c e . . . Bulgaria . .
G erm any. .
T o t a l .
45
153
5
6 9
67
2913
1113
4
— 26 —
The total cost o f vocational tra in ing fo r the six y ea rs u n d er review
w as $ 1 .009 ,250 , whilst in the preceding 10 yea rs (1920-1929) the total
am ount spent on th is b ranch o f o u r work was only $ 895 ,563 .
T his encourag ing progress embodies a great deal o f devotion ami self-
sacrifice on the p a r t o f the teaching personnel and a t rem endous effort ot
the Centra l B oard and the local Committees, which, involved as they were
in the d a i ly s truggle fo r the m ater ia l and legal existence o f the old institu
tions, showed enough courage to extend the ir work.
T he cr isis th rough which the vocational institutions had passed du rin g
the period 1 9 3 0-1936 reached its cl im ax in the yea rs 1932-1933 when voca
tional education w ork h ad to re ly en tire ly on the means o f the local Com mittees. In that y e a r the O r t was compelled to close the vocational
school and the electro-technical course in V ilna, the woodworking school
an d school fo r lad ies ta i lo r ing in K obr in , the school and w orkshop fo r dressm ak ing in Brest, the courses fo r a r t isans in Piotrkow, the knit ting w orkshop in B ialystok , the w oodw orking school in Chisinau, the woodworking classes
in L iepa ja and Rovno and the evening classes fo r apprentices in Rovno,
Kovel, S arny , Brest-L itovsk and Kremenetz .
But the per iod 1935-36 m arks a rise in the vocational tra in in g work, and du rin g the last q u a r te r o f 1 9 3 6 the Centra l B oard was ab le to contem
pla te p lan s o f consolidation o f existing institutions and expansion into new fields. An effort w as m ade to renew the equ ipm en t o f the schools which had now become obsolete and out o f keeping with the requirem ents o f
m odern technique. M eans were assigned fo r the restoration o f d ilap idated
school bu ild ings a nd fo r th e construction o f new ones, and fo r the repaym ent o f debts in w hich the local Committees becam e involved in the y ea rs o f
cr isis a n d which ham p e red the development o f the institutions. Steps
w ere a lso taken to p ro vid e the schools w ith a better q u a li fie d teaching per
sonnel, to ra ise the equ ipm en t o f the schools and the ir p rog ram m es to the
level re q u ired by the educational au thor it ies and to crea te an adequate voca-
t ional-school Inspectora te .
T he cu rren t subsidies fro m the Centra l B oard h ad continually grown
since 1 9 3 4 and those fo r 1936-37 a re twice and in some casses three times
a s h igh as in the y ea r 1935-1936.
S pecia l and concentra ted attention was given to the work in
P O L A N D .
It was d u r in g 1 9 3 6 that was com pleted the school-building in Rovno
and the reconstruction o f the old school p rem ises in S arny , Kovel, K re m e netz and Grodno. At the sam e time substantial re p a irs were effected in
the school-buildings in B ialystok, W a rsaw and o f the Technicum in Vilna.
By the m idd le o f 1937 the new house o f the Girls School in Brest-L itovsk was to be completed and the p lan s fo r es tab lish ing ^a House o f Jewish
W o rk ” in Bialystok are abou t to m aterialize. T he ‘ H ouse will shelter
the O r t school and is m eant to become the centre fo r vocational tra in ing
fo r the whole o f the B ialystok region.
M achinery , im plem ents and teaching m ate r ia l were supplied to the
schools in Brest-L itovsk (a set o f woodworking m achines and too ls), the workshops in Lodz (m achinery fo r silk w eaving), the Technicum in V ilna
(equipment fo r the labo ra to ries dea ling with e lectrica l pow er, electro-tech
nics and wireless) an d the schools in S arny , K rem enetz , Kovel and V ladim ir-
Volhynsk.
T h a n k s to special g ran ts m ad e by the Centra l B o ard it w as possible to p a y o f f the greater part o f debts to the teaching personnel a nd th e various
suppliers. This indebtedness was especially bu rdensom e in the case of the V ilna Technicum whose d ifficulties in this respect m ad e it impossible
to put its financial adm in is tra t ion on a sound basis.
In 1 9 3 6 the fo llowing new t ra in ing w orkshops were opened:
W arsaw Repetition classes in woodworking.
S arny .— » >>
V ilna .— Cement work.
Bialystok.— Corset m aking.
V ladim ir-V ol.— »
Kalisz.— T a iloring .
Lublin .— C hildren’s garments.
D anzig and P osnan .— Specia l courses fo r ar tisans.
D ur ing the y e a r 1936-37 p repara tions w ere m ad e fo r the opening of
fu r th e r 16 t ra in ing w orkshops p lanned fo r the t ra in in g o f 5 0 0 adu lts at
p resen t without a craft .
— 26 —
The total cost o f vocational tra in ing fo r the six yea rs u n d er review
was $ 1 ,009 ,250 , whilst in the preceding 10 years (1920-1929) the total
am oun t spent on this b ranch o f o u r work was only $ 895 ,563 .
T his encourag ing progress embodies a great deal o f devotion and self-
sacrifice on the pa r t o f the teaching personnel and a trem endous effort o f
the Centra l Board and the local Committees, which, involved as they were in the d aily s truggle fo r the m aterial and legal existence o f the old institutions, showed enough courage to extend the ir work.
The cr isis th rough which the vocational institutions had passed du rin g the period 1 9 3 0 -1936 reached its clim ax in the yea rs 1932-1933 when voca
t ional education work had to re ly entire ly on the means o f the local Com
mittees. In that y e a r the O r t was compelled to close the vocational
school and the electro-technical course in Vilna, the woodworking school
and school fo r lad ies ta i lo r ing in K obrin , the school and w orkshop f o r d ress m ak ing in Brest, the courses f o r ar t isans in P iotrkow, the knitting w orkshop in Bialystok, the w oodw orking school in Chisinau, the woodworking classes
in L iepa ja and Rovno and the evening classes fo r apprentices in Rovno, Kovel, S arny , Brest-Litovsk and Kremenetz .
But the period 1935-36 m ark s a rise in the vocational tra in ing work, and d u r in g the last q u a r te r o f 193 6 the Central Board was ab le to contem
pla te p lans o f consolidation o f existing institutions and expansion into new
fie lds. An effort w as m ade to renew the equ ipm en t o f th e schools which had now become obsolete and out o f keeping with the requirem ents o f
m odern technique. M eans were assigned fo r the restoration o f d ila p ida ted school b u ild ings a n d fo r th e construction o f new ones, and fo r the repaym ent
o f debts in w hich the local Committees became involved in the y ea rs o f
cr isis an d which ham p e red the development o f the institutions. Steps
were also taken to p ro vid e th e schools w ith a better q u a lifie d teaching per
sonnel, to ra ise the equipm ent o f the schools and the ir p rogram m es to the
level requ ired by the educational au thorit ies and to crea te an adequate voca- tional-school Inspectora te .
The cu r ren t subsidies from the Centra l Board had continually grown since 1 934 and those fo r 1936-37 a re twice and in some casses three times as high as in the y ea r 1935-1936.
Specia l and concentra ted attention was given to the work in
— 2 7 —
P O L A N D .
It was du rin g 1 9 3 6 that was com pleted the school-building in Rovno
and the reconstruction o f the old school prem ises in S arny , Kovel, K rem e
netz and Grodno. At the sam e time substan tial re p a irs were effected in the school-buildings in Bialystok, W arsaw and o f the Technicum in V ilna.
By the m id d le o f 1937 the new house o f the G irls School in Brest-L itovsk was to be completed and the p lans fo r es tab lish ing a “ House o f Jew ish
W o rk ” in Bialystok a re abou t to m aterial ize. T he “ H ouse ” will shelter
the O r t school and is m eant to become the centre fo r vocational tra in ing fo r the whole o f the Bialystok region.
M achinery , implements and teaching m ate r ia l w ere supplied to the
schools in Brest-L itovsk (a set o f w oodw orking m achines and too ls), the workshops in Lodz (m achinery fo r silk w e av ing), the Technicum in V ilna
(equipment fo r the labora to ries dea ling with electrica l power, electro-tech-
nics and wireless) and the schools in S arny , Krem enetz , Kovel and V ladim ir-
Volhynsk.
Th a n k s to special g ran ts m ade by the C entra l B oard it was possib le to
pay o f f the greater part o f debts to the teaching personnel a nd th e various supp liers . This indebtedness was especially bu rdensom e in the case o f
the V ilna Technicum whose d ifficulties in this respect m ade it im possible
to pu t its financial adm in is tra t ion on a sound basis.
In 193 6 the fo llow ing new t ra in ing workshops were opened :
W arsaw Repetition classes in woodworking.
Vilna.— Cement work.
Bialystok.— Corset m aking.
V ladim ir-V ol.— »
Kalisz .—- T a iloring .
Lublin .— C hild ren ’s garments.
Danzig and P osnan .— Specia l courses fo r artisans.
D u r ing the y e a r 1936-37 p re para tions were m ade fo r the opening o f
fu r th e r 16 tra in in g workshops p lanned fo r the t ra in ing o f 5 0 0 ad u l ts at
p resent w ithout a craft .
The efforts o f the last few years ended in the so called norm aliza tion o f th e legal position o f the Institutions so that by now all the O r t schools
and workshops in Po land have gained the necessary “ concessions ” from the educational authorities.
A nother im portan t achievement effected du rin g the yea rs 1934-36 is the fact that a lm ost all the O r t schools in Poland have now been g ranted
by the educational authorities the right o f having the ir ow n E x am ina tion
C om m issions. The apprentice certificates issued by an O r t school have the same valid ity as those issued by the State-schools.
In the y e a r 1936 the num ber o f youths and adults who had com pleted
their tra in in g in the Ort schools and workshops amounted to 2,212. The corresponding n u m b er fo r the period 1930-36 is n ea rly 18,000.
L I T H U A N I A .
Q uite rap id was the advance in the O r t work o f vocational education in L ithuania. At present this work form s the most im portan t portion o f
the en tire net o f Jew ish vocational education centres in the country and
occupies a very respectable place in the work o f the ORT-Union genera lly . O f decisive im portance in this case was the inauguration o f the work o f
t ra in ing adults . This innovation a t once extended the w orking possibilities o f the L ithuan ian Committee and at the sam e time strengthened the financial basis o f the schools.
In 193 4 the K aunas Committee of the O r t decided, with the consent o f the Centra l B oard , to under take the build ing o f a modern “ H ouse o f
Jew ish W ork ’ with a capacity corresponding to the constantly increasing
dem and fo r adm ission to the school and the courses. The founda tion o f
the “ H ouse ” w as laid in the au tum o f 1934 a f ter a very successful ca m paign in aid o f the bu ild ing fund fo r that school. This cam paign was conducted with the active assistance from Dr. L. B r a m s o n and from the
la te Dr. M ath ias S o l o w e i t s c h i k , the C hairm an of the K aunas O r t .
T hanks to the conside rable g ran ts from the Centra l Board and to a fu r th e r
special collection cam paign organized in Lithuania itself the K aunas O r t
succeeded in com pleting the build ing and equipping it with a n um ber o f
m odern m achines and lathes. In its present state the O r t School in K aunas is counted am ong the best technical schools in the country. The
erection o f the b u i ld ing cost m ore than $ 50,000. The effect o f this ach ie
vement found a very strong reflection in the growth o f the n um ber o f stu-
29 —
dents and o f o rde rs received by the workshops o f the school. In the au tum o f 1933 there were only 123 s tudents in the K aunas School whilst in the
y e a r 1936-1937 tha t n um ber had increased to 2 22 boys and girls . As to the o rders , they were as follows:-—
Section fo r m etal w o r k . . . . 136 5 ,700 202 12 ,000E lectrotechnical section. . . . 38 1 ,600L adies ta i lo r in g ...................... 160 4 ,1 0 0 190 5 ,3 0 0
T o t a l ..................... 2 9 6 9 ,800 4 3 0 1 8 ,900
T he 13 classes o f the Day-schools and the classes fo r adu lts h ad in 1 9 3 6 an a ttendance o f 5 5 4 students. T he total n um ber o f those who had com pleted the ir s tud ies and tra in ing d u r in g the yea rs 1930-1936 was 1 ,700.
L A T V I A .
Also in Latvia was it possible in the y ea rs 1934-1936 to heal some o f
the w ounds inflicted by the financial cr isis o f the Union d u r in g the yea rs
1 931-1933. Also here the assistance o f the Centra l Board was in strum en
tal in renovating and supplem enting the m achines and o ther eq u ipm en t o f the O r t schools in R iga, L iepa ja and D augavpils , in re p a ir in g the p re mises an d in liqu ida ting a conside rable portion o f old debts. T he increased
subsid ies from the Centre he lped to fill the g ap lef t in the budgets o f the
schools a f te r the Governm ent had lef t out from the State budget the schools of the national m inorities. The C entral B oard also m ade a contribution
tow ards the bu ild in g o f prem ises fo r the school in L iepaja .
All day-schools o f the O r t have now the r ights o f state-schools.
B E S S A R A B I A .
An extrem ely ha rd struggle f o r existence h ad to be waged in Bessarabia
d u r in g the period u n d er review by the O r t Institu tions whose m ate r ia l founda tions were shattered not only by the reduction in subsidies fro m the
C entra l Board in 1932-33 but a lso b y a ve ry m a rk ed dec lin e in local
revenue. Howe vet, the renew al o f re g u la r support from the Centra l Board had also here aroused new initiative and energy. In that y ea r Chisinau had an increase o f fou r w orkshops fo r adu lts (corset-making, glove-
— 30 —
m aking , cutting and m odel-m aking in lad ies tailoring) and a ta i lo r ing class
f o r boys. In 1935 the Ort re-opened the woodworking school in
O rheiev, which, owing to the crisis , h ad to be closed in 1933. In 1936 new subsidies w ere gran ted and a special g ran t was m ade fo r the re p a ir of the d ila p id a te d school prem ises, fo r the build ing o f new classes, fo r the
purchase o f new equipm ent, fo r im provements in the technical a r ra n g e
ments in the w orkshops and o ther am eliorations. The vocational school
fo r girls in C hisinau is a t present considered one o f the best o f tha t type in B essarabia. The p ractica l skill and the theoretical knowledge o f the g ra duates a re o f a h igh level and the latest exam inations held by the Go
vernm ent Com mission o f the Chisinau C ham ber o f L abour have shown
excellent results.
The O rhe iev W oodw orking Schoo l has now established two new
w orkshops an d is supp lied with highly qualified instructors. T he n um ber
o f o rd e rs in ca rp e n try work and fu rn itu re m aking had grown considerably and the revenue from this source occupies an im portant p lace in the school
budget. Good w ork had been done in the m echanical lock-sm ith school o f th e Ort in T ighina . T he new grants from the Centra l B oard perm itted to
re -organise the school on a 4 yea rs basis (instead o f the previous 3 yea r course) and to p lace the p ractica l w ork a t the school under the supervision
o f a h ighly qualified technical personnel. The O rt school in Tighina
is the only Jew ish institution fo r m echanica l lock-smith work in B essarabia an d is supported by the T ighina town adm inistration and C ham ber o f Commerce.
A sa tis fac to ry stage in th e ir development was reached by the O r t
schools fo r d ressm ak ing in Resina and Beltzy and the new class fo r man-
ta i lo r ing in C hisinau . F u lly successful were also the courses fo r adult women (in corset-m aking, m ill inery dressmaking and dress-cutting) in C h isinau , an d the new class fo r ca rpen try established in 1 9 3 6 in the sam e
I n 193 6 m ajo r s truc tura l re pairs were ca rried out in the m echanica l lock-sm ithy a t T igh ina (a new shop and a class-room established and the
existing w orkshop w idened) in the Beltzy school (a new wing with 5 rooms and a co r r id o r added to the school bu ild ing) and in the 2nd vocational school in C h isinau (a class-room rebu ilt and other structural re p a irs e f
fec ted ) . These operations represent a par t o f the w ider plan o f bu ild ing and re p a irs which the C entra l Board adopted in Bessarabia fo r the yea r
1936-37 a n d which contem pla tes the purchase or bu ild ing o f new prem ises fo r a nu m b e r o f schools and courses.
— 31 —
M uch energy and effort was spent fo r assu ring the legal ex is tence o f
th e vocational schools in Bessarabia, which was endangered by the p lac ing
o f technical education in R oum an ia u n d e r the control o f the M inistry of Education . I t was very difficult to oppose the tendency o f the M inistry o f Education to place the Ort schools am ong the low er type o f schools (the so ca lled com plem entary-schools), because the Ort schools d id not
possess the equipm ent and the security o f budget which the new R oum a
n ian leg islation in these m atters req u ire fro m the schools o f the s tan d a rd
type.
T he substan tial im provem ents in the position o f the O rt schools m ake
it reasonab le to hope that the C entra l Com mittee o f B essarabia w ill achieve
satisfac to ry resu lts in asserting the lega l s tanding o f its Schools.
B U K O W I N A .
Also the lega l existence o f the Ort schools in C ernauti (Bukow ina)
could not be secured without a struggle. However, since 193 6 the d if f i
cu lties had been overcom e and the Ort institutions were lef t a s before un d er the control o f the M inistry o f L abour. T he two vocational schools
which belong to us in C ernauti a t p resent— the day-school fo r girls and
I he evening school fo r boys— both constitute an add it ion to ou r w ork e f
fected d u r in g the yea rs 1930-1936. T h e ir progress was steady and m ore than once found recognition fro m official q u ar te rs— the C hief Inspector
fo r vocational education o f the R ou m an ian M inistry o f L abour. T he
several exhib itions o f works o rganised by the girls-school in 1935 and 1 936
drew to themselves the favourab le attention o f the Cernauti popu la tion a n d proved convincingly the h igh s tandard o f the school’s work. D ur ing 193 6 m ore than 2 0 0 children received th e ir tra in ing . T he attendance at
the evening school was 2 0 5 boys and g irls and d u r in g the school y e a r 1936-
3 7 this attendance at times reached 250 .
In add it ion to the reg u la r subsidies the O rt Com mittee o f Cernauti was given a special g ra n t fo r the p u rchase o f new equipm ent, the l iq u id a
tion o f indebtedness to the teaching personnel and fo r the opening o f a
p a ra l le l class a t the evening school. A fa i r ly la rg e sum was given to that
Com mittee fo r p rovid ing the school w ith the ir ow n prem ises.
At the in itiative o f the Cernauti Committee and with the assistance
from the C en tra l B oard an E ven ing Class fo r A ppren tices w as opened in
S ad ag u ra in 1936-37.
O L D R O U M A N I A .
The O rt work o f consolidation and extension has also begun during
the period u n d e r review in Iasi. The O r t school fo r girls which is the only Jew ish vocational school in the whole o f the district o f Degat, is
attended by over 1 60 ch ildren fro m Iasi and the neighbouring region. (In 1931-32 there w ere 54, in 1932-33 - 79 , in 1933-34 - 9 6 , and in 1934-
35 - 1 3 5 ) . The contr ibu tions from the Central B oard to the school budget
had grown continually and in 1 9 3 6 this contribution m ade it possible fo r
the school to acqu ire new equipm ent and to invite new teachers. In the sam e y e a r a beginning was m ade w ith the bu ild ing o f new prem ises fo r th e school, which will increase its capacity and im prove the position o f the
workshops.
As an addition effected du rin g the period u n d er review should be
m entioned the evening school fo r apprentices in Iasi (opened in 1936) to
which it is p lanned to a dd shortly a boys day-school fo r tailoring.
T he extent o f the O r t activities in R oum ania has increased since
reconstructive w o rk began in Bucharest in 1933 . The foundation o f this development was la id in 1932 by Dr. A. Syngalowski when he, through
an extensive p ro p a g an d a tour, aw akened in the Jew ish population o f the R oum anian ca p ita l an interest not only in the fa te of the Jew s in B essara
bia, Bukowina and Ias i, bu t also in the ir own economic problem s. In
1933 was opened the first O r t tra in ing workshop in ta i loring and a course in w ire less m echanics. By 1 936 there had a lread y been ca rr ie d out five
ser ies o f w ire less courses and a tra in ing workshop in corset-m aking had
been functioning . T he w ireless courses had by then tra ined 124 young men and a d u lts and had proved a g reat success. At present these courses
a re being re-organised as a perm anent day-school fo r radio-technical work.
A very com m endable initia tive was taken by the O r t Committee in B ucharest in establish ing a tra in ing w orkshop fo r lino type w ork, fo r which
there had lately been a considerable dem and all over R oum an ia . At p re
sent this w orkshop is the only Jew ish tra in ing Institution fo r th is k ind of
w ork in Europe.
S O V I E T R U S S I A .
O r t vocational tra in in g work in that country commenced at the be
g inning o f the period u n d e r review viz; the years 1930-32, the pu rpose
then being not only to tra in skilled w orkers fo r the Institutions o f the O rt
itse lf bu t also fo r the g re a t industria l u n d er tak ings o f the State. In 1932 this w ork was ca r r ie d on in 11 vocational schools and courses with 7 8 9 stu
dents— youths and adults.
D A N Z I G .
In conc lud ing the review o f the O r t w ork in vocational education
in E a ste rn E u ro p e we wish to mention the O r t Com mittee in D anzig (estab lished in 1 934) which h ad until la tely endeavoured to find openings fo r
tra in in g appren tices— boys an d g irls in p riva te workshops o f Jew ish a r t i
sans. In 193 6 the C entra l B oard m ade a special g ra n t fo r the opening
in D anzig o f several tra in in g w orkshops fo r you ths and adults . T h e re is
reason to hope tha t th is p la n will m ater ia l ize shortly .
G E R M A N Y {in and outside).
A new chap ter in the w ork o f the O r t U nion is assistance to G erm an
Jew s in a nd outs ide G erm any. T h e va lu e o f th is cannot be m easured
by its quan ta tive ex ten t only, bu t by the p ioneering first steps m ad e by the
O r t a n d by the w ay w hich the O r t, th ro u g h its experim ents, opened fo r
the genera l w ork in a id o f G erm an Jew ry .
T h is w o rk began u n d e r the d irec tion o f the C entra l B oard in 1933,
soon a f te r the ca tas trophe in G erm any w hen thousands o f persons uprooted
and thrown out o f professions, tra d e an d industry w ere com pelled to secure
th e ir existence by lea rn in g a tra de . T h e p ro b le m w as extrem ely com pli
ca ted if only f o r the m ere fa c t tha t in G erm any a t the tim e there w ere no Jew ish vocational schools o r t ra in in g centres which could be u tilized fo r
the p u rpose o f th is “ um schichtung ” . I t was im possible to im provise
such schools an d courses ra p id ly . In these circum stances the O rt went
the p rac tica l w ay o f u tilis ing f o r the p u rposes o f tra in in g the existing
m odern under tak ings o f the sm all scale in d u s try o r w orkshops adap ted fo r such work. In 1933-34 seven courses w ere estab lished on this p r inc ip le in B erlin and in these m ore than 2 0 0 doctors, law yers , cle rks and such
o ther ca tegories lea rn t iron-w ork, galvanoplasties, m o to r-repairs and such
o ther special t rades w hich proved very use fu l not on ly fo r those who
were p re p are d to em ig ra te b u t also f o r those who rem ained in G erm any.
A li ttle l a te r the O rt ra ised the p rob le m o f vocational t ra in in g fo r youths which re qu ired the es tab lishm enit o f tra in in g institutions o f a m ore
perm anen t type, with special equipm en t ca lcu la ted f o r a longer per iod of
teaching. Estab lishm ents o f this na ture can only be b u il t up in a n at
mosphere o f tra n q u il i ty and at the time there was no such a tm osphere in G erm any . And in this sphere too the O u t m arked out a new approac h
to the prob lem and m ad e a n experim ent o f solving it by utiliz ing its voca
tional institutions outside G erm any . A lready in 1933 ar rangem en ts were
m ade fo r es tab lish ing a class fo r G erm an youths in conjunction with the O u t school in L iepa ja . In the same y ea r a s im ila r class (in m echanica l
iron-work) was es tab lished at the O r t school in K aunas. A y ea r l a te r a second class o f this kind was established in the same town fo r electro-tech
n ical t ra in ing . In M ay 193 5 a fu r th e r g roup o f German-Jewish youths
was sent to K au n as w here another class was established fo r them 111 m a chine b u ild ing and m eta l welding. All these courses were organised on
an 18 m onths cu r r icu lu m combining theoretical study with practica l work.
Besides the courses fo r tra in in g craftsm en there were organized in
L ithuan ia also fa rm s fo r tra in ing in agricu lture : one in U ngarina (near
M ar ia m p o l) in F eb ru a ry 1 934 and one in K alinavo (near K aunas) in
M ay 1935.
Somew hat l a te r this princ ip le o f tra in ing ab road was app lied on a la ig e
scale by the Centra l O rganisa tion o f G erm an Jew ry fo r R e l ie f and Reran-
struction.
In 1935 the lea ders o f the G erm an Ort m ade an a ttem pt to find a
so lution fo r a new prob lem — the problem o f vocational tra in ing fo r those
ch ild ren in G e rm any who finish their elem entary schooling and a re d e prived o f the righ t to lea rn a t rade in the S tate o r m unicipal trade-schools.
A t the p len a ry session o f the Centra l B oard in N ovember 1935 the m em bers o f the G e rm an Ort ra ised the question of es tablishing an O rt school in
B erlin fo r a 3 yea rs course o f tra in ing fo r ch ildren between the ages
o f 13-18.
T he execution o f the p lan took nearly a y ea r and a h a l f as it w as necessary to overcom e a n um ber o f legal and adm inis trat ive d ifficulties
and to secure the m ate r ia l existence o f the school.
W e can state with satisfaction that the f irst vocational school o f the O rt in B e rlin opened in A p r il 1937 is considered by everybody— G erm an and foreign visitors al ike— as a model establishment meeting the needs o f
G e rm an Jew ry and ca p ab le o f considerable expansion in the future .
T he first enro lm ent with which the School commenced functioning
am ounted to 101 students in m echanical ironw ork . S im ultaneously a
class w as opened fo r adu lts in gas and w a te r p lum bing attended from the first by 13 persons. In securing the legal and financial existence
o f this school the Centra l B oard has taken a very active part.
F R A N C E .
On the basis o f reconstructive re l ie f work fo r G erm an Jews had grow n and developed the reconstructive activity o f the O r t in France.
T he vocational courses o f the O r t were the first p lace to which the G e rman-Jewish young re fugees could ap p ly fo r le a rn ing a t rade and thus to
secure fo r themselves a chance o f ea rn ing a l iving in the ir new home.
T he first course (dressm aking) was opened in P a r i s at the beginning
o f 1934. Soon af terw ards two m ore courses were es tablished (m ill ine ry
a n d ra d io-w ork) . In 1 935 the P a r i s O r t was given an opportun ity of es tab lish ing its tra in ing institutions in a big b u i ld in g and the n um ber of
workshops began to grow ra p id ly . In t a b u la r form th is development
can be presented as fo llow s:—Number of Courses Number of Students
In 1 9 3 4 ................................................. 3 75
In 1 935 .................................................. 10 306
In 1 936 .................................................. 13 3 80
In these few years the courses h ad become d ee p ly rooted am ong the
Jew ish popula tion o f P a r i s and enjoyed g rea t p o p u la r ity . T he economic cr isis am ong the old established Jew ish popula tion o f P a r is caused a change
in the composition o f the classes and quite a n u m b er o f the students belong
to the old settlers who wish to become a r t isans o r in dus tr ia l workers.
B U L G A R I A .
T he most recent add it ion to the O r t w ork d u r in g the per iod u n d er
account are the vocational Institutions o f the O r t in B u lgaria founded only in 1 936 . In that y ea r the Jewish P r im a ry School at S oph ia established
3 w orkshops— in woodwork, bookbinding a nd ta ilo ring fo r 70 children.
T he re is also a class fo r tra in ing textileworkers.
— 36 —
S U M M A R Y
Thus towards the end of the period 1930-1936 the O r t Union can submit to the consideration of the Conference the following summary o f its
1. It conducted the work, during these 7 years, of its vocational institutions (day-schools, training workshops for adults and repetition courses for artisans) of which more than half were esta
blished after 1930.
2. During these seven years the number of young persons and adults who had completed their training thus receiving the benefit of it was nearly 30,000.
3. The number of students had grown everywhere reaching at times the maximum capacity o f the establishments. For lack of room and equipment the schools could admit only 70% o f the appli-
4. More than 80% of those who had completed their training found work in their own trades.
II. ASSISTAN CE TO ARTISANS
Assistance to artisans, which up to 1930 expressed itself in supplying them with machinery and implements, was, during the period under review and especially since 1935, conducted also with a view to the situation created by the laws which some Governments in Eastern Europe introduced in respect of vocational education in their countries.
The question of protecting the Jewish artisan and of securing his right to engage in his trade is particularly acute in Poland, where the application of the industrial laws endangered the existence of thousands of Jewish artisans. It was necessary to mobilize the widest circles of Jewish society, to organise the backward mass of the artisans themselves and to bring home to them the necessity of complying with the laws. It was necessary to establish a working system of legal assistance and to give material support to enable them to buy the so called “ artisan certificates ”.
— 37 —
The O r t of Poland endeavoured to solve this problem in co-operation with the “ Joint ” the “ J. C. A. ” and other organisations taking part in a United Organisation called “ The United Committee of Artisan- ship . The work of this Committee was carried on in several hundred towns and townships where the Committee established their local branches and agencies. — In many towns the local O r t Committees represented that United Committee and did the work of the latter.
According to information available at present not fewer than 20,000 Jewish artisans legalised their position in compliance with the law. The special function of the O r t within the framework of the United Committee was to establish the so called Legalisation courses which prepared the artisans for their examination by the authorities. In 1936 there were 12 suchcourses with 22 separate groups of trainees. The majority of those whoattended these courses went to the examinations and received their certificates.
In 1936 the Central Board devoled much attention to the position in Bessarabia and Bukowina where the question of the legalisation of the Jewish artisans was raised by an industrial law of the Roumanian Government. A special investigation undertaken by the Cernauti O r t Committee at the request of the Central Board established the fact that nearly 50 % of the Jewish artisans were not in a position to produce the documents required by the law. Thanks to the special grarfts made by the Central Board a campaign was started among the artisans and through a number of meetings and publications the artisans were helped to learn the requirements of the law with which they had to comply. About 1,000 artisans were given pecuniary assistance to enable them to pay for their certificates.
For carrying out this work the Cernauti Committee of the O rt
formed a special sub-committee with the participation of industrialists and other members of the Community. In Bessarabia the same work was done by the Society of Artisans and by the local Loan-Kasses.
It was especially in Poland that the Central Board of the O r t during the period under review had to concentrate on the problems of Jewish arti- sanship in a wider sense, on the attempts to raise the technical level of Jewish work in handicrafts and small industry and on bringing Jews into new branches of industry. In October 1934 the Central Committee of the
— 38 —
O r t in Poland formed a special sub-committee o f experts under the guidance
o f Jacob L e s t s c h in s k y , the well-known economist. The sub-committee enjoyed the co-operation o f representatives o f commerce and industry. On the basis o f the special material collected by the sub-committee itself it submitted to the Central Committee o f the Polish O r t a number o f proposals and measures for the rationalization o f the Jewish handicrafts and for
building up better conditions for marketing their output both in the country itself and abroad. Lack o f means prevented the Central Committee
from giving effect to the sub-committee’s recommendations.
Only in 193 7 was it possible to establish in Warsaw a Consulting Bu
reau which will, among other things, take advantage o f the work o f the sub-committee and make a beginning with a more extensive plan o f relief
work for Jewish artisans and small-scale industrial workers in Poland.
n
AGRICULTURE
The work of the ORT-Union in agriculture passed a number of stages in the last 7 years, partly modifying its character and even changing its direction. The most important of these changes occurred in our activities in
S O V I E T R U S S I A .
In 1929-30, our agricultural work in that country covered 108 localities and 4,143 households situated in the districts of Odessa, Per- vomaisk, Kiev and White Russia. It predominated at the time over all other branches of O rt work in the Soviet Union. Since 1930, the situation has changed.
As a consequence of the industrialisation of the country, the desire of the Jewish population to settle on the land became less accentuated. On the other hand, collectivisation radically changed the whole system of rural economy, and various spheres of activity accessible before to private social initiative now came under the control of the newly created collectivisation organs. The Representative of the ORT-Union in U.S.S.R., therefore, began already in 1931 to devote his attention to special tasks which enabled his initiative and experience to make a valuable contribution to the progress of the settlements even under the changed conditions. Henceforward his initiative was primarily concentrated on the introduction o f intensive cultures and the increase o f the remunerativeness o f the farms.
In 1930-31, the scope of agricultural activity of the Representative was confined to 40 localities of the Odessa and Pervomaisk districts comprising 2,056 households, and in 1932-33 it extended to 66 localities of the Odessa, Pervomaisk and Kalinindorf districts totalling 2,993 households. The work of these two years resulted in the organisation in 66 localities of new gardens extending over an area of 1,610.5 hectares (including 163.5 hectares irrigated and 1,447 hectares non-irrigated land). The larger gardening centres (Goloskovo, Manshurovo, Worovski and Konetz- polye) were provided with vegetable preservation stations, which cure and pickle vegetables, convert tomatoes into tomato puree, and so forth. O r t also financed the erection of a cooperative workshop (in Pervomaisk) to provide the gardening enterprises with containers and barrels.
This initiative had the further result that the colonists themselves very soon started diligently to develop gardening cultures on their plots, both for their own requirements and for marketing. I f the re-emigration o f the Jewish colonists from the rural districts to the cities ceased almost entirely
in th e second h a l f o f 1932 , th is was in no sm a ll m easure d u e to the fa c t that the ir enterprise becam e, thanks to the in itia tive o f the Ort, m uch m ore re
m unerative.
In the fo llow ing two y ea rs 1933-34 and 1934-35 the Representative of
the ORT-Union m ain ta in ed contact with 6 7 rura l settlem ents num bering 3 ,1 1 0 households. T he p rinc ipa l support was given, however, only to
3 9 settlements (2 0 in the K a lin in d o rf district, 10 in the d is tric t o f Pervo- m aisk , and 9 in the Odessa d istrict) com pris ing 2 ,4 3 3 hom esteads. In these colonies 6 2 1 ,5 hec tares o f new vegetable gardens, v ineyards and orchards
w ere p lan ted in the course o f 1934-35 . In some o f the colonies we also
introduced sheep-breeding, a b ranch o f ever grow ing im portance fo r the
econom y o f the settlers.
T he a g r icu ltu ra l expenditure o f the R epresentative grows from
2 9 3 ,0 0 0 rbls. in 1931-32 , 168 ,000 rbls. in 1 9 34 , and nea rly 3 0 0 .0 0 0 in
1935, to 4 1 0 ,0 0 0 rbls. in 1936. T h is proves that th e general im prove
m e n t o f th e fin a n c ia l position o f the Ort-U nion d id not fa i l to exert a fa
vourable in flu e n ce also on this, s till very im portant, branch o f our work.
In 1936, the Ort provided with re g u la r he lp 3 6 colonies w ith
2 ,9 9 3 hom esteads, which w ere in possession o f 30,019 hectares o f fields,
137 hec tares o f vegetable gardens, 221 hec tares o f v ineyards and 101 hecta res o f o rchards . 2 4 colonies rece ived, besides, the a id o f the Ort
in the shape o f one-time cred its fo r special purposes.
The follow ing tab le will give an idea o f the c h a ra c te r and the o rien ta
tion o f ou r ag r icu ltu ra l w ork in 1936 in the Soviet Union. In that y ea r
cred its w ere p laced a t the d isposal o f the colonists fo r the following p u r
poses:Rbls.
Bu ild ing ........................................................................................ 6 3 ,800
V ineyards , o rc h ard s ................................................................. 57 ,751
D a iry cattle . ............................................................................ 86 ,000Sheep-breeding........................................................................... 40 ,281
Vegetable gardens .................................................................. 2 6 ,932
Bee-keeping.............................................................................. 3 ,800Vegetable preservation c e n t r e s ....................................... 3 6 ,804T ranspo rt vehicles................................................................. 2 1 ,500
Ir r iga tion ................................................................................... 3 ,000
Electric power p lan ts ............................................................... 13 ,000
V arious purposes....................................................................... 56 ,866
T hree fea tu re s characteris ing the situation developed in the last couple
o f yea rs in the Jew ish collective fa rm s, thanks to the active interest taken in th e ir fa te by the Ort Representative, are b rought in to prom inence by the above figures.
(1) A fte r a long in terval, w e see the re-appearance o f substantia l credits fo r bu ild ing purposes. Th is was a result o f the efforts o f the Ort R epresentative to attract to the villages new urban elements, thus filling the
g ap crea ted in the collective fa rm s in the yea rs o f fam ine. T he bu ild ing
activ ities were p roceeding in 1936 in the following collective fa rm s o f the O dessa district : “ F ra iha it , ” “ Pokasate l, ” and, par t ic u la r ly , in
Ivanovo, w here a model settlement is being created. The houses are constructed according to the plans o f the Ort architect, approaching the typ e
o f com fortab le urban dw ellings.
(2) T he most outstanding place am ong the credits is occupied by the
sum prov ided fo r d a iry cattle. Th is m eans that the Ort R epresentative was endeavouring to give the Jew ish colonists the possibility o f benefiting
from the new decree o f the Soviet Government which perm ited the collec
tive fa rm ers to possess their own m ilking cows, thus securing fo r the colonists a new source o f income. Thanks to th is help , nearly 2 0 0 m ilk in g cows
w ere bought in the collective fa rm s o f the Odessa and P ervom aisk distric ts. Almost a ll collective fa rm s were provided with central dair ies which receive
the m ilk from the indiv idua l homesteads and convert it into d a iry products,
send ing the la t te r to the central selling station o f the Ort in Odessa. The rem unerativeness o f da irying fo r the settlers had been alm ost treb led in a
short tim e as a result o f these facilities.
Sheep-breeding, introduced a few years ago in the Jew ish colonies through the in itiative o f the Ort, had become a p a r ticu larly rem unera tive
side-line. T he wool and the skins were sold to State concerns, which paid
very high prices; the cheese m ade from ewe’s m ilk found a re ady m arket
in the neighbouring towns.
T he Credit o f over 4 0 ,0 0 0 rbls. appear ing in the foregoing statement
was used to equ ip 11 new sheep-breeding farm s.
In 1936 the Ort helped to p lant 2 new large vegetable gardens,
2 0 hec tares o f vinevards, and two orchards. T he cred it prov ided fo r the
p urpose am ounted to 57,751 rbls.
— 44 —
A s in the preced ing years , the colonies are still being provided with
the requisite m achinery , im plements, and various m ateria ls , as well as with
technical instruction. E very collective fa rm was visited by the O r t
instructors from 4 to 6 times and m ore in the course o f the las t year.
(3) T he constructive activity o f the O r t on beha lf o f the collective fa rm s was not confined, however, to agrotechnical a id and to cred its fo r p rom oting one o r ano the r b ranch o f ru ra l economy. S ince 19 3 0 , the O r t R epresentative w as yea rly spending considerable sums, ou t o f the profits
o f the w orkshops in the collective fa rm s (see “ Industria lisa tion ) , on the
im provem en t o f the cu ltu ra l am enities o f the Jew ish village. In 1936 , e.g., 2 6 8 ,0 0 0 rbls, w ere spent fo r such purposes. T ha t m eans tha t the
v illages o f Southern U kraine and C rim ea received, inc luding the credits alloted fo r direct ag r icu ltu ra l work (but excluding the w ages of
the personnel o f the w orkshops), support to the tune o f 6 7 8 ,0 0 0 roubles.
Thanks to the special c red its o f the O r t , the collective fa rm s o f the C rim ea and U k ra in e w ere provided with baths and p lagrounds and given financial
support fo r th e ir schools and board ing schools, clubs an d l ib ra r ie s ; they w ere àlso equ ipped with electricity , rad io , telephones, etc.
All that has g re a tly contributed to ra ising the cu ltu ra l s tandards of the villages, to im proving the ir appearance and bring ing them n ea re r to the town-dweller.
T he Jew ish v illages o f the O r t area, consolidated as regards their econom ic position a nd m odern ised in their ex ternal aspect, exerc ise a new
pow er o f a ttracting the Jew ish popu la tion o f the S o vie t R ussian tow nship .
T he work o f the ORT-Union in the per iod o f 1 930 to 193 6 may
be su m m arised , as f a r as Jew ish ag r icu ltu re in U .S .S .R . is concerned, in the follow ing achievement:
1.— O ver 7 0 Jew ish villages in the districts o f O dessa, Pervom aisk
and K a lin in d o rf received support in one form o r another;
2 .— N early 2 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 roubles w ere spent in the form o f cred its or
non repayab le gran ts ;
3 .— T h e O r t helped to crea te a source o f existence fo r 4 ,0 0 0 J e wish fam ilies.
— 4 5 —
P O L A N D .
U p to the second p a r t of 1936, the a g r icu ltu ra l work o f the O r t in
P oland rem ained l im ited to the sam e n um ber o f localities a t which it had
becom e s ta tionary in 1929, viz. some 2 0 villages with abou t 1 ,000 fam ilies
com bined into 12 ag r icu ltu ra l co-operatives, as follows:
V olh yn ia : V oyevodstvo N o vogrodek: Stolowicze;
Ignatovka, V oyevodstvo L u b lin : S ied lce;
Osovo, V oyevodstvo B ia lys to k :
Zoluck, Bialystok,M.-Seliszcz, G rodno;
Jez o ran i; P olessie:
V ilno D istrict: P insk ,D ub inovo; Ivaniki.
Even in the most difficult mom ents o f its existence, the ORT-Union
d id not fo rsak e this g roup o f Jew ish v illagers and tr ied as f a r a s possible to lend it a helping hand. Expert ag r icu ltu ra l gu idance was never
discontinued . The pa r t ic u la r ly needy fa rm s were helped with cred its fo r
the p u rc hase o f seeds fo r covering the expend itu re connected with urgent
f a rm w ork in the spring and au tum n seasons. T h ro u g h its connections in var ious towns, the O r t was endeavouring to ensu re the m arketing o f the
products.
In 1 935 the co-operatives in P o la n d , too, began to benefit f ro m the im proved financial position o f the ORT-Union. T h e colonists o f Jezo
ran i and Stolowicze were enabled , thanks to a substan tial c red it f ro m the
R econstruction Fund, to p lan t 1 ,956 f r u i t trees o f special fore ign varieties . In some fa rm s o f the Grodno co-operative society, a t r ia l has
been m ad e with the p lan ting o f m edicinal herbs. T he co-opera tive society
in Stolowicze was granted a cred it fo r the extension o f a p ic u ltu re ; the G rodno co-operative society received a supply o f conta iners fo r the p ickling
o f cucum bers . At the expense o f the O r t d ra in ag e work was ca rried out in the sam e year in Zoluck and some lan d was m ad e av a ila b le fo r
tillage. T he problem o f expanding the land resources o f the m em bers
o f the co-operative society in the Zoluck colony, and also o f that in Jez o ran i, the O r t is endeavouring to solve by m eans o f pro vid in g a
num ber o f them w ith the m ateria l m eans fo r acquiring som e land f ro m
ce rta in fam ilies m igra ting to Palestine.
On June 30 th , 1936, the debt o f the co-operative societies to the J e
wish R econstruction Fund am ounted to 1 0 2 ,3 5 7 .9 9 zlotys as follows:
— 4 6 —
Zlotys
M.-Seliszcz.......................................................................... 18 ,185 .60Z o luck .................................................................................. 15 ,591 .05
S to lo w ic ze .......................................................................... 13,193 .33
S ied lce ................................................................................. 11 ,773.65Osovo.................................................................................... 9 ,155 .83
Dubinovo............................................................................. 8 ,863 .43
G rodno................................................................................. 7 ,507 .70P insk and I v a n ik i ........................................................... 5 ,996 .85
Ignatovka............................................................................ 5 ,300 .—
B ialystok............................................................................. 4 ,239 .40Jez o ran i ............................................................................... 2 ,551 .15
Total ............................ Zl. 1 0 2 ,357 .99
T he system atic agro-technical, o rganisa tional and cred it a id to the
colonists could be resum ed, however, only in the beginning o f 1936. In
the course o f that y e a r the scope o f the work grew and em braced not onlythe places m entioned above but a much w id er a re a . Substan tia l cred its
were provided fo r equipm ent, d a iry in g cattle , f o r reparcell ing and a d d i tional land . W e find am ong this expend itu re :
F o r the co-operative society in B ialystok a n d Grodno— a sum
o f 8 ,5 0 0 zlotys fo r ag r icu ltu ra l m ach inery and seeds, and5 ,5 0 0 zlotys fo r the acquisition o f b a r re ls ;
F o r Stolowicze— a cred it o f 4 ,0 0 0 zlotys fo r live-stock;
F o r Jez o ran i— 3 ,4 0 0 zlotys fo r live-stock and equ ipm en t;
F o r Osovo— 4 ,0 0 0 zlotys fo r the acquisition o f m ilk ing cows;
F o r M.-Seliszcz— 3 ,1 5 0 zlotys fo r the pu rchase o f a dd it iona l land and the re-build ing o f houses destroyed by fire;
F o r Dubinovo— 2 ,5 0 0 zlotys fo r the reparcell ing o f lan d ;
F o r Igna tovka— 2 ,0 0 0 zlotys f o r the purchase o f d a iry ca ttle ;
F o r the colonists o f the village V iszki— 2 ,0 0 0 zlotys fo r the acquisition o f d a iry cattle.
T oge the r with o ther cred its and expend itu re , a total o f nearly 4 5 ,0 0 0 z lo tys o f fr e sh m o n ey was thus invested by the O rt in P oland w ith
a v iew to consolidating the econom ic position o f th e co-operative societies.
C om prehensive o rganising work was done in respect o f adap ting
the d a iry in g in the Jew ish colonies to the requ irem en ts o f the new Govern-
— 47 —
m ent regulations concerning the production and the sale o f d a iry products. T h is required in various instances a reorganisation o f th e co
operatives and the fo und ing o f new associations. W e possess thus now in O sovo two independent co-operative societies: a genera l ag r icu ltu ra l an d a
special d a iry in g co-operative society. The sam e re fe rs to M .-Seliszcz.
Separa te da iry in g co-operative societies a re being organ ised in Ig n a
tovka , Z o luck (a d is trict co-operative a t the station R afa lovka with a branch in Z o lu ck ), Jezorani, P insk and Iv a n ik i.
A s regards the position o f the fa rm s , w e can record everyw here a con
siderab le im provem ent and a co m ple te ly sa tisfac tory developm en t. In Igna tovki, e.g., we see an increase in the n um ber o f bee-hives by as m uch
as 5 0 p e r cent, as well a s a good developm ent o f the o rc h ard s and a g reat
n u m b er o f new plantations. In O sovo we witness a successful a ttem pt to cu ltivate m edic ina l herbs and to breed A ngora rabbits. In Jezorani, there is
a continuous increase in the n um ber o f f r u i t trees and the in troduction o f
bee-keeping. A picu ltu re has received fu r th e r expansion a t Stolowicze
w here the n um ber o f bee-hives was in 1 935 4 0 p e r cent h ig h er as comp a re d with the preceding y ear . In O lizarki the reparcell ing and d ra in in g o f the land is nea ring completion.
G ood results have also been achieved in respect o f th e m anagem ent and book-keeping o f th e co-operative societies.
At the end o f 1936, the O rt was a ttending , th rough the m ed ium of
the co-operative organisa tions, to a total o f 4 0 v illages, a s fo llow s:
In V o lhyn ia ...................................................................................... 12In Vilno D istrict............................................................................. 1In Voyevodstvo Novogrodek .................................................... 2In Voyevodstvo L ublin ............................................................... 21
In Voyevodstvo B ialystok.......................................................... 2
In Polessie ........................................................................................ 2
Total............. 40
T he area o f the agricultural co-operatives o f the O rt has thus been
d oubled as com pared w ith the position in 1930.
Continuing and increasing its a id to the co-operative societies, the O rt in P o land em barked at the same time on a new province o f work
which nobody had thought o f before, and which is now a ttracting the atten
tion o f the Jew ish public in P o land . A lready in 1934 , bu t especially in
Zlotys
M.-Seliszcz.......................................................................... 18 ,185 .60Zoluck .................................................................................. 15 ,591.05
S to low icze .......................................................................... 13 ,193 .33
S ied lce.................................................................................. 11 ,773 .65Osovo.................................................................................... 9 ,155 .83D ubinovo............................................................................. 8 ,863 .43
G rodno................................................................................. 7 ,507 .70Pinsk and I v a n i k i ........................................................... 5 ,996 .85Ignatovka............................................................................ 5 ,300 .—B ialystok............................................................................. 4 ,239 .40
Jez o ran i ............................................................................... 2 ,551 .15
T o t a l .............................ZI. 102 ,357 .99
T he systematic agro-technical, organisa tiona l and cred it aid to thecolonists could be resum ed, however, only in the beginning o f 1936. In
the course o f that y e a r the scope o f the work grew and em braced not only
the places mentioned above but a much w ider area . Substantia l credits were provided fo r equipm ent, d a iry ing cattle, fo r reparcelling and add i tional land . W e find am ong this expenditu re :
F o r the co-operative society in Bialystok and G rodno— a sum
o f 8 ,500 zlotys fo r agr icu ltu ral m achinery and seeds, and5 ,500 zlotys fo r the acquisition o f b a rre ls ;
F o r Stolowicze— a cred it o f 4 ,000 zlotys fo r live-stock;
F o r Jezo ran i— 3 ,400 zlotys fo r live-stock and equipm ent;
F o r Osovo— 4 ,0 0 0 zlotys fo r the acquisit ion o f m ilking cows;
F o r M.-Seliszcz— 3 ,1 5 0 zlotys fo r the purchase o f add itiona l land and the re-build ing of houses destroyed by fire;
F o r Dubinovo— 2 ,500 zlotys fo r the reparcelling o f lan d ;
F o r Igna tovka— 2 ,0 0 0 zlotys fo r the purchase o f d a iry cattle;
F o r the colonists o f the village Viszki— 2 ,000 zlotys fo r the acquisit ion o f d a iry cattle.
T ogether with o ther cred its and expenditure , a total o f nearly 4 5 ,0 0 0 zlo tys o f fr e s h m oney was thus invested b y the O r t in P oland ivith
a view to consolidating the econom ic position o f the co-operative societies.Com prehensive organ ising work was done in respect o f adapting
the d a iry in g in the Jew ish colonies to the requirem ents o f the new Govern
m ent regulations concerning the production and the sale o f d a iry products. Th is requ ired in var ious instances a reorganisation o f the co
operatives and the fo und ing o f new associations. W e possess thus now in
Osovo two independent co-operative societies: a general ag r icu ltu ra l and a spec ial d a iry ing co-operative society . T he same re fe rs to M .-Seliszcz.
S epara te da iry ing co-operative societies a re being organ ised in Igna
tovka, Z o luck (a district co-operative at the station R afa lovka with a b ranch
in Zo luck ), Jezorani, P in sk and Ivan ik i.
A s regards the position o f the fa rm s, w e can record everyw here a con
s iderab le im provem ent and a com ple tely sa tisfac tory developm ent. In Igna tovki, e.g., we see an increase in the num ber o f bee-hives by as much
as 5 0 p er cent, as well as a good development o f the o rchards and a great
num ber o f new plantations. In Osovo we witness a successful attem pt to
cultivate m edicinal herbs and to b reed A ngora rabbits. In Jezorani, there is
a continuous increase in the num ber o f f ru it trees and the in troduction o f
bee-keeping. A piculture has received fu r th e r expansion at Stolowicze w here the num ber o f bee-hives was in 1935 4 0 p er cent h igher as comp a red with the preceding year. In O lizarki the reparce lling and d ra in ing
o f the land is nearing completion.
Good results have also been achieved in respect o f the m anagem ent
and book-keeping o f the co-operative societies.
At the end o f 1936, the O r t was attending, through the m edium of
the co-operative organisations, to a total o f 4 0 villages, as follows:
In V olhynia ...................................................................................... 12
In Vilno D istrict............................................................................. 1In Voyevodstvo Novogrodek.................................................... 2
In Voyevodstvo L ublin ............................................................... 21In Voyevodstvo Bialystok......................................................... 2
In Polessie ........................................................................................ 2
T o t a l .................................. 40
T he area o f the agricultural co-operatives o f the O r t has thus been
d oub led as com pared w ith the position in 1930.
C ontinuing and increasing its a id to the co-operative societies, the
O r t in P o land em barked at the same time on a new province o f work
which nobody h ad thought o f before, and which is now a ttracting the atten
tion o f the Jew ish public in P o land . A lready in 1934 , but especially in
— 48 —
1935, d u r in g the visit to P o la n d o f Dr. L. B r a m s o n , C h airm an o f the Cen
tra l O r t Executive, the p rob lem was ra ised o f h e lp in g the im poverished artisans an d p e tty traders o f the tow nships by enab ling th em to ta ke up
a gricu ltu re or gardening .
In a ser ies o f conferences with expert agronom ists de ta iled p lans were
d ra w n u p as to how to u tilise fo r that pu rpose the vacant land areas in the
vicin ity o f the towns an d townships, inc luding the unused estates o f p r i vate lan d lo rd s , com m unities and m unicipalitie s . In the second h a lf o f
1 9 3 6 , the w o rk reached th e stage o f m ateria lisa tion , so tha t a t the end of 1 936 w e find a l r ead y h e re an d there, in the d is tricts o f V olhynia, Vilno,
Suvalk i, R adom , P io trkov , an d W arsaw , nea rly 3 0 0 Jew ish fa m ilie s who
have acqu ired , thanks to the o rganising a id an d the cred it facilitie s provided
by the O r t , a new source o f existence.
Between the m id d le o f 1936 and the second h a l f o f 1937, the O rt d is tribu ted in P o la n d credits fo r th is new w o rk am oun ting to 4 0 ,0 0 0 zlotys,
sp read over 21 localities, including : Luck, K ovel, S arn y , Rovno, Vilno,M akov-Mazovieck, and 15 l a rg e r o r m inor township com m unities. The
cred its w ere m ain ly provided fo r the pu rchase o f d a iry ca ttle , f ru it trees,
bee-keeping in stallations, vegetable gardening . In some localities ho rti
cu ltu re was tried .
R eports received fro m a ll the above p laces confirm tha t the work was successful and show that the initia tive o f the O r t is finding every
where a strong response am ong the Jew ish population fo r which it opens
new perspectives and possibilities.
The local au thorities show everyw here a very fa vo u ra b le a ttitu d e to th e in itia tive o f the O r t . T he o rganisa tion o f the work and the super
vision o f the new fa rm s lies in the han d s o f the agronom ist o f the Central Com mittee o f the O r t in P o la n d and o f the A gr icu ltu ra l District Inspectora te in V olhyn ia which was specially crea ted fo r this purpose . Specia l A gr icu ltu ra l Sub-committees w ere appo in ted by the O r t C om mittees in
Kovel and Sarny .
B E S S A R A B I A A N D B U K O W 1 N A .
In B essarab ia , d u r in g the period u n d e r review, a gricu ltu ra l r e lie f w ork
was p roceeding u n d e r very u n fa v o u rab le conditions. Even in the years
when the financial position o f the Centra l B oard was better and possibilities w ere av a ila b le to a llo t c red its fo r the pu rpose , various loca l obstacles intervened every time, han d ic ap p in g the initia tive both o f the Centra l Board
and o f the local Committees.
T he most serious obstacle was crea ted by the Conversion B ill o f 1932
adop ted by the R um an ian Government. This legislation not only w eakened
to a g reat extent the cred it fund with which the O R T -U n io n h a d been opera ting in previous years, but it also destroyed the basis f o r a m ore or less no rm al financing o f the fa rm ers in general.
T he m em bers of the co-operative Societies form ed befo re this period thanks to the O r t received nevertheless, even in the yea rs 1932 to 1935, cred its , p r im ar ily fo r the acquisition o r h ir ing o f new land a reas, and benefited from the supply o f A gr icu ltu ra l M achinery organised by the O r t
Centre .
At the moment o f the Conversion, the debts o f the colonists to the
Jew ish Reconstruction Fund Ltd am ounted to 3 ,4 3 5 ,0 4 7 lei, as follows:
O rhe iev D istric t:
R aspopen ...................................................................... 2 8 6 ,045
K uisavka...................................................................... 2 6 1 ,4 6 9Cistelnize...................................................................... 3 2 3 ,0 3 6K obilko ......................................................................... 1 1 5 ,056
• M oskauz........................................................................ 154 ,293G ertop ............................................................................ 5 2 ,549
Isbest.............................................................................. 135 .155
K r iu l ia n ........................................................................ 2 1 3 ,6 6 8
P eresecino .................................................................... 3 8 6 ,4 1 9S korten .......................................................................... 1 3 3 ,675
Sere ten .......................................................................... 131,951
N eguren ........................................................................ 119 ,949Neguren-Kasaneste................................................... 6 9 ,250
N eguren-Ci nci ren ...................................................... 19 ,884
Igna tei........................................................................... 8 6 ,247
Poten tei ......................................................................... 192 ,446
B eltzy District:
A lexandrena............................................................... 2 90 ,326
R ish k a n o v k a .............................................................. 6 9 ,588
Polest............................................................................. 9 1 ,884
Tigh ina District:
K ausan .......................................................................... 7 ,434M ansir ........................................................................... 99 ,501
Chotin D istrict:
Bricevo. . 103 ,195
17,632
7 4 ,395
T o t a l ....................... 3 ,435 ,047
T he co-opera tive Societies and various local C om mittees owed to the Fund , besides, a sum o f 9 1 ,4 3 8 lei. A dd ing the debts o f the ind iv idual fa rm ers , we obtain thus a total o f 3 ,5 2 6 ,4 8 5 lei. O f this considerable
sum , no m ore than 4 8 ,5 9 7 lei have been re p a id since the publica tion of
the Conversion B ill. T h e balance rem ains im m obilised as a ' frozen
cred it which will be recoverable in par t in a n um ber o f yea rs hence. A f te r
the P le n a ry Session o f the Centra l B oard in 1 9 36 , the C entra l Executive o f the U n ion dec ided to allo t a cred it o f 9 ,0 0 0 d o lla rs fo r B essarabia in o rd e r to re s ta r t o u r ag r icu ltu ra l activity there. C erta in m easu res were
outlined , in the first p lace, with a view to the introduction o f sheep-breeding
in the colonies Sereten and P otentei, the financing o f the tobacco grow ers, and the increase o f the land estate o f the colonists by some 5 0 0 o r 6 0 0 hec-
W ith the a id o f th e C entral Board regular agronom ic instruction o f
the fa rm ers w as re in troduced here in the years 1936-37.
At the sam e tim e the C entra l B oard turned th e ir attention to a new field— th e mass o f Jew ish agricu lturists in B ukovina— and they are
endeavouring to organ ise also in this p rovince the constructive assistance of
the O r t .
A well experienced agronom ist has been invited to superv ise this new
w ork , attend ing a t the sam e tim e to the Jew ish fa rm s o f the O r t a rea in
Bessarabia.
In the course o f the m onths which have elapsed in the m eantim e, the agronom ist has succeeded in estab lish ing a d irec t contact with 2 8 Bessa
ra b ian and 4 4 B ukovina settlements, com pris ing together 1 ,743 fa rm ing fam ilies , o r 5 ,2 8 5 persons (4 ,100 in Bukovina and 1 ,185 in Bessarabia,
m a in ly in the O rheiev D is t r ic t ) .
Soroka D istrict:
V ertizen ..............
O ther localities.
— 51 —
FRANCE.
To o u r assets, a s regards the new achievements in a g r icu ltu ra l work
o f the ORT-Union in the yea rs 193 0 to 1936, belongs the un ique attem pt to crea te a Jew ish agricultural co m m u n ity in France.
T his experim ent was undertaken in the yea rs 1933-34 , w hen the Cen
tra l Board p laced themselves a t the service o f the re l ie f work f o r G erm an
Jew s, utilising fo r the pu rpose th e ir connections and the O r t organisa tions in o ther countries, outside G erm any . T he Executive cam e fo rw ard a t the
t im e with the scheme to move a g ro u p o f G erm an Jew s to F ran c e and to crea te an ag r icu ltu ra l g roup which would become in course o f tim e a
centre o f attraction fo r a substantial n um ber o f fam ilies . W ith in a few
m onths the n um ber o f candidates p re pare d to take p a r t in the projected settlem ent exceeded 2 0 0 fam ilies representing a cap ita l o f nea rly a m illion
G erm an m arks.
On b eh a lf o f the Centra l B oard , a special Committee o f agronom ists, assisted by the M anaging D irector o f the A gro-Joint, D r. J . R o s e n , explored
var ious districts in F rance try ing to find a suitable locality fo r the collective settlement, having regard to soil a n d m arketing conditions, clim ats, etc. T he Committee found as su itab le the dis tric t o f V illeneuve, between Bor-
d ea u and T oulouse, in the D e partm ent Lot-et-Garonne.
Owing to the currency restrictions issued a t the tim e by the G erm an
G overnm ent and the tra nsfer d ifficu lties connected therew ith, it was u n
fo r tuna te ly im possible fo r all the cand idates to u tilise the opportunity p ro
v ided to them by the efforts o f the O r t and the very f r ie d ly atti tude o f the
F rench Governm ent to the scheme.
At present there are about 2 0 G erm an Jew ish fa m ilie s in V illeneuve w here they a re settled u n d er the supervision o f a special O r t agronom ist.
T h e value o f th e ir p roperty is approx im ate ly 1 ,000 ,000 franks.
T he m ajo ri ty received fro m the O r t credits f o r seeds, cattle , ag r icu l
tu ra l im plem ents and fo r the reconditioning o f the houses. At the d isposal
o f the colonists a re also two experienced au x i l ia ry workers who are visiting re g u la rly the ind iv idua l fa rm s, giving them the necessary technical ins truc tion and also perfo rm ing various duties to which the settlers a re not yet
accustom ed.
T h e group V illeneuve rem ains thus fa r th e o n ly practica l result o f
th e experim en ts undertaken in the last years fr o m various sides w ith a view
to settling G erm an Jew s on the land in the countries o f W estern E urope.
A G R I C U L T U R A L T R A I N I N G
Besides the training farms established in Lithuania (Ungarina and Ka- linavo) especially for the benefit of German Jewish juveniles, agricultural courses for practical and theoretical instruction were conducted during the period under review only in Poland. We have to mention under this head the special course for agricultural training opened in Warsaw and Sosnoviec in 1935. Those courses were intended only for one season. A theoretical course of horticulture was conducted in Kaunas (Lithuania).
Good results were achieved in Poland in respect of training the young generation of our colonists in model farms, especially at the model estate of the well-known Polish Jewish agronomist and O r t collaborator, Eng. SzPILFOGEL.
Mention must be made, further, of the youth circles organised in the colonies with a view to carrying out various agricultural competitions. In the evenings the members of these circles read agricultural literature recommended and selected by the O r t agronomist. The educational work has been lately extended to the new suburban farms.
In the course of 1936, the Central Committee of the O r t in Poland set themselves to the task of bringing the scheme of an agricultural school to fruition. The school is to have a comprehensive curriculum of practical and theoretical instruction. It was intended to buy for the purposes of the school a big farm near Bialystok. Owing to various obstacles of a local character, the transaction has not been completed thus far.
Agricultural literature was published by the Central Committee of the O r t in Poland (“Gardening and Fruit-Growing,” by Eng. S c h a t t e n s t e i n
and Eng. S. S a l i t ; “Poultry Farming,” by Eng. B. Z u k e r m a n ) , and by the O r t Committee in Kaunas (cycle of lectures delivered by the agronomist J . R a s s e i n , and the pamphlet “Mir Wern Poierim.”)
S U M MA R Y
Summing up the results of the agricultural work of the ORT-Union, as far as it can be expressed in figures, we find that in the period of 1930 to 1936 the organisational, agro-technical and financial assistance of the Unionwas extended :In Soviet Russia ........................... to 70 settlements with 4,000 familiesIn Poland ......................................... to 61 » with 1,300 »In R oum an ia .................................... to 39 » with 650 »In France............................................ to 1 » with 26 »
or altogether to .................................. 171 settlements with 5,976 families
I____ L
S O V I E T R U S S I A .
T he industria l isa tion work o f the ORT-Union cam e as an answ er to the prob lem s confronting the Jew ish a r t isan and the declassed Jew ish
masses in Soviet Russia in connection with the new fo rm s o f organisa tion
o f h an d ic ra f ts and the intensive industrial isation in that country. Its p u r pose was to help the Jew ish popula tion to a d a p t i tself to the new conditions
and to become in due course an organic p a r t o f the Sovie t econom ic o rg a
nisation with its novel struc tu re and new orientation.
In accordance with the agreements concluded by the ORT-Union with
the P eo p le ’s Com m issaria t o f Foreign T ra d e (in 1926) and the C om zet (in 1 9 2 8 ) , the industrialisation w ork du rin g the period u n d e r review w as c a r
ried out in the fo llowing directions:
a. R estora tion and s trengthening o f Jew ish h an d ic ra f ts ;
b. T ra in in g o f qualified cad res o f young Jew ish workers fo r the me-
dium-size and large-scale industries;
c. B ringing into the industries o f the Jew ish m asses o f the townships
and sm all p rovincia l towns who re m ained unaffected by the in dustr ia l isa tion p lans o f the State and whose connection with the
genera l industrial isation process could only be prom oted by the
in itia tive o f priva te societies.
T he scope and the useful economic effect o f th is w ork depended from the outset on the m agnitude o f the financial resources which the Centra l
B oard o f the ORT-Union was in a position to place at the disposal o f their
R epresentatives in the U.S .S.R . in the shape o f foreign m ach inery , tools
and ra w m ater ia ls .
V e ry considerable activity was developed in the yea rs 192 9 and 1930,
when the Centra l B oard utilised the resources derived fro m the so-called P eop le’s Tools Cam paign in the U nited States, the great A m erican d rive fo r
the Jew ish Reconstruction F u n d , the contr ibutions o f scores o f “ Lands- m annschaften ” , and the w idely ramified cam paign in fa v o u r o f “ Cons tructive A id to Relatives v . T he work o f the O r t extended to some 7 0 0 coopera tive organisa tions (loan and saving societies, p roduc ing co-operative
organisa tions , etc.) which attended to the needs o f the overhelm ing m a jo
r ity o f Jew ish artisans— “kustars”— in th e U kraine , W h ite R u ssia and
th e C entra l R ussian districts.
Th a n k s to the m ate r ia l and technical aid o f the O r t 6 0 produc ing
co-operative en te rprises were new ly fo rm ed o r extended a n d 24 o f them
received fu ll sets o f equipm ent which consisted o f im ported machines
(4 0 0 ) . This g ave th e po ssib ility o f em p lo y in g in th e co-operative fa c
tories an d w orkshops no few er than 6 ,1 5 0 declassed Jews.
T he co-opera tive organisa tions , ind iv idual ar t isans and declassed Jew s were equ ipped with 2 ,0 0 0 m achines o f every description. 54 co
opera tive and so-called collective workshops in 2 6 9 towns an d townships
received fr o m the O r t about seven m illion needles o f various k in d s, m a in ly
fo r kn ittin g an d sew ing m achines. The sam e co-operative and collective workshops fo r k n itw ea r and needle-work were supplied with nearly
1 6 0 ,0 0 0 k ilogram m es o f cotton w hich enab led them to continue th e ir w ork
and to p ro vid e an ex istence fo r about n in e thousand artisans.
T he technical superv is ion o f the O r t instructors and m echanics ra ised
the productive capac ity o f the en te rprises and im proved the q u a li ty o f the products. I t was d u e to the im portation o f spa re pa r ts fro m ab road that
som e 5 ,5 0 0 m achines o f in d iv id u a l artisans a nd producers’ co-operative or
ganisa tions w ere repa ired a nd p u t to w ork in 132 towns a nd tow nships.
W ith the financial and organisa tional a id o f the O rt, 6,700 juveniles
from the townships o f the U kraine and W hite R ussia were tra ined by means
o f special technical courses fo r the requirem ents o f the m edium size and
large-scale industries. T h ey fo u n d em p lo y m en t in the great S ta te under
tak ings in th e U kra ine. th e M oscow and U ral Districts and o ther regions.
In the y ea rs 1931 and 1932, the industrial isation w ork was continued on a la rge scale, al though the financial capacity o f the Centra l B oard had
been d u r in g these y ea rs reduced considerably.
3 9 0 p roducers ’ co-operative organisa tions in 1931, and 2 0 9 in 1932,
w ere supplied with im ported m achinery , tools, needles, raw m aterials , etc.
W o rk a nd a source o f earning w ere in th is w ay secured fo r 3 0 -35 ,000 Jew
ish artisans, w o rkers a nd declassed people absorbed b y the producers’
co-operative a n d co llec tive w orkshops.
In the sam e two yea rs n in e new “ artel ” (collective) enterprises were
fo rm e d and 17 factories and “ ar tels ” (collective w orkshops) , which had a l read y cam e into being with the a id o f the O rt before 1931, were re o r
ganised and en la rged . T he industr ia l sector o f the O rt work in the
Soviet U nion com prises now 69 factories and collective workshops which
a re ca pab le o f em ploy ing n ea rly 7,500 workers. 3 3 o f these enterprises w ere created thanks to the O rt w hich pro vid ed them w ith technical s u p e r
vision , m ach inery, tools, w orking capita l an d raw m aterials.
T he n a tu re o f the w ork o f these en te rprises shows tha t the O r t concentrated its attention chiefly on those fields o f produc tion which h ave a
secure economic foundation . It also endeavoured to st im ula te the d e
velopm ent o f branches o f production w ith w hich Jew ish labour was not
fa m ilia r . Among the industr ia l undertak ings supported by the O r t we
find en te rprises fo r woodworking, weaving, kn itw ear and hosiery , basket-
m ak ing a n d basket fu rn itu re , artificial fu r , c loaks, hand-woven tissues, a r tistic habe rda she ry , m etal industries, etc.
The initiative o f the O r t , which was in the first p lace guided by the
d es i re to crea te em ploym ent fo r the declassed Jew ish m asses, led to the es tablishm ent o f a series o f undertak ings w hich becam e an asset in the
genera l econom y o f the country , enjoying f o r this reason the m ate r ia l
support o f the genera l co-operative system and o f the S ta te in dus tr ia l a d ministrations.
In the yea rs 1933 to 1 935 , both the tempo and the cha ra c te r o f the industria l isa tion work underw ent a certain change. T he influx o f foreign
m ach inery , tools, needles and raw m ater ia ls decreased considerably .
Owing to the im porverishm ent o f the Jewish popula tions ab road , the effort in the d irection o f giving constructive aid to re latives in R ussia also s teadily declined. The provision o f the co-operative organisa tions and
o f ind iv idua l ar t isans with tools and raw m ater ia ls is now m ade m ain ly ou t o f th e balances in possession o f the Centra l B o ard , and it h a s to be
l imited to a small n um ber o f recipients.
This s ituation prom pted the R epresentative o f the Centra l B oard in
U .S .S.R . and the staff o f his technical experts to seek new ways f o r the
work o f industrial isation and to develop on th e spot sources o f m eans o f
production , in tended to compensate to a ce rtain extent the fo rm e r supplies
fro m ab road , in the first place the im port o f cotton fo r the knitting
workshops.
In the course o f the yea rs 1933 to 193 6 the Representa tive o f the Centra l B oard succeeded in reorganis ing a substantial n u m b er o f kn itw ear factories and weaving m ills established in the fo rm e r per iod by provid ing
them with special spinning departm ents (e.g. the Chern igov collective w ork
shop “P rom tex ti l,” the B obruisk collective workshop in the nam e of
K ru p sk a v a , var ious en terprises in Novgorod-Seversk, Kamenietz-Podolsk,
e tc .) . These sp inning plan ts utilised local raw m ate r ia l mixed with cotton im ported by the Centra l B oard from abroad . In o rd e r to supp ly the col
lective w orkshops with the most indispensable m achinery and tools the Re-
presen ta tive o f the O r t opened in Moscow a m odel and re p a ir workshop w hich sucessfu lly constructs m in o r m achines, as well as various machine
p a r ts and tools.
In this w ay m ost o f the en te rp rises established o r reorganised in the
past by the O r t w ere ab le to continue to benefit f rom the technical, o rga
n isa tional and financial he lp o f the O r t Representative.
T he im provem ent o f the financial position o f the Centra l B oard in
1 9 3 6 m ade it possib le to in te n s ify once m ore th e w ork o f industria lisa tion
and to m ak e m ore effective the a id rendered to ind iv idua l enterprises.
As w ill be seen fro m the a ttached statement, fo rty six en terprises o f
various b ranches o f industry w ere helped in the last y ea r . T he p rinc ipa l w ork w as connected with 2 6 fac to ries and collective workshops, w hilst the
re m ain in g 2 0 en te rp rises w ere helped from tim e to time. The m onetary
va lue o f the support re n d ere d by the O r t to the above m entioned enterp rises in 1 9 3 6 am oun ted to 1 ,0 6 3 ,9 0 8 roubles d is tribu ted as follows :
m achines, tools, needles, and m achine p a r ts— 2 5 2 ,8 7 9 roub les; raw
m ate r ia ls— 8 1 1 ,0 0 0 roubles.
A n u m b e r o f collective w orkshops, m ain ly o f the textile b ranch , e.g. “ Avtoviaz” in Moscow, “ C ooptextil” in B ar. “O byed inen iye” in S urash , etc.,
w ere enab led by the new m achines (Kettls, Overlocks and g rind ing m a
chines) su p p lied by the O r t to ra t iona lise th e ir production and to increase
conside rab ly th e ir p roduc tive capacity .
T h e collective w orkshop “P ro m tex ti l” in Chernigov, the collective
w orkshops in B obruisk , N ovgorod-Seversk, K am enietz-Podolsk and some
o thers w ere able, thanks to the w ork o f their sp inning plants, not on ly to cover th e ir own ra w m ate r ia l requirem ents , bu t to supply , in addition , t h re ad fo r the collective w orkshops not equ ipped with th e ir own raw m ate
r ia l bases.
T he technic ians an d instructors o f the O r t R epresentative in the
U. S. S. R . took an active p a r t in the organisa tion and the continued deve
lopm ent o f the en terprises .
An exceedingly im p o rtan t and interesting b ranch o f the in d u s tr ia l i sation w ork o f the ORT-Union in Soviet R ussia is represented by the developm ent o f in d u s tr ia l ac tiv ities in the colonies o f the Jew ish ag r icu ltu ra l
region. T h is work began in 193 0 with a modest p i o n e e r i n g
a t t e m p t in some colonies o f the Odessa district. In the period
u n d e r review it g rew into a com prehensive scheme, solidly estab lished both fro m th e economic and organisa tiona l viewpoints, fu lly jus tify ing the p u r pose fo r which it was first in troduced , nam ely :
to create fo r the colonist w om en a source o f subsid iary
incom e in the w in ter season, thereby consolidating the p ecun iary position o f the colonists, an d m a k in g them
more f i r m ly rooted in their netv environm ent a nd in th e w ork on th e soil.
T he scope o f this industrialisation work extends a t the present m om ent to the ag r icu ltu ra l districts o f Odessa, Pervom aisk , K a lin in d o rf , C ri
m ea an d B iro-B id jan . The bu lk o f the output consists o f m ill inery (from im ported ra p h ia f ib re ) , woollen caps and toys m ade o f soft m ater ia l . The
d is tance travelled fro m the initia l stage to the results achieved in 1 936 will
be best i l lus tra ted by the follow ing figures:
NUtoeerColkcUvckSFarm8in ^^E m p lo y e d 0™ "
1 9 3 0 (U kraine , C rim ea) ............. 10 3 2 4E n d o f 1 9 3 6 (U kraine, C rim ea,
B i ro -B id ja n ) ................................... 72 3 ,192
The m ill inery production was carried on in 1930 in the collective fa rm s o f the Odessa district altogether in 6 workshops with a total o f
2 5 0 w orking women and an ou tpu t o f 1 ,700 hats p er season. At the end
o f 1936 , we find in the same district 31 workshops em ploying 1 ,215 women
with a total output o f 4 9 ,247 hats.
T he com parative figures o f m illinery p roduction in the C rim ean
d is tr ic t show the following progress:Number of Number of Women
Employed Output (Hata)
1931-32 . . . . 4 74 1 ,927
1932-33 . . . . 14 4 3 4 7 ,538
1933-34 . . . . 15 520 14 ,222
1934-35 . . . . 17 700 32 ,035
1935-36 . . . . 22 1 ,220 49 ,333
E nd o f 1 9 3 6 . . 30 1,532
To the above must be added fo u r model factories in Odessa and Eupa- toria with 2 0 2 workers, who work up the total output o f the collective
— 6 0 —
fa rm s into finished goods, and , in add it ion , instruct the fa rm ers and provide
them with technical specialists.
B y the end o f 1936, the Ort R epresentative in the Soviet U nion had
u n d e r his ca re the follow ing colkhos (collective fa rm ) enterprises:
In th e C rim ea— 3 0 w orkshops fo r the m anu fac tu re o f m illinery, 4 w orkshops fo r the m an u fac tu re o f toys, 1 w eaving mill (in J e l l a l ) . Total
o f em ployed personnel— 1 ,854.
In the O dessa distric t— 31 m ill inery workshops. Total n um ber o f em
ployed workers— 1,215.
In B iro -B id jan — 3 m ill inery w orkshops, 3 kn itw ear w orkshops. Total
n u m b er o f em ployed— 123.
T h e fin a n c in g o f the work o f a l l these w orkshops and model factories
in 1 9 3 6 involved an expe nd itu re o f 3 ,9 0 4 ,2 0 0 roubles. T h is sum was spent
on w orking cap ita l, ra w m ater ia ls , wages, cap ita l investments, etc., d istri
buted as follow s:
M il lin e ry w orkshops in the C r i m e a .................. 1 ,9 6 1 ,8 0 0 rbls.
T o y w orkshops in the C r i m e a .................................. 5 0 5 ,3 0 0 —
W eaving m ill in J e lla l ( C r i m e a ) ............................ 6 3 3 ,8 0 0 —M illin e ry w orkshops in O dessa d i s t r i c t 6 9 5 ,2 0 0 —
Colkhos w orkshops in B i r o - B id ja n ....................... 1 0 8 ,100 —
T o t a l .................. 3 ,9 0 4 .2 0 0 rbls.
T he R epresentative o f the O R T -U n io n concentra tes in his han d s not
only the p lann ing and m anagem en t o f this conside rable agglom eration o f
w orkshops, b u t also the m arketing o f th e ir ou tput in the large and m inor urb a n centres. It h a s achieved im portan t results, and the O r t industries
occupy a t p resent a good position in the m ill inery output o f Soviet Russia
as a whole.
Looking back on the results o f the y ea rs 1 9 3 0 to 1936, we m ay record
with satisfaction that a great constructive w ork h ad been p er fo rm e d w hich
help e d the Jew ish co lonists to cope w ith th e d i f fic u lt p eriod o f transition, consolidating th e pecuniary, socia l a nd cu ltu ra l conditions in th e collective
fa rm s , bring ing th em nearer to th e general econom y o f the coun try a nd opening fo r them new econom ic perspectives.
A
T he beginning o f the industrialisation work in Biro-B idjan dates back to 1 9 32 , when the Representative o f the Centra l B oard em barked upon the construction o f the first veneer fac to ry in that te r r i to ry . H owever, the work
assum ed definite shape only in the years 193 5 and 1 9 36 , since when it
becam e system atic, gain ing an im portan t place am ong the genera l activities
o f the ORT-Union in Soviet Russia . S ince 1935 B iro-B id jan has had a
local b ranch o f the ORT-Union with a perm anen t staff o f expert instructors in var io u s fields o f production which is being re inforced from tim e to t i m e ,1 acco rd ing to need, by technicians of the Moscow O r t Office.
By the end o f 1936 the industrialisation work o f the O r t in Biro- B id jan was in a position to show the follow ing results:
1.— The Veneer Factory in the c ity o f B iro -B id jan was erected and
launched. T he fac to ry is equipped with its own pow er p lan t which occupies the first place am ong the pow er stations o f the
territo ry . W ith a view to provid ing the fac to ry with skilled
personnel, 16 young workers w ere sent to the S ta te Far- Easte rn V eneer F acto ry fo r tra in ing . T he productive capac ity
o f the factory is being increased a t p resent by the introduction
o f a second shift.
2.— The saw mill “D e ta il” (in the city o f B iro-B idjan) was recon structed and refitted. I t started w ork in the second h a l f of
1935. In the course o f 1 9 36 , the saw mill was supplied with
new m achines and a rrangem ents w ere m ad e fo r the m echan isa
tion o f the production.
3 .— T he sm all fu rn itu re collective w orkshop “D im itroff” (city o f Biro- B id jan ) was transform ed into a m echanised en te rprise capable o f producing 1 ,000 bent chairs p e r day . T he p re p ara t io n of
the wood has now been m echanised.
4 .— Equ ipm en t has been p re pare d fo r a m arb le fac to ry in the city o f Biro-Bidjan the construction o f which will be com pleted in
the course o f 1937.
5.— F u ll equipm ent has been constructed fo r a Cedar-oil P ress in the
city o f Biro-Bidjan. In Ju n e 1 9 37 , the O r t engineer began
with the fitting o f the equipm ent and the testing o f the production .
6.— The B rick K iln “V period”, on the B iro fe ld m ain ro a d , h a s been provided with the requisite m ach inery fo r the m echanisation o f
the production.
7.— T he necessary tools have been p re pare d fo r a basketry work-
8 .— M echanica l equipm ent has been sent fo r the kn itw ear workshop
“ R abo tn itza” in the city o f Biro-B idjan.
9.— P re p a ra t io n s have been m ad e f o r the b u i ld ing o f a factory o f
chem ical by-products o f wood and o f a toy and h aberdashery fac-
10.— M illine ry and kn itw ear w orkshops have been installed in six collective fa rm s ; and a founda tion has thus been laid fo r a com
prehensive scheme o f crea ting sub s id ia ry ea rn ings fo r the Jewish
colonists o f the territory.
T h e fac to ries in the cities o f B iro-Bidjan w ere ab le , by the end o f 1936, to em ploy 1,115 w orkers , as follows:
1. T he F u rn i tu re F ac to ry ............................................. 3 2 0 workers.2 . T he S aw m ill ................................................................. 2 4 0 —
3. T he Veneer F ac to ry ................................................... 180
4 . T he H aberdashery F ac to ry .................................... 2 0 0
5. T he Cedar-oil P ress .................................................... 306. T he Basketry W o r k s h o p ......................................... 307. The M arb le F ac to ry .................................................. 50
8. The K nitw ea r W o r k s h o p ...................................... 359. T he Brick W o r k s ....................................................... 30
A m ong the em ployed personnel a re a considerable num ber o f Jewish im m igran ts (from L ithuan ia , P o land , La tv ia ) .
In the course o f 1936, the Ort spent fo r capita l construction work
in Biro-Bidjan the sum o f 910,700 roubles, and fo r m achinery and tools 20 2 ,0 0 0 roubles.
T he industria lisation w ork o f the O r t -U nion m a y be regarded with fu l l ju s tifica tion as an im portant contribution to the developm ent o f Biro-
B id jan and its transform ation into a territory capable o f absorbing substan
tia l num bers o f Jew ish settlers.
P O L A N D .
T he special factors and conditions which m ade it necessary and possible
to em bark on industria lisa tion work on such a la rge scale in Soviet Russia
were n a tu ra l ly absent in Po land and the o ther countrie s where the O r t
ca rried on its constructive work in the years 1930 to 1936. All expe ri
ments attempted here and there by var ious m a jo r o r m inor organisations rem ained mostly without any useful economic effect.
T he problem o f bringing Jew ish labou r into the orb it o f industry had
to be solved in these countrie s p r im ar ily through asserting the equa l rights o f Jew ish labour. O r t ’s work in this m atter was to t ra in workers fo r the
m echanised industries and to secure fo r them positions to which the Jew s
had no access previously. As chie f instrum ent o f these activ ities in the period o f 1930 to 1936 served the industrial tra in ing workshops o f the O r t in Lodz.
In the past seven years, 1 ,976 workers completed their t ra in ing in these workshops in Lodz, as follows:
1033-34
Sw eater knitting . . . . 565 337 135 1 ,037C ircu lar hos ie ry ............ 2 80 190 101 571M echanica l W eaving . . 190 67 — 2 57
C ircu la r kn itting ............ — 4 3 6 8 111
1 ,035 6 37 3 04 1,976
A d ding the results o f previous yea rs we get thus a total o f 4,123 w orkers in troduced into the textile and kn itw ear industries o f Lodz and the Lodz district.
Considering the opposition o f the mill-owners and non-Jewish forem en
to the em ploym ent o f Jew ish industr ia l labour , it must be recognised that
the O r t had done here pioneering w ork which grea tly helped the Jewish
w orker in his struggle fo r h is righ t to work.
T he cr isis in the Lodz kn itw ear and textile industries and the lack of m eans fo r the opening o f tra in ing workshops fo r the new industria l branches
w hich sp ra ng up in the m eantim e, arrested in 1935 the grow th o f the in
d u s tr ia l isa tion work in Lodz. T he attendance figures o f the O r t w ork
shops were in that y ea r low er than in the preceding years :
T he y e a n 193 6 brought also nèw l i fe into this f ie ld . T he allocations o f the Centra l B oard and the proceeds o f local collections, ca r r ie d out with
the ac tive support o f the Centra l Executive, perm itted to complete several
va lu a b le schemes f o r the prepara tion o f new categories o f sk illed workers,
— 64 —
1. A t ra in in g w orkshop f o r silk weaving;
2. » » » fram e-fo rem en ;
3. » » » textile pattern drawing.
T h e workshops w ere opened in 1937 and aroused great interest both am ong the Jew ish w orkers an d Jew ish m anufactu re rs in Lodz.
T o w a rd s the end o f 1 9 3 6 the scope o f the industrialisation activities
o f the O r t in P o la n d was enlarged, leading to th e opening o f three new w eaving w orkshops in K onin , M akov-M azovieck and K a lisz.
By a special g ran t o f the Centra l B oard support was given at the
sam e time to the Lodz co-operative society fo r M echanical W eaving “ P ro
gress , which was fo rm ed by the O r t in 1930 and had proved its v itality
and justif ied its existence throughout all the crises to which the Lodz industry and p a r t ic u la r ly the Jew ish producers ’ co-operative societies in Po land had been subjected. T h is co-operative society started its work in 193 0 with
14 m em bers and 23 m echanica l fram es. T he output am ounted to
4 0 .0 0 0 m etres o f cloth. In 1 932 it h ad a l r ead y 32 m em bers and 2 8 fram es
and a little la te r— 4 6 m em bers and 3 6 fram es w orking in two shifts. The
output h ad risen to 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 m etres o f cloth and the gross income to1 0 0 .0 0 0 zlotys (as com pared with 5 2 ,0 0 0 in 1 9 30).
M odelled upon this en terprise, a second “ O r t co-operative socie ty fo r
M echanical W e a v in g ” was opened in 193 7 in Lodz. Both co-operative
societies served a t the same time as a p lace fo r the tra in ing o f yo u n g Jew ish w orkers fo r m echanical weaving.
B U K O W I N A .
A step in the d irection o f industrial isation was m ad e tow ards the end o f the period u n d e r review in C ernauti (B ukow ina) , w here the O r t Commit
tee o f B ukowina crea ted, with the financial a id an d technical gu idance o f the
C en tra l B o ard , a tra in ing w orkshop fo r kn itw ear m a nu facture . T he p e r
m ission o f the Governm ent to open the w orkshop was u n fo r tuna te ly received
only in the m id d le o f 1937, so that ac tual work could not begin b e fo re Sep
tem ber o r O ctober 1937. T he safe m arket fo r the B ukowina knitw ear in d us try which was developed only in the last few yea rs a n d is controlled
chiefly by Jew ish en te rprises (but has no Jew ish fo rem en and no Jew ish
workers) p erm its to h o p e tha t this new experim ent will also be crowned with success.
— 65 —
S U M M A R Y
S u m m a ris ing the results o f the industrial isation work o f the ORT-Union the last seven years, we find :
1 •— D u ring this period the O rt spread a n etw ork o f 6 0 fac tories
a nd co llective w orkshops over the towns and tow nships o f the Soviet Union (U kraine, W hile R ussia , R .S .F .S .R ., B iro-B id jan)
and Poland , which provided work fo r nea rly 9,000 persons. All
en te rprises operate to the present day , and a g rea t n u m b er o f them had been brought by the O rt to such a degree o f technical
efficiency that they were g ra dua lly included into the genera l
system o f the Soviet State and co-operative industries.
2. Sev en ty two ivorkshops were organised in the villages o f Sou thern U kraine, C rim ea and Biro-B idjan, em ploying nearly 4,000 w or
kers. These workshops, too, are in good w orking condition.
3.— In several hun d re d com m unities o f Soviet R ussia , 70 0 Jew ish
co-operative organisations w ith n early 3 5 ,0 0 0 m em bers w ere
ca tered fo r . En tire branches o f Jewish co-operative and ar t isan industries were kept up and developed with the a id o f the financial resources o f the O rt, its m achinery , tools and raw m ater ia ls .
4.— The “Constructive Aid to R elatives” organised by the O rt created m eans fo r the existence o f about 4 ,0 0 0 declassed persons and contributed to the development o f hom e industries am ong
the Jew ish population o f the Soviet Union.
5.— Some 9,000 juveniles in the Soviet Union and n ea rly 4,500 young people in Po land were helped by the O rt to f in d access
to th e m edium and large-scale industries.
6.— At the end o f 1936 the industrialisation work o f the O rt em
braced 132 collective workshops, tra in ing w orkshops and facto ries, incluting 60 in urban localities and 72 in ag r icu l tu ra l settle
ments. They em ployed 10,396 men and women.
7. O ver 3 8 5 ,0 0 0 dollars ivere spent on industria lisa tion w ork in the
last seven years, not including the local resources o f the O rt Representative in the Soviet Union, nor the cap ita ls which the
genera l Soviet industrial co-operative organisa tions invested in
the factories and collective workshops at the instance o f the O rt.
O R T " - U N I O N
T H E S C O P E OF I TS C O N S T R U C T I V E
W O R K
AS OF J A N U A R Y 1937
-MB
»
O R T -U N IO NEXTENSION GEOGRAPHIQUE
DE L'ACTIVITE e n 1937
G E O G R A P H I C A L D I S T R I B U T I O N O F T H E A C T I V I T I E S O F T H E O R T - U N I O N IN 1 9 3 7( MA P D I S P L A Y E D IN T H E O R T - S T A N D AT T H E I N T E R N A T I O N A L EX HI BI TI ON . - P A R IS , 1 9 3 7 )
N U M B E R O F O R T I N S T I T U T I O N S E T C . . A S O F J A N U A R Y I 1 . 193"
1 4 0 V O C A T I O N A L T RA I NI N G I N S T I T U T I O N S .................................... Y EL LO W1 3 7 A G R I C U L T U R A L S E T T L E M E N T S ................... G R E E N1 3 3 C O O P E R A T I V E W O R K S H O P S A N D F A C T O R I E S B L U E
A B O U T 1 4 0 L O C A L O R T C O M M I T T E E S IN V A R I O U S C O U N T R I E S . . . RED
I_____
I. V O C A T I O N A L T R A I N I N G
CountryDay-schools
TechnicumW orkshops Perfection.
* special courses Institutions Total
POLAND.6618 28 20
T ra inees.............................. 1.824 1.386 1.369 — 4.579
RO UM ANIA.3114 10 1 6
T rainees.............................. 1 .0 0 2 401 14 262
LITH U A N IA .133 7 2
T ra inees.............................. 196 275 57 528
LATVIA.115 5
T ra inees.............................. 288 136 28 — 452
FRANCE.12 1 13
T ra in ees .............................. — 368 12 380
BULGARIA.1In stitu tions......................... 3
83T ra inees.............................. 70
GERM ANY.1
T ra inees .............................. 101 13 114
44 64 25 7 140
T ra inees............................ 3.481 2.594 1.480 262
I I . A G R I C U L T U R E I II . I N D U S T R I A L I S A T I O N
Country Colonies l-'amll les
SO VJET-RUSSIA. 51 3.216
PO L A N D ................. 61 1.300 1
BESSA RA BIA. . 24 650 |
[F R A N C E ............... 1 26
T o t a l .................... 137 5.192
(Factories, Workshops and other nitltutlons)
Country Number Workers
S O V IET-RUSSIA : in the towns and tow nships........... 53 6.862
in the colonies & collect, farm s 73 3.192
P O L A N D .............. 7 136 1
T o t a l .................... 133 10.190 |
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RUFFENACH - MONTROUGE
nO R T -U N IO N
FED ERA TIO N O F S O C IE T IE S FO R TH E PROM OTION O F H U M S AND AGRICULTURE AMONG TH E JE W S
CENTRAL BOARD
Henri BODENHEIM ER, PtMklent. Proleisor Wffilmm OUALID nod Dr L em ZADOC-KAHN, Vice-President,.
CHOTHAL llXgomVB COMMITIKK
Leon BRAMSON, President. David LVOVITCH and Aron SYNGALOW SKI, Vice-Présidents.
AFFILIATED ORGANISATIONS :
F r a n c e : Société ORT, 12, rue des Saule*.Honorary President : Professor ISRAEL LEVI, Chief
Administrative Council :
Dr Léon ZADOC-KAHN, President
M. PIERRE DREYFUS. Vice-Pretident M. JOSEPH MEYBROVrrCH. Vlcé-I
Parliamentary Advisory Council :President : M. Edouard HERRIOT, late Prime IV
of the Chamber of Deputi,
Vice-President : M. Justin GODART. Senator, form. Minister,
Ir. B r i ta in ! British O R T-O ZE Committee, 113, High Holbom, LORD ROTHSCHILD. President
COL. J, K. LEVEY. Hon. Treasurer
ORT-Sodety. 133. High A. HALPBRN. Esq.,
• - , Parliamentary Advisory Council President: Lord MARLEY.
U.S.A.i American ORT Federation. 212. Fifth B Ï& VLÀDECK, President
LOUIS B. BOUDIN, Acting
President : Robert F. WAGNER, Senator
20A/32539/686.
Genbve, le 7 avril 1938.
Monsieur,
J'ai l'honneur d'accuser réception le votre lettre
en date du 4 avril I938, par laquelle vous avez fait parvenir
au Secrétariat de la Société des Nations un rapport sur
1 'activité de votre organisation au oours des années 1930-1936.
Veuillez agréer, Monsieur, les assuranceh de na considé
ration distinguée.
Direction centrale de 1 1"Ort" - Union,
I-j , .v^nue Vlotor-Hugo,Paris, XVIemo.
m t h compliments.
m,,.
T(R eprin ted f rom the "K ew A dvertiser ,’^ /6 /1938)
E m ig ra t io n
PR O PO SE D JE W IS H COLONY
E ditor, “ Kew A dvertiser ,"
The v astness of A ustra l ia is shown in the Melbourne " A rg us" W eek-end M agazine of M ay 21. A us tra l ia is la rg e r than all the following countr ie s p u t to g e th e r:—P r a n c e ................ 213,000 sq. milesCzechoslovakia . . ■ ■ 55,000 „ „H u n g a r y ............. 36,180 „ „R o u m a n i a ......... 123,000 „ „G reece ................... 50,000 ,, „P o r t u g a l ............. 34,600 „ „N o r w a y .............. 125,000 „ „B u l g a r i a ............. 40,000 „ „T urkey-in-Europe . . 10,000 „ „D e n m a r k ............ 15,000 „ „B e lg iu m .............. 11,750 „ „S w i t z e r l a n d ...... 16,000 „ „H o l l a n d .............. 13,214 „ „P o l a n d ............... 115,000 „ „S w e d e n .............. 173,000 „ „A l b a n i a .............. 12,000 „ „B ritish Isles . . . . . • 121,630 „ „G erm any & A u str ia 213,980 „ „Spain . 200,000 „ „I t a l y .................... 120,000 „ „
A ustral ia , though so immense, has a popula tion of about 6,850,000 per sons. The countries above-mentioned l.ave a population of approxim ately 357,740,000 persons. Three hundred and fifty-seven millions in round
The recent cable news th a t fifteen millions of the w orkers of the United Kingdom a re covered by insurance a g a in s t unem ploym ent is surely a complete answer to the question w hy e m ig ran ts will not, in la rge num bers, leave G reat B rita in fo r A ustra l ia . W hy should they? T here is no unem ploym ent insurance in A ustral ia , and m ay be, it will take some years before the Australi
G overnm ents will a g ree to m ake th a t m easure law.
M eanwhile, since we should have ...ore people to populate o u r em pty spaces, w hy n o t welcome the 2000 exiled Jew s who ask to be perm itted to establish a colony, or group se ttle m ent, in one of the A ustral ian S tate s
in the N o rth ern T er r i to ry ?Such a group would, no doubt,
prove a n inspiration a s well as a bulw ark to ou r nation.
T he Jew s, a s a class, a re lavv-abid- ing, and very ju s t . T hey a re sociable, kindly and generous.
The children o f those adult_ Jew s who have se ttled in A ustral ia in the pa s t, a re born A ustral ians; and some of these a re a m ongst ou r m ost d istinguished people. T here m ight be a m ongst the above-mentioned Jews, m any, who, if allowed to come to A ustral ia , would produce m any citizens of the calibre of an ex-Governor General—happ ily sti ll w ith us— and a g r e a t m il ita ry and industria l gen eral whoh a s passed on.
The group se ttlem en t or colonv would include much-needed farm ers, industria lis ts and educationists. The colony would no t be a c h arg e on the G overnments, or need n o t be, f o r any money advanced to th e se ttle rs would be by w ay of a loan a t a low ra te of in te rest , and th a t money would be paid back, a s indeed i t ought to be by all successful im m igran ts who hi-ve been g ran te d passages or assisted passages. Thousands of Je w s a lready settled in A ustralia would be bound to a ss is t financially, and in o ther wavs, the ir new A ustra l ian b re th re n— as all Jew s a re re quired to do by th e ir religion. “ All p roper Jew s a re responsible f o r each o ther." The colony or group se ttle m e n t would soon be self-supporting , and its m embers sh a rin g in the ever- increas ing cos
W. G. IMfiLiSrTfcxSenator)
Weltîrieden.Sic kann die W e lt e rlô sen v o n A ngst u n d Kriegsgesdirci,
v on a lle r N o t u n d So rgen , v o n K âm pfen allerlei, sie w in k t aus allen E n d en . v o n O st, Süd . W es t u n d N ord , m it ed le r Nâchsten liebe u n d n im m t die Schrecken fort
fürs ganze E rden leben , dies gilt d e r ganzen W elt,
m it ih ren gro§en A rm e n v o n L iebe ganz durchseelt.S ie hei{$t MÜ b e r r e g i e r u n g “ , ist d u rd i u n d d u rd i neutral,
k an n a ile S tre ite schlichten von nun an im m erdar.Lcgt d od i d a s Kriegsbeil n ieder, v erg rab ts in tiefer E rd ,
w en n a u f d e r E rd e F rieden , w a s nüf}t Euch noch ein Schwert.
W erf t a b v o n E u re n S chultern die grofje, sd iw ere Last,
d ie E u d i ja se lb st sd io n lange bedrückte o h n e Rast.
D u brauchst n id its zu verlieren, o b B auer, K aiser, Fürst,
w en n D u n u r gut verw a lte s t u n d ed les V orb ild bist fü r G ro g - u n d Kleinbezirke, je nadi d em B reitegrad, es w ird n id its m e h r vernichtet, d em A u f b a u gilt d ie Saat.
D e n n nadi w ie v o r herrsch t O rd n u n g , w o fü r D u sorgen mufjt,
da§ n iem and m eh r v erarm e, sei D ir dies Ziel bewujjt, w e r w ei§ v o n u n s w ie lange d e r E inze lne d od i lebt, w c n n heu t noch grog und mâditig, oft m orgen schon verw elk t.
D ru m d e n k ans G rofje -G anze , den n d as ist ganz gewifj:
N e u tra le W eltrcg ierung b r ing t un s d as P arad ie s !W en n aile gu ten W illens, V ernunft zeigt un s d en Weg.
ve rm e h r t die Lebensgüter, das fü h rt a llein zum Steg -
des w aliren E rden fr ied en s , w o n iem and w a s verliert, das G lüdc ve rm e h r t s id i tâglidi, w enns V o lk w ird gu t regiert, d e r Reichste w a r d e r A rm ste , v o n A n g s t u n d S o rg en bleidi.
es soil nicht a iles a rm sein, nein, a ile w e rd e n reich!
N e u tra le kluge M anner, d ie nehm cn s id i d ru m an.
d a s Lebensgu t verte ilen. ganz gleich fü r jederm ann,
e in b e s s re r K lim aw ed ise l fü r P flanze , T ie r u n d M ensdi,
v e rd o p p e lt das E rtrâgnis , d a s un s die E r d e schenkt.
W ir m üssen n u r gut w âh len nad i Saatgut, Plats u n d D ung,
viel b e sse r noch s tud ie ren d ie Weltgesefcgebung!
Laf>t a lten H a d e r ruhen , dafiir w in k t u n s zum L ohn:
aus Molle w ird ein H im m el m it d ie se r Religion.
W as nüftf d e r s ta rkste G la u b e m it p râd itig he lls lem Schein, w e n n w ir d a n n d u rd i V ereh ru n g und D e m u t b le iben klein, o b B uddha . Islam, Jesus, das b le ib t sich im m er gleich,
w ie sie gelebt, gestorben . m adif u n s nichl a rm nod i reidi.
denn jed e r m ug d o d i se lbe r sich h eben hoch zum Licht, es kann un s k e in e r helfen, w as m an u n s au th verspricht,
es w a re a iles L üge u n d s im pler M ensd ienw ahn . die S chôpfung h a t gezeidinet, jedem v o n u n s d ie Bahn!
K ehr u m v o m irren W ege , such selbsf in D i r D e in I c h , verlag Dich nicht a u f and re , die w issen se lbe r nichts, beschau D ir die U m gebung, forsd i' D e in e r H e rk u n f t Ziel.
da n n ôffnet s id i D e in A u g e - u n d le rn s t im L eb en viel!
In e inzelnen Sem es te rn , sogar be i jedem Blick.
sagt D i r die Schôpfung ailes u n d fü h r t Dich hoch zum Glück.
E rk e n n e h ie r au f E rd e n , w as falsch ist o d e r edit,
den n n u r a llein d ie Schôpfung, d ie macht es im m e r red it.
H ast D u sie red it v e rs tan d en in D einem Schulbesuch, dan n sage es d em andern , w e n n e r u m R a t Dich ruft,
dag allés, w as die M enschen m it ih ren A u g en sehn, ob s ie es noch so lieben, e s w ird e inm al vergehn um N eu e s z u ersdiaffen. e r s teh n in a n d re r P rad it ,
das ist d e r ew ge W edisel. w as Schopfungsw andel sdiafft,
b is dag uns die E rk e n n tn is d ie W ah rh e i t u n s bew eist, d ru m forsd ie im m er w e ite r m it ungebrochenem Fleig.
W as w i r n id it k ô n n en fassen, w eil u n s n od i fehlt d e r S inn,
w ir m üssen eb en w arten , b is w ir vered e lt sind.N a d i S d iô p fu n g s grogem P lane , kom m t auch fiir u n s die Zeit,w en n w ir die W e lt ers t kennen. d a n n s ind w ir b a ld so weit.
N ehm t h in noch schnell e in G le id in is : Z w ei K in d e r sp ie len Ball.
d o d i jedes w ill e s a n d e rs - u n d so is t 's überall,ob Industrie , ob H andel, bei S p o r t u n d Politik .
es ist zu allem notig. v o n D ritten die Krilik,die R egeln und d ie N o rm e n . n eu tra les Schiedsgeridit,
d a n n finden sich d ie F o rm e n u n d gutes G leidigew icht,dag aile k ônnen spielen, zu L ande , L u ft u n d M eer,
N e u t r a l i t a t hilft im m er, Krieg gibts dan n n iem als m ehrl
E i n F r i e d e n s a p o s t e l .
5)1830 in g e le g m h e i t , welohe z -Z t . beinahe d ie gauze Welt be-
s c h a f t i g t , 1 s t e in e re lu e Geld- und Basse n f ra g e , vjelche durch An-
hâufung von Austauschgü t e m ta einem a u ff& l l ig e n M isa v e rh a lto is
en ta tanden 1 s t . Bin. a u f f â l l i g e s M iasv e rh a ltn is r t ih r t davon h e r ,
dasa zu hohe P ro v is io n en bezw. Han delsgewinne genoramen, Oder dasa
zu hohe H onorsrforderungen f t i r f f r e ib e r u f le r und K ü n a tle r v e r la n g t
und genehmigt wurden • Ob ea s ich tun B inze lpe raonen , G e se l la c h a f te n ,
B e l ig io n sa e k te n , Oder tun ganze le n d e r h a n d e l t , i a t g l e ic h g ü l t ig ,
maaagebmd i a t das a u f f â l l i g e M ia a v e rh a l tn is bezüg lich VermCgen
und M achtbefugn isae . Bin so lc h e r ÎTeid i a t in der T ie rw e lt wie b e i
den lienschen von je h e r a u i Grund e in e s n a tü r l ic h e n S e lb a te rh a l -
tu n g a tr ie b s vorhanden gewesen. Wird irgend jemand b e n e id e t , ao i s t
e r m e is te a te i l s a e l b a t da ran schu ld wenn e r e in a u f fS l l ig e a M iss
v e r h â l ta i s herbe ig e fü h r t h a t , es i s t a us diesem Grunde auch unraOg-
l i c h , e in e dauem de Zufriec e n h e i t zu gc ran t i e r e n , wenn n i c h t e in e
m dglichste G-leichberechtigung aui' rtllen. G-ebiectii e r z i e l t w ird. In
IiSndem und Geoeinden, wo noch a l t e , ego i s t i a o h e An s ic h t en und Ge-
ae tze gepflogoi» v e r t r e te n und gesch ti tz t w erden, i s t es B inzelnen
immer noch mdglich, durch r a f f i n i e r t e Vertr&ge Oder b e g ü n stig te
In d u s tr iezw eig e e t c . abnorm groaae Vermtigen zu erw erben, welche
durch normale B etatigungen niem ala zu e rz ie le n w ëren.
L o t t e r i e e n , Wetten und S p ek u la tio n en a l l e r A rt b ie te n e in e
abnorme G elegenheit und tnüsaen zw angslâufig In der ganzen Welt be-
kâmpft werden* Bs a o i l n ic h t von e in e r a b ao lu ten G le ich h e it d ie
Bede a e in , we i l n i c h t a l l e Henschen g le ic h begabt und g le ic h
l e i s t u n g s f âh ig a i n d , sondern ea h a n d e l t a ic h e ln z ig und a l l e i n um
a u f f ë l l i g e M iaaverh& ltn isae , welche a ich durch ih ren k raaaen U nter-
ach ied kennzeichnen; d a fü r muss e in e Grenze f e s tg e l e g t werden.
Der Hauptzweck s o l i s e i n , den an a tan. d ig a i , e h r b a r e n , f i e i s a i g e n
M enachen v o r A usbeutung zu a c h t i t z e n . Der b i s h e r i g e S ta n d p u n k t
b e z ü g l . d e r O e ld f ra g e b e t r i f f t a l l e Men an hen und Baaaen g l e i o h .
Waa dem e in a n v e rb o te n 1 s t , kann dem A nderen n i o h t e r l a u b t w erd en .
Hun g i b t e a a b e r Haaaen und B e l ig io n s g e m e in s c h a f t e n , w e lo h e s i c h
e l n b i l d e n , ganz b ea o n d e re b e v o rz u g te B e o h te a u f d ieaem P la n e tan.
zu b e a i t z e n und a i c h d e a h a lb in a l l e g u t en G e b ie te dea P l a n e t e n s
v e r t e i l e n , um a i c h den H onig zu aam oeln -o h ne a i c h s e l b a t irg e n d w ie
p r o d u k t i v zu b e t a t i g e n - w elohen a l o h d i e a r b e i t e n d e n Menaohen
d u r c h ih r e n f f l e i s s g e a p a r t h a b a n . D ie s e r Z u a tan d ü b e r a t e i g t b e l
w eitem e i n e G le i c h b e re o h t ig u n g , denn wenn mai a i c h an e in e o E r t r â g -
n i a b e t e i l i g e n w i l l , muaa man a i c h au oh an d e r i n - und Auf b a u a r b e i t
b e t e i l i g e n w o l l e n . Ea i a t k e i n e B n ts c h u ld ig u n g , wenn a i c h e i n a o lo h
e i f r i g e r Sammler auoh a n g e s t r a n g t h a t , urn den a o g e n a n n te n H onig im
S chw eiaae s e i n e s Anges i c h t s geaam m elt z u ha b e n , s o n d e m a o g a r n o c h
z u t a d e l n , wenn e r z u v i e l g e a r b e i t e t h a t , zum N a c h t e i l a n d e r e r
M enachen. B in a o le h e r Z u a tand i a t u n h a l t b a r und wenn i n einem l a n d
a o lc h e S k la v e n f e a s e ln g e a p r e n g t w erden , w ird d i e D e to n a t io n von den
U a c h b a r la n d e r n vemommen und d ad u rc h z u r U e b e rp rü fu n g und E r k e n n t -
n i a a n g e r e g t und f a l l s e in e a o l c h e B e v o lu t io n g e r e c h t e r a c h e i n t ,
auch w e i t e r v e r b r e i t e t .
Kachdem e dne a o l c h e B e v o lu t io n z . Z t . a chon im G-ange i a t , muss
man s i c h s c h l e u n ig s t m it e i n e r b ra u c h b a re n IC sung d i e s e s U e b e l -
s ta n des b e f a s a e n , um d ad u rc h n i c h t den g esam ten W i r t s c h a f t s a b l a u f
zu s t d r e n und ktïnnen zwei Wege a l a g a n g b a r v o r g e s c h l a g e n w erden:
1 ) S& m tliche M enachen, w elche d u rch ih r e n t i b e r s t e i g e r t e n Egoism us
e i n a u f f â l l i g e s M i s s v e r h â l t n i s b e z ü g l ic h i h r e r VermOgensv e r h â l t n i s s e
k o n s t r u i e r t h a b e n , werden b i s zum D u rch sch n it tsv e rm O g en e i n e a B u rg e rs
i n dem b e t r e f f e n d e n L and , wo a i e s i c h z . Z t . a u f h a l t e n , e n t e i g n e t
und e i n e r p r o d u k t iv en A r b e i t z u g e f ü h r t , um i h r L e b e n s - und f f a a t r e c h t
t o asm b e t r . l a n d z u h e g r ü n d e n . D ie p r o d u c t i v e B e t a t i g m g m ü a a ta
w i e d e r i n p r o z e n t u a l e n V e rh K L tn ia d e r v o r h a n d e n e n B e r u f a a r t e n w r -
t e i l t w a r d e n , w o b e i a u f daa l e b e n a a l t e r u n d d i e l e i a t u n g a f S M g k e i t
R i io k a i c h t z u nelroan. i a t . m i t e r e in e m a n d e r m S e a i o h t a p u n k t h a t i l b e r -
h a u p t k e i n e i n z i g e r W e l tb e w o h n e r a i n i n r e o h t a u f B m a h m n g , W ohnung,
K l e i d u n g unci V e r g n ü g e n .
2 ) M e n s c h e n , w e lc h e a i c h d u r c h I h r a a o z i a l e a V e r h a l t e n dm . H aas
e i n e r B e v t i l k e ru n g z u g e z o g e n h a ben. u n d a u a d i e a e m G ru n d e e i n Z uaam -
m enw ohnen o i t d e r ü b r i g o t B e v d l k e r u n g n i c h t m ehr r a t a a m e r a o h e i n t ,
k d n n e n i n e i n n o c h n i c h t a n g e b a n t e s L a n d v e r w i e s e n w e r d e n , a e l b a t -
v e r a t a n d l i c h n ao h d em d i e V e rm ü g e n a a u a g le I s h u n g im D u r c h a c h n i t t d e r
b e t r . L a n d e a b e v d lk e r u n g a z a h l e r f o l g t i a t . D ie a e a L a n d w ü rd e u n t e r
i n t e m a t i o n a l e r A u f a i c h t d u r c h d i e A u s g e w ie s e n e n a n g e b a u t , w o b e i im
i n f a n g L e h r k r a f t e f ü r d i e v e r a c h i e d e n e n H a n d w e rk e r z w e ig e g e a t e l l t
w e r d e n , g e g e n B e z a h lu n g v o n dem n o o h v e r b l e i b e n d e n V erm dgen d e r Aua
g e w i e a e n e n . Daa b e t r . L a n d m tis s te i n s e i n e r G rQ sse s o b e r e o h n e t s e i n ,
d a s a e i n e a u s r e i c h e n d e L e b e n s m t ig l i c h k e i t g e w s h r l e i s t e t w a r e , f fiir d e n
Grund un d Bo den m xiss te e in e E a ch tsu m m e b e z a h l t w e rd e n z u r D eokung
d e r V e r w a l tu n g s k o s t e n un d f i i r d i e O b e r a u f s i c h t e i n e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l e n
K o m m ia a io n .
Das G e r e c h t i g k e i t s g e f i i h l d e r g e s a m te n W e l t b e v d lk e r u n g m uss a u fV e r b r e o h e r
a i l e f f â l l e g e a o h t e t w e rd e n u n d je d e m XjEdPxamx&sx m ü s s t e d i e G -e leg en -
h e i t g e b o te n w e r d e n , s i c h z u e in e m e h r b a r e n M e n sc h e n b e s s e m z u k O n -
n e n d u r c h d i e E r k e n n t n i s s e i n e r be g a n g en en f f e h l e r .
E i n e L a n d e s v e r w e i s u n g , o h n e d a s s d e r A u s g e w ie s e n e e i n e w e i t e r e
L e b e n a m d g l i c h k e i t h â t t e , w are e in e m T o d e s u r t e i l g l e i c h w e r t i g .
Ob e i n e V /lede rg â tm a c h u n g s -A k 1 1 on f u r S c h â d e n d e r V e r g a n g e n h e i t
i n S 'r a g e kommaa. a o l l t e , m uss man d e r i n t e r n a t io n a l e n . A u f s i c h t s -
k o m m ia s la n ü b e r l a a a e n . ^
Magnetopath
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-, impositions en vue de résoudre la .mestion juive.
i l 'U u - -**’*' ■La question est essentiellement une
question d'argent et de race. Le mal vient de ce que
certains jr élèvent de trop grands bénéfices commerciaux
ou exigent une rémunération trop élevée de leurs ser
vices, ce qui suscite l'envie des autres. C'est pourquoi
tout accroissement brusque et injustifié de la fortune
(spéculations, loteries) doit être entpâèhtÉ dans le monde
entier.
Cette vérité s'applique à toutes le s races
humaines ; mais il en est certaines qui, abeilles trop
çliligtentes, r 3sent par un travf.il exegéré et, partant,
blâmable, une trop grande fortune au détriment des
autres.^Pour remédier à cet état de choses, il convient
dë prendre les mesures ci-après:
1) Tous ceux qui, grâce à leur égoïsme, ont
acquis une fortune exagérée, doivent être dépossédés
de la fraction de leu* bière dépassant la fortune moyenne
d'un ressortissant lu pays et être astreints l se livrer
à un travail productif. L'activité productive sera ré
partie au prorata des diverses professions, compte tenu
de l'âge et de la capacité des intéressés.
2) Ceux qui se sont attiré la haine de la
collectivité dans laquelle ils vivent seront expulsés
et, après que leurs biens auront été ramenés au niveau
sus-indiqué, transférés dans un pays neuf qu'ils mettront
en valeur sous la surveillance d'une commission inter
nationale défrayée par ;rél ôvementy sur le reliquat du
patrimoine des expulsés.
Pour satisfaire au sentiment de justice de
la population mondiale, t.::t criminel aura ainsi la
possibilité de se réhabiliter; personne ne pourra être
H
r “1expu lsé sans que set >*i=» s o i t a s s u r é e a i l l e u r s , f a u t e de
quoi l ’e x p u ls io n é q u iv a u t à une condamnation à m o r t .
La commission i n t e r n a t i o n a l e aurafct ù d é c id e r
s ' i l y a l i e u d ' a c c o r d e r des dommages e t i n t é r ê t s pour
u ssé .
:/
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\Ar- __J e w i s h T e l e g r a p h i c Agen cy ,
September 21st, 1939.
>BRITISH GUIANA REFUGEESETTL3MEHT FLANS TE'^OR/^ILY_3USPSNDED OVÏÏNG TO WAS C0L6MIAL SEMMl'Ahif BTA-Jila,.
London, Sept.20th. (Jewish Telegraphic Agency).Plans for carrying out the proposed scheme for
settlement of Jewish refugees in British Guiana havebeen suspended for the time being owing to the ° tbrealc of tne wer^ the Colonial Secretary, Mr.Malcolm MacDonald, informed the
of Conmons^today. ^ ^ q„E6tlo„ ty Mr. Roland Robinson as to what progress had been made with the scheme for settlement of J°!£sh refugees In the interior of the country, the Colonial Secretary saicl that the voluntary organisations In this °°^ntry had b on the point of establishing a corporation to carry out tne. scheme/but 9wing to the outbreak of war action had oeen /suspended for the time being. /