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Page 1: REVUE D’ARCHÉOLOGIE ET D’HISTOIRE ANCIENNE. Gramaticu.pdfRezumat: În cadrul săpăturilor arheologice din anii 1980, de la Histria a fost descoperit un pond de plumb de formă

ACADÉMIE ROUMAINE INSTITUT D’ARCHÉOLOGIE « V. PÂRVAN »

D A C I A

R E V U E D ’ A R C H É O L O G I E E T D ’ H I S T O I R E A N C I E N N E

NOUVELLE SÉRIE

LIX

2015

EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE

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RÉDACTION Rédacteur en chef :

ALEXANDRU VULPE

Collège de rédaction :

MARIA ALEXANDRESCU VIANU (Bucureşti), ALEXANDRU AVRAM (Le Mans), DOUGLAS W. BAILEY (San Francisco), MIHAI BĂRBULESCU (Cluj-Napoca), PIERRE DUPONT (Lyon), SVEND HANSEN (Berlin), ANTHONY HARDING (Exeter), RADU HARHOIU (Bucureşti), ATTILA LÁSZLÓ (Iaşi), SILVIA MARINESCU-BÎLCU (Bucureşti), MONICA MĂRGINEANU-CÂRSTOIU (Bucureşti), VIRGIL MIHAILESCU-BÎRLIBA (Iaşi), JEAN-PAUL MOREL (Aix-en-Provence), IOAN PISO (Cluj-Napoca), CLAUDE RAPIN (Aix-en-Provence), WOLFRAM SCHIER (Berlin), VICTOR SPINEI (Iaşi)

Rédacteur en chef adjoint :

FLORIAN MATEI-POPESCU

Comité de rédaction :

CRISTINA ALEXANDRESCU, ALEXANDRU DRAGOMAN, EUGEN NICOLAE, ALEXANDRU NICULESCU, CONSTANTIN C. PETOLESCU, DANIEL SPÂNU

Secrétaire de rédaction : RALUCA KOGĂLNICEANU

Rédaction éditoriale : MONICA STANCIU Informatique éditoriale : LUIZA STAN

Toute commande sera adressée à :

EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE, Calea 13 Septembrie nr. 13, sector 5, 050711, Bucureşti, România ; Tél. 4021-318 8146, 4021-318 8106, Fax 4021-318 2444, E-mail : [email protected]

ORION PRESS IMPEX 2000 S.R.L., P. O. Box 77–19, sector 3, Bucureşti, România ; Tél./Fax : 4021-610 6765, 4021-210 6787, Tél. 0311 044 668, E-mail : [email protected]

S.C. MANPRESS DISTRIBUTION S.R.L., Piaţa Presei Libere, nr. 1, Corp B, Etaj 3, Cam. 301–302, sector 1, Bucureşti, Tel.: 4021 314 63 39, fax: 4021 314 63 39, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], www.manpress.ro

Les manuscrits et les périodiques proposés en échange, ainsi que toute correspondance seront adressés à la Rédaction : Institut d’Archéologie « V. Pârvan », 11, rue H. Coandă, 010667 Bucarest, Roumanie, Tél./Fax 4021 212 88 62, E-mail : [email protected] ; [email protected]

© 2 0 1 6 , E D I T U R A A C A D E M I E I R O M Â N E www.ear.ro

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DACIA N.S., tome LIX, Bucarest, 2015, p. 3-388

ACADÉMIE ROUMAINE

INSTITUT D’ARCHÉOLOGIE «V. PÂRVAN»

D A C I A L I X , 2 0 1 5

R E V U E D ’ A R C H É O L O G I E E T D ’ H I S T O I R E A N C I E N N E J O U R N A L O F A R C H A E O L O G Y A N D A N C I E N T H I S T O R Y ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR ARCHÄOLOGIE UND GESCHICHTE DES ALTERTUMS Ж У Р Н А Л А Р X Е О Л О Г И И И Д Р Е В Н Е Й И С Т О Р И И

ÉTUDES MONICA MĂRGINEANU CÂRSTOIU, De l’architecture hellenistique de Callatis: une expression originale du style

ionique ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...…… STELUŢA GRAMATICU, On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period ……………………………. GEORGE CUPCEA, Careers in the guard of the Dacian Governor ……………………………………………………… FELIX MARCU, GEORGE CUPCEA, Recent developments in the fort of Bologa and on the northwestern Dacian

limes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ROBERT GINDELE, Die römerzeitlichen Barbarensiedlungen von Livada/Ciuperceni – Photovoltaik-Anlage GPSP

Solaris und Supuru de Sus – Togul lui Cosmi. Neue Angaben bezüglich der rechteckigen Gruben mit gebrannten Wänden aus dem 2.-5. n. Chr. im oberen Theiss-Becken ……………………………………………………….

DANIELA TĂNASE, Considerations on the archaeology of the Early Migrations Period in Banat …………………… DANIEL-CĂLIN ANTON, Ethnische und chronologische Verhältnisse im Gräberfeld Nr. 3 von Brateiu, Siebenbürgen DANIELA MARCU ISTRATE, Byzantine influences in the Carpathian Basin around the turn of the millennium. The

pillared church of Alba Iulia …………………………………………………………………………………….. NOTES ET DISCUSSIONS FRED C. WOUDHUIZEN, The Sea Peoples: superior on land and at the sea …………………………………………… ADRIAN BĂLĂŞESCU, VALENTIN RADU, MIHAI CONSTANTINESCU, SORIN-CRISTIAN AILINCĂI,

Animal exploitation in Babadag culture. Satu Nou – Valea lui Voicu site (Oltina, Constanța County) ………….. EMILIAN TELEAGA, Die La-Tène zeitlichen Grabfunde aus Brateiu, jud. Sibiu, Rumänien. Ein Beitrag zum

Grabwesen Siebenbürgens ………………………………………………………………………………………. ALEXANDER RUBEL, Afterlife and the living. The Arginusae trial and the omission of burying the dead ……………….. CORIOLAN HORAŢIU OPREANU, A detachment of the legio VII Gemina Felix at Porolissum. When and why? …… FLORIN-GHEORGHE FODOREAN, Distances along the Roman roads in the ancient itineraries: from Britannia to

Asia. A short comparison ………………………………………………………………………………………... CRISTINA MUJA, ADRIAN IONIŢĂ, Sexual dimorphism and general activity levels as revealed by the diaphyseal

external shape and historical evidence: case study on a medieval population from Transylvania ……………….. SERGEY BOCHAROV, ANDREY MASLOVSKY, AYRAT SITDIKOV, The beginning of glazed ceramics production

in the Southeast Crimea during the last quarter of the 13th century – the first quarter of the 14th century …………… CĂTĂLIN NICOLAE POPA, Late Iron Age archaeology in Romania and the politics of the past ………………………

5 21 49

67

83 127 153

177

215

227

241 277 299

311

319

329 337

S O M M A I R E C O N T E N T S I N H A L T

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ÉPIGRAPHIE CONSTANTIN C. PETOLESCU, Notes prosopographiques (VIII) …………………………………………………….. RAINER WIEGELS, Zwei gestempelte Silberbarren und ein spätantiker Goldbarren aus Crasna (Rumänien) …………. COMPTES RENDUS Ion Țurcanu, Antichitatea greco-romană la Nistru de Jos și în teritoriile învecinate, Editura Cartier, Chișinău, 2014,

760 p., 238 fig. (Thibaut Castelli) ………………………………………………………………………………… Ennio Sanzi, Iuppiter Optimus Maximus Dolichenus. Un “culto orientale” fra tradizione e innovazione: riflessioni

storico-religiose (I Saggi, 52), Roma, 2013, 398 p. (Florian Matei-Popescu) …………………………………… Materiale și Cercetări Arheologice (serie nouă), X, 2014, București, Editura Academiei Române, 300 p. (Liana Oţa)….. ABRÉVIATIONS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

363 371

377

378 379

383

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DACIA N.S., tome LIX, Bucarest, 2015, p. 21-47

ON THE METROLOGY OF THE CITY OF ISTROS IN THE AUTONOMOUS PERIOD

STELUȚA GRAMATICU*

Keywords: weight, standard weight, Istros, Tomis, Callatis Abstract: A lead weight was discovered during the excavations at Istros from the 1980’s, on street A, in a Hellenistic layer. It has a triangular shape and weights 220 g. In an attempt to date this weight, we ordered chronologically and metrologically the weights known from literature. Thus, the use of different standard weights during various periods was noticed: standard 840 g between 480/475-413/410 BC, standard 700-680g between 410-380(360/350) BC, standard 680-600 g between 380 (360/350)-330 BC, standard 580 g between 330-300 BC, standard 480 g between 300-± 255 BC, and standard 436 g between ± 255 BC until the beginning of the 1st century AD. Cuvinte-cheie: pond, etalon ponderal, Histria, Tomis, Callatis Rezumat: În cadrul săpăturilor arheologice din anii 1980, de la Histria a fost descoperit un pond de plumb de formă triunghiulară, de 220 g, pe strada A, într-un strat din epoca elenistică. Încercarea de a data acest pond ne determină să propunem o ordonare cronologică şi ponderală a pondurilor cunoscute în literatura de specialitate. Astfel, se observă folosirea următoarelor etaloane în anumite perioade: etalon 840 g între anii 480/475-413/410 a.Chr., etalon 700-680 g între anii 410-380 a.Chr., cu prelungire către 360/350 a.Chr., etalon 680-600 g între anii 380 (cu prelungire în 360/350 a.Chr.)-330 a.Chr., etalon 580 g între anii 330-300 a.Chr., etalon 480 g între anii 300- ± 255 a.Chr. şi etalon 436 g între anii ± 255 a.Chr., până la începutul sec. I p.Chr.

The purpose of the present study is to present a lead weight discovered in the Greek city of Istros, on the shore of the Sinoe Lake, in Dobroudja, in the 1980’s (pl. 1/31). The weight was discovered during the excavation research conducted by Maria Coja on street A1, in a Hellenistic layer. The first attempt to publish the find belonged to Radu Ocheşeanu, who even announced the title of a future article, but whose intention was never materialized2.

The weight has a triangular shape, with a protruding edge with a triangular cross-section and a rectangular perforation in the upper register. The preservation state is bad; the weight is very worn and oxidized, most of it being covered by a white-grey patina. Identifying the iconographic elements was very difficult, especially due to the fact that it has been partially destroyed since ancient times: circular rubbing of the surface with a rough object and the repeated application of a small quadratic hallmark have left visible traces.

Pb 220 g; 82.7 × 83.1 × 85 mm (the base); the thickness of the edge varies from 6.9 to 10.6 mm. Obv. [I]CTP[I] most likely, with the partially conserved. Δ – [A] letters below. Bust to the right side, placed inside a protruding frame made from three parallel lines. On this side, the weight was hit several times with a quadratic hallmark. Rv. A sea eagle with closed wings, holding a dolphin in its claws to the right. The edge has a similar shape, with a border made of three lines. The image is partially visible in the lower register, on the left side, because the piece was rubbed in the circular manner with a heavy object in the right side.

                                                            * The Municipal Museum of Bucharest – George Severeanu Museum; [email protected]. 1 The weight is preserved in the numismatic collection of the “Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology from Bucharest. 2 Ocheşeanu 1992-1993, p. 243 and note 9, where he affirm his intention to publish this object with Maria Coja

and Gheorghe Poenaru Bordea.

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22 Steluţa Gramaticu 2

Taking into account the unwelcomed interventions, it is clear that the lead ingot was much heavier in ancient times, by at least several tens of grams. Most likely, the bust on the obverse is a representation of Hermes, with petasos, an image used very often by the city of Istros. However, the poor state of preservation prevents a definitive identification.

Due to the low number of weights known so far, the metrology of the city of Istros has been studied less extensively. In the following pages, we will try to provide a review of the currently published weights as mentioned in the literature, thus offering a more coherent image of the modifications of the weight standard used in Istros.

The earliest discovered piece (pl. 6/12) was published in 1912 by the collector R. Netzhammer3. The weight had been discovered in 1910 in the perimeter of Istros and found its way to D.G. Ionescu, administrator of the state fisheries from Tulcea County. The latter gave the find to Netzhammer for publication. Later on, this piece was used by L. Ruzicka in his study dedicated to the coin issues of the Pontic cities4 and also by C. Moisil, who attempted a review of these objects from Istros, Tomis and Callatis5. The latter states that the piece is kept in the Numismatic Cabinet of the Library of the Romanian Academy. The weight has a square shape, with an elongated handle. On the obverse, the emblem of the city, a sea eagle and a dolphin to the left, is represented, and the legend OΓΔO appears. The reported weight is 79 g and it is one eighth of a mina, according to the inscription.

The second Istrian weight (pl. 13/35) belonged to D. Butculescu and was kept by the National Museum of Antiquities when it was published by G. Cantacuzino along with other weights from Tomis6. The lead piece is similar to the one mentioned above, also with a square shape, but without a handle. On one face the same sea eagle and dolphin, towards left, are represented, between the words that state the fact that the weight is one eighth of a mina: ΔA7 / OΓΔ(οόν). The preserved weight is 54.22 g, less than the first one.

Another weight (pl. 11/29) was discovered in 1955, during the archaeological excavations from Tariverde (Constanța County), a settlement from the rural territory of Istros. It was recovered from the northern part of the village, in sector II, from a Hellenistic level8. This weight has a circular shape. The emblem of the city is situated above the inscription MNA. In a good state of preservation, it weighs 472 g, the corresponding weight of a mina, according to the inscription.

Later, in 1957, another lead weight (pl. 3/3) in a very good shape of preservation was found in Istros, in the east part of the great wall9. Both sides display iconography. On the obverse, the bust of Hermes is shown, with a caduceus, the IΣTPI inscription and TE(τάρτε), representing a quarter of a mina. On the reverse the symbol of the city is depicted alongside the inscription AΓΟPA(νόμου) / ΦΑΝΟΚΛΚΕ10, the function and the name of the official responsible for the issue and control of the weights. The author of the study, C. Preda, dates the item in the first half of the 2nd century, based on the iconography of Hermes.

Another weight (pl. 2/1), different from those mentioned above, was found in Istros, in 1959, in the western part of the city11, in an archaic level (III) dated from 570/560 BC up to the last decade of the 6th century, when Istros was devastated by a powerful fire12. The weight is made of stone, more precisely serpentine, and was found inside a burnt house, together with a terracotta statue and a miniature cup. Based on pottery types, the archaeological complex was dated in 540-530 BC. The weight has a dark-green colour and the shape of a truncated cone. It was carefully polished, with the exception of the large base, on which

                                                            3 Netzhammer 1912, p. 7-8, fig. 7. 4 Ruzicka 1917, p. 76, no. 7 and p. 83, no. 26. 5 Moisil 1957, p. 259-260, nr. 1, pl. I, 1. 6 Cantacuzino 1927-1932, p. 604, no. 3, fig. 3. 7 G. Cantacuzino believes the letters ΔA represent a short form of the word ΔA(μοσíα), meaning the approval of

the weight by the city. However the word’s form is of Dorian origin, thus used only by Megarian cities such as Callatis, and not by the Ionian ones such as Istros or Tomis. It is thus more likely that the letters belong to the name of a magistrate.

8 Preda 1957, p. 302-305, fig. 3. 9 Preda 1958, p. 452-454. 10 ΦΑΝΟΚΛΚΕ is an erroneous form of ΦΑΝΟΚΛHΣ, probably as a result of the casting process, as Preda 1958,

p. 454. 11 The X sector, section XNV, archaic layer III, phase B. 12 Dimitriu, Iliescu, Comănescu 1973-1975, p. 213-214.

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3 On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period 23

a pentagon is depicted with traces of a bust and legend in the middle. Despite the fact that the state of preservation is very good, the item is chipped in places, making the determination of the original weight difficult. It is most likely a mina, with a preserved weight of 813 g, however the authors who first published it think that 837 g is a more probable number. They also considered that the weight might date from 540-530 BC, when the house was destroyed13.

In the modern village of Istria (Constanța County), situated at 7 km from the ancient city, another lead weight was found in 197314 (pl. 4/7). Rectangular in shape, it has on the obverse an unidentified protuberance probably representing the head of a goddess, and some traces of letters from the name of the agoranomos that can be read as ΣΟ[..]NH[.]. On the other side, the sea eagle and the dolphin towards left are depicted, alongside the inscription IΣTP / HM[I]. The weight is 315 g, half a mina.

The late Radu Ocheşeanu published another four lead weights, discovered by chance in Istros, in 1980, on the plateau alongside the roads that connected the city and the fish farm15. They all belonged to a private collection from Constanța and were to be donated to the Historical and Archaeological Museum of Constanța. However, it seems that their former owner changed his plans, as two of them were later given to the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, and published in a different study16 (pl. 7/15 and 8/21). Because of this, we will deal here only with the two weights that did not make their way to the United Kingdom. One of them (pl. 9/23) is rectangular in shape. On one side, the symbol of the city is depicted within a very carefully drawn edge17, while on the other nothing but traces of a bust can be identified. The item is very corroded and suffered impact damage several times, as shown by its deformations. The initial weight was affected by this, the preserved weight weighting only 506 g. Despite the fact that there is no unit mentioned on it, the weight is probably a mina.

The other piece (pl. 9/25) is a rectangular lead weight, severely damaged by prolonged use18. Nothing can be read anymore and only traces of the edge can be seen. On one side, a circular perforation affected the weight. Some traces of a graffiti, rudimentary executed, were made in a later period of time: the symbol of an ounce in the upper left side, as a Γ and an omicron much smaller ( ), alongside the inscription EΠΙ ΤΗΙ ΔΗ / ΜΗ 19 (of the people, of the city) that represent its approval by the authorized personnel20. Now, the weight has 72.06 g, a clue that it was initially used as an eighth of a mina and later reused, during the Roman-Byzantine times, as a three ounce weight.

Until now, eight weights from the autonomous period were published in the Romanian numismatic literature, alongside the weight described by us. Taking into account the fact that they belong to different standards, they offer little information about the Istrian monetary system.

However, in the last decade a very important study about the Istrian weights appeared, allowing us a clearer picture of the evolution of the metrological system21.

In 1996, an important collection of 42 weights from Istros, Tomis and Callatis were offered for sale on the United Kingdom’s collector’s market. In the end, they arrived at the Antiquity Department of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. They will by studied by Hans Casper Meyer in a detailed catalogue, organized by issuer, and also by their shape (square, rectangular or circular22). A total of 23 Istrian weights are published23 in this study, including the two weights published by Radu Ocheşeanu from the lot of four mentioned above24, a sufficient number to allow us a glimpse into the Istrian metrological system.

                                                            13 Dimitriu, Iliescu, Comănescu 1973-1975, p. 214. 14 Preda 1980. 15 Ocheşeanu 1992-1993, p. 241-248. 16 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 52, no. 4 and p. 54-55, no. 15. 17 Ocheşeanu 1992-1993, p. 244, no. 3, pl. II. 18 Ocheşeanu 1992-1993, p. 244-245, no. 4, pl. I –III. 19 The first author reads, erroneously, the inscription as EΠ(Ι) ΤΗΙ ΔΗ / ΓΡ, but the inscription is not clearly

engraved, rather scratched on the lead surface. 20 Ocheşeanu 1992-1993, p. 245. 21 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 41-76. 22 We address our gratitude to Mr. Hans Caspar Meyer for the information and the photos that he provided. 23Meyer 2001/2003, p. 51-56, no. 1-22; p. 58, no. 28, considered incerta, but produced also in Istros. 24 Ocheşeanu 1992-1993, p. 241-244, pl. I, no. 1 (= Meyer 2001/2003, p. 54-55, no. 15) and no. 2 (= Meyer

2001/2003, p. 52, no. 4).

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24 Steluţa Gramaticu 4

It was argued that there is no connection between the evolution of the monetary system of Istros and the metrological system25, but based on this new lot of 33 weights (31 mentioned above, the one described by us and another one, with a particular shape, with the Istros symbols, from the antiquity market), we can in fact prove that a connection exists.

The activity of the mint of Istros was subject to important contributions in the last decades26. The first issues were produced after the half of the 6th century BC, and comprise arrow-headed monetary signs. Within the territory of Istros, large quantities were discovered. They were cast until the first decades of the 5th century BC, when they were replaced by cast coins of the so-called “wheel type”. Parallel to the minting of wheel coins, Istros also begins minting silver coins with an average weight of 8.35 g, considered by modern scholars either attic standard didrachmae27, or Phocaic standard drachmae28.

An important argument for the use of the attic system is the influence Athens exercised on the northwestern coast of the Black Sea. Pericles’ naval expedition from the middle of the 5th century BC brought an important number of allies for Athens, inscribed in the famous tribute list of the Attic League29. The serpentine weight found on the plateau30 (pl. 2/1) seems to date from this period. The item was found in a burnt house that was dated by the authors in the early 540-530’s BC. However Suzana Dimitriu, in a study dedicated to the events which took place at the end of the 6th century, inclined towards a later dating of the destruction31. Petre Alexandrescu’s most recent research places the end of the last archaic layer from the plateau quarters (NA III) around the first quarter of the 5th century32.

The massive ash layer resulted from the fire is visible in the archaeological research from all over the city, the plateau quarters but also the Sacred Area, and the rural settlements from Tariverde and Sarinasuf. The Romanian archaeologist had shown that this destruction is connected with the Scythian attacks that followed King’s Darius expedition from 519/512 BC, attacks that continued for a certain period of time.

There is a possibility that the 813 g stone weight (837 g if we allow for wear and other scratches) was created at the beginning of the period when the first silver coins were minted at Istros (480/475 – 423/420 BC). If its dating, together with that of the dwelling in which it was found, is confirmed to be the end of the 6th century – beginning of 5th century BC, a problem arises with the identification of the standard initially used at Istros. If we consider the serpentinite weight to represent one mina, it would equal 100 silver drachmae, each weighting around 8.40 g. Because of this they can no longer be called Attic standard didrachmae as Gh. Poenaru Bordea and other researchers have named them. Vasile Canarache, in his study of Istrian silver coins, also saw those belonging to this group as drachmae33. He considered this standard to have originated in the Greek-Asian world, and thought it was imposed on the NW Pontus region by king Darius following his expedition34. Octavian Iliescu goes even further calling the weight a Phocaic, but historical considerations do not support his hypothesis. Therefore, while the arguments for adopting the Attic standard are numerous and plausible within a 6th-5th century BC context, the subject is open for debate. A more interesting situation would have been present if we had more information about the standard used during the previous period, for which the use of the Milesian standard has been hypothesized and when the mint was engaged in the creation of arrowheads35.

Following a brief interlude between 423/420-413/410 BC which took place after the minting of the first group of silver coins, suggested by the so-called decree of Clearhos36, the mint changes its standard to the Milesian one and begins the minting of new silver emissions which we now classify under the second

                                                            25 Ocheşeanu 1992-1993, p. 245; Babelon 1904, p. 1908. 26 Poenaru Bordea 1997, p. 57-6; Poenaru Bordea 2000; Poenaru Bordea 2001; Renţea, Poenaru Bordea 2002. 27 Poenaru Bordea 2000, p. 10. 28 Iliescu 1997, p. 44. 29 Poenaru Bordea 2000, p. 10-11. 30 Dimitriu, Iliescu, Comănescu 1973-1975, p. 213-214. 31 Dimitriu 1964, p. 133. 32 Alexandrescu 2005, p. 93-94. 33 Canarache 1968, p. 111 and 136. 34 Canarache 1968, p. 137-138. 35 Gramaticu 2009, p. 16. 36 Poenaru Bordea 2000, p. 11-14.

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5 On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period 25

category (410-380 BC up until 360/350 BC). Gh. Poenaru Bordea shows that the top of the weight diagram of these drachmas stands around 6.80 g.

We could date the weight of the agoranomos ΦΑΝΟΚΛHΣ (pl. 3/3) to this period. Described and analysed by C. Preda, it represents a quarter of a mina (172 g), where it appears that a mina is equal to 688 g37. The author dates it to the beginning of the 2nd century BC based on an iconographic criterion (the bust of Hermes), but its weight, as well as the style of the representation, date it in an earlier period. The lot from the Ashmolean Museum contains four weights, three of which are 1/8 of a mina (Meyer 7, 9 and 28) (pl. 3/4-6), and one with the value of half a mina (Meyer 8)38 (pl. 2/2).

Two out of the three ingots of 1/8 of a mina are well preserved and, based on their weights, the mina was 680 g, while one similar weight (pl. 3/6) is ruined, being preserved roughly around 43%. The latter was published by the author as incerta, but the iconography of Hermes and the partially visible eagle from the reverse make us think that it is an Istrian weight.

The half a mina weight (Meyer 8) (pl. 2/2) is also incomplete, with only a quarter of the initial item being preserved39. On the obverse, we have the traces of a bust towards left, probably of the god Hermes and the inscription HM[I]. On reverse, only a part of the symbol of the city, the eagle and the dolphin towards the left are still visible, alongside some letters from the perhaps abbreviated name of the agoranomos: ...AΛΕ (?). It is clear that the piece was intentionally cut into four pieces, each used as a 1/8 of a mina.

In regards to the features of the weights in this period, with the exception of the item published by C. Preda, all have on the obverse a square shape and the bust of Hermes with petasos and a caduceus, pointing left or right, between the name of the city IΣTPI and the nominal weight, OΓΔO or HMI. On reverse, the symbol of the city is depicted, with the title AΓOPA(νóμου) and the name of the official in charge with the verification of the weights: APIΣTO, ..AΛΕ (?) and ΦΑΝΟΚΛHΣ.

Between 380 (up to 360-350) BC - 330 BC, Istros continued to mint silver coins under the Milesian standard, classified according to Gh. Poenaru Bordea in a third group40. Based on the hoard of Doroskoe41, he considers the average weight of these drachms to be 6.80 g, but it seems that this standard is increasingly difficult to respected. Moreover, most of the coins are very worn, with details barely visible, suggesting heavy circulation. These losses may represent up to 10% of the original volume, but even so a general tendency of not meeting the standard is visible. We can date the two half mina pieces (pl. 4/8, 5/9) from the Ashmolean Museum, one without a handle and the other with obscure iconography, showing deviations from the mina standard (Meyer 13, 19)42, to this period. If the obverse of the first one seems to have a head represented on it (Meyer 13) (pl. 4/8), the second one displays a barely visible bust of Hermes towards right (Meyer 19) (pl. 5/9). To this same period belongs the weight of half a mina, found in the modern village of Istria, Constanța County (pl. 4/7), that bears the name ΣΟ[..]NH[.] on obverse43. The weak shape of preservation did not allow the identification of the bust on obverse, which appears as a prominence.

Two very used 1/4 of a mina can be added here (Meyer 11, 17)44. The first (pl. 5/10) shows the typical iconography (Meyer 11), while the second (pl. 6/11) has the bust of Hermes on obverse and the name of the city together with the nominal value, [TE]TAP and the name of the official, AΠATO, on the reverse (Meyer 17).

The most numerous pieces are the 1/8 of a mina. One of them (pl. 6/12) is the weight published by R. Netzhammer, and later studied by L. Ruzicka and C. Moisil45. In the lot preserved in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, six lead weights can be dated in the same period (Meyer 4, 5, 6, 15, 21, 22)46. We have a very similar piece to the one described by R. Netzhammer (pl. 6/13), with the symbol of the city above

                                                            37 Preda 1958, p. 452-454. 38 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 52-53 and 58. 39 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 53. 40 Poenaru Bordea 2000, p. 16. 41 Zaginailo, Nudelman 1971. 42 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 54-55. 43 Preda 1980. 44 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 53-55. 45 Netzhammer 1912, p. 7-8, fig. 7; Ruzicka 1917, p. 76, no. 7 and p. 83, no. 26; Moisil 1957, p. 259-260, no. 1, pl. I. 46 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 52, 54 and 56.

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26 Steluţa Gramaticu 6

the value (Meyer 6). The scholar does not illustrate the reverse, but the weight from the British collection has a blank reverse (perhaps erased), except for the lower part on which several letters, the signs of an unsuccessful print of an agoranomos’ name can be seen [..]POΓ?.

Two rectangular pieces, one very well preserved (Meyer 5) (pl. 7/14) and the other with the thickness metal thinned to the point that it shows holes (Meyer 4) (pl. 7/15), showing the nominal value and the name of the official: MNA and XAIPE47.

Another two weights of 1/8 of a mina have a triangle shape. One (pl. 7/16) is much deteriorated, with only the symbol of the city visible (Meyer 22), while the other, with the name APIΣTO (pl. 7/17) has a much better shape, but is inferior in comparison with the first one (Meyer 21)48. This might have been the result of the partial cut of the handle, as well as a perforation of the flan.

The origin of the mint of the last piece (pl. 8/21) is subject to controversy (Meyer 15)49. On obverse we can see the bust of Hermes, with petasos, towards the left, and below the nominal inscription, but on the reverse the sea eagle and the dolphin characteristic to Istros are missing. Radu Ocheşeanu, who first published it, states that it was found in the city of Istros, on the road adjacent to the fishing canal in the 1980’s50. In Dr. George Severeanu’s collection, we have a very similar weight (pl. 8/22), which seems to have been made with the same dies, but is kept in a poor condition (only 70% remaining). This piece was published by George Cantacuzino, who, following the data of Severeanu, writes that the weight was found in 1913, in Tomis51, and classifies it as a Tomitan weight. The reported weight had 56.16 g52. However given the fact that only two thirds of the item survive, the original weight was more likely around 80 g. The author assigns it to the city of Tomis.

Radu Ocheşeanu re-analysed the two pieces in a later study (the one that will arrive in the Ashmolean Museum and the one from Severeanu collection), along another one from Mina Pauker’s collection (79 g)53. This last 1/8 of a mina was published by C. Moisil as a Tomitan weight. He considered this piece to have been very similar, if not identical, to the incomplete one from Severeanu’s collection54. Unfortunately, the piece was not illustrated, so we cannot investigate this claim. Consequently, Radu Ocheşeanu states that all three must belong to Istros, because one was found there and the other two are similar in style55. While we cannot contradict entirely this hypothesis, there are elements that are not compatible with this theory: the weight from Severeanu’s collection was found in Tomis and the emblem of the city does not appear on their reverses. We do not deny that the pieces were made in Istros, where clear evidence for the presence of a mint exists, based on the discovery of dies56. One of the moulds, used in the autonomous period, was found inside a workshop, used to cast triangle shaped weights with an image of a tripod between the title and the name of the officials: AΓO / APTEMIΔOPOY, APTEMIΔO and XAIPEOY57.

Therefore, it is not excluded that the weights were produced in the mint of Istros. However, they were used not here, but in Tomis. In the 4th century BC, the relations between Istros and Tomis were similar to the one between a metropolis and an emporion used for trade with the local populations58. Tomis depended on the Milesian colony, on economic, cultural and political aspects. Despite the different opinions

                                                            47 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 52. 48 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 56. 49 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 54-55. 50 Ocheşeanu 1992-1993, p. 241-243, no. 1, pl. I. 51 Cantacuzino 1927-1932, p. 603, no. 2, fig. 2. 52 George Cantacuzino mentions that the the weight has 56.16 g in 1933. Later, in 1939, Dr. George Severeanu

donates his collection to the Municipal Museum of Bucharest. In the inventory register made after the Second World War, from 1948, the weight is registered as having 53.20 g. Today, the piece weighs 50.32 g. We can explain these differences only by the probable use of rudimentary means of weighing and / or maybe a bad restoration (excessive cleaning). For this reason, we compared the drawing of the weight as published on the first article with the nowadays picture. It is clear that the size was reduced because of the inappropriate restoration.

53 Ocheşeanu 1997, p. 333-334, no. 1. 54 Moisil 1957, p. 283, no. 42. 55 Ocheşeanu 1997, p. 334 (no photo preserved). 56 Preda 1958, p. 457-460. 57 This mould was discovered by chance, in 1956, on the plateau of Istros, cf. Preda 1958, p. 457. 58 Avram 2001, p. 541-542.

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7 On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period 27

of some researchers concerning the political and economic position of Tomis as compared to Istros, many common features can be noticed based on the archaeological research59. This situation seems to be the rule until the middle of the 3rd century BC, when a war between Callatis and Byzantion starts for the control of the small settlement from the western shore of the Black Sea. For these reasons, even though the weights depict Hermes on the obverse, as the Istrian items do, they do not have the emblem of the city on the reverse.

A similar situation exists for the two weights discovered in Constanța and published by E. Bormann in 189160, both with Hermes bust on obverse, but without any Istrian symbols on reverse (pl. 8/18-19). They were considered by C. Moisil Tomitan weights61, but C. Preda later tried to attribute them to Istros based on the representation of the god of the commerce62.

A very interesting fact is that all the weights in debate, despite the uncertainty regarding their origin, belong to the same decreasing Milesian standard and therefore to the same period. One exception might be the used lead weight of 1/8 of a mina, from the Ashmolean Museum, with only 72.10 g (Meyer 15)63, but the fact that it was made with the same die as the weight from the Mina Pauker and Dr. George Severeanu collections makes us date it in the same period.

Most of the weights from this period (380/350, up to 330 BC) have a square shape, with a sometimes cut handle, or a triangular shape. The obverse is reserved, on most of the cases, to Hermes with petasos, pointing right or left, and the legend that indicates the city of Istros and the weight unit. There are few exceptions, where an unidentified head is represented on the obverse, or just one side is inscribed. On the reverse, the sea eagle and the dolphin are accompanied by the name and function of the official responsible with the issue and checking of weights, for example ΣΟ[..]NH[.], AΠATO, [..]POΓ?, APIΣTO and XAIPE. Some of these names appear on certain coins from Istros. It would be natural to assume that the agoranomos from the weight would be identified with the magistrate from the coin. For example, XAIPE appears on Apollo bronze issues from the late phase, dated in the 1st century BC64, but also on a weight dated in the 4th century BC. The identification between the two characters is excluded, due to the important chronological distance, and we assume that it is a plain coincidence or maybe we are looking at a distant descendent.

It seems that the gradual decrease of the weight standard becomes official starting with the fourth period of the Istrian drachm, according to Gh. Poenaru Bordea. The silver coins minted from 330 to 313 BC, the year of the rebellion of the West Pontic cities against of Lysimach (with extension to the death of Lysimach in 281 BC), have an average of 5.8 g65. We have six weights from this period, two of them published by Radu Ocheşeanu, three part of the Ashmolean Museum and one that appeared on the antique market. Radu Ocheşeanu has published a much corroded mina, in a poor state and with a barely visible features (pl. 9/23). The weight is only 506 g. Based on considerations of artistic style, the Romanian scholar attributed it to the Roman period standard66. But if we account for the weight loss suffered through time, it might be considered a Hellenistic weight.

A half a lead mina of 212.51 g from the Ashmolean Museum (pl. 9/24), offers an important clue for the study of the metrological evolution of Istros (Meyer 18)67. On obverse, it has the bust of Hermes, with petasos and caduceus, the nominal inscription and the abbreviated name of the magistrate, HMI HPO[N], in an embossed frame. H. C. Meyer had argued that the reverse is completely erased, but some parts of the image of a sea eagle and a dolphin can be noticed towards the left. The author also notices the close stylistic resemblance between this weight and one that was considered either an Istros or Tomis product (Meyer 15), with an earlier weight standard dating from an earlier time68. Initially the weight had a triangle shape, but the corners were at some point cut off. When compared to an unaltered triangular weight of the same

                                                            59 Buzoianu, Bărbulescu 2006, p. 26 and 30. 60 Bormann 1891, p. 1-2, no. 1-2. 61 Moisil 1957, p. 279-280, no. 35-36, pl. 6, 3-4. 62 Preda 1958, p. 456-457. 63 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 54-55. 64 Gramaticu, Oberländer-Târnoveanu 2003-2005, p. 27-28. 65 Poenaru Bordea 2000, p. 16. 66 Ocheşeanu 1992-1993, p. 244, no. 3, pl. II. 67 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 55. 68 Ocheşeanu 1992-1993, p. 241-243, no. 1, pl. I; Ocheşeanu 1997, p. 333-334, no. 3; Meyer 2001/2003, p. 54-55.

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28 Steluţa Gramaticu 8

type, it becomes apparent that around 30% of its original volume has been lost. The operation was made with the purpose of adjusting the weight to another monetary standard, lower than the initial one. After this adjustment, the lead weight might have been used after Istros adopted the attic standard.

The other weights are each 1/8 of a mina, more or less worn, with scratches and missing parts. The first (pl. 9/25), published by Radu Ocheşeanu, was reused in the Roman-Byzantine period69. Its original iconography was erased, only the trace of an embossed border remaining visible today. On the surface, the symbol of the ounce , as it was used after AD 345, was scratched alongside the inscription EΠΙ ΤΗΙ / ΔΗ

/ ΓΡ, that the author left unexplained. It might be read otherwise like EΠΙ ΤΗΙ / ΔΗ / ΜΗ (of the people, of the city), as a weight authorized to be used in the city70. The Ashmolean museum collection houses two well preserved weights. One (pl. 10/27) is square in shape, with a bust of Hermes to the right, between the inscriptions IΣTPI / OΓΔO on obverse, while on the reverse the sea eagle and the dolphin are depicted together with some traces of the letters from the name of the agoranomos, which cannot be read (Meyer 3)71. The second (pl. 10/26) is triangular in shape, but a corner is missing. On obverse it has a peculiar iconography, displaying a massive head seen from the front, which could be the head of Helios but without the sun’s rays (Meyer 14)72.

The auction house Gorny & Mosch offered for sale an Istrian weight of 1/8 of a mina with a hexagonal shape, which is unusual for the Istrian mint73 (pl. 10/28). On the obverse, standing to the left, a figure is represented in an almost unnatural position. It was identified as Hermes by the publishers. Around the edges, the marks of letters can be noticed, but only on the left side can they be read as ...... ANTIA, probably the end of a word. The weight is lower than the other 1/8 of a mina, but this could be the result of circulation. For the lead weights that belong to the fourth period of the minting of the Istrian drachms, we notice a large variety of used shapes and images.

As for the lower chronological limit of the fourth group, it might be placed around the end of the 4th century BC. In 313 BC, Callatis and the West Pontic cities start a rebellion against Lysimach, having the support of the Thraco-Getic populations. It seems that Antigonos Monophtalmos was the instigator of this action against the Thracian king. Diodorus Siculus mentions the deal made by the Greek cities, with the purpose of mutual support in the fight (military alliance) against the Thracian ruler74. Istros was soon defeated, while Callatis, the main instigator of the riot, was besieged for two years. Peace was established in 311 BC, with Lysimachus accepting the cities’ autonomy. However the Megarian colony starts a war against the king again, at the instigation of Ptolemeus I Soter. As a result, a second siege of Callatis begins in 309 BC and ends several years later, perhaps in 307 BC, with the conquest of the city75. It is natural to assume that these events affected the economic life of the town, and it is possible that, towards the end of the 4th century BC, Istros started using a new weight system.

When looking at the items, a distinctive group stands out in terms of weight. This group, including two pieces of one mina (pl. 11/29), seems to indicate a standard of 480 g which the Milesian colony used. The first of the two weights was discovered in the territory of the city, at Tariverde, Constanța County, and has a weight of 472 g76. It was discovered in a Hellenistic layer, at the intersection of the first two habitation levels77. The second (pl. 12/30), weighting only 462.56 g, is a part of the Ashmolean Museum’s collection (Meyer 20)78. It has on one side the traditional features of the Istrian weight system, with a sea eagle and a dolphin, towards right, between the inscriptions IΣT[PI] up and MNA below, between the abbreviated name

                                                            69 Ocheşeanu 1992-1993, p. 244-245, no. 4, pl. I-III. 70 Ocheşeanu 1992-1993, p. 245. 71 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 51. 72 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 54. 73 Gorny & Mosch Giessener Münzhandlung, Auction 160, October 9th, 2007, no. 2854. 74 Diodor Siculus, XIX, 73, 2. 75 Pippidi, Berciu 1965, p. 217-218; Avram 2001, p. 598. 76 Preda 1957, p. 302-305, fig. 3. 77 Preda 1957, p. 302. 78 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 55-56, no. 20.

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9 On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period 29

of the agoranomos ΝΙ – ΘΕ placed between the corners79. The other side is very worn and seems to have been left without any representation. Only several letters, whose meaning eludes the author, were scratched: ΔΕ[Δ]Κ[Α]80. Similar to the weight published by Radu Ocheşeanu, that presents signs of reuse in the Late Roman period81, we do not exclude the possibility that this piece was also reused in a later period, when this inscription was added.

For this group, we have several subdivisions of the mina: lead weights of a half, a third or a quarter of a mina. The weight of 220 g described at the beginning of this study, of half a mina, is included here (pl. 1/31). Considering its state of preservation, the wear of the representations, with a bust standing right and the partial image of the symbol of the town, we believe that the real weight was much heavier. The lead weight of a third of mina (pl. 12/32) is also worn (Meyer 12)82, while the quarter of mina is incomplete, with nearly 17% missing (Meyer 16)83. The weights of this group show a great variety of forms, similar to the preceding period, but a monotonous iconography of specific symbols of Istros.

Interestingly enough, analogies for this weight system are found in a somewhat southerly city, Athens, for which Mabel Lang’s study from 1964 gives us important data84. The author had attributed Athenian weights to several mina standards: the 105 drachm85 (457.8 g), used in the 6th and the 5th century and also later, in the 4th and the 3rd century BC, the 112 drachm (488.32 g), and then the 126 drachm (549.36) and later the 138 drachm (601.68 g), used in the Hellenistic period. The mina of 150 drachm was equivalent with two Roman libra (654 g) and used in the 1st century BC86.

Radu Ocheşeanu had remarked that another West Pontic city, Callatis, used a system similar to the one from Athens, based on a mina of 112 drachm87. A mina with the weight of 463.70 g and other subunits are known from the Megarian colony, then a part of the collection of the Antiquity Museum from Iaşi88. Due to this close resemblance, the Romanian scholar thought that the piece mentioned above is the same as Mabel Lang’s mina of 112 drachmae. He considered that this unit was used in the 3rd century BC while the 126 drachm unit was used since the first half of the 2nd century BC89.

As we have mentioned earlier, the 480 g unit from Istros has analogies both at Callatis and in the Athenian system, in the series Mabel Lang calls the 112 drachm mina90. Of significant importance are three lead weights discovered in Athens, all of them of one mina, which were made from a similar mould. All have a dolphin on obverse91. The first, dated around 300 BC, has a weight of 417 g and is better preserved92. The other two have 455 and 445 g and show more wear93. They were dated in the Hellenistic period. Another weight, with the same symbol on obverse (a dolphin), but made with another mould has 475 g and is also dated in the Hellenistic period94. Future research will determine if the weight standard of 480 g was also used in Tomis or the southern cities of Dionysopolis, Odessos, Mesambria and Apollonia.

It seems that this standard was used in a later period than that of the fourth group of the silver coins of Istros (with an average of 580 g)95. We do not know if Istrian drachmae of an average of 4.80 g exist,

                                                            79 The author read ΣΥΜ, but the legend might have been misread, at least for the first part, where ΣΥΜ can be

ΙΣTPI. In the lower part it might be the name of the official responsible for these objects. 80 It is possible that it has a numeric value. 81 Ocheşeanu 1992-1993, p. 244-245, no. 4, pl. I-III. 82 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 54. 83 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 55. 84 Lang, Crosby 1964. 85 The authors used an attic drachm of 4.36 g standard. 86 Lang, Crosby 1964, p. 18-21. 87 Ocheşeanu, Cliante 1989, p. 122. 88 Moisil 1957, p. 264, no. 10, pl. II, 5. 89 Ocheşeanu, Cliante 1989, p. 124. 90 Lang, Crosby 1964, p. 13-14. 91 Lang, Crosby 1964, p. 24. 92 Lang, Crosby 1964, p. 27, no. 12, pl. 4. 93 Lang, Crosby 1964, p. 27, nr. 13-14, pl. 4. 94 Lang, Crosby 1964, p. 27, no. 11, pl. 3. 95 Poenaru Bordea 2000, p. 16.

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but even if they do not, their minting would have been stopped before Istros had used this standard. Recently, G. Talmaţchi claimed that the silver coins with a weight between 3 or 4 g, up to the ones with 4.50 g, considered as drachmae, might in fact represent a fifth group produced from the end of the 4th century BC, up to 280 or at the latest 260 BC96.

As we have shown above, Istros adopted new measurement units at a date that might have been the end of the 4th century BC, after the rebellion of the Pontic cities in 313 BC and the consequences of the following years. This weight system will be used by Istros until the Attic system, based on a unit of 436 g will be introduced, the beginning of which is confirmed by the first issues of Istrian staters. The local mint starts to issue gold staters of Alexander the Great type from the middle of the 3rd century BC, according to M.J. Price97. In the recent years, new studies have offered more details towards the dating and the beginnings of coin series and the context in which they were issued.

Towards the middle of the 3rd century, Istros is involved in the war for the control of Tomis, alongside Callatis98. The conflict started after 255 BC, as the latest studies show, and ended in the spring of 254 BC, when Callatis sued for peace99. This war is a consequence of Antiochus II Theos’ attempt to impose the Seleucid supremacy on the western coast of the Black Sea, causing the reaction of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. In 255 BC, the Seleucid king concludes a series of alliances with the Greek cities or even Thracian dynasts like Adaeus100. As a result, Byzantium, member of the Northern League101, gets involved in the war supporting Ptolemy II. It might be assumed that the treaties of Antiochus II were associated with substantial donations102, and these are closely connected to the first minting of staters from Istros and other cities from the region. Recent studies have shown the sequence / succession of monetary gold series influenced by of the historical events of the middle of the 3rd century BC103. Another significant example revealing the alliance system Istros was part of are the staters with the monogram, first used for Alexander type coins and, after the defeat suffered in the war against Byzantium, on Lysimachus type coins104.

Towards the middle of the 3rd century (± 255 BC), the Istros mint started using the attic system, a fact confirmed by the four weights from our catalogue. The heaviest is a quarter of a mina, partially conserved (around 80%), and kept in the Ashmolean Museum (Meyer 10)105 (pl. 13/34). On obverse, the sea eagle on the dolphin stands towards left, between the nominal value TETA and the agoranomos’ partially preserved name, ..HM. No engraving seems to be present on the other side, though there are traces of the letter X whose presence we cannot explain. The other weights are 1/8 of a mina, two kept in the Ashmollean Museum collection (Meyer 1, 2)106 (pl. 13/36-37) and one from the Butculescu collection, published by George Cantacuzino in 1933107 (pl. 13/35). All of them are square in shape, unifacies, with the emblem of the city between the legends ΔΑ and ΟΓΔΟ. A close resemblance between the three weights has already been noticed by Meyer, therefore it is not excluded that they were made with the same mould.

The attic system was used by Istros until the beginning of the 1st century AD, when the Roman system of weights was adopted. In the Istrian case we do not have any weights of a so-called transition period mina of 378 g, as we do at Callatis108. We do not exclude the possibility that they might exist. Studies of Istrian metrology have only just begun.

                                                            96 Talmaţchi 2011, p. 339, assumes the existence of a fifth group, with much lower weights, compared to the coins

from the fourth one, with an average of 6.80 g. The author dates the fourth group no later than 300 BC. 97 Price 1991, p. 180. 98 Pippidi, Berciu 1965, p. 222; Avram 2001, p. 599-601; Avram 2003, p. 1211-1212. 99 Avram 2003, p. 1211-1212. 100 Avram 2003, p. 1200-1202. 101 Avram 2003, p. 1186-1187. The Northern League consists of Greek cities from the southern Black Sea. 102 For example, Ptolemeus II Philadelphus donation towards Heracleea Pontica is mentioned by Memnon. For the

historical interpretation see Avram 2003, p. 1205-1206. 103 Petac 2010; Petac, Vîlcu 2012, p. 57; Vîlcu, Petac 2012, p. 25. 104 Vîlcu, Petac 2012, p. 25. 105 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 53. 106 Meyer 2001/2003, p. 51. 107 Cantacuzino 1927-1932, p. 604, no. 3. 108 Moisil 1957, p. 270, nr. 18, pl. IV, 2.

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11 On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period 31

Table 1. Chronological table of the weight standards used by the mint of Istros

I. The period 480 – 413/410 BC Weight standard: 840 g No.109 Value Weight Dimensions110 State of preservation Bibliography 1 Mina 813 g D. up = 73.9 mm

D. low = 86.4 mm H = 72.3 mm

Almost good Dimitriu, Iliescu, Comănescu 1973-1975, p. 214

II. From 410–380 BC, up to 360/350 BC Weight standard: Milesian (700 → 680 g)

No. Value Weight Dimensions State of preservation Bibliography

2 ½ mina 85.58 g 37.2 × 49.5 / 9 mm Only 25% of the original piece is preserved. It was cut and reused as 1/8 of a mina.

Meyer 8

3 ¼ mina 172 g 64 × 78 / 11 mm Good Preda 1958, p. 452-454 4 ⅛ mina 85.67 g 53.3 × 43.5 / 8 mm Used Meyer 9 5 ⅛ mina 85.26 g 43.9 × 47.2 / 5,8 mm Good Meyer 7

6 ⅛ mina 36.79 g 28.6 × 50.5 / 7.7 mm Fragmentary, only 43% still preserved.

Meyer 28

III. The period 380 (or 360-350 BC) – 330 BC Weight standard: Milesian (680 → 600 g)

No. Value Weight Dimensions State of preservation Bibliography 7 ½ mina 315 g 56 × 62 / 17 mm Relatively good Preda 1980, p. 117-119 8 ½ mina 307.47 g 62.2 × 69.4 / 12 mm Used, erased Meyer 13 9 ½ mina 302.74 g 72 × 84 / 12 mm Used, erased Meyer 19 10 ¼ mina 152.68 g 65 × 56.6 / 6.4 mm Used, erased Meyer 11 11 ¼ mina 152.08 g 76 × 76 / 8.5 mm Relatively good Meyer 17 12 ⅛ mina 79 g 28 × 45 mm Good Netzhammer 1912, p. 8 13 ⅛ mina 80.90 g 29.7 × 47 / 9.2 mm Good Meyer 6 14 ⅛ mina 78.49 g 41.2 × 49.4 / 6.6 mm Good Meyer 5

15 ⅛ mina 73.89 g 53.5 × 50 / 7.3 mm Very used, flat, perforated Meyer 4; Ocheșeanu 1992-1993, p. 243-244, no. 2

16 ⅛ mina 75.13 g 49.2 × 43.5 / 8.5 mm Used Meyer 22

17 ⅛ mina 74.85 g 43.6 × 56.9 / 8.3 mm Erased, with the handle cut, with graphitti

Meyer 21

Weights used by Tomis, but minted at Istros

No. Value Weight Dimensions State of preservation Bibliography

18 ⅓ mina 212.2 g 88 mm Good Bormann 1891, p. 1-2, no. 1; Moisil 1957, p. 279, no. 35

19 ¼ mina 161.7 g 70 × 75 mm Good Bormann 1891, p. 2, no. 2; Moisil 1957, p. 279-280, no. 36

20111 ⅛ mina 78 g 60 mm ? Moisil 1957, p. 283, no. 42, no illustration.

21 ⅛ mina 72.10 g 52 × 52 / 7 mm Erased

Meyer 15; Ocheşeanu 1992-1993, p. 241-243, no. 1; Ocheșeanu 1997, p. 333, no. 3

22 ⅛ mina 56.16 g112 H = 51.6 mm; Full side = 56.4 mm

Fragmentary, only 65% still preserved

Cantacuzino 1927-1932, p. 603, no. 2; Ocheşeanu 1997, p. 333, no. 2

                                                            109 The number is the same as indicated on the plates. 110 The abbreviations used in this table are the following: D. up = diameter up, D. low = diameter low, H = height. 111 No photo preserved. 112 See footnote 47.

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32 Steluţa Gramaticu 12

IV. 330 – towards 300 BC Weight standard: 580 g

No. Value Weight Dimensions State of preservation Bibliography

23 Mina 506 g 46 × 53.5 / 6 mm Used, erased Ocheşeanu 1992-1993, p. 244, no. 3

24 ½ mina 212.51 g 60.2 × 52.9 / 13 mm

Fragmentary, only 73% preserved. Used, erased and cut to serve a lower standard.

Meyer 18

25 ⅛ mina 72.06 g 39 × 28 / 7 mm Erased, perforated, used also in the late Roman period.

Ocheșeanu 1992-1993, p. 244-245, nr. 4

26 ⅛ mina 71.24 g 46.5 × 45.5 / 9.4 mm Missing corner, otherwise good

Meyer 14

27 ⅛ mina 71,02 g 38.5 × 57.4 / 7.4 mm Used, erased Meyer 3

28 ⅛ mina 64.09 g Without dimensions Broken edge, otherwise good

Gorny & Mosch Giessener Münzhandlung, Auction 160, no. 2854

V. Towards 300 – ± 255 BC Weight standard: 480 g

No. Value Weight Dimensions State of preservation Bibliography 29 Mina 472 g 74 / 12 × 14 mm Good Preda 1957, p. 302-303 30 Mina 462.56 g 85.9 × 80.5 / 17 mm Used, erased Meyer 20

31 ½ mina 220 g 85 × 83.1 / 10.6 mm Used, erased, rubbed off with a heavy object

Described above.

32 ⅓ mina 156.98 g 54.8 × 52.5 / 11.5 mm Erased Meyer 12

33 ¼ mina 99.85 g 68 × 62 / 7 mm Fragmentary, only 83% preserved.

Meyer 16

VI. ± 255 – beginning of 1st century AD Weight standard: Attic (436 g)

No. Value Weight Dimensions State of preservation Bibliography

34 ¼ mina 90.73 g 48.5 × 47.3 / 6.9 mm Fragmentary, only 83% preserved.

Meyer 10

35 ⅛ mina 54.22 g H = 37 mm Good Cantacuzino 1927-1931, p. 604, nr. 3

36 ⅛ mina 54.11 g 35.5 × 37.7 / 5,5 mm Good Meyer 2 37 ⅛ mina 52.32 g 37.9 × 39.7 / 7 mm Used Meyer 1

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13 On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period 33

BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexandrescu 2005 – P. Alexandrescu, Histria VII. La zone sacrée d’époque grecque (Fouilles 1915-1989), Bucharest, 2005. Avram 2001 – A. Avram, Istoria politică a coloniilor greceşti din Dobrogea, in M. Petrescu-Dîmboviţa, A. Vulpe

(eds.), Istoria Românilor. I. Moştenirea timpurilor îndepărtate, Bucharest, 2001, p. 589-616. Avram 2003 – A. Avram, Antiochos II Théos, Ptolémée II Philadelphe et la mer Noire, CRAI 147, 2003, 3, p. 1181-1213. Babelon 1904 – E. Babelon, Mina, in C. Daremberg, E. Saglio, E. Pottier (eds.), Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques

et romaines, III/2, Paris, 1904, p. 1907-1910. Bormann 1891 – E. Bormann, Antike Bleigewichte aus der Dobrudscha, AEM 14, 1891, p. 1-6. Buzoianu, Bărbulescu 2006 – L. Buzoianu, M. Bărbulescu, Tomis în perioada autonomă (sec. VI-IV a.Chr.). Relaţiile

greco-orientale, RRSE 2, 2006, 1-2, p. 21-36. Canarache 1968 – V. Canarache, Sistemul ponderal şi tipologia drahmelor istriene de argint, Pontice 1, 1968, p. 107-192. Cantacuzino 1927-1932 – G. Cantacuzino, Poids inédits trouvés dans la petite Scythie, Dacia 3-4, 1927-1932 (1933),

p. 602-611. Dimitriu 1964 – S. Dimitriu, Evénements du Pont-Euxin de la fin du VIe siècle av. n.e. reflétés dans l’histoire d’Histria,

Dacia N.S. 8, 1964, p. 133-144. Dimitriu, Iliescu, Comănescu 1973-1975 – S. Dimitriu, O. Iliescu, S. Comănescu, Pond arhaic descoperit la Histria,

BSNR 67-69, 1973-1975, no. 121-123, p. 213-225. Gramaticu, Oberländer-Târnoveanu 2003-2005 – S. Gramaticu, E. Oberländer-Târnoveanu, Un depozit de monede

autonome histriene descoperit la Călan, jud. Hunedoara, CN 9-11, 2003-2005, p. 25-36. Gramaticu 2009 – S. Gramaticu, Contribuţii la cunoaşterea activităţii monetare a atelierelor greceşti vest-pontice pe

baza monedelor din colecţia „Maria și Dr. George Severeanu”, unpublished PhD thesis, “Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest, 2009.

Iliescu 1997 – O. Iliescu, Sisteme monetare adoptate pe teritoriul României în antichitate şi în evul mediu, in M. Isărescu (ed.), 130 de ani de la crearea sistemului monetar românesc modern, Bucureşti, 1997, p. 43-55.

Lang, Crosby 1964 – M. Lang, M. Crosby, The Athenian Agora X. Weights, Measures and Tokens, Princeton, New Jersey, 1964.

Meyer 2001/2003 – H.-C. Meyer, A Collection of Ancient Market Weights from Histria, Callatis and Tomis in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Catalogue with introductory essay, Il Mar Nero 5, 2001/2003, p. 41-76.

Moisil 1957 – C. Moisil, Ponduri inedite sau puţin cunoscute din Histria, Callatia şi Tomi, SCN 1, 1957, p. 247-295. Netzhammer 1912 – R. Netzhammer, Ceva nou despre Istros, Revista Catolică 1, 1912, p. 3-8. Ocheşeanu, Cliante 1989 – R. Ocheşeanu, T. Cliante, Un pond callatian, din epoca elenistică, descoperit la

Parthenopolis, Apulum 25, 1989, p. 121-125. Ocheşeanu 1992-1993 – R. Ocheşeanu, Măsuri ponderale recent descoperite la Histria, BSNR 86-87, 1992-1993

(1996), no. 140-141, p. 241-248. Ocheşeanu 1997 – R. Ocheşeanu, Ponduri „tomitane” reatribuite cetăţii Histria, Pontica 30, 1997, p. 333-335. Petac 2010 – E. Petac, Istros Numismatic Repertory – From the Alexander the Great Staters to the Lysimachus Type,

in M.V. Angelescu, I. Achim, A. Bâltâc, V. Rusu-Bolindeţ, V. Bottez (eds.), Antiquitas Istro-Pontica. Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire ancienne offerts à Alexandru Suceveanu, Cluj-Napoca, 2010, p. 569-574.

Petac, Vîlcu 2012 – E. Petac, A. Vîlcu, Syrian Wars and the Beginning of Lysimachus – type staters at Tomis, Istros 18, 2012, p. 51-63.

Pippidi, Berciu 1965 – D.M. Pippidi, D. Berciu, Din istoria Dobrogei, I. Geţi şi greci la Dunărea de Jos din cele mai vechi timpuri până la cucerirea romană, Bucharest, 1965.

Poenaru Bordea 1997 - G. Poenaru Bordea, Emisiunile monetare ale atelierelor greceşti de pe litoralul românesc al Mării Negre (sec. VI î.Hr. - III). Un stadiu al problemei, in M. Isărescu (ed.), 130 de ani de la crearea sistemului monetar românesc modern, Bucureşti, 1997, p. 56-70.

Poenaru Bordea 2000 – G. Poenaru Bordea, Atelierul monetar al cetăţii Istros în perioada autonomiei, in E. Nicolae (ed.), Simpozion de Numismatică dedicat împlinirii a patru secole de la prima unire a românilor sub Mihai Voievod Viteazul, Chişinău, 28-30 mai 2000, Bucharest, 2001, p. 9-33.

Poenaru Bordea 2001 – G. Poenaru Bordea, Emisiunile monetare, in M. Petrescu-Dîmboviţa, A. Vulpe (eds.), Istoria Românilor. I. Moştenirea timpurilor îndepărtate, Bucureşti, 2001, p. 557-571.

Preda 1957 – C. Preda, Ponduri antice inedite de la Callatis şi Histria, SCN 1, 1957, p. 297-306. Preda 1958 – C. Preda, Contributions à l’étude du système pondéral d’Histria, Dacia N.S. 2, 1958, p. 451-461. Preda 1980 – C. Preda, Pond histrian descoperit în satul Istria (jud. Constanţa), SCN 7, 1980, p. 117-119. Price 1991 – M.J. Price, The Coinage in the Name of Alexander the Great and Philip Arrhidaeus, Zurich / London, 1991.

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34 Steluţa Gramaticu 14

Ruzicka 1917 – L. Ruzicka, Inedita aus Moesia Inferior, NumZ 50, 1917, p. 73-173, pl. XXVII-XXX. Renţea, Poenaru Bordea 2002 – E. Renţea, G. Poenaru Bordea, Un important tezaur de monede de argint istriene şi

tetradrahme postume Filip II, originale şi imitaţii fidele, in E. Nicolae (ed.), Simpozion de Numismatică dedicat împlinirii a patru secole de la prima unire a românilor sub Mihai Voievod Viteazul, Chişinău, 28-30 mai 2000, Bucharest, 2003, p. 9-31.

Talmațchi 2011 – G. Talmaţchi, Monetăriile oraşelor vest-pontice Histria, Callatis şi Tomis în epocă autonomă, Cluj-Napoca, 2011.

Vîlcu, Petac 2012 – A. Vîlcu, E. Petac, The Second Syrian War and Gold Staters of Alexander Type struck at Istros, AJN 24, 2012, p. 21-28.

Zaginailo, Nudelman 1971 – A.G. Zaginailo, A.A. Nudelman, Doroţkii klad drevnegreceskih serebrianiih monet IV veka do n.e., MASP 7, 1971, p. 122-137.

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15 On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period 35

½ MINA

31

Pl. 1. Istrian weight, discovered 1980s (scale: 1/2 original), 480 g standard.

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36 Steluţa Gramaticu 16

Standard weight ‒ 840 g

MINA

1

Standard weight ‒ 700 → 680 g

½ MINA

2

Pl. 2. Istrian weights, 840 g (1) and 700-680 g (2) standards.

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17 On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period 37

Standard weight ‒ 700 → 680 g

¼ MINA

3

⅛ MINA

4 5 6

Pl. 3. Istrian weights, 700 → 680 g.

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38 Steluţa Gramaticu 18

Standard weight ‒ 680 → 600 g

½ MINA

7

8

Pl. 4. Istrian weights, 680 → 600 g standards.

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19 On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period 39

9

¼ MINA

10

Pl. 5. Istrian weights, 680 → 600 g standards.

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40 Steluţa Gramaticu 20

¼ MINA

⅛ MINA

12

11 13

Pl. 6. Istrian weights, 680 → 600 g standards.

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21 On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period 41

⅛ MINA

14 15 17

16

Pl. 7. Istrian weights, 680 → 600 g standards.

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42 Steluţa Gramaticu 22

1/3 MINA ¼ MINA

18 19

1/8 MINA

21

22

Pl. 8. Weights used by Tomis, but minted at Istros, 680 → 600 g standard (plates for items no. 18 and 19 scaled 4/5 original).

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23 On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period 43

Standard weight ‒ 580 g

MINA

23

½ MINA

24

⅛ MINA

25

Pl. 9. Istrian weights, 580 g standard.

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44 Steluţa Gramaticu 24

⅛ MINA

26

27

28

Pl. 10. Istrian weights, 580 g standard.

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25 On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period 45

Standard weight ‒ 480 g

MINA

29

¼ MINA

33

Pl. 11. Istrian weights, 480 g standard.

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46 Steluţa Gramaticu 26

MINA

30

⅓ MINA 32

Pl. 12. Istrian weights, 480 g standard.

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27 On the metrology of the city of Istros in the autonomous period 47

Standard weight ‒ 436 g

¼ MINA

34

⅛ MINA

35

36

37

Pl. 13. Istrian weights, 436 g standard.

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48 Steluţa Gramaticu 28

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DACIA N.S., tome LIX, Bucarest, 2015, p. 383-388

ABRÉVIATIONS

AA – Archäologischer Anzeiger. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Darmstadt, München, Tübingen–Berlin

ABSA – The Annual of the British School at Athens, Athens ActaArchCarp – Acta Archaeologica Carpatica, Kraków ActaArchHung – Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest Acta Classica – Acta Classica. Journal of the Classical Association of South Africa, Pretoria ActaHistHung – Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest ActaMN – Acta Musei Napocensis. Muzeul Național de Istorie a Transilvaniei, Cluj-Napoca ActaMP – Acta Musei Porolissensis. Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie şi Artă, Zalău ActaTS – Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis. Institutul pentru Cercetarea Patrimoniului Cultural Transilvănean

în Context European, Sibiu AÉ – L’Année Épigraphique, Paris Aegean Studies – Aegean Studies. Aegeus - Society for Aegean Prehistory, Athens AEM – Archäologisch-epigraphische Mitteilungen aus Österreich-Ungarn, Wien Aevum – Aevum. Rassegna di Scienze Storiche Linguistiche e Filologiche. Vita e Pensiero –

Pubblicazioni dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Agria – Agria. Az Egri Múzeum Évkönyve – Annales Musei Agriensis. Dobó István Vármúzeum, Eger AHA – Acta Historiae Artium. Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest AHB – The Ancient History Bulletin (digital version only: http://ancienthistorybulletin.org/) AHR – The American Historical Review, Bloomington AIIA (Cluj-Napoca) – Anuarul Institutului de Istorie şi Arheologie, Cluj-Napoca AInf – Archäologische Informationen, Mitteilungen zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Bonn AISC – Anuarul Institutului de Studii Clasice, Cluj-Napoca AJA – American Journal of Archaeology, Boston AJN – American Journal of Numismatics. American Numismatic Society, New York AJPh – American Journal of Philology, Baltimore AM – Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Athenische Abteilung, Athen Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. – American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Journal of the American Association

of Physical Anthropologists, (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1096-8644) American Anthropologist – American Anthropologist. Journal of the American Anthropological

Association, (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1548-1433) American Antiquity – American Antiquity. Society for American Archaeology, Washington ANarch – Archäologisches Nachrichtenblatt, Berlin AnB (S.N.) – Analele Banatului (Serie Nouă), Muzeul Banatului, Timişoara AnSt – Anatolian Studies. British Institute at Ankara, Ankara Antaeus – Communicationes ex Instituto Archaeologico Academiae Scientiarium Hungaricae, Budapest Anthropology Today – Anthropology Today. Royal Anthropological Institute, London Antiquity – Antiquity. A Review of World Archaeology, Durham, UK AntOr – Antiguo Oriente: Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente. Pontificia

Universidad Católica Argentina Santa María de los Buenos Aires AO – Arhivele Olteniei, Craiova АО …. Moskow – Arheologicheski Otkritja, Moskva Apulum – Acta Musei Apulensis. Muzeul Naţional al Unirii, Alba Iulia ArchA5 – Archaeologia Aeliana, Fifth Series. Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Archaeol. Rev. Camb. – Archaeological Review from Cambridge. University of Cambridge, Cambridge Archaeologia – Altum castrum online. Mátyás király Múzeum, Visegrád Archeometriai Műhely – Archeometriai Műhely a Magyar Régészeti és Művészettörténeti Társulat

interdiszciplináris kutatásokkal foglalkozó vitaülés-sorozata, Budapest ArchÉrt – Archeológiai Értesítő, Budapest

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384 Abréviaions 2

ArchHung – Archaeologia Hungarica, Acta Archaeologica Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest ArchKorr – Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Mainz ArchPolski – Archeologia Polski, Wrocław – Warszawa ArchRozhledy – Archeologické Rozhledy, Praha ArhMed – Arheologia Medievală. Complexul Muzeal Bistriţa-Năsăud, Bistriţa ArhMold – Arheologia Moldovei. Academia Română, Institutul de Arheologie, Iaşi ArhVestnik – Arheološki vestnik, Ljubljana AŞUI – Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii “Al. I. Cuza” din Iaşi, Iaşi Athenaeum – Studi di Letteratura e Storia dell’Antichita` pubblicati sotto gli auspici dell’Università di

Pavia, Pavia AVANS – Archeologické Vyskumy a Nálezy na Slovensku, Nitra Banatica – Banatica. Muzeul Banatului Montan, Reşiţa BARBrSer – British Archaeological Reports, International Series, Oxford BARIntSer – British Archaeological Reports, British Series, Oxford BayVgBl – Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter. Kommission für bayerische Landesgeschichte bei der

Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Verbindung mit dem Bayerischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und der Archäologische Staatssammlung, München

BCH – Bulletin de Correspendance Hellénique, Athènes–Paris BÉ – Bulletin Épigraphique, Paris BerRGK – Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts,

Frankfurt am Main BIAUL – Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology (University of London), London BIDR – Bulletino dell'Istituto di Diritto Romano, Roma BJb – Bonner Jahrbücher des Rheinischen Landesmuseums in Bonn, Bonn BMN – Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca Britannia – Britannia. Journal of the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, Cambridge BSNAF – Bulletin de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France, Paris BSNR – Buletinul Societăţii Numismatice Române, Bucureşti BUFM – Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas, Wilkau-Haßlau - Langenweißbach Byzantina (Thessalonic) – BYZANTINA. Annual Review of the "Byzantine Research Centre",

Thessalonic Byzantinoslavica – Byzantinoslavica. Revue internationale des Études Byzantines, Slovanský ústav

Akademie věd ČR, Praha C&M – Classica et Mediaevalia: Danish Journal of Philology and History, Aarhus Caiete ARA – Caiete ARA. Arhitectură, Restaurare, Arheologie. Asociaţia ARA, Bucureşti CCA. Campania ….. – Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice din România, București Chiron – Mitteilungen der Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen

Archäologischen Instituts, München CICSA – Centrul de Istorie Comparată a Societăților Antice, Universitatea Bucureşti, Bucureşti CIL – Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Berlin CN – Cercetări Numismatice. Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a României, Bucureşti ComArchHung – Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, Budapest CQ – The Classical Quaterly, The Classical Association, Cambridge CRAI – Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris Crisia – Crisia. Muzeului Ţării Crişurilor, Oradea CSCA – California Studies in Classical Antiquity. University of California, Los Angeles Current Anthropology – Current Anthropology. University of California, Merced CW – Classical World. Temple University, Philadelphia Dacia – Dacia. Fouilles et recherches archéologiques en Roumanie, Bucureşti Dacia N.S. – Dacia (Nouvelle Série). Revue d’archéologie et d’histoire ancienne. Académie Roumaine.

Institut d’archéologie « V. Pârvan », Bucureşti DIR, C, I – Documente privind Istoria României, sec. XI–XIII, C, Transilvania, I (1075–1250) (eds.: I.

Ionaşcu, L. Lăzărescu-Ionescu, B. Câmpina, E. Stănescu, D. Prodan, M. Roller), Bucureşti, 1951.

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3 Abréviations 385

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Napoca ÉPRO – Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain, Leiden Études Celtiques – Études Celtiques, Paris Evol Anthropol – Evolutionary Anthropology. Duke University, Durham NC FBW – Fundberichte aus Baden-Württemburg, Stuttgart FHDR I-II – H. Mihăescu, G. Ştefan, R. Hîncu, V. Iliescu, V.C. Popescu (eds.), Fontes ad historiam

Dacoromaniae pertinentes, I-II, Bucureşti, 1964–1970 File de Istorie – File de Istorie. Muzeul Judeţean Bistriţa-Năsăud, Bistriţa FontesArchPosn – Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses, Poznan FrühMitAltSt – Frühmittelalterliche Studien. Jahrbuch des Instituts für Frühmittelalterforschung der

Universität Münster, Münster Germania – Germania. Anzeiger der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen

Archäologischen Instituts, Frankfurt am Main Glasnik SAD – Glasnik Srpskog Arheolośkog Društva, Belgrad H–Soz–u–Kult – Kommunikation und Fachinformation für die Geschichtswissenschaften

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Clarendon Press, 1945-1981. Hermes – Hermes. Zeitschrift für Klassische Philologie, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart Historia – Historia. Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart HistoriaBuc – Historia, Bucureşti (http://www.historia.ro/revista#) HOMÉ – A miskolci Hermann Ottó Múzeum évkönyve, Miskolc Homo – HOMO. Journal of Comparative Human Biology. Australasian Society for Human Biology,

Elsevier Press (http://www.journals.elsevier.com/homo/) HZ – Historische Zeitschrift, Akademie Verlag GmbH, Berlin IDR – Inscripţiile Daciei romane IDRE – C.C. Petolescu, Inscriptiones Daciae Romanae. Inscriptions externes concernant l’histoire de la

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JRA SS – Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series, Portsmouth, Rhode Island JRGZM – Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz, Mainz JRS – Journal of Roman Studies, London Klio – Klio. Beiträge zur Alten Geschichte, Berlin KölnJb – Kölner Jahrbuch. Römisch-Germanisches Museum Köln, Köln Közlemények – Közlemények az Erdélyi Nemzeti Múzeum Érem-és Régiségtárából, Kolozsvar Kuhn-Archiv – Universitat Halle-Wittenberg. Landwirtschaftliches Institut, Martin-Luther-Universitat

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Wissenschaften, Budapest Marisia – Marisia. Muzeul Judeţean Mureş, Târgu Mureş MASP – Materiali po Arheologii Severnogo Pričernomorja, Odesa MatArch – Materiały Archeologiczne, Kraków MatArchNovHuty – Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty, Nova Huta Materialy Starożytne – Materialy Starozytne i Wczesnosredniowieczne, Warszaw MCA – Materiale și cercetări arheologice. Academia Română, Institutul de Arheologie „Vasile

Pârvan”, București MCV – Mélanges de la Case Velázquez. Casa de Velázquez, Madrid MFME – A Móra Ferenc Múzeum évkönyve. Móra Ferenc Múzeum, Szeged ML – R. Meiggs, D.M. Lewis, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth

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Classics, Ibadan Nor.Arch.Rev – Norwegian Archaeological Review, Taylor & Francis NumZ – Numismatische Zeitschrift. Österreichische Numismatische Gesellschaft, Wien OMNI. Revue internationale de numismatique – OMNI. Revue internationale de numismatique,

L’association OMNI (Objets et Monnaies Non Identifiés) – http://www.identification-numismatique.com/ (http://www.wikimoneda.com/omni/)

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